Các công ty Đông ấn thế kỷ XVII, XVIII

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>CAC CONG TY DONG AN THE KY XVll, XVIIl TRAN THI THANH VAN*. B. fldc vao thdi cim dai, boat ddng. khd k h a n nghiem trgng, dac biet trong 25. thfldng mai cua An Do Dfldng va. nam cudi the ky. A n t w e r p (thudc Bi),. ca chau A da cd nhflng budc p h a t trien. t h a n h phd' tflng la t r u n g t a m tai chinh. quan trgng. Xd du'dc d a n h da'u mdt each rd. thinh vfldng d chau Au, vao n a m 1585. net bang viec h i n h t h a n h "nhung ddng. cflng da d a n h m a t vi trf h a n g dau cua. thfldng mai" d An Do Diidng va vfldt An. minh trong viec cung ca'p h a n g hda chau. Do Diidng. Trong 2 the ky XVII va XVIII. A cho lay bac Au. Thflc te dd da kfch thfch. da chflng kien sfl md rong miinh me ve sd'. cac thfldng gia tfl bac Ha Lan canh t r a n h. Iflgng va gia tri kmi ngach Irong thfldng. vdi nhflng the m a n h dgc quyen cua Bd. mai dfldng thuy A - Au. Dd la ket qua trflc. Dao Nha va b a t dau t h a m gia tnic tiep. tiep tfl sfl canh t r a n h t h a n g ldi cua ngu'di. buon b a n vdi chau A. Ngudn vd'n dang ke. Ha Lan va Anh trfldc sfl doc quyen cua. cua tap doan nay n h a n h chdng dflde tang. ngfldi Bd Dad Nha. Tiep theo hai qud'c gia. len cflng sfl xua't hien cua cac thfldng gia. nay la Dan Mach, mac dfl d pham vi rat. giau cd den tfl A m s t e r d a m , nhflng ngfldi. khiem td'n, va P h a p vao nhflng nam cudi. da tflng help tac vdi A n t w e r p . Nhflng bi. the ky XVII. Nfla dau the ky XVIII, nhieu. quyet dieu khien t a u dflde chuyen gia lao. tap doan thudng gia den tfl Oslend (thugc. luyen ngfldi Ha Lan, giao sT, n h a thien. Bi) va nhieu ndi khac cflng t h a m gia canh. van hgc P e t r u s Plancius t r u y e n lai, cdn ky. t r a n h va lim each xam n h a p thi trfldng. t h u a t cheo lai va nhflng van de khac lai. chau A. Ly tfldng thfldng mai thuc dan. nhd. hda da t h a n g the trong cac nghi vien chau Au. Cac cdng ty Ddng An dflde t h a n h lap mdt each d at vdi muc lieu hfldng ve An Do va ca vflng bien rdng ldn d An Do Dfldng.. chuyen. gia. ngfldi. Ha. Lan. Jan. Huyghen van Linschoten, ngfldi da tflng lam viec d mien ddng Bd Dao N h a trong nhieu n a m . T h a n g 4 n a m 1595, "Cdng ty cua nhflng vflng da't xa" (Company of Far. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan dflcic t h a n h. Lands) cd t r u sd tai A m s t e r d a m , cdng ty. lap vao nam 1602 theo quyet dinh cua. dau tien trong so' nhflng cdng ty dflcic ggt. Qud'c hgi. Vao thdi diem nay boat ddng. la lau n a m , da t h u hflt dflde sd'vd'n len tdi. budn ban hd tieu vdi An Do cua cac. f.290,000 (f la ky hieu ddng tien Guilder. thfldng gia Bd Dao N h a dang gap nhieu. cua H a Lan) va gfli 4 chiec t a u hang tdi. * Ths. Triin Thi T h a n h V,in. Khoa Lich sif, Dai hoc Vinh.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> Trdn Thi Thanh Vdn - Cdc ccmg ty Dimg An thcky XII. Ddng An dfldi sfl chf huy cua trung fly Cornells de H o u t m a n . Mgt trong 4 chiec tau da bj dam va 3 chiec cdn lai trd ve vao t h a n g 8 n a m 1597 chd theo h a t hd tieu, hat nhuc dau kha'u va vd nhue dau kha'u. Trong thdi gian dd, h a n g loat cac cdng ty mdi da tien h a n h giao thUdng vdi Ddng An. T r o n g sd dd cd m d t ' c d n g ty d Amsterdam, hai d Zeeland va hai cdng ty khac d R o t t e r d a m . Hai cdng ty Amsterdam da sap n h a p vao nam 1598 va sau dd trd nen ndi tieng vdi ten ggi "Old Company". Cdng ty nay da phai 8 chiec tau ldn tdi phUdng Ddng vao mfla xuan nam 1598. Ldi n h u a n trong thfldng vu dd fldc tfnh len tdi 400%.. Vao nam 1600, 4 cdng ty khac cung da dflde t h a n h lap d mdt so dia phfldng cfla Ha Lan. Ket qua ta't yeu la cd sti t a n g len ve gia gdc cua hd tieu va mdt so'mat h a n g gia vi khac, khien doanh sd ban h a n g sut giam. Den lflc nay ta't ca nhflng ai hieu ro dflde tiem nang to ldn cfla thi trfldng Ddng An thi deu thay rang can phai lam gi dd de kim ham cudc canh tranh khde het gifla cac cdng ty. Vdi the manh cua mgt cdng ty tien phong trong thi triidng Ddng An, nam 1601, "Old Company" da thinh can Qudc hoi Ha Lan de du'dc phep ddc quyen thfldng mai khu vfle phia Ddng trong vdng 25 nam. De nghi dd da chii'm dflt qua trinh canh t r a n h gifla cac cdng ty. Thdng qua nd lflc dieu dinh ciia Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, cac tap doan da di de'n thda t h u a n hdp tac cflng n h a u va thanh lap cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan - Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) vao ngay 20/3/ 1602. Cdng ty dflcfc phep boat ddng ddc quyen d phfa ddng Mui Hao Vgng va phia lay qua eo bidn Magellan trong vdng. X'lll. 41. 21 nam. Vd'n khdi diem cua cdng ty la 6.42 trieu f, dflde quyen gdp trong cac pham vi ndm gifl tfl f20 den flOO.OOO'". Van de q u a n trgng dflde Cdng ty thao luan lien q u a n de'n so' tau dUde giti den phfa Ddng h a n g n a m cflng vdi sd' Iflcing, danh muc va gia tri h a n g hda dUOc van chuyen cung nhfl cac loai kim loai quy mang theo tren tau. Viec sap xep, td chflc ban h a n g hda tfl chau A ve la mdt cong tac rat ky lUdng va cdng phu. Cd 3 nguyen tac cd ban ma cdng ty ap dung de sap xep hang hda chau A - dd la hdp ddng ban hang, gia ban cd dinh, b a n theo hinh thflc da'u gia. Cac hdp ddng ban h a n g thdng qua dam p h a n vdi cac nghiep doan ldn cfla Ha Lan. Dd la chien Ifldc kinh doanh chu yeu dflde ap dung trong sudi nifa ddu the'ky XVII, nha't la khi hen quan den hd tieu, mgt mat h a n g quan trgng nha't trong danh muc h a n g hda n h a p khau cua Cdng ty. Cac cudc dam phan, thao luan dflde tien h a n h de hoan t h a n h cac hdp ddng vao ngay 19/10/1623 vdi cac nghiep doan chu yeu nhfl Gert Dircksz, Raedt, Cornells van C a m p e n va H a n s Broer lien quan de'n toan bd sd'hd tieu ban trong kho cua cdng ty, cflng vdi mgt so' Iflcing hang hda ldn dflde chuyen ve Ha Lan trfldc ngay 1 t h a n g 5 n a m 1624. Tdng gia tri hang hda ban ra len de'n 4 t n e u ddng florins. TroUg sudt nfla ddu the ky XVII, cdng ty thd'ng ITnh va ddc quyen hoan toan vdi nhieu h a n g muc mat hang quy hiem nhfl dinh hfldng, h a t nhuc dau khau va vd nhuc dau... "Tdi flu gia ca la ddc quyen", tuy nhien dd khdng phai la mgt nhiem vu de dang. Cdng ty da phai tao dflng dflde nhflng anh hfldng va thu bflt khi dfla ra gia ban cflng nhfl viec khich.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> 42. Nghien cim Dong Nam A 6/2009. thich tiem n a n g tieu t h u b a n g con dfldng budn lau. Cd nhfl vay viec budn b a n vdi thi trUdng An Do D u d n g mdi dUa ve sti giau cd cho thUdng gia H a L a n trong mdt thdi gian dai. Mdt cdng ty khdng Id khac cd a n h ldn de'n sU h i n h t h a n h thi trUdng thUdng mai A - Au chfnh la cdng ty Ddng An Anh. NgUdi Anh khdi dau mgt each mudn m a n g viec khai thac t u y e n dfldng bien tfl mfli Cape tdi An Do Dfldng va cac vflng xa hdn khdng phai la do thieu q u a n tam. Cac chuyen di cua J o h n Cabot tfl Bristol dfldi trieu dai vua H e n r y VII (1485-1509) da. ing into the E a s t Indies) ra ddi. Tfl n a m 1601 de'n 1612, viec td chflc sap xep 12 chuyen t a u budn tdi thi trUdng An Do Dfldng dflde cdng ty sdm h o a n ta't. Sd' vd'n ddng gdp cho chuyen h a n h t r i n h ddu tien vao n a m 1601 la 68,373 b a n g va so' vd'ii cao nha't cho chuyen h a n h trinh thfl 6 la 80,163 bang, dflde cdng khai vao nam 1609. Dot p h a t h a n h chflng khoan huy ddng vd'n dau tien la tfl n a m 1613 de'n 1623, dot thfl 2 la tfl n a m 1617 de'n 1632 va thfl 3 la tfl 1631 de'n 1642'^*. N a m 1637, C h a r l e s I da ddng y mgt dac. quyen. cho. Hiep. hdi. Courteen. trfldng. (Courteen's Association) de dflde buon. hfldng lieu va td t a m d chau A. Tuy nhien,. b a n mdt p h d n d Ddng An ndi cdng ty Anh. trong nita d a u the'ky XVI, viec thie'u kien. chfla t h a n h lap dflde n h a may. Tuy nhien. thflc ve budn b a n va h a n g hai d An Do. Hiep hdi da t h a t bai t h a m hai trong viec. Dfldng da la mdt can trd ldn ddi vdi ngfldi. thiet lap q u a n he vdi ngfldi An. Cudc ngi. Anh trong cudc d u a t r a n h vdi ngfldi Bd. chie'n bflng nd vao nhflng n a m 1640 da. Dao Nha. Nhflng de'n cudi the ky nay kien. a n h hfldng xa'u tdi ke hoach kinh doanh. thflc dia ly ciia ngfldi Anh da tien bd r a t. ciia cdng ty. Dac quyen kiem soat cua. n h a n h . Nam 1598 cud'n sach " Itinerario". cdng ty lai bi de dga khi ddi thii canh. cua Linsehoter b a n g tieng Anh da cung. t r a n h cua ho la mdt n h d m thfldng gia. dflcic thflc hien n h a m. vao thi. cap thdng tin tdt n h a l ve van de budn b a n. thfldng dflcic mieu ta la cdng ty Ddng An. va hang hai d An Do Dfldng, gay nen mgt. Anh. sti quan t a m ldn d London. Nhflng chuyen. Company) n h a n dflcic dac quyen tfl Nfl. t h a m hiem An Do t h a n h cdng ciia mgt sd. hoang vao t h a n g 7 n a m 1698. Tap doan. ca n h a n ngfldi Anh cflng giflp cac thfldng. nay da cd a n h hfldng Idn trong xa hdi khi. gia n h a n thflc dflde r a n g con dfldng thflc. cho Chinh p h u vay 2 trieu bang. Vao. te duy nha't de den vdi An Do la vdng qua. t h a n g 4 n a m 1702, 2 cdng ty da ddng y. mfli Hao Vong. Ndi lo sci ngfldi Ha Lan. sap n h a p Hdi ddng q u a n tri. Sti hdp nha't. thd'ng tri thi trfldng gia vi d tay bac Au da. cudi cflng dien r a vao 1709 theo quyet. hdi thflc mdt nhdm thfldng gia d Ldndon. dinh cua Earl of Godolphin. Tfl day den. de ddn len Nfl hoang xin diidc quyen kiem. n a m 1813, va'n de ddc quyen kiem soat. soat thiidng mai d Ddng An. De nghi dd. khdng cdn la thach thflc ddi vdi "cdng ty. diidc chap t h u a n va ngay 31 t h a n g 12. me", khi ma nhflng quy dinh mdi cho. mdi. (New. English. East. India. nam 1600 Cdng ty Ddng An Anh cd ten la. phep cac n h a budn rieng le t h a m gia budn. Cdng ly thUdng mai Lon don d Ddng An. b a n d Ddng An. 20 n a m sau, cdng ty. (Company of M e r c h a n t s of London trad-. khdng cdn la mdt cdng ty thfldng mai nfla.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> Trdn Thi Thanh Vdn - Cdc cirng ty Dong An the'ky X'U, Xv'lU ma trd t h a n h mdt chinh quyen thflc dan d thudc dia. Cdng ty hi giai t a n vao nam 1858 va chuyen giao quyen kiem soat An Do cho Nfl hoang Anh. Cdng ty Ddng An Dan Mach (The Dansk Ostindiske Kompagni) dflde vua Christian IV ban dac quyen vao ngay 17/3/1616 theo sang kien cfla 2 ngUdi nhap cU tfl H a Lan. Sfl a n h hfldng cua cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan den hien chfldng cua cdng ty Ddng An Dan Mach la kha rd net. Mac dau cd ngudn vd'n nhflng thflc sfl cdng ty cdn nhieu khd k h a n va cdng viec kinh doanh cd the phai dfla tren sfl bao trci cua chinh phu. Ngoai ra, tfl khoang nam f630 trd di. Christian IV sd hflu phan niia sd' vd'n cdng ty. Dieu dd da dan den sfl pha san cua cdng ty vao nam 1650. Mdt cdng ty Ddng An thfl 2 ra ddi va boat ddng tfl nam 1670 den 1729, cflng tham gia budn b a n h a n g gia vi tfl Borneo va budn trai phep vdi Manila. Dd la Cdng ty chau A D a n Mach (Danish Asitic Company) dflde ban dac quyen vao t h a n g 4 nam 1732, boat dgng thiidng mai chu yeu la d T r u n g Qud'c nhflng cflng khdng kha'm kha hdn cdng ty trfldc dd. Tfl khi Trung Qud'c tuyen bd md cita tU do vao nam 1772, cac thiidng gia Dan Mach da t h a m gia vao thi trUdng Trung Qud'c va dT nhien la nhdm muc dich md rdng thdng thfldng gifla Dan Mach va qud'c gia rdng ldn, day ha'p dan nay. Tuy nhien, Dan Mach cung khdng hen quan nhieu den hoat ddng thfldng mai A - Au. Mdt cdng ty Ddng An khac dflcic hinh thanh vao nifa dau the'ky XVll la Cdng ty Ddng An Genoese (Compagnia Genoese delle Indie Orientali) cua Italia. Cdng ty nay dUdc t h a n h lap vao n a m 1647 nhd sU. 43. khdi xUdng ciia hai thUdng gia ngUdi Ha Lan la Willem va hendrik M e u l m a n cflng vdi ddi tac ciia hg la J a k o b van den Heuvel. The nhflng dfl an ciia hg cudi cflng cflng khdng di de'n dau va cflng khdng cd bang chflng nao cho thay tau budn cua cdng ty Genoese dflde gfli den An Do. Cdng ty Ddng An P h a p (French Compagnie des Indes Orientates) ra ddi tfl sfl ung hg dac biet cua Chinh phu. Cdng ty nay dflde J e a n - Baptiste Colbert t h a n h lap vao ngay 1/9/1664. The nhflng, sfl hd trd cua Chfnh phii, d mdt khia canh nao dd, cung khdng du m a n h de giflp Cdng ty canh t r a n h vdi cac cdng ty Ddng An khac. Cdng ty boat ddng trong khudn khd phap ly cua Chfnh phu vdi tai san chi tieu nhieu hdn tai san sd hflu. Cd sd phap ly lai bd huge nhieu ve trach nhiem nen cudi cflng da dan den sfl t h a t bai trong kinh doanh cua P h a p d chau A. Cdng ty t h a n h lap nam 1664 va pha san vao nam 1684. Khoang 78% cd ddng ciia cdng ty pha san nay da phai rflt khdi Cdng ty. Mgt nam sau mgt cdng ty mdi ra ddi, cung dfldi sfl kiem soat chat che cua Chfnh phu. Hoat ddng cua tap doan mdi nay h a u nhfl that bai. De'n t h a n g 5 nam 1719 sac lenh hdp nha't da sap n h a p cac cdng ty t h a n h Cdng ty Ddng An (Compagnie des Indes Orientales) cflng vdi viec md rdng boat ddng kinh doanh cua J o h n Law. Cdng ty Ddng An mdi nay (Compagnie des Indes ) da phai m a t 4 n a m de sap xep, kien toan lai cd ca'u boat ddng t h a n h mdt cdng ty vdi ten ggi la Compagnie Perpetuelle des Indes va tdn tai de'n nam 1769. Tfl thdi diem nay thfldng mai Ddng An dflde md rdng vdi nhflng boat ddng rieng re ciia.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> 44. Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009. cdng ty. The ky XVIII cflng chflng kien sfl t h a n h lap cac cdng ty Ddng An cua nhieu nflde chau Au. Dieu thfl vi nha't la sfl xua't hien cua cac cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien va Ostend (thugc Bi). Ve cd ban, nhflng tap doan nay khdng cd nhieu sfl bao trg cua cac chfnh p h u chau Au. Cdng ty Ostend la mgt khdi lien ket bao gdm ca ngfldi H a Lan, Ai-len, D a n Mach va ca Flemish (Bi) cd cflng quyen ldi, dflde hoang de Ao-Hung Charles VI d Vienna b a n dac quyen vao n a m 1722, mac dau cac chuyen h a n h t r i n h tdi phfldng Ddng da dflcic nhdm thfldng gia nay len ke hoach tfl dau n a m 1713 (sau khi the che h a n h chinh ciia Ao dflde t h a n h lap d Ha Lan). Sfl ra ddi ciia cdng ty nay da de dga tdi quyen ldi cua cac thfldng gia ngfldi Au dang lam giau d An Do Diidng vi the cdng ty Ddng An Anh va cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da gay ap lflc vdi h o a n g de Habsburg. Luc nay Hoang de d a n g can sti img hd ciia ngfldi Ha Lan ehd'ng lai Tay Ban N h a n h a m giai cflu chau gai ciia minh la Maria Theresia. Trfldc ap lflc cua Chi'nh phu, Ostend ngflng h e a t ddng vao n a m 1727 va giai the vao n a m 1731.. t a u budn trd ve chau Au, theo ke khai la ciia cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien, chi cd 3 chiec (vao nhflng n a m 1735, 1740, 1742) chd bdng, td lua va lua thd tfl Bengal. Mdt ben cang khac cung thfldng dflde tau cua cdng ty Thuy Dien cap ben la cang Surat, la ndi dien ra b o a t ddng giao thfldng vao nhflng n a m 1752, 1756 va 1762<3>. Cd the ndi, d nhflng t h e ky d a u thdi can dai, thfldng m a i d An Do Dfldng da la "diem ndng" trong nhflng chfnh sach cua cac chfnh p h u phfldng Tay. Nd cd vfl che "tinh t h a n hfldng ngoai" d a n g ngfl tri trong tfl duy cua cac ca n h a n du mgi tang ldp, tfl thfldng gia cho den chfnh tri gia, tfl binh linh cho de'n cac n h a t r u y e n dao. Cac cdng ty Ddng An da dam nhiem dflcic vai trd cila cac cdng ty dgc quyen, thay mat cho chfnh phu, dfla Idi n h u a n ve cho qud'c gia. Hdn the nfla, nd cdn la "cdng cu" dac lflc va cd hieu qua trong viec b a n h trfldng the life thtic dan. Tfl sfl h i n h t h a n h thi trfldng thfldng mai, tiep theo la sfl phat trien cua chfnh sach thflc dan, hai giai doan cua qua t r i n h xam n h a p va xam lUdc cita phfldng Tay d c h a u A./.. Nhieu thfldng gia lien q u a n de'n cdng ty Ostend da chuyen vd'n cua hg sang Cdng. CHU THICH. ty chau A D a n Mach (Danish Asiatic Company), dflde t h a n h lap vao n a m 1732. Mdt sd' khac da cd dflcic dac quyen cua cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien (Swedish East India Company), ra ddi vao n a m 1731. Cflng gid'ng nhfl cdng ty chau A Dan Mach, mdi ban t a m chu yeu cua cdng ty Ddng An Thuy Dien la budn b a n vdi T r u n g Qud'c hdn la vdi An Do. Tfl gifla nam 1733 de'n n a m 1767, trong 61 chiec. 1. J.R.Bruijn, F.S.Gaastra, Duck - Asiatic shipping in the 17"^ and 18"^ centuries, vol 1, The Hague, 1987, p.9. 2. K.N Chaudbun, The trading World of Asia and the English East India Company 16601760, Cambndge 1978, pp. 22, 28, 209. 3. Cm Prakash, European commercial enterprise in pre-colonial India, The new Cambridge history of India, Cambridge University Press 2000, p,81..

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