Lý thuyết ôn thi HSG THPT

SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH
TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN
LÊ HỒNG PHONG

CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
Tp. HCM, ngày tháng 12 năm 2020

NỘI DUNG - CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ THI
KÌ THI OLYMPIC TRUYỀN THỐNG 30 – 4 LẦN THỨ XXVI
TỔ CHỨC TẠI TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ HỒNG PHONG
TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH – NĂM HỌC 2020-2021
Môn: Tiếng Anh – Khối 10 -11
-----o0o----A. NỘI DUNG
- Các chủ điểm bài đọc hiểu và điền từ phù hợp với học sinh trung học (có thể liên quan
các chủ điểm trong SGK)
- Các điểm ngữ pháp bao gồm:
+ Articles.
+ Verb forms/ tenses.
+ Relative Clauses and Their reduced Forms.
+ Adverbial Clauses.
+ Noun Clauses.
+ Comparison.
+ Reported Speech.
+ Passive Voice.
+ Subjunctives.
+ Gerund- Infinitive
+ Participle Phrases
+ Inversion.
+ Modal verbs.

+ Phrasal verbs
+ Prepositions

B. CẤU TRÚC
Đề thi gồm hai phần:
- TRẮC NGHIỆM ( 80 câu – 40 điểm).
- TỰ LUẬN (60 câu - 70 điểm).
I. PHẦN TRẮC NGHIỆM (Multiple choice questions) bao gồm:


1/ Trắc nghiệm về từ vựng (word choice): 10 câu.
2/ Trắc nghiệm về cấu trúc và ngữ pháp (structures and grammar): 10 câu.
3/ Trắc nghiệm về giới từ và cụm động từ (prepositions and phrasal verbs): 10 câu.
4/ Trắc nghiệm về sự kết hợp từ (collocations and idioms): 10 câu.
5/ Đọc hiểu (Reading comprehension):
- 10 câu hỏi (Reading 1)
- 10 câu hỏi ( Reading 2 – Bài nâng cao hơn)
6/ Cloze test:
- 10 câu hỏi (Cloze Test 1)
- 10 câu hỏi ( Cloze Test 2 – Bài nâng cao hơn)
II. PHẦN TỰ LUẬN bao gồm:
1/ Open cloze test (20 điểm): Điền 1 từ vào từng chỗ trống trong 2 đọan văn, mỗi đọan 10
chỗ trống.
- Cloze test 1 (10 chỗ trống).
- Cloze test 2 (10 chỗ trống – Bài nâng cao hơn).
2/ Word forms (20 điểm):
- 10 câu (Cho dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc trong từng câu).
- 10 câu (Dùng 10 từ cho sẵn trong khung và biến đổi dạng từ cho phù hợp để điền vào
chỗ trống trong 1 đọan văn).
3/ Sửa lỗi sai (10 điểm): (Error identification: tìm ra 10 lỗi sai trong một đoạn văn và sửa từng

lỗi sai).
4/ Biến đổi câu - Sentence transformation (20 điểm) :
- 4 câu về structures.
- 3 câu về idiomatic expression (2 trong số 3 câu có KEY WORD).
- 3 câu về collocation ( có KEY WORD).


NOUN CLAUSE
Mệnh đề danh từ là một trong những loại mệnh đề sử dụng thường xuyên trong tiếng Anh. Với vẻ
bề ngồi là một mệnh đề nhưng đóng vai trị là một danh từ, đây cũng chính là nguồn gốc đặt tên
của mệnh đề này.
Mục lục
Mệnh đề danh từ là gì?
Cấu trúc và cách dùng
Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ
Cách thành lập mệnh đề danh từ
I. Mệnh đề danh từ là gì?
- Mệnh đề danh từ [noun clause] là một mệnh đề phụ có chức năng của một danh từ. Mệnh đề
danh từ thường được bắt đầu bằng “that” hoặc các nghi vấn từ: who, whose, what, which, where,
when, why, how hoặc whether, if.
- Người ta thường sử dụng mệnh đề danh từ cho những câu phức nhằm diễn đạt những ý nghĩa
dài dòng, sâu xa nhiều ẩn dụ.
II. Cấu trúc và cách dùng:
Mệnh đề danh từ đóng vai trị như một danh từ nên có những chức năng tương tự, cụ thể như sau:
- Đóng vai trị làm chủ ngữ
- Làm tân ngữ sau động từ
- Tân ngữ sau giới từ
- Bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ
- Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ
1. Làm chủ ngữ

Cấu trúc: Noun Clause + V / to be
E.g.
- That Tom can’t come is disappointing
= It is disappointing that Tom can’t come
- What he was talking about was interesting
- How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.
2. Làm tân ngữ sau động từ
Cấu trúc: S + V + Noun Clause + …
E.g.
- I know that you must be tired after a long journey
- Please tell me where you live.
3. Làm tân ngữ sau giới từ
Cấu trúc: S + V / to be (+ adj)+ preposition + Noun Clause
E.g.
- We argued for hours about when we should start
- Pay careful attention to what I am going to say
4. Bổ nghĩa cho câu
Cấu trúc: Clause + Noun Clause
- What surprised me was that he spoke English so well
- That is not what I want
5. Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ
Cấu trúc: S + to be + adj + Noun Clause + …
- I’m happy that you don’t forget me.
1


6. Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ
E.g.
- The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true
- Your statement that you found the money in the street will not be believed

Lưu ý: Có thể bỏ từ nối “that” trong mệnh đề “that” khi mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ trong câu.
Nhưng không được bỏ “that” khi mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ.
E.g.
- We know (that) the world is round.
- That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious.
Lưu ý: Trong mệnh đề danh từ, chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ. Không dùng trật tự từ trong câu
nghi vấn trong mệnh đề danh từ.
E.g.
- I couldn’t hear what he said.

2


INVERSION (CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ)
Nguyên tắc chung:
1)- Với động từ BE: …… BE + S ………
2)- Với dộng từ thường:
a)- Ở các thì đơn (HT đơn, QK đơn): ……. DO/DOES/DID + S + V …………
b)- Ở các thì hồn thành (HTHT , QKHT): ……. HAVE/HAS/HAD + S + PP/V3
…………
3)- Với các động từ tình thái (Modal Verbs): ………. Modal verbs + S + V .................
I-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO VÀ NOT:
- I wil lend you no money from now on.  - No money will I lend you from now on.
- I wont lend you any money from now on.  - Not any money will I lend you from now
on.
II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH:
Never(không bao giờ), rarely = seldom = little (ít khi, hiếm khi, hầu như khơng),
hardly (ever) (hầu như không bao giờ).
- I will never speak to him again.  - Never will I speak to him again.
- He has rarely got mark 10 in maths.  - Rarely has he got mark 10 in maths.

- I seldom listen to rock music.  - Seldom do I listen to rock music.
- She little understands me.  - Little does she understand me.
- They hardly (ever) speak in public.  - Hardly (ever) do they speak in public.
- She is never late for school.  - Never is she late for school.
II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI:
No sooner …… than; Hardly/Barely/Scarcely…… when/before…….. (Vừa mới …..
thì…….)
1)- No sooner had S PP/V3 than clause (QKĐ)
2)- Hardly/Barely/Scarcely had S PP/V3 when/before clause (QKĐ)
-I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang.
 - No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang.
-I had hardly arrived home when/before the phone rang.
 - Hardly had I arrived home when/before the phone rang.
III-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI ONLY:
- Only after N/V-ing: chỉ sau khi. - Only later: Chỉ sau này
- Only once: chỉ một lần - Only then : chỉ đến lúc đó
- Only when clause : chi đến khi - Only if clause : chỉ nếu
- Only by N/V-ing: chỉ bằng cách - Only with N/V-ing: chỉ với.
- Only in this/that way : chỉ bằng cách này/đó
E.g. - I realized that I had forgotten to put on a stamp only after posting the letter.


 - Only after posting the letter did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.
- She will love him only when she understands him.  - Only when she understands him
will she love him.
- We can pass the exam only by working harder.  - Only by working harder can we pass
the exam.
- We will be successful only in this way.  - Only in this way will we be successful.
- You are allowed to enter this room only if I have given permission.
 - Only if I have given permission are you allowed to enter this room.

IV- ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC CỤM GIỚI TỪ CÓ NO:
- At no time : chưa từng bao giờ
- In no way : khơng cịn cách nào
- On no condition : tuyệt đối khơng
- On no account : khơng vì bất cứ lí do gì
- Under/In no circumstances:trong bất cứ hồn cảnh nào cũng khơng.
- For no reasons = On no account : khơng vì bất cứ lí do gì.
- No longer: khơng cịn nữa
Ex:
- He never knew she came from a rich family.
 - At no time did he know she came from a rich family.
 - Never did he know she came from a rich family.
- Keith certainly cant be held responsible for the accident.
 - In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident.
- Passengers arent permitted to open the doors under/in any circumstances.
 - Under/In no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors.
- He no longer works as an accountant. He has just found another job.
 - No longer does he works as an accountant. He …………………………..
V-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI SO ………….. THAT VÀ SUCH ………. THAT :
1)- SO ……….. THAT :
- He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch.
 - So hard did he worked that he forgot his lunch.
- The play is so interesting that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
 - So interesting is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
 - Such is the interest of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
- He bought so many books that he couldn't read them all.
 - So many books did he buy that he couldn't read them all.
- Alice has so much homework that she can't finish it all.
 - So much homework does Alice have that she can't finish it all.
Note: Dùng SO MANY/FEW/MUCH/LITTLE N không dùng SUCH.

2)- SUCH ……………. THAT :


- It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy.
 - Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy.
Note: trong trường hợp BE SO MUCH/GREAT đổi thành SUCH BE NOUN
- The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted.
 - Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted.
VI-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI : NOT ONLY …………. BUT ALSO (khơng những mà cịn)
NOT ONLY mệnh đề đảo BUT ……… ALSO mệnh đề thường
- He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well.
 - Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well.
VII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI: NOT UNTILL/TILL (THEN/LATER)
NOT UNTILL/TILL mệnh đề thường mệnh đề đảo. (mãi đến khi)
- I didnt know where I was untill I asked a passer-by.  - Not untill I asked a passer-by did
I know where I was.
NOT UNTILL/TILL THEN/LATER mệnh đề đảo. (mãi đến lúc đó/sau này)
- I didnt recognize him untill later.  - Not untill later did I recognize him.
VIII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER/NOR VÀ SO:
- They dont like chicken, and neither/nor do I.
- She can play the guitar, and so can I.
* ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER………………..NOR :
- There is neither excitement nor entertainment in this small town.
 Neither is there excitement nor entertainment in this small town.
IX-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG SO SÁNH VỚI AS VÀ THAN:
- The cake was excellent, as the coffee was.  - The cake was excellent, as was the coffee.
- I thought, as my friend did, that the exam would be difficult.
 -I thought, as did my friend, that the exam would be difficult.
- He has more money than you do.  - He has more money than do you.
X-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN:

1-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1:
IF S V ……. ---------> SHOULD S V ……….
- If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once.  - Should you hear the fire alarm,
leave the building at once.
- If anybody phones me, please tell them Im busy.  - Should anybody phone me, please
tell them Im busy.
2-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2:
a-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ TO BE:
IF S WERE ………………….. ----------------> WERE S ………………..


- If I were you, I wouldnt do that.  -Were I you, I wouldnt do that.
b-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG:
IF S P/V2 ………………… ---------------> WERE S TO V ……………
- If he worked more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes.
 -Were he to work more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes.
3-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3:
IF S HAD PP/V3 ……………………… -------------------> HAD S PP/V3 ………….
-If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently.
 -Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently.
Note: Đối với cả ba loại câu điều kiện, nếu mệnh đề IF là phủ định thì ta đặt NOT sau chủ
từ.
- If you dont believe what I said, ask your mother.
 - Should you not believe what I said, ask your mother.
- If she were not shy, she would have a good time at the party.
 - Were she not shy, she would have a good time at the party.
- If I hadnt seen it, I wouldnt have believed it.
 - Had I not seen it, I wouldnt have believed it.
XI-ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG HOẶC VỊ TRÍ:
Khi câu có một từ hoặc một cụm trạng ngữ chỉ phương hướng hoặc vị trí thì nội động từ

được đảo lên trước chủ ngữ.
- David began to open the parcels. A dictionary was inside the first.
 - David began to open the parcels. Inside the first was a dictionary.
- A portrait of Lenin was above the fiòlace.
 - Above the fiòlace was a portrait of Lenin.
- His father sat in an armchair.  - In an armchair sat his father.
Note:
-Động từ TO BE thường được sử dụng trong dạng đảo ngữ này, ngoài ra ta còn dùng các
nội động từ chỉ sự chuyển động như: CLIMB, COME, FLY, GO, HANG, LIE, RUN, SIT,
STAND, ……..
-Thường chỉ dùng dạng đảo ngữ này khi động từ ở thì q khứ đơn.
-Trường hợp đảo ngữ này, khơng sử dụng trợ động từ mà sử dụng trực tiếp động từ đặt
trước chủ từ.
-Không đảo ngữ khi chủ từ là đại từ. (sai): In an armchair sat she.


MODAL VERBS 1: MUST/CAN/SHOULD, OUGHT TO
I. MUST
MEANING 1
We use MUST when we want to say that it is necessary or very important that something
happens in the present or future.
E.x.
- I must work hard on my English! (note: this expresses an obligation that you place on yourself.)
- Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school.
- You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
- Plants must have light and water to grow.
Note:
Negative form is: Don’t have to do
E. x. You don’t have to clean the floor.
Past form: Had to do/didn’t have to do

E. x. I had to clean the house yesterday.
MEANING 2
We use MUST to make an assumption or to reach a logical conclusion about something that is
very likely to be true.
E. x.
- You must be so tired after running that marathon! (note: this means ‘I assume that you
are so tired.’)
- It’s not very warm and you are not wearing a coat. You must be cold. (= I'm sure you are cold.)
- Mrs. Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life.(= I’m sure she knows
London very well.)
- You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired.
- Carol does the same thing every day. She must get bored in her job.
- Jack must be home. I heard a noise coming from his room.
Note:
Negative: Can’t do
E. x.
- You've just get lunch. You can’t be hungry.
- They haven’t lived here very long. They can’t know many people.
Past form: Must have done/Can’t have done
E. x.
- My bicycle has disappeared – someone must have stolen it. (note: this means ‘I assume that
someone has stolen it.’)
- You must have been so cold when you were locked out of your house in the snow! (note: this
means ‘I assume that you were so cold.’)
- Those jackets you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive.
- I’ve lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.
- He has rung the doorbell three times but nobody has answered it. They must have gone out.
1

- The ground was wet this morning. It must have rained last night.
- He didn’t eat any lunch – he can’t have been hungry. (note: this means ‘ I assume that he was not
hungry.’)
- Jane walk past me without speaking. She can’t have seen me.
- You can’t have been at the cinema yesterday. The cinema was closed all day yesterday.
CAN’T HAVE DONE = COULDN’T HAVE DONE
MEANING 3
We use MUST to give emphasis to an opinion.
E.x.
- I must admit, it was a frightening experience. (note: we use ' I must admit' before a surprising or
negative comment.)
- I must say, this food is delicious! (note: in this sentence, we would not say ‘I must admit, this food
is delicious!’ because it would mean that we did not expect the food to be delicious. This would
sound a little rude!)
- I must admit, I didn’t like him much when I first met him.
- I must say, you look really well! Have you been on holiday?
MEANING 4
We use MUST to emphasise that we think it is a good idea for someone to do something
pleasant. It is a way of giving a recommendation.
Examples:
- You must come and visit us while you are in London!
- We must go and see that film.
- I have heard it is excellent!
MUST can also be used as a NOUN
Meaning: We say something is a MUST if it is really necessary to have it.
E. x. If you are visiting London, a good map is a must.
.
MUSTN’T
The negative is Mustn't which refers to prohibition (negative obligation)










2

You mustn't use your smart phone while you are driving.
You mustn't get on the subway if you haven't paid for the ride.
You must not open the gift until it is your birthday.
We must not tell anyone.
You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anybody else.
This food must not be eaten. It has gone bad.
Pupils must not run in the corridors. (note: here, ‘must’ expresses a school rule.)
Jenny, you must not play in the street!


II. CAN:
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability
or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:









I can ride a horse. ability
We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
Can you hand me the stapler? request
Any child can grow up to be president. Possibility
We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
I can come and see you tomorrow.

- Be able to do: can be used in place of “can” but ‘can” is more common.
E.x. - We are able to see the lake from our bedroom window.
- I am able to come and see you tomorrow.b
However, “can” has only two forms, present Can and past Could .So we have to use “be able to do”
when necessary.
E.x. - I can’t sleep.
- But I haven’t been able to sleep recently.
III. So sánh should và ought to
1. Dạng thức
1.1 Dạng khẳng định:
S+ should + V
S+ ought to + V
Ví dụ:
You should see a doctor if your cough gets worse. (Ông nên đi khám bác sĩ nếu bị ho
nặng hơn.)
You ought to see a doctor if your cough gets worse. (Ông nên đi khám bác sĩ nếu bị ho nặng
hơn.)
1.2 Dạng phủ định:
S+ should not (shouldn't) + V
S+ ought not to (oughtn't to) + V

Ví dụ:
Mrs. Smith shouldn't keep complaining. (Bà Smith không nên tiếp tục phàn nàn nữa.)
Mrs. Smith oughtn't to keep complaining. (Bà Smith không nên tiếp tục phàn nàn nữa.)
Lưu ý: Dạng thức phủ định của “ought to” không được sử dụng phổ biến bằng dạng thức phủ định
của “should”
1.3 Dạng nghi vấn:
Should +S+V
Ought + S + to + V
3


Ví dụ:
Should we care about the environment? (Chúng ta có nên quan tâm tới môi trường
không?)
Ought we to care about the environment? (Chúng ta có nên quan tâm tới mơi trường không?)
Lưu ý: Dạng thức nghi vấn của “ought to” không được sử dụng phổ biến bằng dạng thức nghi vấn
của “should”
2. Cách sử dụng
2.1 Điểm giống: Cả “should” và “ought to” được sử dụng khi hỏi và đưa ra lời khuyên hoặc gợi ý.
Ví dụ:
You should learn English every day. (Bạn nên học tiếng Anh hàng ngày.)
You ought to learn English every day. (Bạn nên học tiếng Anh hàng ngày.)
2.2 Điểm khác: Giữa “should” và “ought to” có sự khác biệt nhỏ trong sắc thái của lời khuyên.
Should
Ought to
Dùng cho lời khuyến mang tính chủ quan, thể Dùng với những lời khuyên mang yếu tố khách
hiện quan điểm cá nhân của người nói
quan, tức là có sự tác động của ngoại cảnh như
luật lệ, bổn phận hay quy tắc
Ví dụ:

Linda should go to bed early.
Ví dụ: Emily ought to finish the report by 10
(Linda nên đi ngủ sớm.)
a.m. (Emily nên hoàn thành bản báo cáo trước
10 giờ sáng.)

MODAL VERBS (PERIOD 2)
PERFECT MODAL
I. Could, May, Might + Have + P2: Có lẽ đã......
1. Diễn đạt một điều gì đó có thể đã xảy ra hoặc có thể đúng ở quá khứ song người nói khơng
dám chắc.
E.x
- She didn’t hear the telephone ring. She might have been asleep at that time. (Tơi đã khơng nghe
thấy chương điện thoại, lúc đó có lẽ tôi đã ngủ.)
- John might have gone to the movies yesterday. (John có lẽ đã đi xem phim ngày hôm qua.)
- “I can’t find my bag anywhere”. – “You might have left it in the shop.”
Note: Thể phủ định là: Might not/May not have done
E.x.
- I was surprised that Mary wasn’t at the meeting.
She might not have known about it.
- I wonder why Mary was in such a bad mood yesterday.
She may not have felt well.
2. Diễn đạt điều gì đó có thể xảy ra nhưng đã khơng xảy ra: Lẽ ra đã có thể
E.x.
- Why did you leave him come home alone? He might/could have got lost. (Sao anh lại để nó đi về
nhà một mình? Nó có thể đã bị lạc) → Sự thật là nó khơng bị lạc
II. Should + Have + P2 = lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên
1. Chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã phải xảy ra trong q khứ nhưng vì lí do nào đó lại khơng xảy ra
4

E.x.
- Maria should have called John last night. (Lẽ ra tối qua Maria nên gọi cho John.) → Nhưng cô ấy
đã không gọi.
- That was a great party. You should have come.
- I wonder why they are so late. They should have been here an hour ago.
- You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.
Phủ định là: Shouldn’t have done
E.x.
- I’m very fat. I shouldn’t have eaten so many sweets.
- She is feeling sick. She shouldn’t have walked in the rain.
Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng cụm từ Was/Were supposed to + V để thay cho should + have + P2
E.x.
- John was supposed to go to the post office this morning.
- The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary.
2. Should have done được dùng để nói về những sự việc đã khơng hoặc có thể đã khơng xảy ra
trong quá khứ. Chẳng hạn:
- I should have finished this work by now. - Đáng lẽ bây giờ tôi đã phải hồn thành cơng việc này
rồi (mà đến giờ tơi vẫn chưa làm xong).
- I should have studied harder for my exams - Đáng lẽ tôi phải học chăm chỉ hơn khi chuẩn bị cho
các kỳ thi của tôi.
Trong cả hai câu trên, người nói có thể bày tỏ thái độ ân hận, lấy làm tiếc là đã không làm một việc
gì đó.
Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng should have done để diễn tả những nghĩa vụ đã khơng được hồn thành,
thực thi.
E.x.
- He should have helped his mother carry the shopping.
III. Might Have Been + V-ing: Có lẽ lúc ấy đang.
Ví dụ:
- I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

- Tôi không nghe tiếng chng điện thoại, có lẽ lúc ấy tơi đang ngủ.
IV. Must have been V-ing: Hẳn lúc ấy đang.
Ví dụ:
- I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.
(Tôi không nghe thấy tiếng gõ, hẳn là lúc ấy tơi đang làm vườn phía sau nhà.)
V. Could Have Done: Chúng ta thường sử dụng "could have (done)" cho những việc có thể xảy ra
nhưng đã khơng xảy ra.
- I’m so tired. I could sleep for a week. (now)
Tôi mệt q. Tơi có thể ngủ cả tuần liền. (hiện tại)
- I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. (past)
5


Tơi đã mệt q. Tơi đã có thể ngủ cả tuần liền. (quá khứ)
- Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara. (=
you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn’t)
Tại sao bạn lại ở khách sạn khi bạn đến New York? Bạn có thể ở với Barbara cơ mà. (=bạn đã có cơ
hội ở với cơ ấy nhưng bạn không thực hiện)
- Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky - he could have hurt himself badly.
(but he didn’t hurt himself)
Ngày hôm qua Jack đã ngã xuống từ một cái thang nhưng anh ấy khơng hề gì. Anh ấy thật may mắn
- anh ấy lẽ ra đã bị thương rất nặng. (nhưng anh ấy đã khơng bị thương gì hết)
- The situation was bad but it could have been worse.
Tình hình là xấu nhưng nó đã có thể tồi tệ hơn nhiều.
- Why didn’t Liz apply for the job? She could have got it.
Tại sao Liz đã không nộp đơn xin việc nhỉ? Cơ ấy đã có thể được nhận.
- I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me?
IV. Needn’t have done: Đã làm việc gì trong quá khứ nhưng điều đó hóa ra khơng cần thiết
- We needn't have hurried. We got there far too early.
- You needn't have worried. You can do it.

6


PARTICIPLE + GERUND
A. PRESENT PARTICIPLE
I. After verbs of perception: See, Hear, Feel, Smell, Notice, Watch, Catch, Find
Examples
- Did you hear someone singing?
- He saw his friend driving past his house this morning.
- I can smell something burning!
NOTE: There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero-infinitive rather
than a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action, or part of an action.:
Compare:
- I heard Joanna singing (= she had started before I heard her, and probably went on
afterwards)
- I heard Joanna sing (= I heard her complete performance)
See
Hear
do st (witness the whole action)
Feel
+
Smell
doing st (action happening)
Notice
Watch
II. After verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle
Examples
- She went shopping
- He lay looking up at the clouds

- She came running towards me
This construction is particularly useful with the verb 'to go', as in these common expressions :
- Go camping
- Go sailing
- Go dancing
- Go shopping
- Go fishing
- Go sightseeing
- Go hiking (đi bộ đường dài)
- Go skiing
- Go hunting
- Go swimming
- Go jogging
- Go window shopping (đi xem hàng hóa trưng
bày)
- Go mountain climbing
III. with the verbs Spend and Waste, in the pattern: Spend/ Waste + Time/Money + Doing
Examples
- My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.
- Don't waste time playing computer games!
- They've spent the whole day shopping.
- They spend an hour walking through the park every morning.
IV. With the verbs Catch and Find, in the pattern: Catch/Find Sb Doing/Done
With Catch, the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger:
- If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble!
- Don't let him catch you reading his letters.


This is not the case with Find, which is unemotional:
- We found some money lying on the ground.

- They found their mother sitting in the garden.
V. To replace a sentence or part of a sentence:
1. When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we
can use a present participle to describe one of them:
- They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went.
They went laughing out into the
snow.
- He whistled to himself. He walked down the road.
Whistling to himself, he walked down
the road.
2. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing,
we can express the first action with a present participle:
- He put on his coat and left the house.
 Putting on his coat, he left the house.
Khi muốn nhấn mạnh sự trước sau thì dùng Having done
- They had spent two hours over dinner before they left the restaurant.
 Having spent two hours over dinner, they left the restaurant.
Khi nhấn mạnh sự trước sau mà mang nghĩa bị động thi dung Having been done
- Because he had been turned down so many times, Jeff got tired of looking for a job.
 Having been turned down so many times, Jeff got tired of looking for a job.
- Because the postman had been bitten by our dog twice, he refused to deliver our mail.
 Having been bitten by our dog twice, the postman refused to deliver our mail.
3. The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting as, since, because, seeing
that and it explains the cause or reason for an action:
- Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
(= because he felt hungry...)
- Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
- Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
- Crowds were waiting at the airport, hoping to see their pop star arrive.
Nếu mang nghĩa bị động thì dùng Being done

- Because the patient was treated by the best doctor, he recovered quickly.
 (Being treated) by the best doctor, the patient recovered quickly.
Because he was punished by the teacher, he felt very sad.
 (Being) punished by the teacher, he felt very sad.
4. The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting Although, Eventhough,
Though, and it explains concession.
E.x. - Although he possessed all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made a name.
 Possessing all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made a name.
B. GERUND
I. Verbs Followed by Gerunds.
1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes


Enjoy
Feel like
Dislike
Detest
Loathe
Resent
Anticipate

Appreciate
Fancy
Miss
Mind
Recall
Recollect
Dread (but dread to think)

E.x.

- I appreciate having time off work.
- I appreciate your giving me time off work.
- We didn't anticipate winning this match.
- I recall telling him that his feet smell.
Note:
Dread is normally followed by the gerund or a possessive adjective + the gerund. The most
common exception is when dread is followed by the infinitive when used with think, in the
expression I dread to think. Dread can also be followed by a noun.
EXAMPLES
I dread diving off the high board.
I dread driving at night.
I dread your leaving someday.
I dread his losing his way home.
I dread to think what might happen.
I dread to think about him disappearing.
I dread conflict.
I dread the night.
He dreaded to think of the consequences of his actions.
"Dread" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "think" or "consider." In the sentence
above, "dreaded to think" means "did not want to think."
2. After prepositions
- aim at
- keep on
- interested in
- instead of
- good at

Example:
I am interested in collecting stamps.
After playing football I drank an orange juice.

3. After some expressions


- It's no use ...
- It's no good ...
- There's no point in ...
- It’s not worth
- Can't help...
- Have a good time

- Have fun
- Have a difficult time
- Have a hard time
- Have difficulty
- Have (some) problems
- Have trouble

E.x.
- It's no use crying over spilt milk.
- I had problems starting the car this morning.
- It's no use convincing him to meet her.
- He had some problems reading without his glasses.
- She had a difficult time hiking up the mountain.
- She had a hard time explaining the situation.
- We all had a good time dancing last night.
- She is having a hard/difficult time adapting to her new circumstances.
- The children have a lot of fun playing together.
- It's a waste of time giving him advice. He never wants to listen.
- I can't help thinking about the girl I met at the party last night.
4. After other verbs:

Forgive
Risk
Deny
Admit
Forgive
Give up
Keep
Imagine
Practise
Consider

Avoid
Involve
Resist /ri'zist/
Escape
Suggest
Discuss
Mention
Resume /ri´zju:m/
Tolerate

E.x.
- We can't tolerate being screamed at.
- They reported seeing him leave with a stranger.
- I can't resist liking him.
- They resumed talking after the teacher left.
- I never mentioned meeting him.
- He completed baking the apple pie.
- We discussed buying a bigger apartment.
- I don't mind waiting.

- She keeps coming late!
- The new project involves writing and rewriting many reports.


- He denied committing the crime.
Excuse, forgive, & pardon can be followed by an object + the gerund or for + an object + the
gerund (both common in spoken English). These three verbs can also be followed by a possessive
adjective + the gerund, but this is more formal and less likely to be used in spoken English. These
examples are marked with an asterisk (*). Excuse, forgive, & pardon can also be followed by nouns.
EXAMPLES
- Excuse me interrupting.
- Excuse me for interrupting.
- Excuse my interrupting.
- Excuse the interruption.
- I can't forgive him lying to me.
- I can't forgive him for lying to me.
- I can't forgive his lying to me.
- I can't forgive his lies.

C. PERFECT PARTICIPLE + PERFECT GERUND
I. Perfect participles (Phân từ hoàn thành)
1. Form: having + V-3/(e)d
E.g. - Having met his parents, he left home.
- He gave up smoking after having seen the death of a smoker.
- Having drunk too much alcohol, he is vomiting now.
* Note: Nếu phân từ hoàn thành đứng đầu câu, ta phải dùng dấu phẩy (,) giữa hai mệnh đề.
e.g. Having met his parents, he left home.
2. Use:
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hồn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả nó xảy ra trước động từ của mệnh
đề còn lại.

e.g. Having registered, Anna entered the conference room.
= After Anna had registered, she entered the conference room.
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả lý do cho động từ của mệnh đề
còn lại (mệnh đề chính).
e.g. Having worked on his computer for a long time, Peter feels dizzy now.
= Because Peter has worked on his computer for a long time, he feels dizzy now.
* Note: chúng ta chỉ dùng phân từ hoàn thành khi hai mệnh đề có cùng chủ ngữ.
II. Perfect Gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
1. Form: having + V-3/(e)d
Danh động từ hoàn thành được dùng theo 2 cấu trúc sau:
* Verb + (object) + preposition + perfect gerund
e.g. He apologized for having broken his watch.
They praised the old lady for having caught the thief.
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: apologize for, accuse ... of, blame ... for, congratulate ... on,
criticize ... for, punish ... for, thank ... for, suspect ... of
* Verb + perfect gerund


e.g. The little girl admitted having eaten all the cakes.
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall, regret
* Note: để tạo thành thể phủ định ta thêm not vào trước danh động từ hoàn thành.
e.g. Hana was punished for not having done her homework.
2. Use: Danh động từ hồn thành là hình thức thay thế cho danh động từ khi chúng ta đề cập đến
hành động trong quá khứ xảy ra trước động từ chính đứng trước nó.
e.g. Peter admitted having poured milk into the bowl.
= Peter admitted that he had poured milk into the bowl.

Games
Discussion Time
ESL EFL Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 25 Minutes

This group discussion activity gives students practice at talking about various topics using gerunds
and infinitives with to. The class is divided into small groups and handed a set of topic cards.
Students take it in turns to pick up a card and start a discussion. The students discuss each topic
using gerunds and infinitives with to. Afterwards, there is a feedback session to find out about some
of the things they discussed.
Something about me
Students write statements about themselves using gerunds and infinitives. Students then read out
their classmates’ sentences and the class tries to guess the writer’s identity. Each student is given a
numbered worksheet. Students complete sentences 1 to 10 on their worksheet with ‘doing’ or ‘to
do’, depending on the verb before each gap, e.g. something you enjoy doing in your free time.
Working alone, the students then respond to each item by writing true information about themselves.
When everyone has finished writing, the worksheets are collected and then redistributed. Students
then take it in turns to read out the number at the top of their sheet and make sentences about the
student, using the notes the writer made. Students start each sentence with ‘This person…’ and use
the pronouns ‘they’ and ‘their’, e.g. This person enjoys riding their mountain bike in their free time.
When a student has read out all the sentences on their worksheet, the other students try to guess the
writer’s identity. They then complete the table on their worksheet with the student’s name. When
everyone has read their sentences, students reveal their numbers. Students win one point for each
correctly identified student. The student with the highest number of points wins.


GERUND or INFINITIVE
I. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ CÓ “TO” VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ NGUN THỂ KHƠNG CĨ
“TO”.
1. To-infinitives
Verbs + to-infinitives
a. Chúng ta sử dụng động từ nguyên thể có to sau một số động từ như trong bảng dưới đây:
Agree

Begin

Decide

Determine

Threaten

Prepare

Afford

Attempt

Expect

Forget

Hesitate

Hope

Pretend

Learn

Manage

Force

Intend

Learn

Offer

Plan

Choose

Volunteer

Arrange

Prefer

Promise

Refuse

Tend

Try

Seem

Want

Wish

Ex:

He began to post his homemade videos on the Internet in 2010.
Julia is planning to travel abroad next month.
b. Verbs + O + to-infinitives
Một số động từ đi kèm tân ngữ và theo sau bởi động từ nguyên thể có to, bao gồm:

Ex:

1

advise

allow

cause

beg

warn

request

convince

encourage

expect

force

hire

instruct

invite

need

persuade

require

teach

want

She invited me to join her birthday party.
They don't allow me to smoke in this room.
His parents expect him to win the singing contest.

ask


My father encourages me to learn to play the piano.
c. To-infinitives in structures:
Một số cấu trúc có sử dụng động từ nguyên thể có to bao gồm:
Cấu trúc 1
enough to V
• Cấu trúc enough to V có nghĩa là đủ để làm gì
Ex:

He is strong enough to lift this bag.
I don't have enough money to buy the ticket.
Cấu trúc 2
whether to V

• Cấu trúc whether to V có nghĩa là liệu có làm hay khơng
Ex:

I don't know whether to phone her or not.
I can't decide whether to buy a ticket online or at the box office.
Cấu trúc 3
It's + adjective + to V

• Cấu trúc Its + adjective + to V có nghĩa là Thế nào khi làm gì.
• Động từ nguyên thể có to sử dụng khi đứng sau một số tính từ như dangerous (nguy hiểm),
important (quan trọng), easy (dễ dàng), difficult (khó khăn)...
Ex:

It's dangerous to ride a motorcycle without a helmet.
It's easy to book tickets online in advance.
Cấu trúc 4
to be about + to V

• Cấu trúc to be about + to V có nghĩa là sắp làm gì
Ex:

They're about to start.
We're about to perform live on stage to a television audience.
2. Bare infinitives

a. Verbs + 0 + bare infinitives
Các trường hợp động từ sau đây chúng ta sẽ dùng với động từ ngun thể khơng có to
LET, MAKE, HELP
Ex:

2

Please let me know the reason why you don’t listen to me.
This song made all the audiences cry.
My friend helped me buy Taylor Swift’s new CD.


b. Modal verbs + bare infinitives
Sau các động từ khuyết thiếu như can, could, should, may, might, … chúng ta cũng sử dụng động
từ ngun thể khơng có to.
Ex: You should go to the supermarket to buy more food.
He could play the piano when he was five.
II. CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ ĐƯỢC THEO SAU BỞI “GERUND” or “TO ININITIVE” Ý NGHĨA
HOÀN TỒN KHÁC NHAU.
Trong Tiếng Anh có một số động từ theo sau nó là cả V-ing và To V, với hai nghĩ hoàn toàn khác
nhau gây “bối rối” cho các bạn khi sử dụng. Let’s check it out!!!
1. STOP
Stop V-ing: dừng làm gì (dừng hẳn)
Stop to V: dừng lại để làm việc gì
Ví dụ:
- Stop smoking: dừng hút thuốc.
- Stop to smoke: dừng lại để hút thuốc
2. REMEMBER/FORGET/REGRET
Remember/forget/regret to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại – tương lai)
Remember/forget/regret V-ing: nhớ/qn/tiếc đã làm gì (ở q khứ)

Ví dụ:
- Remember to send this letter (hãy nhớ gửi bức thư này)
- Don’t forget to buy flowers (đừng quên mua hoa nhé)
- I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled (tôi rất tiếc phải báo tin – cho anh rằng
chuyến tàu đã bị hủy)
- I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying her $2. (tôi nhớ đã trả cô ấy 2 đô la
rồi)
- She will never forget meeting the Queen. (cô ấy không bao giờ quên lần gặp nữ hoàng)
- He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life. (Anh ấy hối tiếc vì đã bỏ học
quá sớm)
3. TRY
Try to V: cố gắng làm gì
Try V-ing: thử làm gì
Ví dụ:


I try to pass the exam. (tôi cố gắng vượt qua kỳ thi)
 You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bạn nên thử mở cửa với chiếc khóa này)
4. MEAN
Mean to V: Có ý định làm gì.
Mean V-ing: Có nghĩa là gì.
Ví dụ:


3

He doesn’t mean to prevent you from doing that. (Anh ấy khơng có ý ngăn cản bạn làm
việc đó.)



This sign means not going into. (Biển báo này có ý nghĩa là không được đi vào trong.)
5. GO ON:
Go on V-ing (Tiếp tục cơng việc gì đang làm)
Go on to V (Tiếp tục làm việc khác)
He went on to learn English and French.(He ended one period of time before this.)
He went on learning English and French.(He continued learning the languages.)
III. CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU BỞI TO DO HOẶC DOING VỚI NGHĨA TƯƠNG ĐỐI
GIỐNG NHAU.

bear

begin

cease

come

continue

deserve endure

fear

hate

imagine

like

intend

prefer

start

love

Ví dụ:
– I began playing sport when I was 5 = I began to play sport when I was 5.
– I love taking photos = I love to take photos.
IV. CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ THEO 2 CẤU TRÚC (TÙY THUỘC VÀO TÂN NGỮ)
V + O + TO DO
V + DOING
Allow
Advise

sb to do st

Encourge
Forbid

doing st

Permit
Recommend

Ví dụ:
- Some employment lawyers have advised/recommended employers to dismiss staff now, before

the limit for compensation is raised
- I would advise/recommend going to the mountain.

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B. GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. CÁC HÌNH THỨC SO SÁNH CHÍNH:
1. So sánh bằng:
* Dạng khẳng định:
a. Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ
S + V + as + adj/adv + as + N/Pronoun/Clause
Ví dụ:
- He is as tall as I [am].
- I drive as carefully as my sister.
b. Đối với danh từ
S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronoun
Khi sử dụng so sánh bằng với danh từ, cần xác định danh từ đó là danh từ đếm được hay không
đếm được. Nếu là danh từ đếm được, ta dùng: many và few; danh từ không đếm được, ta dùng:
much và little.
Ví dụ:
- Nam earns as much money as his wife.
- No one scores as many points as Long.
Ngồi ra, chúng ta cịn sử dụng cấu trúc: the same…as khi so sánh bằng với danh từ:
S + V + the same + (N) + as + N (Pronouns)
Ví dụ:
- Andrew is the same age as Lily.
- My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.
* Dạng Phủ Định Của So Sánh Bằng (So Sánh Không Bằng)
a. Đối với tính từ/ trạng từ

… not + as/so + adj/adv + as …
Chú ý: Ở dạng phủ định, ta có thể dùng so thay cho từ as ở vị trí đầu tiên.
Ví dụ:
- He is not as tall as I [am].
- I do not drive so carefully as my sister.
b. Đối với danh từ
… not + as/so + many/much/little/few + noun + as + …… not + the same + (N) + as…
Ví dụ:
- Nam does not earn as much money as his wife.
- An does not score as many points as Long.
- Andrew is not the same age as Lily.
- My opinion isn’t the same as yours.
* Note: Chúng ta có thể dùng so sánh hơn để diễn tả cái gì đó gấp nhiều lần
Để diễn tả cái gì đó là gấp nhiều lần (hơn hai lần) cái kia, bạn sử dụng twice/ three times (ba lần)
hoặc four times (bốn lần), ... cùng với cấu trúc as...as
Ví dụ:
- Their house is about three times as big as ours is.
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