Hôn nhân của người Khơ - mú ở huyện Bản Thàn, xã Chiềng Pằn, huyện Yên Châu, tỉnh Sơn La

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1>

<i><b>d Ban Than, xa Chieng Pan, </b></i>

<b>huyen Yen Chau, tinh Sdn La </b>

<b>I ' M / ' .»; </b> <b>_{NGUYEN THI THUAN,*}</b>

<i><b>1. Vai n e t v e ngifd?i Khtf mii b b a n </b></i>
<b>T h a n , x a C h i e n g P a n , h u y e n Y e n </b>
<b>Chau, t i n h Stfn La </b>

Yen Chau la mpt trong 10 huyen c i a
tinh Sdn La, gdm 14 xa va mpt thi t r a n ,
huyen Yen Chau cd nMeu dan tdc thieu so
sinh song dan xen vdi n h a u nhUng dong
hdn d la ngUdi Thai. Ngudi Thai chiem
de'n 53,7% dan so'trong huyen, 20% ngudi
Kinh, 12,8% ngudi Hmong, 13 % ngUdi
Xinh mun, 0,5% ngUdi Khd mu. N h u vay,
dan tpc Khd mfl la dan tpc cd so' dan It n h a t
trong huyen va Men nay t a p t r u n g c h i yeu
d 2 ban: b a n T h a n xa Chieng P a n va b a n
Khum Hien xa Vieng Lan. d xa Chieng
P i n cd 12 b a n vdi 3 874 n h a n khau, trong
dd dan tpc Thai chiem 72%, dan tpc Kinh
chiem 22%, d a n tpc Khd mfl chiem 6%.
Ban Than thupc xa Chieng P i n day la xa
nam canh dUdng so' 6, each t r u n g t a m thi
t r a n Yen Chau 4 km, nhUng den dUdc vdi
ban T h a n tM phai di 3km dudng dat. Toan
ban cd 49 hp gia dinh, 231 n h a n k h a u (tinh
den t h a n g 6 n a m 2010), trong dd c h i hd
ngUdi Khd-mfl la 48/49 ho. Ca b a n cd 4

ddng hp: Me, H I , L i , Vi. Trong dd, hp Me
cMem dai da so'.

Dac diem boat dpng san xuat c h i yeu
c i a dan tdc Khd-mfl b a n T h a n la lam ndng
nghiep nUdng ray d reo gifla va reo cao, lam
rupng nudc r a t It. Ca b a n chi cd 4 h a rupng
trong Ifla nUdc, so' dien tich tren da sd da
chuyen sang trong cay hoa m a u lam h a n g
hda cung c l p cho chd huyen va cac diem
ban khdng nMeu dpc dUdng so' 6 doan chay
qua xa Chieng P a n . Hien nay, da so' cac hp
dan c i a ban T h a n xa CMeng P i n da
chuyen sang trdng ngd tren nUdng ddi xen
cai vdi trdng cay cao su theo du a n c i a cong
ty Cd p h l n cao su Sdn La, ngd v i a lam
lUPng thUc chan nuoi vfla lam h a n g hda. ,
Tuy phUdng thflc s a n x u a t c h i ye'u van
la ndng nghiep nhUng ddng bao Khd mfl da
p h a t trien k i n h te ndng hp theo hUdng san
x u l t h a n g hda, mac dfl n a n g s u a t chUa
t h a t cao nhUng cung da gdp p h l n n a n g cao
ddi song. Binh q u a n cac hp gia dinh trong
b a n hd nao cflng cd xe may, ti vi. Ca b i n
cM cdn 6 hp dang la dien ngheo cMem
k h o i n g 12,24% so' hp c i a b a n . :

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>

<b>54 </b> <i>Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A 8/2010_ </i>

<i><b>2. H o n n h a n c u a ngifdi Kho! m u b b a n </b></i>
<b>T h a n , x a C h i e n g P a n , h u y e n Y e n C h a u </b>

Tap tuc hon n h a n c i a dan tpc Khd mfl
tien h a n h t r i n h tU tfl tim hieu den a n hdi,
cUdi d re, cUdi xin dau theo nghi Id cflng
nhflng quan niem cd tfl lau ddi.

<i>Tim hieu vd ldm le dn hoi </i>

Xua kia, ngudi dan Khd-mfl xUa kia
so'ng du c a n h du cU, d a n so' thUa nen con
cai lay n h a u t h u d n g theo ldi hen Udc c i a
cha me, con cai dp 14 den 15 tudi da xay
dung gia dinh. To chflc d a m cUdi t h u d n g
sau kM t h u hoach vu mfla. Hien nay d a n
tpc Khd-mfl da thUc Men hon n h a n tfl 18
tudi trd len theo Iuat hon n h a n va gia dinh
c i a N h a nUdc, thdi gian td c h i c hon le
cflng t h a y ddi khong cfl vao l i e gat hai
xong ma chi chpn ngay dep, t h a n g td't la
dupc.

De tien den hon n h a n , giai doan trUdc
tien la tim hieu: ngUdi con t r a i la ngUdi
c h i dpng den b a n cd ngudi con gai m i n h
thich hoac bo' me da h e n udc vdi n h a co gai
dd. Khi den d i u b a n (neu c h a n g t r a i la
ngUdi khac ban) p h a i thdi dan moi de bao
hieu minh den de t i m hieu con gai d b a n

t r a n h nghi ngd la ke trpm, khi c h a n g t r a i
da den c h a n c l u t h a n g n h a ngUdi con gai
minh thich t h i tieng d a n c i a c h a n g t r a i la
bao Meu ngudi con g i i dd s i a soan tU
trang, nhdm bep l i a rdi md c i a mdi chang
t r a i vao n h a . S a u dd cflng ngdi ben bep l i a
de tro chuyen.

Sau mpt thdi gian tim hieu, ddi n a m nfl
da t h a y hdp n h a u , ngUdi con t r a i ve thUa
vdi bd me m i n h chpn ngay va chuan hi Ie
vat sang dat van de vdi bd me n h a co gai

de thdng n h a t ngay cUdi. Ld vat cua n h a
trai khi sang n h a gai gdm 2 con ga mpt
trdng mpt mai, 2 chum rUpu va mpt It gao
nep. Trudc day, nhflng ngUdi s a n g n h a gai
de an hdi gdm cd bo' me chang t r a i va
chang trai. Men nay cd t h e m ong d i t mdi
(ngUdi ndi chuyen, dat van de vdi n h a gai)
va mpt so' ngudi t h a n tin trong gia dinh
n h a t r a i c i n g sang. KM n h a t r a i dat van
de dupc n h a n h a gai ddng y t h i 2 gia dinh
cflng n h a t t r i ngay cUdi d re, sau dd td chflc
a n cdm b a n g nhflng Ie vat ma n h a trai
m a n g sang. Chpn ngay, gid chan de td
c h i c la q u a n niem cd t i lau ddi c i a dan tpc
Khd-mfl vi cho r i n g c h a n de cd doi cd cap.

<i>Le cUdi d re </i>

N h a t r a i c h u a n bi nhflng le vat cho
ngay cUdi d re gdm:

T r l u , cau, voi, vd cay chay, mudi, dt kho
(mdi thfl 4 p h l n ) . 1 con ldn, 2 cdn ga mai,
mpt con ga trd'ng, 6 c h u m rUpu (4 chum
nhd va 2 chum to). 1 bp vay ao cho con dau,
1 k h a n pieu, 1 day dai lUng, 1 doi n h a n
bac, 1 doi hoa tai b a n g bac, 1 vdng tay
bang bac, 1 cham tdc. Day dUdc coi nhU
c i a hdi mon me chong t a n g con dau.
Nhflng le vat nay dupc m a n g sang nha gai
Ingay trUdc khi td chflc cUdi d re. Nha gai
cflng phai c h u a n hi 1 con ga trd'ng.

C h a n g t r a i di s a n g n h a gai trong ngay
cUdi d re p h a i dem theo chan, dem, goi mdi
thfl 1 chiec de c h u a n hi cho viec d re sau
khi td chflc Ie cUdi xong, b e n hong luon
deo theo hop dao the Men c i a cdng cu lao
ddng ma c h a n g t r a i se dflng de cham chi
lam t r a cdng bd' me co dau trong thdi gian

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>

KM td chflc cudi d re, ngUdi Khd-mfl td
chflc cflng td tien d n h a gai de bao r i n g con
chau da lay vp, lay chdng. M a m cflng p h l i
CO 5 hao bac t r I n g , thit Idn da che bien
t h a n h mpt so' mdn, dia mudi dt da r a n g
kho. Le cflng t h u d n g td chflc d bep ngoai va

khong t h i p hUdng, chi k h i n thdi. Gian bep
la gian sau trong cflng c i a nha, n h a ngUdi
Khd-mu cM cd mpt ldi di vao va bep la gian
trong c i n g . Td c h i c Ie cflng n h i t thiet
phai ngudi trong nha, khong nhd ngUdi
ngoai, ngon ngfl cflng td tien la tieng Khd
mfl. Trong Ie cflng td tien, doi t r a i gai p h l i
ngdi gan nhau, tay p h a i c i a nfl vdi tay t r a i
cua nam dUdc bupc b i n g sdi chi den. Ben
canh la mot doi n a m nfl khac, trong dd n h a
gai mUdn 1 ngUdi con trai, n h a t r a i mUpn
1 CO g i i de ngdi c a n h trong l i e lam le cung
td tien va cflng bupc cd tay n h u ddi cMnh,
doi trai gai mUdn nay gpi la ddi phu. NgUdi
bupc chi CO tay cflng p h a i chpn trong hp
hang, thudng la cau ben n h a gai va mp ben
nha trai. Cau tM bupc chi cd tay ddi cMnh,
mp bupc cd tay ddi phu. Sau kM lam Id
budc cM cd tay xong, dng cau se bUng mpt
mam t r e n dd cd 2 n i m cdm, 2 d i i ga da
lupc cMn, mpt din ga trong mdt diii ga mai
den (dfli ga trong la con ga do n h a chang
trai mang den, ga mai la c i a n h a gai). DUa
cho CO dau d i i ga trong, chfl re dfli g l m l i ,
chfl re CO dau se eheo tay n h a u va t r a o Iai
dfli ga rdi p h l i a n den bet. Muc dich a n
xong de nhflng ngUdi ldn tudi se xem t i y
d i i ga nay dac hay loang, neu t i y d l y , dac
tM cho biet ddi vp chdng nay se du an, giau
cd, neu loang se ngeo kho.

Sau k h i l a m le cung td tien, ddi t r a i g i i
lam le a n t r l u . Xem tflng ddi mpt qua

each n h a i t r a u rdi n h a vao m a n g t r e cd 2
ddng da cd nUdc trong, xem m a u nUdc t r l u
de d o i n tfnh d e b c i a moi ngUdi. NgUdi
K h d - m i cho r i n g n e u dd t h i tot, t i n h t i n h
diem t i n h con khong dd thi t i n h t i n h ndng
nay hoac cau t h a .

Tiep den le uong rUdu d n , vdi 2 chum
nhd n h a t r a i m a n g sang, moi chum d m 2
d n dan vao n h a u , moi doi uong 1 chum
trong dd doi chinh uong chum cd vdng bac
dat d gifla de d m 2 d n rUdu, doi p h u
uong chum khong cd vdng bac. Mdi doi
p h a i uong h e t 2 sflng khong de rUdu t r a o
ra ngoai, neu trao r a t h i cho r i n g la dieu
khdng tot, nghia la vd chdng se khong
nghe ldi n h a u . Khi uong xong, vdng bac se
dupc trao cho co dau.

Sau khi td chflc cac nghi Ie t r u y e n
thd'ng n h u t r e n cho doi t r a i gai, thi le a n
cudi dUdc td chflc de hp h a n g , h a n g xdm
c i a n h a trai, n h a gai den a n m i n g . Ludng
thuc, thuc p h a m de to c h i c a n cUdi d n h a
gai la n h a t r a i p h a i c h u a n hi m a n g den va
che bien. Qua m i n g c i a hp hang, khach

ben nao ben dd n h a n , n h u n g chan dem
neu t a n g n h a t r a i thi van p h a i de Iai n h a
g i i , khi nao den Ie cUdi ddn dau thi cd dau
se m a n g theo ve n h a chdng. Co dau trong
ngay cUdi d re p h a i t a n g cho me chdng 1
chan, 1 dem n a m , 1 dem ngdi, 1 k h a n
pieu, va k h a n m a t cho t a t d a n h em trong
gia dinh n h a chdng moi ngudi 1 chiec.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>

56 <i>_{Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A 8/2010_}</i>

Q u a n niem d re c i a d a n tpc Khd mfl la de
t r a cong lao sinh t h a n h va nuoi dUdng cho
n h a bo' me co dau, va cho den nay tuc d re
v i n cdn nhUng k h o n g cdn n a n g ne n h u
xUa la chfl r e p h a i d lien tuc trong thdi
gian ma gia d i n h n h a gai quy dinh, h i e n
nay chfl re cM d Iai mpt thdi gian n g i n tfl
1 den 3 n a m s a u dd Iam le cUdi ddn dau.

<i>Le cUdi don ddu </i>

Het giai doan d re, n h a t r a i c h u a n hi Ie
vat va chpn n g a y de Iam d a m cUdi ddn
dau. Trong Ie cUdi ddn d a u n h a t r a i c h u a n
bi m a n g den n h a co dau 4 c h u m rUpu nhd,
2 chum rUdu to, 4 con ga, 1 con ldn k h o a n g
50 kg trd Ien de m a n g den n h a gai td chflc
Iam Ie xin d a u va to c h i c a n uong cho n h a
gai trong ngay ddn dau.

Cac Ie v a t n a y dUde m a n g s a n g n h a gai
t i hom trudc c i a ngay cUdi ddn dau. H a i
chum rUdu to do n h a t r a i m a n g s a n g de
cflng to tien, ngay to'i hom dd, Idp t r a u ben
t r e n c i a 2 c h u m rUdu dupe vdt r a de d gdc
bep ngoai. B i n h rUpu d n dupc dong nUdc
t i sflng t r a u dd vao, d n d m p h a i quay
vao gdc bep du y mdi td tien. C a n h b i n h
rUdu d n la mot m a m cdm cflng td tien: cd
xoi, muoi dt. Khi k h a n mdi td tien, ngUdi
Iam Ie t h u d n g lay n a m xoi c h i m mud'i dt,
day la nghi Ie k h o n g t h e t h i e u trong Ie
k h a n to tien c i a ngUdi Khd-mfl t h e hien
vd chdng se cung c h u n g sflc va c h u n g chi
hudng, vi ngudi khd mfl khdng cd m i m
trong m a m cPm, dd c h i m duy n h a t la
muoi dt. Cac le v a t dupc h l y t r e n t a m dan
vuong, khi Iam ngM le xong tM t a m dan
do dupc gifl Iai de d gdc bep, cd nghia la
gifl Iai td tien c i a n h a minh. Tfl Iflc tdi
cung to tien cho den b e t ngay cUdi ddn

dau, CO dau, chu re va k h a c h kieng khdng
dupc budc qua Idp t r a u da vdt tfl c h u m
rUdu de gdc bep ngoai.

Ngay hdm cUdi ddn dau, l i cUdi ddn
dau khong cd ddi phu. N h a t r a i chpn gid
dep de ddn d a u xuo'ng t h a n g , p h a i la gid

c h i n . Trong khi ddn d a u xudng t h a n g ,
chfl re xuo'ng t h a n g trUdc, co d a u dUpc mpt
ba mdi d a t xuo'ng sau, ngUdi d i t mo'i
t h u d n g chpn ngUdi d a n ba Men, dong con.
Khi cd dau dUdc ddn ve den n h a trai, me
chdng dflng t r e n d u t h a n g , dUa con dau
mpt gid cd cdm n i m , t h u d n g la cdm nep va
t h i t nUdng s a u dd d i t con dau vao nha.
Me chdng k h o n g xuo'ng bac t h a n g , du y
n h a cd mpt c h i n e n con dau p h l i dudi
quyen va se n g h e Idi me chdng. Khi cd dau
dUdc ddn ve n h a chdng, ben n h a chfl re
cflng to c h i c le cflng td tien de bao cao td
tien cd con d a u n h a p vao ddng hp. Mam
cflng to tien p h a i cd d l y d i t h i t Ip-n da che
bien t h a n h t h i t nUdng, t h i t gdi nUdng, 2
con ga lupc (1 ga trong, 1 ga m l i ) , 5 hao
bac t r I n g , b a t muoi dt. KM ngUdi n h a t r a i
da lam le cflng to tien xong, nhflng ngUdi
trong n h a t r a i cflng co d a u se a n cflng mpt
m a m cdm trUdc sU chflng kien c i a nhflng
ngudi da den du le cUdi do du y gia dinh se
quay q u i n , doan k e t ben n h a u . Khi nha
trai ddn dau, b d m e vd khdng dupc dUa con
gai m i n h ve n h a chdng the Men sU ton
trpng n h a con m i n h chi cd 1 chu. S a u ngay
cUdi ddn dau, 2 vd chdng chpn gid dep den
ddn bd' me vp len t h a m n h a m i n h . Va tfl
day, ddi vp chdng mdi b a t d i u cupc sd'ng
dn dinh, a n cU de p h a t trien k i n h te', nudi

day con cai s a u k h i td chflc xong t a p tuc

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>

Day la cac ngM Id va cac bUdc cd ban
trong t a p tuc cudi hdi c i a dan tdc Khd-mu,
cho den nay v i n cdn nhieu Id nghi m a n g
theo mpt tin ngudng, mdt q u a n niem cd t i
lau ddi c i a hp. Quan niem ngUdi gia dupc
coi trpng trong gia dinh, vp chdng sd^ng ben
nhau h a n h phflc, cd nhieu con cai, an nen
lam r a nen sU kien d a n h dau md dau cho
cupc song dpc lap c i a moi con ngUdi van
t u a n t h i nhflng nghi Ie cd tfl lau ddi. Vdi
nhflng quan niem nay m a cho den nay t a p
tuc cUdi hdi c i a ngudi Khd-mfl van cdn gifl
dupc cac Ie ngM rieng, m a n g tinh dpc dao
c i a dan tdc minh.

<b>3. Nhufng n h a n x e t t h a y k e t l u a n </b>

Hon n h a n c i a dan tpc Khd m u luon
t u a n theo nhflng nghi Ie t r u y e n thd'ng
dupc dflc ket tfl n h i e u n a m , cho den nay cd
nhflng nghi le dd v i n dupc t u a n t h i mdt
each t r i n h tU mac d i dp tudi ket hon da
t u a n theo M a t cua N h a nUdc. Qua nghi le
hon n h a n c i a ngUdi Khd mfl t h e Men t i n h
n h a n van: ton trpng h a n h phuc c i a con
ngUdi, nhflng nghi le the Men niem tin
cua con ngUdi kM td c h i c d l y d i nhflng
nghi Ie dd de b i o d a m cupc hon n h a n dUdc

ben chat; Hay qua each doan t i n h each
cflng n h u van m e n h c i a ddi t r a i gai thdng
qua xem t i y ga, a n t r l u de k h u y e n n h i
cflng n h u khich Ie 2 vp cho'ng g i n bd vdi
nhau hdn de xay dUng cupc song.

Den nay, hdn n h a n c i a ddng bao dan
tpc Khd m i d ban T h a n , xa Chieng P i n ,
huyen Yen Chau, t i n h Sdn La cflng cd
nhieu bien ddi; Bien ddi ve Ifla tudi hon
n h a n va thdi gian d re, trong dd p h a t trien
hdn d la hdn n h a n hdn hpp gifla cac dan

tpc. Hon n h a n hon hpp gifla ngUdi Khd mfl
va ngudi Thai la nhflng net van hda mdi
the Men mdi q u a n he to't dep gifla cac dan
tpc ddng thdi la chi so' bao Meu sU p h a t
trien k i n h te xa hpi ngay cang ddng deu
gifla cac dan tpc d xa Chieng P a n , huyen
Yen Chau, t i n h Sdn La. Nhflng net van
hda dan tpc dpc dao c i a ngUdi Khd m u
trong hon n h a n van dupc duy tri cflng vdi
net mdi trong nghi le hon n h a n c i a ngUdi
Khd m i lam cho hon le c i a ngudi Khd mfl
ngay t h e m da dang./.

<b>TAI L I E U THAM KHAO </b>

1. Khdng Dien (chu bien), Bui Minh Dao,
<i>Nguyen The Hue. Bdn tgc Kha mu a Viet </i>

<i>Nam. Nha xuat ban VHDT. H 1999. </i>

<i>2. Lich sic Bdng bo huyen Yen Chdu giai </i>

<i>dogn 1945 - 1995. Tap the tac gia: Nguyen </i>

Ngoc Luan, Hoang Yen, Vi Quang Thinh.
Nha xuat ban CTQG. H 2001.

3. Nhom tac gia: Dang Nghiem Van, Nguyen
True Binh, Nguyen Van Huy, Thanh
<i>Thien. Nhiing nhdm ddn toc thuoc ngvt he </i>

<i>Nam - A a Tdy Bac Viet Nam, Nha xuat </i>

ban KHXH. H. 1972.

<i>4. Mgt sd net vi kinh te, xd hgi ciia ddn tgc </i>

<i>Kha-mu d Viet Nam vd cdc khuyen nghi, </i>
<i>gidi phdp phdt trien. NXb VHDT. H 2003. </i>

<i>5. Le Quoc Thanh. Tdc dgng cua cdc logi </i>

<i>hinh sii dung ddt do'i vdi sUphdt trien nong </i>
<i>nghiep a huyen Yen Chdu, tinh Son La. </i>

Luan an tie'n si nong nghiep. HN 2003.
6. So tdng hpp so'ho gia dinh va nhan khau 6

</div>

<!--links-->