Grammar In Use 3rd Edition Copy Paste

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(2) Contents Thanks vii To che srudent viii To the teacher X Present and p js t 1 Present continuous (I am doing) 2 Present simple (I do) 3 Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do) 4 Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do) 5 Past simple (I did) 6 Past continuous (I was doing) Present perfect and past Presenr perfect 1 (I have done) 8 Present perfect 2 (I have done) 9 Present perfect continuous (1 have been doing) 10 Present perfect continuous and simple (Ihave been doing and I have done) 11 H ow long have you (been) ... ? 12 For and since W hen ... ?and H ow long ... ? • 13 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did) 14 Present perfect and past 2 (1 have done and I did} 15 Past perfect (I had done) 16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) 17 Have got and have 18 Used to (do) Future 19 Present tenses (I am doing / 1 do) for the future 20 (I'm) going to (do) 21 Will/shall 1 22 Will/shall 2 23 I will and I’m going 24 Will be doing and will have done 25 When I do / When I’ve done When and if M o d u li 26 Can. could and (be) able to 2~ Could (do) and could have (done) 28 M ust and can’t 29 May and might 1 30 M ay and might 2 31 Have to and must 32 Must mustn't needn't 33 Should 1 3 4 Should 2 35 Had better It’s time ... 36 Would 37 Can/Could/W ould you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations). IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326..

(3) I f and wish 38 If I do ... and If I did ... 39 If I knew ... I wish I knew ... 40 If I had known ... I wish I had known ... 41 Wish Passive 42 Passive I (is done / was done) 43 Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done) 44 Passive 3 45 It is said that ... He is said to ... He is supposed to ... 46 Have something done R eported speech 4 7 Reported speech 1 (He said that ...) 48 Reported speech 2 Q uestions and auxiliary verbs 4 9 Questions 1 50 Q uestions 2 (Do you know where ... ? / H e asked me where ...) 51 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so / 1 hope so etc. 52 Question tags (do you? isn’t it? etc.) -ittg 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68. an d the infinitive Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.) Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ... etc.) Verb (+ object) + to ... (I want you to ... etc.) Verb +-ing or to ... 1 (rcmembcr/regret etc.) Verb +-ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help) Verb +-ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.) Prefer and would rather Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing Be/get used to something (I’m used to ...) Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody o f -ing etc.) Expressions + -ing To ... , for ... and so that ... (purpose) Adjective + to ... To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid o f -ingl See som ebody do and see som ebody doing -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.). Articles an d nouns 69 Countable and uncountable 1 70 Countable and uncountable 2 71 Countable nouns with a/an and some 72 A/an and the 73 The 1 74 The 2 (school / the school etc.) 75 The 3 (children / the children) 76 The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective) 77 Nam es with and without the 1 78 Nam es with and w ithout the 2 iv. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326..

(4) “ 9 Singular and plural 80 N oun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache) 81 -’s (your sister's name) and o f ... (the name o f the book) Pronouns and determ iners 82 M yself/yourself/themselves etc. 83 A friend o f mine M y own house On my ow n / by myself 84 There ... and it ... 85 Some and any 86 N o/none/anv N othing/nobody etc. 8” M uch, many, little, few. a lot, plenty 88 All / all o f most / most o f no / none o f etc. 89 Both / both of neither / neither of either / either of 90 All, every and whole 91 Each and every Re la tire clauses 92 Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which 93 Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which 94 Relative clauses 3: w hose/whom /where 95 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1) 96 Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2) 9~ -ing and -ed clauses (the wom an talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident) Adjectives and adverbs 98 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) 99 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired 100 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quicklyI 101 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardlv) 102 So and such 103 Enough and too 104 Quite, pretty, rather and fairly 105 Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.) 106 Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better) 107 Comparison 3 (as ... as / than) 108 Superlatives (the longest, the m ost enjoyable etc.) 109 Word order 1: verb + object; place and time 110 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb 111 112. Still, yet and already Even. Any more / any longer / no longer. Conjunctions a n d prepositions 113 Although / though / even though In spite o f / despite 114 In case 115 Unless As long as Provided/providing 116 As (As I walked along the street ... / As I was hungry ...) 117 Like and as 118 As if / as though / like. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.. V.

(5) 119 For, during and while 120 By and until By the time . Prepositions 121 At/on/in (time) 122 On time and in time At the end and in the end 123 In/at/on (position) 1 124 In/at/on (position) 2 125 In/at/on (position) 3 126 To/at/in/into 127 In/at/on (other uses) 128 By 129 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause o f ere.) 130 Adjective + preposition 1 131 Adjective + preposition 2 132 Verb + preposition 1to and at 133 Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after 134 Verb +preposition 3 about and of 135 Verb + preposition 4 of/for/from/on 136 Verb +preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on Phrasal verbs 137 Phrasal verbs 138 Phrasal verbs 139 Phrasal verbs 140 Phrasal verbs 141 Phrasal verbs 142 Phrasal verbs 143 Phrasal verbs 144 Phrasal verbs 145 Phrasal verbs Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Regular and irregular verbs 292 Present and past tenses 294 The future 295 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) 296 Short forms (I’m / you’ve / didn’t etc.) 297 Spelling 298 American English 300. Additional exercises Study guide. Introduction in/out out on/off ( 1) on/off (2 ) up/down up ( 1) up (2 ) away/back. 302. 326. Key to Exercises 336 Key to Additional exercises Key to Studv guide 372 Index. 368. 373. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326..

(6) To the student This book is for students w ho w ant help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a teacher. The book will be useful for you if you are not sure o f the answers to questions like these: □ W hat is the difference between Ỉ did and / have don e? D When do w e use w ill for the future? □ Whar is the structure after I w ish ? □ When do we say used to do and when do w e say used to doin gi □ When do we use the} □ W hat is the difference between like and a si These and many other points o f English grafnmar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point. Level The book is intended mainly for interm ediate students (students w ho have already studied rhe basic grammar o f English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use, but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful. The book is n ot suitable for elementary learners. How the book is organised There are 145 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point o f grammar. Some problems (for example, the presenr perfect or rhe use o f th e ) are covered in more than one unit. For a list o f units, see the C ontents at the beginning of the book. Each unit consists o f tw o facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back o f rhe book there is a Key tor you to check vour answers to the exercises (page 336). There are also seven A ppendices at the back o f the book (pages 2 9 2 -3 0 1 ). These include irregular verbs, summaries o f verb forms, spelling and American English. Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back o f the book (page 373). How to use the book. The units are n ot in order o f difficulty, so it is not intended that you work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use this book to help you with the grammar that you find difficult. It □ □ □ □ □ □. is suggested that you work in this way: Use the C ontents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use rhe Study guide on page 326. Study the explanations and exam ples on rhe left-hand page o f the unit you have chosen. D o the exercises on the right-hand page. Check your answers with the Key. If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong.. You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises..

(7) Additional exercises. At the back o f the book there are A ddition al exercises (pages 3 0 2 -3 2 5 ). These exercises bring together some o f the grammar points from a number o f different units. For example. Exercise 16 brings together grammar points from Units 2 6 -3 6 . You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned. CD Rom. The book is sold with or w ithout a CD Rom. On the CD Rom you will find more exercises on all the units (different from those in rhe book). There are also 1,700 test questions, and you can use these to make your ow n tests. The CD Rom can also be bought separately..

(8) To the teacher English G ram m ar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book, but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary. The book will probably be m ost useful at middle- and upper- intermediate levels (where all or nearly all o f the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practising new structures. It will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners. The units are organised in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns, Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. It should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students arc having. The book can be used for immediate consolidation or tor later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help. The left-hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually, but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source o f ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then has the left-hand page as a record o f what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as hom ework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. Don't forget the A ddition al exercises at the back of rhe book (see To the student). The book is sold with or w ithout a CD Rom. This contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well as a bank o f 1,700 test questions from which users can select to compile their own tests. The CD Rom is also available separately. An edition o f English G ram m ar in Use w ithout the K ey is also available. Some teachers may prefer this for use with their students.. English Grammar in Use Third Edition This is a new edition of English G ram m ar if] Use. The differences between this edition and the second edition are: □ There are eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 1 3 8 -145). There is also a new unit on w ish (Unit 41). Units 4 2 -8 1 and 8 3 -1 3 7 all have different numbers from the second edition. □ Some o f the material has been revised or reorganised, and in most units there are minor changes in the exam ples, explanations and exercises. □ The A ddition al exercises have been extended. The new exercises are 1 4 -1 6 , 25, 3 0 -3 1 , and 3 7 - 4 1 . □ The book has been redesigned with new colour illustrations. □ There is a new CD Rom with further exercises to accompany the book..

(9) Present continuous (I am doing) Study this exam ple situation: Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. This means: she is driving n ow , at the time o f speaking. The action is not finished. Am/is/are + -ing is the present continuous: I am (= I’m) (= he’s etc.) he/she/it is (= w e’re etc.) we/you/they are. driving working doing etc.. I am doing som ething = I’m in the middle o f doing it; I've started doing it and I haven’t finished yet: , □ Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying to work. (not I trv) □ ‘W here’s Mark?’ ‘H e’s having a shower.' (not He has a shower) □ Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more, (not It doesn’t rain) □ (at a party) H ello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not D o you enjoy) □ W hat’s all that noise? W hat’s going on? (= W hat’s happening?) The action is not. necessarily happening at the time o f speaking. For example:. Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says: I'm reading a really good book at the moment.'v It’s about a man who... ). t. Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yet. He is in the middle o f reading it. Some more examples: □ Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian, (but perhaps she isn’t learning Italian at the time o f speaking) □ Some friends o f mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it nexr summer. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now): □ A: You’re working hard today, (not You work hard today) B: Yes, I have a lot to do. □ The com pany I work for isn’t doing so well this year. We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs: get. change. becom e. increase. rise. fall. grow. improve. begin. start. □ Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better) □ The population of the world is increasing very fast, (not increases) □ At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin). Present continuous and present simple —►Units 3-4. Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19.

(10) Exercises 1.1. Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form: get 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 1.2. happen. look. lose. make. start. stay. try. -wofk. ‘You hard today.’ 'Yes, I have a lot to do.' I for Christine. D o you know where she is? I t ....... ................................ dark. Shall I turn on the light? Thev don’t have anywhere ro live at the moment. T h e y ......with friends until they find somewhere. Things are not so good at work. The c o m p a n y ............... ;.... ............................... money. Have you got an umbrella? I t L to rain. Y ou ...... ............................. a lot o f noise. Can you be quieter? I I ..................... to concentrate. Why are all these people here? W h a t .'.......I.................':.. c ?. Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I’m not doing etc.). 1 2 3 4 5 6 s 9. 1.3. Unit 1. Please don’t make so much noise. I ™5ĩ....tryý33 (try) to work. Let’s go out now. I t ĩ§ỉ!?.”L.r.^ỹ?ýl!ă (rain) any more. ......... ....................................(listen) to it. You can turn o ff the radio. I Kate phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. S h e .Ú1. . .................................(have) a great time and doesn't want to com e back. I want to lose weight, so this week I i:....... i (eat) lunch. Andrew has just started evening classes. H e £ 1.'.... (learn) German. Paul and Sally have had an argument. T h e y ,<k...(speak) to each other. I I k ........................... (set) tired. I need a resr. T im ............ ................ ..........(work) this week. He’s on holiday.. Complete the conversations. 1 A: B: A: B: A: B: A:. I saw Brian a few days aso. Oh, did you? V ^ a i’s_H.e„doa53„„ these days? (what / he / do) He's at university. 1 ........................ .......... .............. ? (what / he / study) Psychology. ..................it? (h e /e n jo y ) Yes, he says it’s a very good course.. 2 A: Hi, Liz. H ow in your new job? (you / get on) B: N o t bad. It w asn’t so good at first, but better now. (things / get) A: W hat about Jonathan? Is he OK? B: Yes, b u t ........................... (ái.hiswork at the moment, (he / not / enjoy) He's been in the same job for a long time a n d to get bored with it. (he / begin) 1.4. Complete the sentences using the following verbs: begin 1 2 3 4 5. change. get. -increas e. rise. The population o f the world S I . very fast. The w o r ld IL....:.....:.................... Things neverstay the same. The situation is already bad and i t ẬL.Ấ iL .ị worse. The cost of liv in g 2 - J Every year things are more expensive. The w e a th e r f....................... to improve. The rain has stopped, and rhe wind isn’t as strong..

(11) Unit. 2. Present simple (I do) Study this exam ple situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.) bu t He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Drive(s)/work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple: I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc. he/she/it drives/works/does etc.. We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that som ething is true in general: □ Nurses look after patients in hospitals. □ I usually go away at weekends. □ The earth goes round the sun. □ The café opens at 7.30 in the morning. Remember: I work .... but. He works .... They teach .... but. M y sister teaches .... For spelling (-S or -es), see Appendix 6. We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: do docs □ □ □ □. 1/vve/you/they he/she/it. work? drive? do?. I/we/you/rhev he/she/it. don’t doesn’t. work drive do. I com e from Canada. Where do you com e from? I don’t go away very often. W hat does this word mean? (not What means this word?) Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.. In the follow ing exam ples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn't do etc.): □ ‘W hat do you do?’ i work in a shop.5 □ H e’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help. We use the present simple to say how often we do things: □ I get up at 8 o ’clock every morning. □ H ow often do you go to the dentist? □ Julie doesn’t drink tea very often. □ Robert usually goes away tw o or three times a year. I promise / 1 apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For exam ple, when you prom ise to do something, you can say ‘I promise when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest □ I promise I w on’t be late, (not I’m promising) □ ‘W hat do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you In the same way we say: I apologise ... / I advise ... / 1 insist ... / 1 agree ... / 1 refuse ... etc.. 4. Present simple and present continuous —» Units 3-4. Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19.

(12) Unit 2. Exercises 2.1. Complete the sentences using the following verbs: cause(s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 2.2. connect(s). drink(s). live(s). open(s). speak(s). take(s). T anya German very well. I don't often coffee. The swim m ing p o o l :— at 7.30 every morning. Bad d riv in g 1........many accidents. M y p a ren ts ..... y..... in a very small flat. The Olympic G a m e s ......... place every four years. The PanamaC a n a l {...L.Ù.ÌL:.......... the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.. Put the verb into the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 2.3. .. J u lie (not / drink) tea very often. ................................. t..Ừ.Ẩ.:LL. (the banks / close) here? W hat t im e I’ve got a computer, but I (not / use) 'Where ...............-..i/L.L... Martin / come) from?’ ‘H e’s Scottish.’ “W h a t L.™.....................................(you / do)?’ i ’m an electrician.’ It ................................................(take) me an hour to get to work. H ow long l..C íỊ.:L ......................................... (it / take) you? Look ar this sentence. What .i... 'Z.......... (this word / mean)? 8 David isn’t very fit. H e ................................ (not / do) any sport.. Use the following verbs to com plete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe 1 2 3 4 5 ✓ 6. 2.4. it much.. eat. flow. go^. ^ịfow^. make. The earth ẬỌ.ị.5. round the sun. R ic e in Britain. The s u n dOjfcksL in the east. B ees t hqney. Vegetarians meat. « I • \ ✓ ; /» I An atheist ....ÍH..L0.L in God.. rise. tell. translate. 7 An interpreter.................................. ....f from one language into another. 8 Liars are people w ho ...... ............... the truth. 9 The River Amazon • I >1 ■ ^ into the Atlantic Ocean.. You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write the questions. 1 You know that Liz plavs tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. H ow o f t e n i k ? . . . . y p w . . . p k a ................................................................................................................ 2. Perhaps Liz’s sister plays tennis too. You w ant to know. Ask Liz. ...................... your s is te r ..... '2.Í-.Ũ.1Ậ Ũ L tL lÙ .l..................................................... 3 You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You wanr to know which one. Ask her.. Il L 4. t. .ỊL. ;. .1 zL. c :1:1c... Youknow that Liz’s brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz. *.1. " ' r.i • ỵ.J yY c y_c. 5 You know that Liz w e s to the cinema a lot. You w ant to know how often. Ask her. cf'p '•>'* ■ J ./i* £-*JƯ /»'-■? 6 You don't know where Liz’s grandparents live. You want to know. Ask Liz. A ' .*//? Vc Í ' /■■ / / s t''S 2.5. Complete using the following: I apologise 1 It’s a nice day 2 3 4 5. I insist. I promise. I recommend. I suggest. .L..swg<jest... w e go out for a walk.. I won't tell anybody w hat you said................... ................................... ....... (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal ..................... ................................. for what I did. It w on ’t happen again. The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good it.. ......... ?.

(13) Unit. 3. Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do) Compare:. Present continuous (I am doing). Present sim ple (I do). We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time o f speaking. The action is not complete.. We use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly.. I do. Ỉ am doing p a st. n ow. future. □ The water is boiling. Can you turn ir off? □ Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? □ Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now. □ ‘I’m busy.’ ‘What arc you doing?' □ I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat. □ Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian. □ The population o f the world is increasing very fast.. past. Itow. □ Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. □ Excuse me, do you speak English? □ □ □ □. It doesn’t rain very much in summer. W hat do you usuãlly do at weekends? I always get hungry in the afternoon. M ost people learn to swim when they are children. □ Every day the population o f the world increases by about 200,000 people.. We use rhe continuous for tem porary situations: □ I’m living with some friends until I find a place o f my own. □ A: You’re working hard today. B: Yes, I have a lot to do.. We use the simple for perm anent situations:. See Unit 1 for more information.. See Unir 2 for more information.. □ My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives. □ John isn't lazy. He works hard most o f the time.. I always do and I’m always doing I always do (something) = I do it every time: □ I always go to work by car. (not I’m always going) ‘I’m always doing som ething’ has a different meaning. For example:. (^I've lost my pen .again. I'm always losing things/). I’m always losing things = I lose things very ofren, perhaps too often, or more often than normal. Two more examples: □ You’re always watching television. You should do something more active. (= You watch television too often) □ Tim is never satisfied. H e’s always complaining. (= He complains too much). 6. future. Present continuous and simple 2 -* Unit 4. Present tenses for the future -> Unit 19.

(14) Exercises 3.1. 3.2. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius........................................... ...Ô&................. The water boils. Can you turn it off? ....ị§....Ị?.9.ỊJítMg ......................... Look! That man cries to open the door o f your car. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? ......................... The m oon goes round the earth in about 2 7 days. .......................... é 7 8 9 10 11. I must go now. It gets late. .......................... I usually go to work by car. .......................... 'Hurry up! It’s time to leave.* ‘OK, I com e.'....................... .......................... I hear you’ve got a new job. H ow do you get on? .......................... Paul is never late. H e j always getting to work on time.............................. They don't get on well. They're always arguing. ........................... Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 3.3. Unit 3. Let’s go out. I t (not / rain) now. Julia is very good at languages. S h e SP&ftks. (speak) four languages very well. Hurrv up! E veryb od y............................................ (wait) for you. ‘......................................................... (you / listen) to rhe radio?’ ‘N o , you can turn it off.’ ‘......................................................... (you / listen) to the radio every day?’ ‘N o, just occasionally.’ The River N i l e ..............................................(flow) into the Mediterranean. The r iv e r .............................................. (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual. We u su a lly ............................................(grow) vegetables in our garden, butthis year we ................................. (not / grow) any. A: H o w ’s your English? B: N o t bad. I think i t ............................................ (improve) slowly. Rachel is in London at the moment. S h e (stay) at the Park Hotel. She a lw a y s ............................................ (stay) there when she’s in London. Can w e stop walking sểon? I ............................................ (start) to feel tired. A: Can you drive? B: 1 ............................................ (learn). M y fa th er.............................................. (teach) me. N orm ally 1 ............................................. (finish) work at five, but this week I ..............................................(work) until six to earn a little more money. My p a ren ts...........................................(live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. W h e r e....................................................................... (your parents / live)? S o n ia .............. *..............................(look) for a place to live. S h e .............................................. (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere. A: W h a t............................................................. ...... (your brother / do)? B: He's an architect, but h e (not / work) at the moment. (at a party) I u su a lly ...........................................(enjoy) parties, but I .................................................... (not / enjoy) this one very much.. Finish B’s sentences. Use always -ing.. 1 A: I’ve lost my pen again. B- N o t again' You re. (XlwflUjS losing uour pfew 2 A: B: 3 A: B:. The car has broken down again. That car is useless. I t .......... Look! You've made the same mistake again. Oh no, not again! I ................................................... 4 A: Oh, I've forgotten my glasses again. B: Typical! ......................................................................... 7.

(15) Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do) We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for exam ple, know and like) are nor normally used in this way. We don’t say i am know ing’ or ‘they are liking’; we say ‘I know ’, ‘they like'. The follow ing verbs are not normally used in the present continuous: like. love. know. hate. realise. belong. fit. want suppose. contain. need. prefer. mean. consist. understand. believe. remember. seem. □ I’m hungry. I want something ro eat. {not I’m wanting) □ D o you understand what I mean? □ Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment. Think When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion', we do not use the continuous: □ I think Mary is Canadian, bur I’m not sure. (not I’m thinking) □ W hat do you think about my plan? (= What is vour opinion?) When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: □ I’m thinking about w hat happened. I often think about it. □ N icky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it) A. He is selfish and He is being selfish H e’s being = He's behaving / H e’s acting. Compare: □ I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. (being selfish = behaving selfishly ar the moment) □ He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish, [not He is being) (= He is selfish generally, not only at the .moment) We use am/is/are being to say how som ebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences: □ It’s hot today, (not It is being hot) □ Sarah is very tired. (n o t is being tired) See. hear. smell. taste. We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs: □ D o you see that man over there? {not Are you seeing) □ This room smells. Let’s open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste: □ I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it? Look. feel. You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: □ You look well today, or You’re looking well today. □ H ow do you feel now? or H ow are you feeling now? but □ I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I’m usually feeling). Present continuous and simple 1 -» Unit 3. Have -» Unit 17. Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19.

(16) Unit 4. Exercises 4.1. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 4.2. N icky is thinking o f giving up her job. Are you believing in God? I'm feeling hungry. Is there anvthing to eat? This sauce is great. It's tasting really good. I'm thinking this is your kev. Am I right?. Ok. Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.). I I you I do?). ^(you I not I. 3. *\. today). ^. (the dinner I smell I good). (who I this umbrella I belong to?). Excuse me. (anybody I sit I there?). 4.3. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? ...wank (you / want) something to eat? ........................................ (use) it. 2 Don't pur the dictionary away. I Ó Don't pur the dictionary away. I .................................................. (need) it. 4 W ho is that man? W h a t.................................................... (he / want)? 5 W ho is that man? W h y ........................................... (he/ look) at us? (believe)him. 6 Alan says he's 80 years old, but n o b o d y ............................................. 7 She told me her name, but I .................................................... (not / remember) it now. 8 I .................................................. (think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it? 9 I ............................. .....................(think) you should sell your car. Y o u .................................................... (not / use) it very often. 10 A i r ......... (consist) mainly o f nitrogen and oxygen.. 4.4. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form o f be. Sometim es you must use the simple (am/is/are) and som etim es the continuous is more suitable (am/is/are being). 1 2 3 4. I can't understand w h v so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. S a r a h ................................... very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. You'll like Debbie when you meet her. S h e .................................................... very nice. You're usually verv patient, so w h y .................................................... so unreasonable about waiting. ten more minutes? 5 Why isn’t Steve at work today? .................................................... ill?. 1 \.

(17) Unit. 5. Past simple (I did) Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus M ozart w as an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started com posing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces o f music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all p ast sim ple. Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): □ I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store. □ We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come. □ The police stopped me on my way home last night. □ Laura passed her exam ination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many write see go shut. verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: -* wrote □ M ozart wrote more than 600 pieces o f music, —» saw □ We saw Rose in town a few days ago. —» went □ I went to the cinema three times last week, —» shut □ It was cold, so I shut the window.. For a list o f irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.): I she they. enjoyed saw went. did. you she they. enjoy? see? go?. I she they. didn't. enjoy see go. □ A: Did you go out last night? B: Yes, I w ent to the cinema, bur I d id n ’t enjoy the film much. □ ‘When did Mr Thomas die?’ ‘About ten years ago.’ □ They d id n ’t invite her to the party, so she d id n ’t go. □ ‘Did you have time to write the letter?’ ‘N o , I didn’t.’ In the follow ing exam ples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn’t do): □ What did you do at the weekend? (n ot W hat did you at the weekend?) □ I didn’t do anything, (not I didn’t anything) The past o f be (am /is/are) is was/w crc: I/he/she/it we/you/they. w as/w asn ’t w ere/w cren’t. was. I/he/she/it?. were we/you/thev?. N ote that we do nor use did in negatives and questions with was/were: □ I was angry because they were late. □ Was the weather good when you were on holiday? □ They weren’t able to com e because they were so busy. □ Did you go out last night or were you too tired?. 10. Past simple and past continuous -» Unit 6. Past simple and present perfect — Units 12-14.

(18) Unit 5. Exercises 5.1. Read what Laura says about a typical working day:. usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to N, work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45.1 never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock, and I always sleep well. Laura Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 2 3 4 5 6 5.2. SHe got WP a t 7...o'clock,.................................. at 5 o ’clock.. Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: buy 1 2 3 4 5 6. 5.3. 7. She ...................................... a big breakfast. 8 ..........................tired w h e n .......................... home. She ........................................................... 9 amealyesterday evening. I t ................................................. to get to work. 10 out yesterday evening. ................................. at 8.45. 11 at 11 o ’clock. ........................................................................lunch. 12 ............................................................well last night.. catch. cost. fall. hurt. sell. spend. teach. throw. w rite. M ozart wrote more than 6 0 0 pieces o f music. ‘H ow did you learn to drive?' ‘My fa th e r ............................... me.' We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we :...............................it. D ave down the srairs this morning a n d ................................. his leg. J im ............................... the ball to Sue, w h o ..................................it. A nn ....................... a lot o f m oney yesterday. S h e ................................. a dress which £100. You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions. Hi. H ow are things? 1 W here. To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver. ? By car? Yes, w e hired a car in San Francisco. It’s a long way to drive. H ow lo n g ............................................................................ ? Two weeks. W h e r e ............................................................................. ? In hotels? Yes, small hotels or motels. ........................... ? Yes, but it was very hot - sometimes too hot. .—.................................................................. the Grand Canyon? . Ot course. It was wonderful.. 2 H ow 3 4 5 6. 5.4. <M...ypw ..30. Fine, thanks. I've just had a grear holiday. ?. ,. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. It w as warm, so I o ff my coat, (take) The film wasn't very good. I . it very much, (enjoy) I knew Sarah was very busy, so I .............................................. her. (disturb) I was very tired, so I ............................................ the party early, (leave) The bed was very uncomfortable. I ............................................ very well, (sleep) The w indow was open and a b ir d .............................................. into the room, (fly) The horel w asn’t very expensive. I t ............................................ very much, (cost) 1 was in a hurry, so I .....................................time to phone you. (have) It w as hard carrying the bags. T h e y ............................................ very heavy, (be).

(19) Past continuous (I was doing) Study this exam ple situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. They were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished playing. Was/were -ing is the p a st continuous: I/he/she/it was we/you/they were. I was doing som ething = I was in rhe middle o f doing something at a certain rime. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had nor finished: I started doing. I was doing. I finished doing. p a st. past. noil’. □ This time last year I was living in Brazil. □ Whar were you doing at 10 o ’clock last night? □ I waved to Helen, but she w asn’t looking. Compare the p a st continuous (I was doing) and past sim ple (I did): Past continuous (in the middle o f an action) □ I was walking home when I met Dave. (in the middle o f an action) □ Kate was watching television when w e arrived.. Past sim ple (complete action) □ I walked home after the party last night. (= all the way, completely) □ Kate watched tele\ ision a lot when she w as ill last year.. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that som ething happened in the middle o f something else: □ M att phoned while w e were having dinner. □ It was raining when I got up. □ I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. □ I hurt my back while I was working in the garden. But w e use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: □ I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and w e had a chat. Compare: □ When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= we had already started before she arrived). □ When Karen arrived, w e had dinner, (= Karen arrived, and then w e had dinner). Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A): □ We were good friends. We knew each other well, (not We were knowing) □ I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home, (not was wanting).

(20) Unit 6. Exercises 6.1. What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 (at 8 o ’clock yesterday evening) .................................................................... 2 (at 5 o ’clock last M onday) ...I. w M ..on ..a,.lw s.^n...n>y...w<uj..Horne,................................................... 3 4 5 6. 6.2. (at 10.15 yesterday morning) ........................................................................................................................ (at 4 .3 0 this morning! ..................................................... ............................................................................. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) ............................................................................................................................ (half an hour ago) ................................................................................................................. Use your own ideas to com plete the sentences. Use the past continuous. 1 M att phoned while w e 2 3 4 5. 6.3. were JH&yun3„..<iuv}er........................................................................................... The doorbell rang while I ................................................................................................................................ We saw an accident while w e ......................................................................................................... Ann fell asleep while s h e ................................................................................................................... The television w as on, but n o b o d y ................................................................................................................ Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 2 OSATE5 1-10Ị. A I so w (see) Sue in town yesterday, but s h e ..................... (not / see) me. She .............................(look) the other way.. I ............................... (meet) Tom and Jane at rhe airport a few weeks ago. T h e v ........................ (go) to Paris and I Rome. W e .........................(have) a chat while w e .......................... (wait) for our flights.. 6.4. I (cycle) home yesterday when a man ......................................(step) out into the road in front o f me. I ............................(go) (go)to quite fast, but luckily I .............................. (manage) to stop in time and (not / hit) him.. Put the verb into'the correct form, past continuous or past simple.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Jenny (wait) for me when 1 .ftnn&iL- . (arrive). ‘W h a t.................................................. (you / do) at this time yesterday?’ ‘I was asleep.’ ‘.................................................... (you / so) out last night?’ ‘N o , I was too tired.’ H ow f a s t .................................................... (you / drive) when the a c cid en t.............................. (happen)? S a m ...................................... (rakeI a photograph o i me while I ............................................. (not / look). We were in a very difficult position. W e .................................................. (not / know) w hat to do. I haven't seen Alan tor ages. When I la s t ........................................(see) him, he .................................................. (try) to find a job. I .................................................... (walk) along the street when suddenly I ...................................... (hear) footsteps behind me. S o m eb o d y.................................................. (follow ) me. I was scared. and I ................. -......... ..... . (stare) to run. 9 When I was youne;, I (want) to be a pilot. 10 Last ni^ht I ..............................(drop) a plate when I ..................................................... (do) the washing up. Fortunately i t .................................................... (not / break). -» Additional exercise 1 (page 302).

(21) Present perfect 1 (I have done) Study this exam ple situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find ir. He has lost his key. He has lost his key = He losr it recently, and he still doesn’t have it. Have/has lost is the present perfect simple: I/we/they/you he/she/ir. have. (= I’ve etc.). has. (= he’s etc.). finished lost done been etc.. The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/w ritten etc.). For a list o f irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. When □ □ □. we say that ‘som ething has h ap p ened’, this is usually new information: Ow! I’ve cut my finger. The road is closed. There’s been (there has been) an accident. (from the news) Police have arrested tw o men in connection with the robbery.. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now . The action in the past has a result now: □ 'Where’s your key?’ i don't know. I’ve lost it.’ (= I don’t have it now) □ He told me his name, but I’ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now) □ ‘Is Sally here?’ ‘N o, she’s gone ou t.’ (= she is out now) □ I can’t find my bag. H ave you seen it? (= D o you know where it is now?) You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. Just = a short time ago: □ ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘N o , I’ve just had lunch.’ □ Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that som ething happened sooner than expected: □ 'D on ’t forget to send the letter.' i ’ve already sent it.’ □ ‘W hat time is Mark leaving?’ ‘He’s already gone." Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting som ething to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: □ Has it stopped raining yet? □ I’ve written the letter, but I haven’t sent it yet. N ote the difference between gone (to) and been (to): □ Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) □ Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now com e back). Present perfect -» Units 8, 11 Been to — Units 8A, 126B Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10 Present perfect and past -* Units 12-14 Yet and already -* Unit 111 American English — Appendix 7.

(22) Unit 7. Exercises 7.1. Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7.2. b reak. fall. go up. grow. im prove. Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. Last week rhe bus fare was 80 pence. N o w it is 90. Maria's English w asn’t very good. N o w it is better. Dan didn't have a beard before. N o w he has a beard. This morning I was expecting a letter. N ow I have it. The temperature was 20 degrees. N ow it is only 12.. lo se tie Has lost his kei).. S h e ........................................ The bus fa r e ...................... Her E n g lish ........................ He ........................... The letter ... The. Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet.. AT\ Would you like som ething to ear?. thanks. n. B. I’ve .jus t had, Lund1 .. (I / just / have / lunch) Do you know where Julia is?. Yes................................................................. (I / just / see / her). W hat time is David leaving? (he / already / leave) What's in the newspaper today?. 1 don't know. ........................................... (I / not / read / it yet). Is Sue com ing to the cinema with us?. N o , .............................................................. (she / already / see / the film). Are your friends here yet?. Yes .............................................. (they / just / arrive). What does Tim think about your plan? (we / not / tell / him yet) 7.3. Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like som ething to eat?’ You sav: N o thank vou Ẩ . ' y ậ . . . iMndi (have lunch) 2 |oe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can 1 speak to Joe?’ You say: I'm a fr a id ............................................. .............................................................................. (go out) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter rhinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! ............................................................................ (not / finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table.' You say: N o , ....................................... (do it) 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: ............................................................................................................................... ? (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your holiday?’ You say: ................................................................................................... (not /decide) Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, i s Linda still at rhe bank?’ You say: N o , ......................................................................................................... (come back) 7.4. Put in been or gone. 1 2 3 4 5. Jim is on holidav. H e 's to Italy. Hello! I've j u s t to the shops. I’ve bought lots o f things. Alice isn't here at the moment. She’s to the shop to ger a newspaper. Tom h a s ................................. out. He'll be back in about an hour. ‘Are you going to the bank?’ ‘N o, I've a lr e a d v ro the bank.'. 15.

(23) Present perfect 2 (I have done) Study this exam ple conversation: DAVE: JANE: DAVE: JANE:. H ave you travelled a lot, Jane? Yes, I’ve been to lots o f places. Really? Have you ever been to China? Yes, I’ve been to China twice.. DAVE: W hat about India? N o , I haven’t been to India.. JANE:. Jane’s life (a period until now) ________________________ Past tlo w. When we talk about a period o f time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now). Some □ □ □ □ □. more examples: H ave you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) We’ve never had a car. ‘Have you read H am let?’ ‘N o , I haven’t read any o f Shakespeare’s plays.’ Susan really loves that film. She’s seen it eight times! W hat a boring film! It’s the m ost boring film I’ve ever seen.. Been (to) = visited: □ I’ve never been to China. Have you been there? In the follow ing examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.): □ Have you heard from Brian recently? □ I’ve met a lot o f people in the last few days. -------------recently-----------□ Everything is going well. We haven’t had any problems jn jhp |ast few c|a v s_ so far. □ I’m hungry. I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast. since rea 'hist (= from breakfast until now ) □ It’s good to see you again. We haven’t seen each other for a long time.. past. now. We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time o f speaking (see also Unit 14B): □ I’ve drunk four cups o f coffee today. today □ Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? □ I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you? PJst □ Rob hasn’t studied very hard this term. We say: It’s the (first) time som ething has happened. For example: □ D on is having a driving lesson. It’s his first one. It’s the first time he has driven a car. (n ot drives) or He has never driven a car before. □ Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened, (not happens) □ Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That’s the third time he’s phoned her this evening.. Present perfect 1 -» Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since -* Units 11-12 Present perfect and past -» Units 12-14. This is the first time 've driven a car..

(24) Unit 8. Exercises 8.1. You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets.. Have tjOu ever rid d en <K horse ?...................................................................... 1 (ride / horse?) 2 3 4 5 8.2. (be / California?) H a v e ..................................................................................................................................... (run / marathon?) .............................................................................................................................................. (speak / famous person?) ................................................................................................................................. (most beautiful place / visit?) W h a t's............................................................................................................ Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs:. be. be. eat. happen. have. ^. ffleet-. play. read. see. ,. see. rtl. try. / i ' v e no idea........iVeL.never .rnefc. .. her.. 1. What's Mark's sister lik e ? \. 2. H ow is Diane these days?. I don’t know. I ............................. .......... her recently.. *» 3. Are you hungry?. Yes. I ............................................... ..........much today.. 4. Can you play chess?. Yes, b u t ........................................... ..................for ages.. 5. Are you enjoying your holiday?. 6. What's that book like?. I don’t know. ................................ .............................. it.. -. Is Brussels an interesting place?. I've no idea...................................... ....................... there.. 8. M ike was late for work again today.. 9. D o you like caviar?. 10. I hear vour car broke down again yesterday.. 11. Who's that woman by the d o o r? y. Yes, it’s rhe best h o lid a v ............ for a long time.. Again? H e ..................................... ........................... late every day this week. 1 don't know. ................................ .............................. it. Yes, it’s the second t im e ............. this week. \^I don't know..................................... ............. her beforey/. Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc. 1 ■> 3 4 4 5 6 8.4. saw Tom yesterday, hut. . sew„Hiro..todjAy.................................... read a newspaper vesterdav, but 1 ......................................................................... .......................... today. Last vear the oompanv made a profit, but this v e a r .......................................... Tracy worked hard at school last term, b u t ......................................................... It snowed a lot last winter, b u t .................................................. Our football team w on a lot o f games last season, but we. Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example.. 1 Jack is driving a car, hut he's very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: Have tjou driven a. CAT tefo re?................................................... He saysNo, this is th e -first time I've dny&n <K c a r ...................... 2 Ben is plaving tennis. He’s not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. You ask: H a v e ................-.......................................................................................... He says: N o , this is the fir s t.................................................................................. 3 Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask: ....................................................................................................................... She says: ............................ ......................................................................................... 4 Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it’s very new for her. You ask: ....................................................................................................................... She says: ....................................................................................................................... 17.

(25) Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) It has been raining Study this exam ple situation: Is it raining? N o , but rhe ground is wet. Ir has been raining. Have/has been -ing is the present perfect continuous: I/we/thev/you have (= I've etc.) he/she/it has (= he’s etc.). been. doing waiting plaving etc.. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now: □ You’re out o f breath. Have you been running? (= you're out o f breath n o w ) □ Paul is very tired. H e’s been working very hard. (= he’s tired now) □ Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? □ I’ve been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. □ Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you everywhere. It has been raining for tw o hours. Study this exam ple situation: It began raining tw o hours ago and it is still raining. H ow long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours. We use the present perfect continuous in this way with how long, for ... and since ... . The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. □ □ □ □. H ow long have you been learning English? (= you’re still learning English) Tim is still watching television. H e’s been watching television all day. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour. Chris hasn’t been feeling well recently.. You can use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: □ Debbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight. □ Every morning they meet in the same café. They’ve been going there for years. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing:. Ỉ have been doing present perfect continuous n ow. □ We need an umbrella. It’s raining. □ Hurry up! We’re waiting.. Present perfect continuous and simple -» Units 10-11. _ I’ve been working hard. N ow I’m going to have a break. □ The ground is wet. It’s been raining. □ We’ve been waiting tor an hour.. Present perfect + for/since -» Units 11-12.

(26) Exercises 9.1. Unit 9. W hat have these people been doing or what has been happening?. 1. earlier. earlier. non. now. zc. They. She. earlier. noli. n ow. V. They 9.2. Write a question for each situation.. 1 You meet Paul as he is leaving the swim m ing pool. ........................................................ You ask: (you / swim?) 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend w ho is waiting for you. You ask: (you / w ait / long?) ...... ............................................................................................... 3 You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (whar / you / do?) ..... 4 A friend o f yours is now working in a shop. You want to know how long. You ask: (how long / you / work / there?) .............................................................................. 5 A friend tells you about his job - he sells computers. You w ant to know how long. You ask: /h ow long / vou / sell / compurers?) ....................................................................... 9.3. Read the situations and complete the sentences.. 1 It's raining. The rain started tw o hours ago. It for r\vo hours. 2 We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. W e ..................*................................................................................................for 20 minutes. 3 I'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December. I ................................................................................................................. since December. 4 Marv is working in London. She started working there on 18 January. ........................................................-........................................................since 18 January. 5 Our friends always spend their holidays in Italy. Thev started going there years ago. .............................. for years. 9.4. Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous (I have been -ing).. 1 2 3 4 5. (Maria / learn) English for tw o years. H ello. Tom.............................................................(I / look) /or you. Where have you been? W h y ................. (you / look) at me like that? Stop it! Linda is a teacher. .........................................................(she / teach) for ten years. .........................................................(I / think) about what you said and I’ve decided to take your. advice. 6 i s Paul on holidav this week?’ ‘N o , ...........................................................(he / w ork).’ 7 Sarah is very tired.............................................................(she / work) very hard recently.. 19.

(27) Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done). Unit. 10. Study this exam ple situation:. Kate’s clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling.. The ceiling was white. N ow it is red. She has painted the ceiling.. Has been painting is the present perfect continuous.. Has painted is the present perfect sim ple.. We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether som ething has been finished or not. In this exam ple, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished.. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. Has painted is a completed action. We are interesred in the result o f the activity (rhe painted ceiling), not the activity itself.. Compare these examples: □ M y hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing rhc car. □ Joe has been eating too much recently. He should eat less. □ It’s nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? □ Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis?. B. We use the continuous to say b o w long (for an activity that is still happening): □ H ow long have you been reading that book? □ Lisa is still writing letters. She’s been writing letters all day. □ They’ve been playing tennis since 2 o ’clock. □ I’m learning Spanish, bur I haven’t been learning it very long.. □ The car is OK again now. I’ve repaired it. □ Somebodv has eaten all mv chocolates. The box is empty. □ Where's the book I gave vou? What have you done with it? □ H ave you ever played tennis?. We use the simple to say b o w much, b o w m any or b o w m any tim es (for completed actions): □ H ow much of that book have you read? □ Lisa has written ten letters today. □ They’ve played tennis three times rhis week. □ I'm learning Spanish, but I haven’t learnt very much yet.. Some verbs (for exam ple, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: □ I’ve known about it for a long time, (not I’ve been knowing) For a list o f these verbs, see Unit 4A. But note that vou can use w a n t and m e a n in the present perfect continuous: □ I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.. 20. Present perfect simple —» Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous —» Unit 9 Present perfect + for/since -» Units 11-12.

(28) Exercises 10.1. Unit 10. For each situation, write two sentences using the words in brackets.. 1 Tom starred reading a book tw o hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (read / for two hours) He ha.s been rea d in g -for two hours ........................................................ (read / 53 pages so far). .................................................................. 2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three months ago. (travel / for three months) S h e ....................................................................................................................... (visit / six countries so tar) .............................................................................................................................. 3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national cham pion again - for rhe fourrh rime. (win / the national championships / four times) ...................................................................................... (play / tennis since he was ten) ...................................................................................................................... 4 When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films. (make / five films since they left college) T h e v ......................................................................................... (make / films since they left college) ............................................................................................................. 10.2. For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets. 1 You have a friend w ho is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic5) How Long h ave ijOu been Learning Arabic? 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait / long?) Have ................... ................................................................................ 3 You see som ebody fishing by the river. You ask: (eatch / any fish?) ............................................................................................................. 4 Some friends o f vours are having a partv next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?) ......................................................................................... 5 A friend o f yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long / teach?) ................................................................ ........................................ 6 You meet som ebody w ho is a writer. You ask: (how many books / write?) ........................................................................................... (how Ions / write / books?) .......................................................................................... A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long / save?) ........................................................................................................... (how much monev / save?) ............................................................................................ 10.3. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done) or continuous (I have been doing).. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Where have vou been? pUujing (you / play) tennis? Look! ...............................................................(somebody / break) that window. You look tired.....................................................................(you / work) hard? “...............................................................(you / ever / work) in a factory?’ “N o, never.' ‘Liz is away on holiday.’ i s she? W h e r e .................................................................(she / go)? M v brother is an actor. (he / appear) in several films. ‘Sorry I'm late.' “That’s all right............................................................................... (I / not / wait) long.’ i s it still raining?’ ‘N o , (it / stop).’ .............................................................. (I / lose) my address book.................................................................... (you / see) it? 10 .............................................................. (I / read) the book you lent me, b u t ................................................ (I / not / finish) it yet. It’s very interesting. 11 .............................................................. (I / read) the book you lenr me, so you can have it back now.. 21.

(29) How long have you (been) ... ? Srudy this exam ple situation: Dan and Jenny are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 2 0 th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married, (present) b lit. H ow long have {not H ow They have been (not They. they been married? (present perfect) long are they married?) married for 20 years. are married for 20 years). We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare rhe present and the present perfect: but. □ Bill is in hospital. He has been in hospital since Monday. (nut Bill is in hospital since Monday) present. □ D o you know each other well? but Have you known each other for a long time? (nut D o you know). but. present perfect. □ She’s waiting for somebody. She’s been waiting all morning.. n ow. □ D o they have a car? bu t H ow long have they had their car? I have known/had/lived etc. is the present perfect sim ple. I have been learning / been waiting / been doing etc. is the present perfect continuous. When □ □ □ □. we ask or say 'how long’, the continuous is more usual (see I’ve been learning English for six months. It’s been raining since lunchtime. Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years. ‘H ow long have you been driving?' ‘Since I was 17.’. Unit10):. Some verbs (for exam ple, know/like/bclieve) are not normally used in the continuous: □ H ow long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowing) □ I’ve had a pain in my stomach all day. (not I've been having) See also Units 4 A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17. You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work: □ Julia has been living / has lived in Paris for a long time. □ H ow long have you been working / have you worked here? But we use the simple (I’ve lived / I’ve done etc.) with always: □ I’ve always lived in the country, (nut always been living) We say i haven’t done som ething since/for (present perfect simple): □ I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= M onday was the last time I saw him) □ Sue hasn’t phoned for ages. (= the lasr time she phoned was ages ago). I haven't ... since/for -» Unit 8A. Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10. For and since —» Unit 12A.

(30) Exercises 11.1. Unit 11. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Bob is a friend o f mine. I know him very well. .....QK...................................................................... Bob is a friend of mine. 1 know him for a long tim e ............................................. Sue and Alan are married since July. .................................................................................. .............................................................................. The weather is awful. It's raining again. The weather is awful, it's raining all day. .............................................................................. I like your house. H ow long are you living there? .............................................................................. Gary is working in a shop for the last few m onths...................................................................................... 8 I don’t know Tim well. We've onlv met a few tim es.................................................................................... 9 I gave up drinking coffee. 1 don't drink it tor a year. ............................................................................. 10 That's a verv old bike. H ow long do you have it? .............................................................................. 11.2. Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him: (how long / be / in hospital?) How long Ha s t)0(<r mother bee* In Hospital?............................ 2 You meet a wom an w ho tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: Ihow long / teach / English?) ............................................................................................................................ 3 You know that Jane is a good friend ot Caroline's. You ask Jane: (how long / know / Caroline?) .......................................................................................... .............................. 4 Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there. You ask your friend: (how long / be / in Australia?) ...............................................................................................................-......... 5 Tim ahvavs wears the same jacket. It's a very old jacket. You ask him: Ihow long / have / that jacket?) ......-................................................................................................................ 6 You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask your friend: (how long / work / at the airport?) ................................................................................................................. A friend of yours is learning to drive. You ask him: (how long / learn / to drive?) ............................................................................................................................ 8 You meet som ebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her: (always / live / in Chicago?) ...... ........................................................................................................................ 11.3. Complete B's answers to A's questions.. 1 r *> -Ì. 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 V. AY \ /T B Bill is in hospital, isn't h e r \ / Y e s , h e ...Ha s been.... in hospital since Monday. 'N\ \ o Ị haven't seen ... her for three months. Do vou see Ann verv often? Is Margaret married? Yes, s h e ........................ ............. married for ten years. Are vou waiting for me? Yes, I ................ .............. for the last half hour. You know Linda, d on ’t you? Yes, w e ......................... ...........each other a long time. D o vou still plav tennis? N o , I ............................. Is Jim watching TV? Yes, h e .......................... .......................... TV all evening. Do vou watch TV a lot? ................................TV for ages. N o, I Have you sơr a headache? Yes, 1 ............................ ......... a headache all morning. George is never ill, is he? N o , h e .......................... ........ill since I’ve known him. Are vou feeling ill? Yes, I ............................ Sue lives in London, doesn't she? Yes, s h e ........................ ................................... in London for the last few years. Do you s o to the cinema a lot? N o, I ............................. ........... to the cinema for ages. Would you like to go to N ew Yes, 1 ............................ ................. to go to N ew York. always / w ant) York one d a y ? /. J 23.

(31) For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? We use for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for + a period o f time (two hours, six weeks etc.):. We use since + the start o f a period (8 o ’clock, M onday, 1999 etc.):. □ I've been waiting for tw o hours.. □ I've been waiting since 8 o ’clock. since 8 o ’clock. for tw o hours tw o hours lỉgo-. tw o hours 20 minutes five days. m ni' for a long time six m onths 5 0 years. a week ages years. □ Sally has been working here for six months, (not since six months) □ I haven’t seen Toni for three days. (nut since three days). 8 o'cluck. 8 o ’clock Mondav 12 May. flow since April 1985 Christinas. lunchtime we arrived I got up. □ Sally has been working here since April. (= from April until now) D I haven’t seen Tom since M onday. (= from M onday until now). It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): □ T hey’ve been married (for) ten years, (with or without for) □ They haven’t had a holiday for ten years, (you must use for) We do nut use for + all ... (all day / all my life etc.): □ I’ve lived here all my life, (not for all my life) Compare when ... ? (+ past sim ple) and how long ... ? (+ present perfect) ,11. A: When did'it start raining? B: It Started raining an hour ago / at 1 o'clock. A: H ow long has it been raining? B: It's been raining for an hour / since 1 o ’clock.. A: When did |oe and Carol first meet? a long time ago. B: They first met when they were at school. A: H ow long have they know n each other? for a long time. B: They’ve known each other since they were at school. We say i t ’s (a long time / tw o years etc.) since something happened’: □ It’s tw o years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven’t seen Joe for rwo years) □ It’s ages since w e went to the cinema. (= We haven’t been to the cinema for ages) You can ask 'H ow long is it since ... ?’: □ H ow long is it since you last saw Joe? (= Whendid you last see Joe?) □ H ow long is it since Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?) You can also say i t ’s been (= It has been) ... since ... □ It’s been tw o years since I last saw Joe. How long have you (been) ... ? -» Unit 11.

(32) Exercises 12.1. Write for or since. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 12.2. Unit 12. It's been ra in in g 5ince lunchtime. Sarah has lived in P a r is........................ 1995. Paul has lived in London ..................... . ten years. I'm tired o f waiting. We’ve been sitting here an hour. he left school. Kevin has been looking for a job I haven't been ro a p a rry.............. ages. last week. I wonder where |oe is. I haven't seen him Friday. Jane is away. She's been a w a y ........ a few weeks. The weather is dry. It hasn't rained. Write questions with how long and when. 1 It’s raining. (how long?) (w h en?). How long Hois tfc been raining?............................................................................................. When did, l i s t a r t raining?.................................. 2 Kate is learning Japanese. (how long / learn?) ............................................................................................................................................... (when / start?) ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 I know Simon. {how Ions / you / know?) ................................................................................................................................... (when / you / first / meet?) ............................. - .................................................................................................. 4 Rebecca and David are married. (how long?) ............................................................................................................................................................. (when?) .................................................................................................................................................................... 12.3. Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6. It’s raining. It’s been raining since lunchtime. I t started.rtut;}LMg at lunchtime. Ann and Sue are friends. They first met years ago. They’v e otVier for years. Joe is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He h a s .................................................................................... Sunday. Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He h a s ..................................................................... a few days. Liz is married. She's been married for a year. She g o t ............................................................................. You have a headache. It started when you w oke lip. I 'v e .................................................................. -...................... I w oke up. 7 Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks. She w e n t ......................................................................................................................................... 8 You're working in a hotel. You started six months ago. I 'v e ................................ -........................................................................................................................................ 12.4. Write B’s sentences using the words in brackets. 1 A: D o vou often go on holiday? B- (no / five vears) No. I h&vew’t had, a. ìnoiidMị for -fiv e -tjea r s................................................ 2 A: B: 3 A: B: 4 A: B:. Do (no Do (no Do (no. you often see Sarah? / about a month) N o ................................................................................................................................ you often go to the cinema? / a Ions time) ......... .... ............................................................................................................................ you often eat in restaurants? / ages) N o , I ................................................................................................................................................ Now write B's answers again. This time use It’s ... since . . . . 5 ,], No. it ’s •fi.vfc gears since I Had a, hoiidfttj..................................................................................... 6 I2i N o , .................................................................................................-............ -........................................................

(33) Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did) Study this exam ple situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (present perfect) This means that he doesn't have his key now .. Ten minutes later: N ow Tom has found his kev. He has it now. Has he lost his key?. N o , he has found it.. Did he lose his key?. Yes, he did.. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect). The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It always tells us about the situation now . ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his kev n o w (see Unit 7). The past simple (something happened) tells us only about rhe past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key’, this doesn’t tell us whether he has the kev now or not. It tells us only thathe lost his key at some time in the past. D o n ot use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare: □ T hey’ve gone away. T hey’ll be back on Friday, (they are away now) They went away, but I think they’re back at home now. (not They’ve gone) □ It has stopped raining now, so we don’t need rhe umbrella, (it isn't raining now) It stopped raining for a w hile, but now it’s raining again. (not It has stopped) You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings: □ i ’ve repaired the TV. It’s working OK now.’ ‘Oh, that’s good.' □ Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lottery! Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new: o M ozart was a composer. He wrote more rhan 600 pieces of music. (not has been ... has written) □ My mother grew up in Scotland, (not has grown) Compare: □ Did you know that som ebody has invented a new rvpe o f washing machine? □ W ho invented the telephone? (not has invented) Wc use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But it w e continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: □ A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself. B: H ow did you do that? (not have you done) A: I picked up a hot dish. (n ot have picked) □ A: Look! Somebody has spilt som ething on the sofa. B: Well, it w asn’t me. I didn’t do it. (not hasn’t been ... haven’t done) Past simple -*• Unit 5 Present perfect -» Units 7-8 American English -* Appendix 7. Present perfect and past 2 -* Unit 14.

(34) Unit 13. Exercises 13.1. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible. Otherwise use the past simple.. The office is empty now. Everybody (go) home.. Mary (go) to Egypt for a holiday, but she's back home in England now.. m Yes, I ................................ (have) a headache, but I feel fine now.. 13.2. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. It stopped, raining for a while, hut now its raining again, (stop) The town is very different now. It ớìữJ'.ỹt<X a lot. (change) 1 did German at school, but I mostof it now. (forger) The p o lic e ............................................. threepeople,butlater they let them go. (arrest) What do you think o f my English? Do you think ir ? (improve) A: Are you still reading the paper? B: N o, I ........................................... with it. You can have it. (finish) I ' tora job as a tourist guide, but I wasn’t successful, (apply) outside the house, but it’s not there now. (be) 8 Where's my hike? Ir ................................ 9 Look! There’s an ambulance over there. There ........................................an accident, (be) 10 A: Have you heard ab o u t Ben? He his arm . (break) B: Really? H o w ................... that ? (happen) A: H e ............................................ o ff a ladder, (fall) 13.3. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Do you know about Sue? She's given up her job. My mother has grown up in Scotland. H ow many plays has Shakespeare written? Ow! I've cut my finger. It's bleeding. Drugs have become a big problem everyw here. The Chinese have invented paper.. Where have you been born? 8 Mary isn’t at home. She's gone shopping. 9 Albert Einstein has been the scientist w ho has developed the theory o f relativity.. O.K.......................................................................... grew.

(35) Unit. 14. Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did) D o nor use rhe present perfect (I have done) when vou talk about a finished rime (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child). Use a past tense: □ It was very cold yesterday. (not has been) □ Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived) □ Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten) □ I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed. Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time ... ?: □ When did your friends arrive? (not have ... arrived) □ What time did you finish work? Compare: Present perfect □ Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house. □ Is Carla here or has she left?. Past sim ple G Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house. □ When did Carla leave?. Compare: Present perfect (have done) □ I’ve done a lot of work today.. Past sim ple (did) □ I did a lot o f work yesterday.. We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until n ow . For example: today / this week / since 1985.. We use the past simple tor a finished time in the past. For example: yesterday / last week / from 1995 to 2001.. past. runfinished. r finished —. tQ (|ay. y e s te rd a y. n ow. now. □ It hasn’t rained this week.. □ It didn’t rain last week.. □ Have you seen Anna this morning? (it is still morning). G Did you see Anna this morning? (it is now afternoon o r evening). □ Have you seen Tim recently?. z. □ I don’t know where Lisa is. I haven’t seen her. (= I haven’t seen her recently). □ A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: I d o n 't think so. I didn’t see her.. □ We’ve been waiting tor an hour, (we are still waiting now). □ We waited (or were waiting) for an hour, (we are no longer waiting). □ Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.. z. □ I have never played golf, (in my life). z z. □ I t ’s the last d a y o f your holiday. You say: It’s been a really good holiday. I’ve really enjoyed it.. 28. past. Past simple —» Unit 5. Present perfect -» Units 7-8. Did you see Tim on Sunday?. Ian lived in Scotland for ten years. N o w he lives in London, I didn’t play golf last summer. A fter you com e back from holiday you say: It was a really íỊoođ holiday. I really enjoyed it.. Present perfect and past 1 -» Unit 13.

(36) Exercises 14.1. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14.2. I've lost my kev. I can’t find it anvwhere. Have you eaten a lot o f sweets when you were a child? I've bought a new car. You must come and see it. I've bought a new car last week. Where have vou been yesterday evening? Lucy has left school in 1999. I'm looking for M ike. Have you seen him? ‘Have you been to Paris?' "Yes, many tim es.’ I'm very hungrv. I haven't eaten much today. When has this book been published?. .Ọ.C:................................................ .............................. ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ............................................................ Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14.3. Unit 14. (it / not / rain / this week) ............................................. (the weather / be / cold / recently) The w ea th er ................................................................. (it / cold / last week) I t ............................................................................................................... (I / not / read / a newspaper yesterday) I .............................................................................. (I / not / read / a newspaper today) ....................................................................................... (Emily / earn / a lot o f monev / this year) ............................................................................ (she / not / earn / so much / last year) ................................................................................... (you / have / a holiday recently?) .............■................................................................................ Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 I don’t know where Lisa is (you / see) her? 2 When I (get) home last night, I ...................................................(be) very tired and I ..................................... (go) straight to bed. 3 A: (you / finish) painting the bedroom? B: N ot vet. I'll finish it tomorrow. 4 G e o r g e .................................................... (not / be) very well last week. 5 Mr C la rk .................................................. (workI in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 6 M ollv lives in Dublin. S h e .................................................. (live) there all her life. A: (vou / go) to the cinema last night? B: Yes, but i t .......................................... (be) a mistake. The film .......................................... (be) awful. 8 My grandfather.................................................... (die) before I was born. I (never / meet) him. 9 I don't know Carol's husband. I .................................................... (never / meet) him. 10 A: Is Martin here? B: N o, h e ................... (go) out. A: When e x a c tly .................................................... (he / go) out? B: About ten minutes ago. 11 A: Where do you live? B: In Boston. A: H ow lo n g .................................................. (you / live) there? B: Five years. A: W h e r e .......................................(you / live) before that? B: In Chicago. A: And how l o n g .................................................... (you / live) in Chicago? B: Two years.. 14.4. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6. (something (something (something (something (something (something. vou haven't done today) ...................................... vou haven't done today) .............................................................................................................. you didn't do yesterday) .............................................................................................................. you did vesterday evening) .......................................................................................................... you haven’t done recently) .......................................................................................................... you’ve done a lor recently) ................................................... -. -» Additional exercises 2-4 (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11).

(37) Past perfect (I had done) Study this exam ple situation: a t 10.30. a t \ 1.00. Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, bur they didn't see each other. Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o ’clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home. Had gone is the pa st perfect (simple): I/we/they/vou he/she/it. PAUL. had. (= I’d etc.) (= he’d etc.). gone seen finished etc.. SARAH. The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc). Sometimes we talk about som ething that happened in the past: □ Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point o f the story. Then, if w e want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had ...): □ When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some □ □ □ □. more examples: When we got home last night, w e found that som ebody had broken into the flat. Karen didn’t want to go to rhe cinema with us because she’d already seen the film. At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realised that I’d made a big mistake. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t flown before. or ... He had never flown before.. Compare the present perfect (have seen etc.) and rhe past perfect (had seen etc.): Present perfect. Past perfect have seen. past. had seen past. HOU’. □ W ho is that woman? I’ve never seen her before. □ We aren’t hungry. We’ve just had lunch. □ The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.. n ow. ~ I didn't know w ho she was. I’d never seen her before. (= before that time) 2 We weren't hungry. We’d just had lunch. n The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it tor weeks.. Compare the p a st sim ple (left, was etc.) and the past perfect (had left, had been etc.): □ A: Was Tom there when you arrived? B: Yes, b u t he left soon afterwards.. _ A: Was Tom there w hen you arrived? B: N o , he had already left,. □ Kate w asn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house.. z Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother’s house.. Past perfect continuous -» Unit 16. Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) -► Appendix 1.

(38) Exercises 15.1. Unit 15. Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went to Sue’s house, but she w asn’t there. (she / go / out) ... You went back to your home tow n after many years. It w asn’t the same as before. (it / change / a lot) ......................................................................................................................... I invited Rachel to rhe party, but she couldn’t come. (she / arrange / to do som ething else) ..................................................................................... You went to the cinema last nieht. You got CO the cinema late. (the film / already / beein) ........................................................................................................... It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time. (I / not / see / him tor five years) ........................................................................ ................... I offered Sue som ethin? to eat. bur she wasn't hungrv. (she / just / have / breakfast) ....................................................................................................... 15.2. For each situation, write a sentence ending with n e v e r... before. Use the verb in brackets.. 1 The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It w as his first flight.. (fly). He'd never -flown be-fore............................................................................................................ 2 A wom an walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I ...........................................................................................................................................................before. 3 Sam played tennis yesterday. He w asn’t very good at it because it was his first game. (play) H e . 4 Last year we went to Denmark. Ir was our firsr time there. (be there) V ie ......................................................................................................................................................... 15.3. Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened - so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.. 15.4. 1 1 Somebody broke into the office during the night. ■1 We arrived at work in the morning. 13 We called the police.. We arrived at work in the morning and found that so m eb o d y ỊlẶíL.Ị?.1 ... inro the office during the night. So w e .......................................................................... 2 ill Laura went out this morning. 121 I tried to phone her. 13 There was no answer.. I tried to phone Laura this morning, but .......................................................... no answer. S h e ............................................................... out.. 3. I Jim came back from holiday a few days ago. '2 I met him the same dav. '3 He looked very well.. I met Jim a few days ago................................ j u s t ....................................................... holiday. ............................................................ very well.. 4. 1 <21 13 4. Yesterday Kevin .............................................. from Sally. H e ....................... very surprised. H e .............................................. lots o f emails, but s h e .................................................................. Kevin sent Sally lots of emails. She never replied to them. Yesterday he got a phone call from her. He was very surprised.. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).. 1 2 3 4 5. ‘Was Paul at the party when you arrived?’ ‘N o , h e (go) hom e.’ I felt very tired when I got home, so I ....................................... (go) straight to bed. The house was very quiet when I got home. E verybody........................................(go) to bed. Sorry I’m late. The c a r ....................................... (break) down on my way here. We were driving along the road when w e ...................................... (see) a car which ..................... (break) dow n, so w e ............................................... (srop) to help.. Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07).

(39) Unit. 16. Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) Study this exam ple situation: yesterday m orning. Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the w indow. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet. It had been raining. It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining before. Had been -ing is the past perfect continuous: I/vve/vou/they he/she/it. had. (= I’d etc.) (= he’d etc.). been. doing working playing etc.. Some more examples: □ When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirt)', their hairwas untidy and one o f them had a black eye. They’d been fighting. □ I was very tired when I got home. I’d been working hard all day. □ When I went to Madrid a few years ago, I stayed with a friend o f mine.She’dbeen living there only a short time but knew the city very well. You can say that som ething had been happening for a period of time before something else happened: □ We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily. □ George went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn’t been feeling well for some time. Compare have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect continuous): Present perfect continuous. Past perfect continuous I had been -ing. I have been -ing past. past. n ow. □ I hope the bus comes soon. I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) □ James is our o f breath. He has been running.. n ow. □ At last the bus came. I’d been waiting tor 20 minutes, (before the bus came) □ James w as out of breath. He had been running.. Compare was -ing (past continuous) and had been -ing: □ It w asn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet. □ Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she’d been working very hard. Some verbs (for exam ple, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous: □ We were good friends. We had known each other for years, (not had been knowing) For a list o f these verbs, see Unit 4A.. 32. Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10. Past perfect simple -» Unit 15.

(40) Exercises 16.1. Unit 16. Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.. 1 I w as very tired when I arrived home. (I / work / hard all day) .................................................................. 2 The nvo boys came into the house. They had a football and rhey were both very tired. (they / play / football) .......................................................................................................................................... 3 I w as disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday. (I / look / forward to it) ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Ann w oke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. (sh e/d rea m ) ..................................................... .................................................................................................... 5 When I got home, Tom was sitting in front o f the TV. He had just turned it off. (he / watch / a film) .............................................................................................................................................. 16.2. Read the situations and complete the sentences.. 1 We played tennis yesterday. H alf an hour after w e began playing, it started to rain. W e Had been placing io r Hal f cm Hour w h e n tfc s ta r te d, to rai n... 2 I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I w as in the wrong restaurant. I ..........................................................................for 20 minutes when I ......................................................... ..........................................................................the w rong restaurant. 3 Sarah got a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed down. At the time the fa c to r y 1 , S a r a h ............................................ ..................................................................there for five years. 4 I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting. The o rch estra................................................................................................................................................ when. This time make your own sentence:. 5 I began walking along the road. I ................................................................................................................. when ..... .............................................................................................................................................................. 16.3. Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).. 1 It w as very noisy next door. Our n eigh b ou rs (have) a party. 2 We were good friends. W e b.^..ẦttOwỵi (know) each other for years. 3 John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping upwith him because he .................................................. (walk) so fast. . 4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. S h e ................................................... (run). 5 When I arrived, everybody w as sitting round the table with their mouths full. They ................................................. - (eat). 6 When I arrived, everybody w as sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. T h e y .....................................................(eat). 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. H e (look) for his contact lens. 8 When I arrived, K a te .................................................... (wait) for me. She w as annoyed with me because I was late and s h e .................................................. (wait) for a long time. 9 I was sad when I sold my car. I .................................................. (have) it for a very long time. 10 We were extremely tired at the end o f the journey. W e ....................................................(travel) for more than 24 hours.. -» Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07).

(41) Have got and have Have got and have (= for possession, relationships, illnesses etc.) You can use have got or have (without got). There is no difference in meaning: □ They’ve got a new car. or They have a new car. □ Lisa’s got tw o brothers, or Lisa has two brothers. □ I’ve got a headache, or I have a headache. □ Our house has got a small garden, or Our house has a small garden. □ H e’s got a few problems, or H e has a few problems. With these meanings (possession etc.), you cannot use continuous forms (am having etc.): □ We’re enjoying our holiday. We’ve got / We have a nice room in the hotel, (not We’re having) For the past we use had (without got): □ Lisa had long hair when she was a child. (not Lisa had got) In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms: H ave you got any questions? D o you have any questions? Have you any questions? (less usual). I haven’t got any questions. I don’t have any questions. I haven’t any questions, (less usual). Has she got a car? D ocs she have a car? H as she a car? (less usual). She hasn’t got a car. She doesn’t have a car. She hasn’t a car. (less usual). In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didn’t: □ Did you have a car when you were living in London? □ 1 didn’t have a watch, so 1 didn’t know the time. □ Lisa had long hair, didn’t she? Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time etc. We also use have (but not have got) for many actions and experiences. For example:. have. breakfast / dinner / a cup o f coffee / something to eat etc. a bath / a shower / a swim / a break / a rest / a party / a holiday an accident / an experience / a dream a look (at something) a chat / a conversation / a discussion (with somebodv) difficulty / trouble / fun / a good time etc. a baby (= give birth to a baby). H ave got is n o t possible in the expressions in the box. Compare: □ Sometimes I have (= ear) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I’ve got) bu t I’ve got / I have some sandwiches. Would you like one? You can use continuous forms (am having etc.) with the expressions in the box: □ We’re enjoying our holiday. We’re having a great time. («oi We have) □ M ike is having a shower at the moment. He has a shower every day. In questions and negative sentences we use do/does/did: □ I don’t usually have a big breakfast, (not I usually haven’t) □ W hat time does Jenny have lunch? (n ot has Jenny lunch) □ Did you have difficulty finding a place to live?. Have (got) to .. Unit 31. American English -* Appendix 7.

(42) Unit 17. Exercises 17.1. Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn’t).. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 17.2. I can't get into the house, (a key) jo t a. key...................... I couldn’t read the letter, (my glasses) I can’t get onto the roof, (a ladder) I ............................................................. We couldn't visit the museum, (enough time) W e ................................................................. He couldn't find his way to our house, (a map) .................................................................... She can't pay her bills, (any money) .......................................................................................... I can’t go swim m ing today, (enough energy) .......................................................................... Thev couldn't take anv photographs, (a camera) ................................................................... Complete the questions with have. Some are present and some are past.. 1 Excuse me. .!?Ặy£...JdPu . jo t. a pen I could borrow?. 2 W hy are you holding your face like that? .................................................... a toothache? 3 .................................................... a lot o f toys when you were a child? 4 A: the time, please? B: Yes, it’s ten past seven. 5 I need a stamp for this letter. .................................................... one? 6 When you worked in your last j o b ,.................................................... your ow n office? 7 A: It started to rain very heavilv while I w as out. B: .................................. an umbrella? 17.3. Write sentences about yourself. Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago? Write two sentences each time using I’ve got / 1 haven't got and I had / 1 didn't have. (You can also write about your family: We've got ... I W e had ... etc.).. now I (a car) 1 3 4 5 6 7 17.4. i..Y.£. ten years ago CAT........................................................................ Hỡ.vẹ.0. ca r.. (a bike) 1 I .............................................................. (a mobile phone) ............................................................................................................................... (a dog) .................................................................................................................................................. (a guitar) .............................................................................................................................................. (long hair) ............................................................................................................................................ (a driving licence) ............................................................................................................................... Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary. have a baby have a look. have a break ha ve lunch. have a chat have a party. have difficulty have a nice time. have a good flight have a shower. ...... I don't eat much during the day. I n e v e r David starts w ork at 8 o'clock a n d ................................................................ at 10.30. W e ............................................................................. last week. It was great - we invited lots o f people. Excuse me, can I ............................................................................. at your newspaper, please? Jim is away on holiday ar the moment. I hope h e .............................................................................. I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped a n d .................................................................... A: ............................................................................. finding the book you wanted? B: N o , I found it OK. 8 S u za n n e............................................................................. a few weeks ago. It’s her second child.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 9 A: Why didn't you answer the phone? B: I. ................................ 1. ................ 10 You m eet your friend Sally a t the airport. She has just arrived. You say: H i, Sally. H ow are you? .......................................................................................... ?. 35.

(43) Used to (do) Study this exam ple situation: a few years ago. Diane doesn't travel much these davs. She prefers to stay at home. But she used to travel a lot. She used to go away nvo or three times a year. She used to travel a lot = she travelled a lot regulariv in the past, but she doesn’t do this any more.. she used to travel. she doesn’t travel. past. n ow. these days Something used to happen = it happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens: □ I used to play tennis a lot, but I don’t play very often now. □ David used to spend a lot o f money on clothes. These days he can’t afford it. □ ‘D o you go to the cinema much?’ ‘N o t now, but I used to.’ (= I used to go) We also use used to ... for things that were true, but are not true any more: □ This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. □ I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person. □ I’ve started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before. □ N icole used to have very long hair when she was a child. ‘I used to do som ething’ is past. There is no present form. You cannot say ‘Iuse to do’. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do). Compare: past present. ,. he used to play he plays. we used to live we live. there used to be there is. □ We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London. □ There used to be four cinemas in the town. N o w there is only one. The normal question form is did (you) use to ... ?: □ D id you use to eat a lot o f sweets when you were a child? The negative form is d id n ’t use to ... (used n o t to ... is also possible): □ I didn’t use to like him. (or I used not to like him.) Compare I used to do and I w as doing: □ I used to w atch TV a lot. (= I watched TV regularlyin the past, but I no longer do this) □ I w as w atching TV when M ike called. (= I was in the middle o f watching TV) D o not confuse I used to d o and I am used to doing (see Unit 61). The structures and meanings are different: □ I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.) □ I am used to living alone. (= I live alone, and I don’t find it strange or difficult because I’ve been living alone for som e time.) Past continuous (I was doing) -* Unit 6 Would Be/get used to (doing) something -* Unit 61. (=used to) -» Unit 36.

(44) Exercises 18.1. Unit 18. Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb.. 1 Diane doesn’t travel much now. S h e a lot, bur she prefers to stay at home these days. 2 L iz a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car. 3 We came to live in London a few years ago. W e ................ -.................................. in Leeds. 4 I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I .................................................. it when I was a child. 5 J im .................................................... my best friend, but w e aren’t good friends any longer. 6 It onlv takes me about 4 0 minutes to get to work now that the new road is open. It more than an hour. 7 T h e r e ........................ ..........................a hotel near rhe airport, bur it closed a long time ago. 8 When you lived in N ew Y o r k ,.................................................. to the theatre very often? 18.2. Matt changed his life style. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things:. He stopped. studying hard going to bed early running three miles every morning. He started. sleeping late going out in the evening spending a lot o f money. Write sentences about Matt with used to and d id n 't use to.. 1. H& u s e d to s tu d y hard,.. 1. He didn't use, to sleep Late.. 4 -.......... 5 ............................................................................................................................. ...................... 6 18.3. Compare what Karen said five years ago and what she says today: FIV E YEARS AGO. 'm a hotel receptionist.. I play the piano. never read newspapers. don't drink tea. I’ve got a dog. I go to a lot of parties.. My dog died two years ago.. TODAY I eat lots of cheese now.. read a newspaper every day now.. I work very hard these days,. haven't been to a party for ages.. I don't know many people these days.. I haven’t played the piano for years.. I work in a bookshop now. Tea's great! I like it now.. Now write sentences about how Karen has changed. Use used to / d id n 't use to. I never. used to. in the first part of your sentence.. 1. She us ed to trav e l ft. lot,. b u t .... d oesn't go flUMtUj much ÌH&S& cUujs..................... 2 She u s e d .......................................................b u t ............................................................................................... ..... j but but 4 5 bur but 6 7 but but 8 9 bur but 10 -» Additional exercise 9 (page 307).

(45) Present tenses (I am doing for the future. 11do). Present continuous (I am doing) with a future meaning This is Ben's diary for next week. He is playing tennis on M onday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesdav morning. He is having dinner with Kate on Friday. In all these examples, Ben has already decided and arranged to do these things.. I’m doing som ething (tomorrow) = I have already decided and arranged to do it: □ A: W hat are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do) B: I’m going to the theatre, (not I go) □ A: W hat time is Cathy arriving tomorrow? B: H alf past ten. I’m meeting her at the station. □ I’m not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. □ Ian isn’t playing football next Saturday. H e’s hurt his leg. ‘I’m going to (do)’ is also possible in these sentences: □ What are you going to do on Saturday evening? Bur the present continuous is more natural for arrangements. See also Unit 20B. D o not use will to talk about w hat you have arranged to do: □ What are you doing this evening? (not What w ill you do) □ Alex is getting married next month, (not will get) You can also use the present continuous for an action just before you begin to do it. This happens especially with verbs o f movement (go/come/leave etc.): □ I’m tired. I’m going to bed now. Goodnight. (n ot I go to bed now) □ ‘Tina, are you ready yet?’ ‘Yes, I’m com ing.’ (n ot I come) Present sim ple (I do) with a future meaning We use the present simple when we talk about timetables, programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.): □ M y train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be at the station by 11.15. □ W hat time does the film begin this evening? □ It’s Wednesday tomorrow. / Tomorrow is Wednesday. You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable: □ I start my new job on Monday. □ What time do you finish work tomorrow? But the continuous is more usual for personal arrangements: □ What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not do you meet) Compare: Present continuous □ What time are you arriving? □ I’m going to the cinema this evening.. I'm going to -> Units 20, 23. Will -» Units 21-22. Present sim ple c What time does the train arrive? □ The film begins at 8.15 (this evening).. Present simple after when/if etc. -* Unit 25.

(46) Exercises 19.1. Unit 19. A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions.. ...Vy^.ere. arfc...you ...gouig.?...................................................... /S c o t l a n d .. (how long / go for?) (when / leave?! ........ (go / alone?) ............. (travel / by car?) ..... V ^vhere / stay?) ......... 19.2. Ten days. N ext Friday. N o , with a friend. N o , by train. In a hotel.. Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the next few days and explain to him why you can't come.. TOM: Can you com e on M onday evening? YOU: Sorry, but vplleybaiT................................ TOM: YOU: TOM: YOU: TOM: YOU: 19.3. (U W hat about Tuesday evening then? N o , not Tuesday. I .............................................................. ( 2) And Wednesday evening? ........... -....................................................................................... (3) Well, are vou free on Thursday? I’m afraid not..................................................................................(4). Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write sentences about yourself.. 1 (this evening). I’m going out th is evening.. or. I'm not doing <mjthing this evening.. 2 (to m o rro w m orning) I ....................................................................................................................................... 3 (to m o rro w evening) ........................................................................................................................................... 4 (next Sunday) ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 (choose another day or time) .......................................................................................................................... 19.4. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple. 1 I (go) to the cinema this evening. 2 ÍM íL .j^ e.iM ..b c3U 3 (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30? 3 W e .................................................... (have) a party next Saturday. Would vou like to come? 4 The art e x h ib itio n .................................................. (finish) on 3 May. 5 I ............................................. (not / go) out this evening. I .................................................... (stay) at home. 6 ‘.................................................... (you / do) anything tomorrow morning?’ ‘N o , I’m free. Why?’ 7 W e .............................................. (go) to a concert tonight. I t .............................................(start) at 7.30. 8 I .................................................. (leave) now. I’ve com e to say goodbye. 9 A: Have vou seen Liz recently? B: N o , but w e .................................................. (meet) for lunch next week. 10 You are on the train to L ondon and you ask another passenger: Excuse me. W hat t im e ...............................................................(this train / get) to London? 11 You are talking to Helen: Helen, I .................................................... (go) to the supermarket................................................................... (vou / come) with me? 12 You and a friend are watching television. You say: I'm bored with this programme. What t im e .................................................... (it / end)? 13 I .................................................. (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it. 14 S u e .................................................... (come) to see us tomorrow. S h e ..................................................— ... (travel) by train and her tr a in .................................................. (arrive) at 10.15.. -* Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10). 39.

(47) (I'm) going to (do) I am going to do som ething = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it: □ A: Are you going to watch the late film on TV tonight? B: N o , I’m going to have an early night. □ A : I hear Sarah has w on some money. What is she going to do with it? B: She’s going to buy a new car. □ I’m just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me? □ This cheese looks horrible. I’m not going to eat it. I am doing and I am going to do We use I am doing (present continuous) when w e say what w e have arranged to do - for exam ple, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere: □ What time are you meeting Ann this evening? □ I’m leaving tomorrow. I’ve got my plane ticket. I am going to do som ething = I’ve decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it): □ ‘Your shoes are dirty.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to clean them .’ (= I’ve decided to clean them, but I haven’t arranged to clean them) □ I’ve decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay. O ften th e difference is very small and either form is possible. You can also say that ‘som ething is going to happen’ in the future. For example: The man can’t see the wall in front o f him. He is going to w alk into the wall. When w e say that ‘something is going to hap p en ', the situation n o w makes this clear. The man is walking towards the wall now, so w e can see that he is going to w alk into it.. going to. situation now. future happening. Some □ □ □. more examples: Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain, (the clouds are there now) I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) The econom ic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.. I w as □ □ □. going to (do something) = I intended to do it, but didn’t do it: We w ere going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car instead. Peter w as going to d o the exam , but he changed his mind. I w as just going to cross the road when somebody shouted ‘Stop!'. You can say that ‘something w as going to hap p en ' (but didn’t happen): □ I thought it w as going to rain, but it didn’t.. I am doing for the future -* Unit 19A. I will and I'm going to -» Unit 23.

(48) Unit 20. Exercises 20.1. Write a question with going to for each situation.. 1 Your friend has w on some money. You ask: (what / do with it?) w .................................................................. 2 Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: (what / wear?) ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask: (where / put it?) ................................................................................................................... ................................ 4 Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: (w ho / invite?) ........................................................................................................................................................ 20.2. Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to.. 1 You have decided to tidy your room this morning. FRIEND: Are vou going out this morning? YOUNo Iw gomg to tidtj WUJ room................................................................................................... 2 You bought a sweater, but it doesn't fit you very well. You have decided to take it back. FRIEND: Thar sweater is too big tor you. YOU: I know. ............................................................................................. ..................................................... 3 You have been offered a job, but you have decided not to accept it. FRIEND: I hear you've been offered a job. YOU: That’s right, b u r ..................................................................................................................................... 4 You have to phone Sarah. It’s morning now, and you have decided ro phone her tonight. FRIEND: Have vou phoned Sarah yet? YOU: N o , ....................-........................................................................................................................................ 5 You are in a restaurant. The food is awful and you’ve decided to complain. FRIEND: This food is awful, isn't it? YOU: Yes, it’s dis^ustin?................................................................................................................................... 20.3. What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.. 1 There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) It’s going to ra in ................................................................................................................................. 2 It is 8.30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 minutes. (lateI H e ................................................................................................................. 3 There is a hole in the botrom o f the boat. A lot o f water is com ing in through the hole. (sink) The b o a t ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Lucy and Chris are driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away. (run outl T h e y ..................................................................................................................... 20.4. Complete the sentences with was/were going to + the following verbs:. buy. give up. have. phone. play. travel. 1 We by train, but then we decided to go by car instead. 2 I ............................................................... some new clothes yesterday, but I was very busy and didn’t have time to 50 ro the shops. ........................tennis last week, but he was injured. 3 Martin and I .......................... 4 I .................................................. Jane, but I decided to email her instead. ................................................... his job. 5 A: When I last saw Tim, he B: That’s right, but in the end he decided to stay where he was. a party last week, but some o f our friends couldn’t come,. 6 W e ........................... so we cancelled it.. 41.

(49) Will/shall 1 We use I’ll (= 1 will) when we decide to do something at the time o f speaking: □ O h, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it. □ ‘W hat w ould you like to drink?’ i ’ll have an orange juice, please.’ □ ‘Did you phone Lucy?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot. I’ll phone her now.' You cannot use the present sim ple (I do / 1 go etc.) in these sentences: □ I’ll go and shut the door, (not I go and shut) We often use I think I’ll ... and I don ’t think I’ll ... : □ I feel a bit hungry. I think I’ll have som ething to eat. □ I don ’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired. In spoken English the negative o f will is usually w on ’t (= will not): □ I can see you’re busy, so I w o n ’t stay long. D o not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do (see Units 19-20): □ I’m going on holiday next Saturday, (not I’ll go) □ Are you working tomorrow? (not Will you work) We often use will in these situations: O ffering to d o som ething □ That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. {not I help) Agreeing to d o som ething □ A: Can you give Tim this book? B: Sure, I’ll give it to him when I see him this afternoon. Prom ising to do som ething □ Thanks for lending me the monev. I’ll pay vou back on Fridav. □ I w o n ’t tell anyone what happened. I promise. Asking so m eb o d y to do som ething (Will you ... ?) □ Will you please turn the stereo down? I’m trying to concentrate. You can use w o n ’t to say that som ebody refuses to do somethin □ I’ve tried to give her advice, but she w o n ’t listen. □ The car w o n ’t start. (= the car ‘refuses’ to start). Shall I ... ?. Shall we ... ?. Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I ... ? / shall we ... ? We use shall I ... ? / shall w e ... ? to ask som ebody’s opinion (especially in offers or suggestions): □ Shall I open the window? (= D o you want me to open the window?) □ I’ve got no money. What shall I do? (= What do you suggest?) □ ‘Shall we go?’ ‘Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.’ □ Where shall w e go this evening? Compare shall I ... ? and w ill you ... ?: □ Shall I shut the door? (= D o you want me to shut it?) □ Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut it). Will/shall 2 -» Unit 22. I will and I’m going to —■Unit 23. American English -* Appendix 7.

(50) Exercises 21.1. Unit 21. Complete the sentences with I'll + a suitable verb.. 1 I'm too tired to walk home. I think ... ................... a taxi. ■) i t ’s cold in this room.' ‘Is it? ................................ ..................on the heating then.’ 3 A: We haven't got any milk. B: O h, I forgot to buv som e....................................... ...............and get some now. 4 ‘Shall I do the washine-up?' ‘N o , it’s all right. .................................................. it later.’ 5 ‘I don’t know how to use this computer.’ ‘OK, .................................................. you.’ 6 ‘Would you like tea or coffee?’ *............................ ..................... coffee, please.’ ‘Goodbve! Have a nice holiday.’ 'Thanks........... .......................................... you a postcard.’ 8 Thanks for letting me borrow vour camera.......... ............................................ it back to you on M onday, OK? 9 ‘Are vou coming with us?’ ‘N o , I th in k ............. .................................... here.’ 21.2. Read the situations and write sentences with I think I'll ... or I don't think i'll ... .. 1 It’s a bit cold. The w indow is open and vou decide to close it. You say: ! thuik I'Ll d ose the wuu lo w ............ 2 You are feeling tired and it’s getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say: I th in k ..................................................................................................................................... 3 A friend o f yours offers you a lift in his car, but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you, b u t ...... .............................................................................. ................... ..................... 4 You arranged to plav tennis todav. N ow you decide that you don’t want to play. You say: I don't rh in k ......................................................................................................... ........ ......... ................... 5 You were going to s o swimming. N o w you decide that you don’t want to go. You say:. 21.3. Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 1 9 -2 0 first.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 21.4. "Did you phone Lucy?’ 'Oh no, I forgot. I phone / I'll phone her now.’(I’ll phone is correct) I can't meet vou tomorrow. I'm plaving / n i plav tennis. Il’m playing is correct) i meet / meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?’ 'Yes, that’s fine.’ ‘I need some money.' ‘OK. I'm lending / I'll lend you some. H ow much do you need?’ Fm having / I'll have a parr.' next Saturday. I hope you can come. ‘Remember to get a newspaper when vou go out.’ ‘OK. I don’t forget / 1 w on’t forget/ W hat time does vour train leave / will vour train leave tomorrow? I asked Sue what happened, but she doesn't tell / w on ’t tell me. ‘Are you doing 7 Will you do anything tom orrow evening?’‘N o , I’m free. Why?’ I don't want to go out alone. D o you com e / Will you com e with me?. m. What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall I ... ? or shall we ... ? 1 You and a friend want to do som ething this evening, but you don’t know what. You ask vour friend skiixiX W6- ÂỒ tHi/5 2 You try on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. You ask a friend for advice.................................................................................................................................................. it? 3 It's Helen's birrhdav next week. You want to give her a present, but you don’t know what. You ask a friend for advice.. W h at...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 You and a friend are going on holiday together, but you haven’t decided where. You ask him/her. ....................................... ...................... ........................................ ............................................ 5 You and a friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to walk. You ask him/her. ..............................................................................o r ................................................................................ 6 Your friend wants you to phone later. You don’t know what rime to phone. You ask him/her.. Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10).

(51) Will/shall 2 We do n o t use will to say w hat som ebody has already arranged or decided to do: □ Diane is working next week. (n o t Diane will work) □ Are you going to watch television this evening? (not Will you watch) For ‘is w orking’ and ‘Are you going to ... ?’, see Units 19 -2 0 . But often, when we talk about the future, we are n ot talking about what som ebody has decided to do. For example: Kate is doing an exam next week. Chris and Joe are talking about it. Yes, she'll pass easily. J. She’ll pass does not mean ‘she has decided to pass'. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen. He is predicting the future. When w e predict a future happening or situation, we use w ill/w on ’t.. CHRIS. Some □ □ □ □ □. more examples: Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, she’ll find a lor o f changes here. ‘Where w ill you be this time next year?’ ‘I’ll be in Japan.’ That plate is hot. If you touch it, you’llbum yourself. Tom w o n ’t pass the exam. He hasn’t studied hard enough. When will you get your exam results?. We often use will (Ml) with: probably I expect (I’m) sure (I) think (I) don’t think Ĩ wonder. □ I’ll probably be home late tonight. □ I haven’t seen Carol today. I expect she’ll phone this evening. D D on ’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you’ll pass. □ D o you think Sarah will like the present w e bought her? □ I don ’t think the exam will be very difficult. □ Í wonder what will happen.. After I hope, we generally use the present (will is also possible): □ I hope Kate passes the exam , (or I hope Kate will pass ...) □ I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now . For example: □ D on ’t phone Ann now. She’ll be busy. (= she’ll be busy now) I shall ... / w e shall ... N orm ally w e use shall only with I and we. You can say: I shall or I will (I’ll) we shall or w e will (we’ll) □ 1 shall be late this evening, (or I will be) □ We shall probably go to Scotland in the summer, (or We will probably go) In spoken English w e normally use I’ll and w e’ll: □ We’ll probably go to Scotland. The negative of shall is shall not or shan’t: □ I shan’t be here tomorrow, (or I w on ’t be) D o not use shall with he/she/it/you/they: □ She will be very angry, (not She shall be) Will/shall 1 -* Unit 21 I will and I'm going to -* Unit 23 Will be doing and will have done -* Unit 24 The future -* Appendix 3 American English -» Appendix 7.

(52) Exercises 22.1. Unit 22. Which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined.. 1 2 3 4 5. Diane isn’t free on Saturday. She'll work / She’s working. (She’s working is correct) m go / I’m going to a party tom orrow night. Would you like to com e too? I think Jenny will get / is getting the job. She has a lot o f experience. I can’t meet you rhis evening. A friend o f mine will com e / is coming to see me. A : Have you decided where to go for your holidays? B: Yes, w e’ll go / w e’re going to Italy. 6 There’s no need to be afraid o f the dog. It won't hurt / It isn't hurting you.. 22.2. Complete the sentences with will (Ml) + the following verbs:. be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22.3. get. like. live. look. meet. i>ass-. D on ’t worry about the exam . I'm sure you.................. ...... W hy don’t you try on this jacket? I r nice on you. You must meer George sometime. I rhink y o u .................................................. him. It's raining. Don't go out.Y o u .............................................. -.....wet. D o you think p e o p le longer in the future? Goodbye. I expect w e ....................................................again before long. I’ve invited Sue to the party, but I don’t think s h e ..................................................... When the new road is finished, my journey to w o r k .................................................... much shorter.. Put in will {'II) or won't.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 22.4. com e. Can you wait tor me? I WOJit be very long. There's no need to take an umbrella with you. I t ..................................rain. If you don't eat anything now, y o u ................................. be hungry later. I'm sorrv about what happened yesterday. I t ................................. happen again. I've got som e incredible news! Y o u ................................. never believe what happened. Don'r ask Amanda tor advice. S h e know what to do.. Where do you think you will be at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use: I’ll be .... or. I'll probably be .... or. I don't know where I'll be. .............................................. ................................... 1 (next M onday evening at 7.45) or or. I’ll prob&blij be aJb Home....................................................... I don’t know where. lU be,.................................................. 2 (ar 5 o'clock tom orrow morning) ............................ V............. *..........................................*.............. *............................................................................... 3 (at 10.30 tom orrow morning) 4 (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15) 5 (this rime next year). 22.5. Write questions using do you think ... will ... ? + the following:. be back 1 2 3 4. cost. end. get m arried. happen. 4ike-. rain. I've bought Rosa this picture ........................................................... ? The weather doesn’t look very good. D o y o u .. The meeting is still going on. When do y o u .............................................................................................. ................................................. ......... ................................ M y car needs to be repaired. H ow m u c h. 5 Sally and David are in love. D o .................................................................................................................. 6 i'm going out now .’ ‘OK. W hat tim e ........... ?’ 7 The future situation is uncertain. W h a t.................................................................................................... ?. -» Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10).

(53) Unit. 23. I will and I'm going to Future actions Study the difference between will and (be) going to: Sue is talking to Helen: That's a great idea. We'll invite lots of people.. will (’11): We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has nor decided before. The parrv is a new idea. decision n ow. ru... sun. H ELEN. Later that day, Helen meets Dave:. n ow. past. future. (be) going to: We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen had already decided to invite lots o f people before she spoke to Dave. decision before. I ’m g o in g t o . . . H ELEN. DAVE. past. n ow. future. Compare: □ ‘Gary phoned while you were ou t.’ ‘OK. I’ll call him back.’ ‘Gary phoned while you were out.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to call him back.’ □ ‘Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Oh really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her.’ ‘Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her this evening.’ Future happenings and situations (predicting the future) Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can say: □ I think the weather will be nice this afternoon. □ I think the weather is going to be nice this afternoon. When w e say som ething is going to happen, w e think this is because o f the situation n o w (see Unit 20C ). For example: □ Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (not It will rain) (We can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky now .) □ I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick, (not I think I’ll be sick) (I think I’m going to be sick because I feel terrible now .) D o not use will in this type o f situation. In other situations, use will: □ Tom will probably get here at about 8 o ’clock. □ I think Sarah w ill like the present w e bought for her. □ These shoes are very well-m ade. They’ll last a long time.. 46. I’m going to -*• Unit 20. W ill-» Units 21-22. The future-» Appendix 3.

(54) Unit 23. Exercises 23.1. C om plete the sen ten ce s using will (Ml) or goin g to. 1 A: W hy are you turning on the television? B: the n ew s. (I / w atch) 2 A: O h , I’ve just realised. I haven't go t any m oney. B: H aven ’t you? W ell, don't w orry................................................................. you som e. (I / lend) 3 A: I’ve g o t a headache. B: H ave you? W ait a second a n d. an aspirin for y o u . (I / get). 4 A: W hy are you filling that bucket w ith water? B: .......................................................................... the car. (I / w ash) 5 A: I’ve decided to repainr this room . B: O h , have you? W hat c o l o u r ............................................................................ it? (you / paint) 6 A: W here are you going? Are you s o in e shopping? B: Y e s ,............................................................................ som ething for dinner. (I / buy) A: I d o n ’t k n ow h ow to use this cam era. B: It’s easy. .......................................................... you . (I/ sh ow ). 8 A: W hat w ou ld you like to eat? B: ......................... ................................................a san dw ich, please. (I / have) 9 A: D id vou post that letter for me? B: O h , I'm sorry. I com pletely forgot..........................................................................it now. (I / do) 10 A: T he ceiling in this room doesn't look very safe, d oes it? B: N o , it look s as i f. ................................... ‘...............................d o w n , (it / fall). 11 A: H as G eorge decided w h at to do w hen he leaves school? B: Yes. Evervthing is p lanned...............................................................................a holiday for a few w eeks. (he / have) T h e n ................................................................a com puter program m ing course, (he / do) 2 3 .2. Read the situ ation s and com p lete th e se n ten ce s using will n o or g o in g to. 1 T he phone rinss and vou answer. Som ebody w ants to speak to Jim. CALLER:. H ello. Can I speak ro Jim, please?. YOU:. lust a m om en t. him. (I / get). 2 It's a nice dav. so you have decided to take a walk. Just before you g o , you tell your friend. YOU:. T he weather's too nice to stay in. a w alk. (I / take). FRIEND: G ood idea. I t h in k ...................................................................................yo u . (I / join) 3 Your triend is w orried because she has lost an im portant letter. YOU:. D o n ’t w orry abour the lerrer. I'm s u r e .................................................................... it. (you / find). FRIEND: I h ope'so. 4 There w a s a job advertised in the paper recently. At first you w ere interested, but then you decided not to apply. FRIEND: H ave you decided w hat to do ab ou t that job you were interested in? YOU:. Yes. ............................................................................. for it. (I / not / apply). 5 You and a friend com e hom e very late. O ther people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy. YOU:. Shh! D on't m ake so m uch n oise.....................................................everybody up. (you / w ake). 6 Paul has to go to the airport to catch a plane tom o rro w m orning. PAL'l.:. Liz, I need som eb od y to take me to the airport tom orrow m orning.. LIZ:. T h at’s no p rob lem .......................................................you . (I / take) W hat tim e is your flight?. PAUL: LIZ:. 10.50. O K ,.................................................................................... at ab out 9 o ’clock then, (we / leave). Larer that day, Joe offers to take Paul to the airport. JOE:. Paul, d o vou wanr me to rake you to the airport?. PAUL:. N o thanks, J o e ...................................................................................... m e. (L iz /t a k e ). -* Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10).

(55) Will be doing and will have done Study this exam ple situation: These people are standing in a queue to get into rhe cinema.. H alf an hour from now, the cinema will be full. Everyone will be watching rhc film. h alf an hour from n o w Three hours from now, the cinema will be empty. The film will have finished. Everybody will have gone home. three hours from n ow I will be doing som ething (future continuous) = I will be in the middle ot doing it: D This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll be lying on the beach or swimming inthe sea. □ You have no chance o f getting the job. You’ll be wasting your time if you apply for it. Compare will be (do)ing and will (do): □ D o n ’t phone between 7 and 8. We’ll be having dinner. □ Let’s wait for Liz to arrive and then w e’ll have dinner. Compare will be -ing with other continuous forms: □ At 10 o ’clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working, (past) It’s 10 o ’clock now. She is in her office. She is working, (present) At 10 o ’clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working. We also use will be -ing in a different way: to talk about complete actions in the future, For example: □ The government will be making a statement about the crisis later today. □ Will you be going away this summer? □ Later in the programme, I’ll be talking to the Minister o f Education ... □ Our best player is injured and w o n ’t be playing in the game on Saturday. In these examples will be -ing is similar to (be) going to ... We use will have (done) (future perfect) to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future. For example: □ Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She w on’t be at home at 9 o ’clock she’ll have gone to work. □ We’re late. The film will already have started by the time we ger to the cinema. Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms: □ Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect) N ext year they will have been married for 25 years. When their son w as born, they had been married for three years, (past perfect) Will -» Units 21-22. By then. I by the time -*. Unit 120. The future -» Appendix 3.

(56) Exercises 24.1. Unit 24. Read about Colin. Then tick ( / ) the sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true.. Colin goes to work everv dav. He leaves home at 8 o ’clock and arrives at work at about 8.45. He Starrs work immediarelv and continues until 12.30 when he has lunch (which takes about half an hour). He starts work again ar 1.15 and goes home at exactly 4.30. Every day he follow s the same routine and tom orrow will be no exception.. 24 .2. At 7.45 a he’ll be leaving the house b he’ll have left rhe house c he'll be at home / d he’ll be having breakfast /. At 12.45 a he’ll have lunch b he’ll be having lunch c he’ll have finished his lunch ci he’ll have started his lunch. At 8.15 a he’ll be leaving the house b he'll have left the house c he'll have arrived ar work d he’ll be arriving at work. At 4 o ’clock a he’ll have finished work b he’ll finish work c he’ll be working d he w on’t have finished work. At 9.15 J he'll be working b he’ll start work c he'll have started work d he'll be arriving at work. At 4.45 a he’ll leave work b he’ll be leaving work c he’ll have left work d he’ll have arrived home. Put the verb into the correct form, will be (do)ing or will have (done). 1 D on't phone betw een 7 and 8. W eU...be JiiX.ymg. (w e / have) dinner then.. 2 Phone m e after 8 o 'clock ....................................................................................... (w e / finish) dinner by then. 3. T om orrow afternoon w e're goin g to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4 .3 0 . So at 4 o ’clock , .................................................................................(w e / play) tennis.. 4 A: Can w e m eet tom orrow ? B: Yes, but not in the aftern oon. (I / w ork ).. 5 B has to go to J meeting which begins a t 10 o ’clock. It w ill last abou t an hour. A: W ill you be free ar 11.30? B: Y e s , 6. -. ........................................................ (the m eeting / end) by then.. Ben is on holiday and he. is spending his m ònev very quickly. If he con tinu es like this,. ................................................................................. (he / spend) all his m oney before the end o f his holiday. 7 D o you t h in k ................................................................................... (you / still / do) the sam e job in ten years’ time? 8 Lisa is from N ew Z ealand. She is travelling around Europe at the m om ent. So far she has travelled ab out 1 ,0 0 0 m iles. By the end o f the t r ip ,................................................................................. (she / travel) m ore than 3 ,0 0 0 m iles. 9 If you need to con tact m e ,. (I / stay) at the Lion H otel. until Friday. 10 A: ................................................................................... (you / see) Laura tom orrow ? B: Yes, probably. Why? A: I borrow ed this C D from her. Can you give it back to her?. Additional exercises 12-13 (pages 309-10).

(57) Unit. 25. When I do I When I've done. When and if. Study this exam ple: ‘I’ll phone you w hen I get h o m e’ is a sentence Yes, I’ll phone you when I get home from work.. w ith tw o parts: and. the m ain part: the w h en -p jr/:. i ’ll phone y o u ’ ‘w hen I get hom e'. T he tim e in the sentence is future ('tom orrow '), but w e use a present rense (I get) in the w hen-part o f the sentence. We do n o t use w ill in the w hen-part o t the sentence.. Some □ □ □. more examples: We’ll go out when it stops raining, {not when it will stop) When you are in London again, com e and see us. (not When you will be) (said to a child) What do you w ant to be when you grow up? (not will grow). The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till: □ I’m going to read a lot while I’m on holiday, (not while I will be) □ I’ll probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go. I’d like to visit the museum. □ Wait here until (or till) I com e back. You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after / until / as soon as: □ Can I borrow that book when you’ve finished with it? □ D on’t say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone. If you use the present perfect, one thing must be complete before the other (so the tw o things do n ot happen together): □ When I’ve phoned Kate, we can have dinner. (= Firsr I’ll phone Kate and after th at we can have dinner.) D o not use the present perfect if the tw o things happen together: □ When I phone Kate, I’ll ask her about the party. (n ot When I’ve phoned) It is often possible to use either the present simple or the present perfect: □ I’ll come as soon as I finish. or I’ll com e as soon as I’ve finished. □ You’ll feel better after you have or You'll feel better after you’ve had som ething to eat som ething to eat. After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future: □ It’s raining hard. We’ll get w et if w e go out. (n ot if we will go) □ I’ll be angry if it h appens again. (n ot if it will happen) □ Hurry up! If we don’t hurry, w e’ll be late. Compare when and if: We use when for things which are sure to happen: □ I’m going shopping later, (for sure) When Ĩ go shopping, I’ll buy som e food. We use if (not when) for things that will p ossibly happen: □ I might go shopping later, (it’s possible) If I go shopping. I’ll buy some food. □ If it is raining this evening, I w on’t go out. (not When it is raining) □ D on ’t worry if I’m late tonight, (not when I’m late) □ If they don’t com e soon, I’m not going to wait, (not When they don’t come). 50. If -* Units 38-40. Even if / even when -* Unit 112D. Unless -» Unit 115.

(58) Exercises 25.1. Unit 25. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about the future. Use will/won't or the present simple (I see I he plays I it is etc.). 1 I ...llL-Ebo^e (phonel you when I (get) home from work. 2 I w ant to see Julia before s h e .................................................... (go) out. 3 We’re going on holiday tomorrow. I .................................................. (tell) you all about it when we ..................................................(come) back. 4 Brian looks very different now. When y o u .................................................... (see) him again, you .................................................. (not / recognise) him. 5 ............................................. (you / be) lonely w ithout me while 1 ................................-...........(be) away? 6 We must do som ething soon before i t .................................................. (be) too late. 7 I don't want to go w ithout you. I ...........................................(wait) until y o u ......................................... (be) ready. 8 Sue has applied for the job. but she isn’t very well-qualified for it. I .................................................. (be) surprised if s h e .................................................... (get) it. 9 I hope to play tennis tom orrow if the w e a th e r (be) nice. (phone)while I ...................................(be) 10 I’m going out now. If a n y b o d y ............................... out, can you take a message?. 25.2. Make one sentence from two. 1 It will stop raining soon. Then w e’ll go out. w & u go out when ....ịầ..5topỐ.--rcỊ;mMig.;............................................................. 2 I'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address. I ................................. w h e n .................................................................................................. 3 I'll do the shopping. Then I'll com e straight back home. .... — .......— .......................................... a fte r .................................................. ....................... ........................... 4 It’s going to getdark. Let'sgo home before that. — ................. b e fo r e ................................... .............................................................................. 5 She must apologise to me first. I w on ’t speak to her until then. .................................. u n t il....................................................................................................... 2 5 .3. Read the situations and complete the sentences.. 1 A friend o f yours is going on holiday. You want to know what she is going to do. You ask: What are you going to do when pj y fe .o n ,hpU4iUj.................................................... Ĩ 2 A friend o f vours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there’s time for some more coffee. You ask: Would you like som e more coffee b e fo r e ................................................................................ ? 3 You want to sell your car. Jim is interested inbuying it, but he hasn’t decided yet. You ask: Can you let me know as soon a s ................................................................................................ ? 4 Your friends are going to N ew York soon. You want to know where they’re going to stay. You ask: Where are vou going ro stay w h e n ............................................................................................ ? 5 The traffic is very bad in your tow n, but they are building a new road at the moment. You say: I rhink things will be better when th e y ........................................................................................ 2 5 .4. Put in when or if.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. D on ’t w o r r y (if I’m late tonighr. Tom might phone while I’m our this evening.......................he does, can you take a message? I’m going to Rome next w eek.........................I’m there, Ỉ hope to visit a friend o f mine. I think Jill will get the job. I’ll be very surprised...................she doesn’t get it. I'm going shopping.......................you want anything, I can get it for you. I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone y o u ...................I get back. I want you to come to the party, b u t you don’t wanr to come, that’s all right. We can eat at home o r ,.....................you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.. Additional exercises 12-15 (pages 309-11), 32 (page 321).

(59) Unit. 26. Can, could and (be) able to We use can to say that som ething is possible or allowed, or that som ebody has the ability to do something. We use can + infinitive (can do / can see etc.): □ We can see the lake from our bedroom window. □ ‘I haven’t got a pen.’ ‘You can use mine.’ □ Can you speak any foreign languages? □ I can come and see you tomorrow if vou like. □ The word ‘play’ can be a noun or a verb. The negative is can’t (= cannot): □ I’m afraid I can’t come to the parry on Friday. You can say that som ebody is able to do something, but can is more usual: □ We are able to see the lake from our bedroom window. But can has only tw o forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to. Compare: □ 1 can’t sleep. □ Tom can com e tomorrow. □ Maria can speak French, Spanish and English.. □ 1 haven’t been able to sleep recently. c Tom might be able to come tomorrow. □ Applicants tor the job must be able to speak tw o foreign languages.. Sometimes could is the past o f can. We use could especially with: see hear smell taste feel remember understand □ We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake. □ As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas. □ I was sitting at the back o f the theatre and couldn’t hear very well. We also use could to say that som ebody had the general ability or permission to do something: □ My grandfather could speak five languages. □ We were totally free. We could do w hat we wanted. (= we were allowed to do) Could and was able to We use could for general ability. But if you want to say that somebody did something in a specific situation, use was/were able to or managed to (not could): □ The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape / managed to escape. (not could escape) □ We didn’t know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to findhim in rhe end. (not could find) Compare: □ M ike (= he bu t M ike him.. was an excellent tennis player when he w as vounger. He could beat anybody. had the general ability to beat anybody) and Pete played tennis yesterday. Pete played very w ell, but M ike managed to beat (= he managed to beat him in this particular game). The negative couldn’t (could not) is possible in ail situations: □ M y grandfather couldn’t swim. □ We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn’t find him. □ Pete played well, but he couldn’t beat Mike.. 52. Could (do) and could have (done) -» Unit 27. Must and can't - * Unit 28. Can/could you ... ? -» Unit 37.

(60) Exercises 26.1. Unit 26. Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible; otherw ise use (be) able to.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26.2. Gary has travelled a lot. H e SftQ speak five languages. I haven’t bmn to sleep very well recently. N ic o le ........................................drive, but she hasn’t got a car. I used t o stand on my head, but I can’t do it now. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve n e v e r understand him. I can’t see you on Friday, but I ......................................meet you on Saturday morning. Ask Catherine about vour problem. She m ig h t........................................help you.. W rite sentences about yo urself using the ideas in brackets.. 1. (something you used to be able to do) I u s e d to be able,................................... to sing well;..................................................................... 2. .. (something vou used to be able to do) I used ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 (something you w ould like to be able to do) I'd.......................................................... _ _ _ _ _ ....... ......................................................................... 4 (something you have never been able to do) I 'v e .......................................... ................................................................................................................ .... 26.3. Complete the sentences with can/can't/eould/couldn't + the fo llo w ing :. ie m e 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 6.4. eat. hear. run. sleep. wait. I’m afraid I to your partv next week. When Tim was 16. h e .................................................. 100 metres in 11 seconds. 'Are you in a hurry?’ ‘N o , I've got plenty o f time. I ..................................................... ’ I w as feeling sick yesterday. I .................................................... anything. Can you speak a little louder? I .................................................... you very well. 'You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I .................................................. last night.’. Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to . . . .. 1 A: Did everybody escape from the fire? B: Yes, although the fire spread quickly, ev ery b o d y L.S£?4P?:.......................... 2 A: Did you finish your work this afternoon? B: Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so I .................................................................................. 3 A: Did you have.difficultv finding our house? B: N o t really. Your directions were good and v v e.......................................................................... 4 A: Did the thief get away? B: Yes. N o-on e realised whar was happening and the thief ..................................... ................. 26.5. Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. M v grandfather travelled a lot. H e speak five languages. I looked everywhere tor the book, but I SÔÍỔẲaỉíỉr find it. Thev didn't want to com e with us at first, but w e !SSi&3£ib..te persuade them. Laura had hurt her leg a n d .................................................... walk very well. Sue w asn’t at home when I phoned, but I contact her at her office. I looked very- carefully and I .................................................... see som ebody in the distance. I wanted to buy some tom atoes. The first shop I went to didn’t have any, but I .................................................... get some in the next shop. 8 M y grandmother loved music. S h e play the piano very well. 9 A girl fell inro rhe river, but fortunately w e .................................................... rescue her. 10 I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I .................................................... take any photographs.. 53.

(61) Unit. 27. Could (do) and could have (done) We use could in a number o f ways. Sometimes could is the past o f can (see Unit 26): □ Listen. I can hear something, (now) □ I listened. I could hear something, (past) But could is not only used in this way. We also use could to talk about possible actions n o w or in the future (especially to make suggestions). For example: □ A: What shall we do this evening? B: We could go to the cinema. □ A: When you go to Paris next month,. you could stay with Julia. B: Yes, I suppose I could. • 1 -II _ mv7 L Can is also possible in these sentences ( We can go to the cinem a.’ etc.). With could, the suggestion is less sure.. . ( We could go to the cinema.. V________________________-. We also use could (not can) for actions which are not realistic. For example: □ I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week, (not I can sleep for a week) Compare can and could: □ I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris, (realistic) □ Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris, (possible, but less sure) □ This is a wonderful piace. I could stay here for ever, (unrealistic) We also use could (not can) to say that something is possible now or in the future. The meaning is similar to might or may (see Unit 29): □ The story could be true, but I don’t think it is. (not can be true) □ I don’t know what time Liz is com ing. She could get here at any rime. D. We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare: □ I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week, (now) I was so tired, I could have slept for a week, (past) □ The situation is bad, but it could be worse, (now) The situation was bad, but it could have been worse. Ipast) Something could have happened = it w as possible but did n ot happen: □ Why did you stay at a hotel when you were in Paris? You could have stayed with Julia, (you didn’t stay with her) □ I didn’r know that you wanted ro g o to the concert. I could have got you a ticket. (I didn’t get you a ticket) □ Dave was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he’s OK. We use couldn’t to say that something would not be possible now: □ I couldn’t live in a big city. I’d hate it. (= it w ouldn’t be possible for □ Everything is fine right now. Things couldn’t be better.. me). For the past we use couldn’t have (done): □ We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better. □ The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn’t have gone anyway because he was ill. (= it w ould not have been possible for him to go). 54. Couldn't have (done) -* Unit 28B Could and might -» Unit 29C Could I/you ... ? -» Unit 37 Could with if - * Units 38C, 39E, 40D Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) - * Appendix 4.

(62) Exercises 27.1. Unit 27. Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could.. n. ^ 1 S ' Where shall w e eo tor our h o lid a y s? \ 2 What shall w e have for dinner tonight? ì h í ì l ì ĨI nphone h n n p Angela? AnapliJ^ W hen cshall W hat shall I give Ann for her birthday? Where shall we hang this picture?. 27.2. 27.3. Z...-„.ZI..._ZZZZZZZZZZ. (fish) We (now) Y o u ............................................................. (a book) ................................................................. (in the kitchen) ..................................................... In som e of these sentences, you need could (not can). Change the sentences where necessary. 1 The story can be true, but I don't think it is. 2 It’s a nice day. We can go for a walk.. m ỈSaầÂ„.}SSí..Ềữ&Sr.................................................. .Q.^....t?oulc|..gojs_also possible}..................... 3 I’m so angrv with him. I can kill him! 4 If you ’re hungry, w e can have dinner now. 5 It's so nice here. 1 can stay here all day, but unfortunately I have to go. 6 A: W here’s rav bag. Have you seen it? B: N o , but it can be in rhe car. 7 Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he can also plav the piano. 8 A: I need to borrow a camera. B: You can borrow mine. 9 The weather is nice now, but it can change later.. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................. ......................................................... ....................... ................................................................................. -............................................................... ........................................................................... ...... Complete the sentences. Use could or could have + a suitable verb.. 1 A: B: 2 A: B: 3 A: B: 4 A: B: 5 A: B: 6 A: B: 2 7.4. / f t o Scotland) IWe3c0uj^^o..to„.Scotlajn<Jl.._. W hat shall we do this evening? I don't mind. W e to the cinema. I had a very boring evening at home yesterday. Why did you stay at home? Y o u .......................................................... out with us. There’s an interesting job advertised in the paper. Y o u ............................................... for it. W hat sort o f job? Show me the advertisement. H ow w as your exam? Was it difficult? It wasn't so bad. I t ...........................................................worse. I so t verv w et walking home in the rain last night. W hv did you walk? Y o u ...........................................................a taxi. Where shall we meet tomorrow? Weil, I ...........................................................to y our house if you like.. Complete the sentences. Use couldn't or couldn't have + these verbs (in the correct form ):. be. be. com e. find. get. live. wear. 1 I in a big city, rd hate it. 2 We had areally good holiday. I r C Q Ị Ạ ị ầ : ) better. 3 I .................................................... that hat. I’d look silly and people would laugh at me. 4 We managed to find rhe restaurant you recommended, but w e ................................................... it w ith o u t rhe m ap rhar you drew for us. 5 Paul has to get up at 4 o'clock every morning. I don’t know how he does it. I .................................................. up at that time every day. 6 The staff at the hotel were really nice when we stayed there last summer. They more helpful. 7 A: I tried to phone you last week. We had a party and I wanted to invite you. B: That was nice of you, but I .................................................. anyway. I was away all last week. -* Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13).

(63) Must and can't Study this example: c My house is very near the motorway.^. c It. must. A You can use must to say that you believe something is certain: □ You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired. (Travelling is tiring and you’ve been travelling all day, so you must be tired.) □ ‘Jim is a hard worker.’ ‘Jim? You must be joking. He doesn’t do anything.’ □ Carol must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day. □ I’m sure Sally gave me her phone number. I must have it somewhere. You can use can’t to say that you believe something is not possible: □ You’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after eating a meal. You’ve just eaten, so you can’t be hungry.) □ They haven’t lived here for very long. They can’t know many people. Study the structure: be (tired / hungry / ar work etc.) be (doing / going / joking etc.) do / get / know / have etc.. For the past w e use must have (done) and can’t have (done). Study this example: Martin and Lucy are standing at the door of their friends’ house. They have rung the doorbell twice, but nobody has answered. Lucy says: They must have gone out.. □ □ □ □. 1 didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. ‘I’ve lost one of my gloves.’ ‘You must have dropped it som ewhere.’ Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t have got my message. Tom walked into a wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.. Study the structure:. I/you/he (etc.). must can’t. have. been (asleep / at work etc.) been (doing / looking etc.) gone / got / known etc.. You can use couldn’t have instead o f can’t have: □ Sue couldn’t have got my message. □ Tom couldn’t have been looking where he was going. Can't ('I can't swim' etc.) -* Unit 26 Must ('I must go' etc.) - * Units 31-32 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) —►Appendix 4 American English -» Appendix 7.

(64) Exercises 28.1. Put in must or can't.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28.2. You’ve been travelling all day. Y o u í!?M.§ÍL.. be tired. That restaurant............................... be very good. It’s always full o f people. That restaurant................................. be very good. It’s always empty. I’m sure I gave you the key. Y o u ............................... have it. Have you looked in your bag? You’re going on holiday next week. Y o u ................................. be looking forward to it. It rained every day during their holiday, so t h e y ................................ have had a very nice time. Congratulations on passing vour exam. Y o u ................................. be very pleased. You got here very quicklv. Y o u ................ ...............have walked very fast. Bill and Sue alwavs travel business class, so th e y ............................... be short o f money.. Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words) in the correct form .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10. 28.3. Unit 28. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I m u s t it somewhere. They haven't lived here for very long. They can’t many people. Ted isn’t at work today. He m u s t.............. .......................ill. Ted w asn’t at work last week. He m u s t........................................ill. (the doorbell rings) I wonder w ho that is. It c a n 't Mary. She’s still at work at this time. Sarah knows a lot about films. She m u s t........................................to the cinema a lot. Look. James is putting on his hat and coat. He m u s t........................................out. I left my bike outside the house last night and now it has gone. Somebody must ............... it. Amy was in a very difficult situation when she lost her job. It can’t ........................................easy for her. There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last twenty minutes. He m u s t .............. us.. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to w rite sentences w ith m ust have and can ’t have.. 1 The phone ran£, but I didn't hear it. (I / asleep) I ròu s t . have been a sle e p ........................................................................................................................... 2 Sue hasn't contacted me. (she / get / my message) Sh e can’t got mtj m e ssa g e . ............... ...................................................................................... 3 The jacket vou bought is very good quality, (it / very expensive) 4 I haven'r seen the people next door for ages, (they / go away) 5 I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night) 6 Dave, w ho is usually verv friendly, walked past me w ithout speaking, (he / see / me) 7 There was a man standing outside the café. (he / wait / for somebody) 8 Liz did the opposite of w hat I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said) 9 When I got back to my car, the door was unlocked. (I / forget / to lock it) 10 I was w oken up in the night by the noise next door, (the neighbours / have / a party) 1 1 The light was red, but the car didn’t stop, (the driver / see / the red light). Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13).

(65) Unit. 29. May and might 1 Study this example situation: You are looking for Bob. N obody is sure where he is, but you get some suggestions.. c. Where's Bob?^. ^ He may be in his officeT). - perhaps he is in his office). ^ He might be having lunchT^. = perhaps he is having lunch). ~ y~ ( Ask Ann. She might kno w /). (= perhaps she knows). We use may or might to say that som ething is a possibility. Usually you can use may or might, so you can say: □ It may be true, or It might be true. (= perhaps it is true) □ She might know, or She may know. The negative forms are may not and might not (or m ightn’t): □ It may not be true. (= perhaps it isn’t true) □ She might not work here any more. (= perhaps she doesn’t work here) Study the structure:. I/you/he (etc.). may might. (not). be (true / in his office etc.) be (doing / working / having etc.) know / work / want etc.. For the past w e use may have (done) or might have (done): □ A: I wonder w hy Kate didn’t answer the phone. B: She may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep) □ A: I can’t find my bag anywhere. B: You might have left it in the shop. (= perhaps you left it in the shop) □ A: I was surprised that Kate w asn’t at the meeting yesterday. B: She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know) □ A: I wonder why David was in such a bad mood yesterday. B: He may not have been feeling well. (= perhaps he w a sn ’t feeling well) Study the structure:. I/you/he (etc.). may might. (not) have. been (asleep / at home etc.) been (doing / working / feeling etc.) known / had / wanted / left etc.. Could is similar to may and might: □ It’s a strange story, but it could be true. (= it may/might be true) □ You could have left your bag in the shop. (= you may/might have left it) But couldn’t (negative) is different from may not and might not. Compare: □ Sarah couldn’t have got my message. Otherwise she w ould have replied. (= it is not possible that she got my message) □ I wonder why Sarah hasn’t replied to my message. I suppose she might not have got it. (= perhaps she didn’t get it, and perhaps she did). 58. Could -* Unit 27 May/might 2 -* Unit 30 May I Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) -» Appendix 4. Unit 37C. Might with if -* Units 30B, 38C, 400.

(66) Exercises 29.1. Unit 29. Write these sentences in a different way using might. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps. Helen is in her office........................... ....................................................................................... Helen is busy. -........................................................................ she is working. she wants to be alone................................................................................................................. she was ill yesterday............................ ....................................................................................... she went hom e early............................ ............ ........................................................................... she had to go home early..................................... ........................................ .......................... she was working yesterday.. —... In sentences 9-11 use might not. 9 Perhaps she doesn't want to see me............................................... ................. ........ ............................ 10 Perhaps she isn’t working today...................... ....................................................................................... 11 Perhaps she w asn’t feeling well yesterday. ....................................................................................... 29.2. Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form. 1 ‘W here’s Sam?’ i ’m not sure. He m ig h t lunch.’ 2 ‘W ho is that man with Emily?’ ‘I’m not sure. It m ig h t........................... herbrother.’ 3 A: W ho w as the man w e saw w ith Anna yesterday? B: I’m not sure. It m a y ......................................her brother. 4 A: W hat are those people doing by the side of the road? B: I don’t know. They m ig h t......................................for a bus. 5 "Do vou have a stamp?’ ‘N o, but ask Simon. He m a y ...................................... one.’. 29.3. Read the situation and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use might. 1 1 can't find Jeff anywhere. I wonder where he is. a (he / go / shopping) ............................................................. b (he / play / tennis) He JwujHt be..plAyw?.a...feei?.r!feS.: ................. ..................... 2 I’m looking for Sarah. D o you know where she is? a (she / watch / TV / in her room) ..................................................................................................... b ( s h e / g o / o u t ) ................................................................................................................. ..................... 3 I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it? a (it / be / in the car) ............................................................ b (you / leave / in the restaurant last night) ..................................................................................... 4 W hy didn't Dave answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was at home at the time. a (he / go / to bed early) ........................................................................................................................ b (he / not / hear / the doorbell) ............................................................................. .......... ......... ........ c (he / be / in the shower) ................................ ..................................................................................... 29.4. Complete the sentences using m ight not have ... or couldn’t have ... . 1 A:D o you think Sarah got the message we sent her? B: N o , she w ould have contacted us ............................................. 2 A:I was surprised Kate w asn’t at the meeting. Perhaps she didn’tknow about it. B: That’s possible Skie might not Ha v e knoiAjn abou t dt......................................................... 3 A: I wonder whv they never replied to our letter. D o you think they received it? B: M aybe not. T h e y .................................................................................................................................. 4 A: I wonder how the fire started. Was it an accident? B: N o , the police say i t ...................................... ..... ............................................ 5 A: M ike says he needs to see you. He tried to find you yesterday. B: Well, h e .......................................................................... very hard. I was in my office all day. 6 A: The man you spoke to - are you sure he was American? B: N o , I’m not sure. H e ............................................................................................................................ -* Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13). -..

(67) May and might 2 We use may and might to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future: □ 1 haven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Ireland. (= perhaps I will go there) □ Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later. (= perhaps it will rain) □ The bus isn’t always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (= perhaps we will have to wait) The negative forms are may not and might not (mightn’t): □ Liz may not go out tonight. She isn’t feeling well. (= perhaps she will not go out) □ There might not be enough time to discuss everyrhing at the meeting. (= perhaps there will not be enough time) Compare will and may/might: □ I’ll be late this evening, (for sure) □ I m ay/m ight be late this evening, (possible) Usually you can use may or might. So you can say: □ I may go to Ireland, or I might go to Ireland. □ Jane might be able to help you. or Jane may be able to help you. But we use only might (not may) when the situation is not real: □ If I were in Tom ’s position, Ĩ might look for another job. The situation here is not real because I am not in Tom’s position (so I’m not going to look for another job). M ay is not possible in this example. There is also a continuous form: may/might be -ing. Compare this with will be -ing: □ D on’t phone at 8 .3 0 . I’ll be watching the film on television. □ D on ’t phone at 8 .3 0 . I might be watching (or I may be watching) the film on television. (= perhaps I’ll be watching it) We also use may/might be -ing for possible plans. Compare: □ I’m going to Ireland in July, (for sure) □ I may be going (or I might be going) to Ireland in July, (possible) But you can also say ‘I may go (or I might go) with little difference in meaning. M ight as well Rose and Clare have just missed the bus. The buses run every ^ What shall we do? Shall. We might as well. It's a nice I don't want to wait here for. C. We m ight as well do som ething = We should do it because there is no better alternative. There is no reason not to do it. M ay as well is also possible. □ A: W hat time are you going out?. B: Well, I’m ready, so I m ight as w ell go now. □ Buses are so expensive these days, you may as well get a taxi. (= taxis are as good, no more expensive) Will be -ing —» Unit 24. May/might 1 -» Unit 29. May I. Unit 37. Might with if -* Units 38C, 40D.

(68) Exercises 30.1. Unit 30. Write sentences with might. 1 Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland???) I haven’t decided vet ...90. . . .............................................. 2 What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes???) I'm not sure vet. I ..................................................................................................... 3 What are you doing this weekend? (go to London???) I haven’t decided yet................................................................................................... 4 When is Tom com ing to see us? (on Saturday???) He hasn't said vet -........- ............................V...................................................... 5 Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining room???) I haven't made up my mind yet............................................................................... 6 W hat is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university???) She's still thinking about it.......................... .............................................................. 30.2 Complete the sentences using might + the following: bite 1 2 3 4 5 6. break. need. slip. wake. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. I t TÍ&I1Ế.SÓĨ}. later. Don't make too much noise. Y o u .................................................... the baby. Be careful o f that dog. I t ............................................... you. I don ’t think we should throw that letter away. W e .................................................... it later. Be careful. The footpath is very icy. Y o u ............................................... Don't let the children play in this room. T h e v .................................................... something.. 30.3 Complete the sentences using might be able to or m ight have to + a suitable verb. 1 2 3 4. I can’t help you, but w hy don't you ask Jane? She ............................you. I can’t meet you this evening, but I you tomorrow. I’m not working on Sarurday, but I .................. on Sunday. I can com e to the meeting, but I ...........................................................................................before the end.. 30.4 Write sentences with might not. 1 I'm not sure that Liz will come to the party. Liz wight not come, to tikie party........................................................................................... 2 I'm not sure that I'll go out this evening. I ......................................................................................................... 3 I’m nor sure rhat we'll get tickets for the concert. We .1..... .......................................................................................... 4 I'm not sure that Sue will be able to com e out with us this evening.. 30.5. Read the situations and make sentences with might as well. 1 You and a friend have jusr missed rhe bus. The buses run every hour. You say: We'll have to wait an hour for the next bus. 2 You have a free ticket for a concert. You’re not very keen on the concert, but you decide to go. You say: I -................................................. to the concert. It’s a pity to waste a free ticket. 3 You've just painted your kitchen. You still have a lot o f paint, so why not paint the bathroom too? You say: W e .................................................................................................... There’s plenty o f paint left. 4 You and a friend are at home. You’re bored. There’s a film on TV starting in a few minutes. You say: ................................................................................................. There’s nothing else to do.. -» Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13).

(69) Unit. 31. Have to and must have to do som ething = it is necessary to do it, I am obliged to do it: □ You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. □ I have to wear glasses for reading. □ George can’t com e out with us this evening. He has to work late. Last week Tina broke her arm and had to go to hospital. I haven’t had to go to the doctor for ages. We use do/does/did in questions and negative sentences (for the present and past simple): □ What do I have to do to get a new driving licence? (not W hat have I to do?) □ Karen doesn’t have to work Saturdays, (not Karen hasn’t to) □ Why did you have to leave early? You can use have to with will and might/may: □ If the pain gets w orse, you’ll have to go to the doctor. □ I might have to work late tom orrow evening, or I may have to work ... (= it’s possible that I will have to) M ust is similar to have to: □ It’s later than I thought. I must go.. or. I have to go.. You can use must to give your ow n opinion (for example, to say what you think is necessary, or to recommend som eone to do something). Have ro is also possible: □ I haven’t spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her. (= I say this is necessary) □ Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him. (I recommend this) We use have to (n ot must) to say what som eone is obliged to do. The speaker is not giving his/her ow n opinion: □ I have to work from 8.30 to 5.30 every day. (a fact, not an opinion) □ Jane has to travel a lot for her work. But must is often used in written rules and instructions: □ Applications for the job must be received by 18 May. □ (exam instruction) You must write your answers in ink. You cannot use must to talk about the past: □ We had to leave early. (n ot we must) M ustn’t and don ’t have to are completely different: You m ustn’t do som ething = it is necessary that you do n ot do it (so don’t do it): □ You must keep it a secret. You m ustn’t tell anyone. (= don’t tell anyone) □ I promised I would be on rime. I m ustn’t be late. (= I must be on time). You don’t have to do something = you don't need to do it (but you can if you want): □ You d on ’t have to tell him, bur you can if you want to. □ I don’t have to be at the meeting, but I think I’ll go anyway.. You can use have got to instead o f have to. So you can say: □ I’ve got to work tomorrow. or I have to work tomorrow. □ When has Liz got to go? or When does Liz have to go?. 62. Must (‘You must be tired') -» Unit 28. Must/mustn't/needn't - * Unit 32.

(70) Exercises 31.1. Unit 31. Complete the sentences with have to I has to I had to. 1 Bill starts work at 5 a.m at four, (he / get up) 2 ‘I broke my arm last week.' ‘ pỊ^..y.?kL]íM&..Ì£>....!}P. to hospital?’ (you / go) 3 There was a lot o f noise from the street................................................................................. the window. (we / close) 4 Karen can’t stay for the w hole meeting........................................................................early, (she / leave) 5 H ow o l d ............................................................................................to drive in your country? (you / be) 6 I don’t have much tim e.................................................................................................................... (I / hurry) 7 H ow is Paul enjoving his new job? .......... .................................................................a lot? (he / travel) 8 ‘I'm afraid I can't stay long.’ ‘What t im e .......................................................................... ?’ (you / go) 9 ‘The bus w as late again.’ ‘H ow lo n g ................................................................................ ?’ (you / wait) 10 There was nobody to help me. Ỉ ........................................................... everything by myself. (I / do). 31.2. Complete the sentences using have to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are positive (I have to ... etc.) and some are negative (I don’t have to ... etc.): ask. do. drive. get up. go. make. make. pay. show. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. I’m not working tomorrow, so I early. Steve didn’t know how to use the computer, so I him. Excuse me a moment - I ............................................................................. a phone call. I w on’t be long. I’m not so busy. I have a few things to do, but I ................................................................... them now. I couldn’t find the street I wanted. I ......................................................somebody for directions. The car park is free. Y o u to park your car there. A man was injured in the accident, but h e .......................................................... to hospital because it w asn’t serious. 8 Sue has a senior position in the company. S h e .................................................... important decisions. 9 When Patrick starts his new job next m onth, h e ................................................................. 50 miles to work every day.. 31.3. In som e of these sentences, must is wrong or unnatural. Correct the sentences where necessary. 1 It’s later than I thought. I must go...............................QK-.....(.b.aveJO../s. ajso. correct^................................ 2 3 4 5 6 7. 31.4. I must work every dav from 8.30 to 5.30.............. ......................................................................................... You must com e and see us again soon.................... ......................................................................................... Tom can’t meet us tomorrow. He must w ork................................................................................................ I must work late yesterday evening.......................... ......................................................................................... I must get up early tomorrow. I have lots to d o ........................................................................................... Julia wears glasses. She must wear glasses since she was very young. ........... .............................................. ................-.......-................ Complete the sentences with m ustn't or don't/doesn't have to.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. I don't want anyone to know about our plan. Y o u rn.wswt.;.. tell anyone. R ich a rd M£$Ỵ)Ấ..hỌzỵ£...ịQ...... wear a suit to work, but he usually does. I can stay in bed tom orrow morning because I .................................................................go to work. Whatever you do, y o u .................................................................touch that switch. It’s very dangerous. There’s a lift in the building, so w e .................................................................climb the stairs. Y o u .................................................................forget what I told you. It’s very important. S u e ............................................................... get up early, but she usually does. D on ’t make so much noise. W e ................................................................. wake the children. I .................................................. eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet. Y o u ................................................................. be a good player to enjoy a game o f tennis.. Additional exercise 16 (page 311).

(71) Must. mustn't. M ust. needn’t. m ustn’t. needn't. You must do som ething = it is necessary that you do it: □ D on ’t tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret. □ We haven’t got much time. We must hurry. You m ustn’t do som ething = it is necessary that you do not do it (so don’t do it): □ You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anybody else. (= don’t tell anybody else) □ We must be very quiet. We m ustn’t make any noise. You needn’t do som ething ± you don’t need to do it (but you can if you like): □ You can com e with me if you like, but you needn’t come if you don’t want to. (= it is nor necessary for you to come) □ We’ve got plenty o f time. We needn’t hurry. (= it is not necessary to hurry) Instead o f needn’t, you can use don’t/doesn’t need to. So you can say: □ We needn’t hurry, or We don’t need to hurry. Remember that we say don ’t need to do, but needn’t do (w ithout to). N eedn’t have (done) Study this exam ple situation: I needn't have brought the umbrella. J. I think it's goil I'll take the un. Paul had to go out. He thought it was going to rain, so he took the umbrella.. But it didn’t rain, so the umbrella was not necessary. So he needn’t have taken it.. He needn’t have taken the umbrella = He took the umbrella, but this was not necessary. Compare needn’t (do) and needn’t have (done): □ Everything will be OK. You needn’t worry, (it’s nor necessary) □ Everything was OK. You needn’t have worried, (you worried, but it was not necessary) Didn’t need to (do) and needn’t have (done) I didn’t □ I □ I I didn’t. need to ... = it was not necessary for me to ... didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t. didn’t need to get up early, but it was a lovely have to ... is also possible in these examples.. (andIknew morning,so. this at the time): I. did.. I needn’t have done som ething = I did it, but n ow 1 k n o w that it was not necessary: □ I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn’t take me long to get ready. So, I needn’t have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.. Must (‘You must be tired’) -* Unit 28 Have to and must -» Unit 31 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) -► Appendix 4 American English - * Appendix 7.

(72) Exercises 32.1. Complete the sentences using needn't + the following verbs: ask 1 2 3 4 5 6. 32.2. Unit 32. come. explain. 4eave^. tell. walk. We’ve got plenty o f time. W e yet. I can manage the shopping alone. Y o u .................................................... with me. We all the way home. We can get a taxi. Just help yourself if you'd like more to eat. Y o u .................................................. first. We can keep this a secret between ourselves. W e .................................................. anybody else. I understand the situation perfectly. Y o u .................................................. further.. Complete the sentences with must, mustn't or needn't. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. We haven’t got much time. W e hurry. We’ve got plenty o f time. W e hurry. We have enough food at home, so w e ................................. go shopping today. Gary gave me a letter to post. I ................................remember to post it. Gary gave me a lerter to post. I ............................... forget to post it. There’s plenty of time for vou to make up vour mind. Y o u ................................decide now. Y o u ............................... wash those tom atoes. They’ve already been washed. This is a valuable book. Y o u ................................. look after it carefully and y o u .............................. lose it. 9 A: W hat sort o f house do you want to buy? Something big? B: Well, i t ................................. be big - that’s not so important. But i t ................................. have a nice garden - that’s essential.. 32.3. Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have. 1 Paul went out. He took an umbrella because he rhought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain. He needn't have, taken cin umbreUa........................ ~......................................................... 2 Linda bought som e eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. S h e ................................................................................................................... . 3 A colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was unnecessary. Later you say ro him: Y o u ................................................................................................................................. 4 Brian had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery. H e ............. .................. ............... ............................................................................................................ 5 We took a camcorder with us on holiday, but w e didn’t use it in the end. We ......... .................. ........................................... .......................... 6 I thought I was going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes................................................................................................................ 32.4. Write two sentences for each situation. Use needn't have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the example). For could have, see Unit 27. 1 W hy did you rush? Why didn’t you take your time? You needn't h&ve rushe d . You could token Ij o u r. time...................................................... 2 W hy did YOU walk home? w h y didn’t you take a taxi? 3 Why did you stay at a hotel? Why didn’t you stay with us? 4 W hy did she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn’t she wait until the morning?. 5 Why did you leave without saying anything? Why didn’t you say goodbye?. Additional exercises 16-17 (pages 311-12}.

(73) Should 1 You should do som ething = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to give an opinion: □ You look tired. You should go to bed. □ The government should do more to reduce crime. □ ‘Should we invite Susan to the parry?’ ‘Yes, I think we should.’ We often use should with I think / I don’t think / D o you think ... ?: □ I think the government should do more to reduce crime. □ I don’t think you should work so hard. □ ‘D o you think I should apply for this job?’ ‘Yes, I think you should.’ You shouldn’t do som ething = it isn’t a good thing to do: □ You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers. Should is not as strong as must or have to: □ You should apologise. (= it would be a good thing to do) □ You must apologise. / You have to apologise. (= you have no alternative) You can use should when som ething is not right or what you expect: □ I wonder where Tina is. She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal) □ The price on this packet is wrong. It should be £ 2 .50, not £ 3 .5 0 . □ That man on the m otorbike should be wearing a helmet. We also use should to say that we expect som ething to happen: □ She’s been studying hard for the exam , so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass) □ There are plenty o f hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be difficult to find som ew here to stay. (= I don’t expect it to be difficult) You should have done something = you didn’t do it, but it would have been the right thing to do: □ You missed a great parry last night. You should have come. Why didn’t you? (= you didn’t com e, but it would have been good to come) □ I wonder why they’re so late. They should have arrived long ago. You shouldn’t have done som ething = you did it, but it was the wrong thing to do: □ I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much. (= I ate too much) □ She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private. (= she was listening) Compare should (do) and should have (done): □ You look tired. You should go to bed now. □ You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier. Ought to ... You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences on this page. We say ‘ought to d o ’ (with to): □ D o you think I ought to apply for this job? (= Do you think I should apply ... ?) □ Jack ought not to go to bed so late. (= Jack shouldn’t go ...) □ It was a great party last night. You ought to have come. □ She’s been studying hard for the exam , so she ought to pass.. Should 2 - * Unit 34. Should and had better -» Unit 35B. Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) -» Appendix 4.

(74) Exercises 33.1. For each situation, write a sentence with should or shouldn't + the fo llo w ing: go-away for a few days put som e pictures on the walls 1 2 3 4 5 6. 33.2. Unit 33 go to bed so late take a photograph. look for another job use her car so much. Liz needs a change............................................... Your salary is very low. Y o u ............................................................................. Jack always has difficulty gerringup. H e .............................................................................. W hat a beautiful view! Y o u ............................................................................. Sue drives everywhere. She never walks. S h e ............................................................................... Bill’s room isn’t very interesting.. Read the situations and write sentences with I think/l don't think ... should ... . 1 Peter and Cathy are planning to get married. You think it’s a bad idea. I don’t ữiink tínùị s hould get m arried................................................................................................... 2 Jane has a bad cold but plans to go out this evening. You don’t think this is a good idea. You say to her: ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Peter needs a job. He's just seen an advertisement for a job which you think would be ideal for him, but he’s not sure whether to apply or not. You sav to him: I th in k ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 The government wants to increase taxes, butyou don'tthink this is a good idea.. 33.3. Complete the sentences with should (have) +the verb in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6. D ia n e §b.2!r5M...i?MS rhe exam . She's been studying very hard, (pass) You missed a great parry last night ..... (come) We don't see you enough. Y o u .................................................................and see us more often, (come) I'm in a difficult posirion. W hat do you chink I ................................................................. ? (do) I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I ...............................................................what you said, (do) I’m playing tennis with Jane tomorrow. S h e ......................................................... - she’s much better than me. (win) 7 We lost the match, bur w e __________________________ Wewere the better team, (wi 8 i s M ike here yet?’ ‘N o t yet, but h e ....................................................... here soon.’ (be) 9 I posted the letter three days ago, so i t ...........................................................bv now. (arrive). 33.4. Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn’t. Some o f the sentences are past and som e are present. 1 I'm feeling sick. I are too much ............................................... 2 That man on the motorbike isn't wearing a helmet. That’s dangerous. H e sh ou ld be wearing g. helm et. •..................................~ ............................................................. 3 When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one. We ....... ................ ................ ............................................................................................................................ 4 The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o ’clock now, but the shop isn’t open yet............................................................................................................................................................. 5 The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50. S h e .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Laura gave me her address, but I didn’t write it down. N ow I can’t remember it. I r. .......'..................................... ..... . ................ ....................... ................ ....................... I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back o f his car. It w asn’t my fault. The driver in ir o n r ....................................................................... ......................................................................... 8 I walked into a wall. I was looking behind me. I wasn’t looking where I was going.. Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13).

(75) Should 2 You can use should after a number o f verbs, especially: demand □ □ □ □. insist. propose. recommend. suggest. They insisted that we should have dinner with them. I demanded that he should apologise. W hat do you suggest I should do? I insist that som ething should be done about the problem.. We also say i t ’s important/vital/necessary/essential that ... should □ It’s essential that everyone should be here on time. You can also leave out should in all the sentences in Secrion A: □ It’s essential that everyone be here on time. (= that everyone should be here) □ I demanded that he apologise. (= that he should apologise) □ W hat do you suggest I do? □ I insist that som ething be done about the problem. This form (be/do/have/apologise etc.) is sometimes called the subjunctive. It is the same as the infinitive (without to). You can also use normal present and past tenses: □ It’s essential that everyone is here on time. □ I demanded that he apologised. After suggest, you cannot use to ... (‘to do / to buy’ etc.). You can say: □ What do you suggest we should do? or What do you suggest we do? (but n ot Whar do you suggest us to do?) □ Jane suggested that I (should) buy a car. or Jane suggested that I bought a car. {but not Jane suggested me to buy) You can also use -ing after suggest: What do you suggest doing? See Unit 53. You can use should after a number of adjectives, especially: strange. odd. funny. typical. natural. interesting. surprised. surprising. □ It’s strange that he should be late. H e’s usually on time. □ I was surprised that he should say such a thing. If ... should ... You can say i f som ething should happen . For example: □ If Tom should phone while I’m out, tell him I’ll call him back later. ‘If Tom should phone’ is similar to ‘If Tom phones’. With should, the speaker feels that the possibility is smaller. Another example: □ We have no jobs at present. But if the situation should change, w e’ll let you know. You can also begin these sentences with should (Should something happen ...): □ Should Tom phone, tell him I’ll call him back later. You can use I should ... / I shouldn’t ... to give somebody advice. For example: □ ‘Shall I leave now ?’ ‘N o , I should wait a bit longer.’ Here, I should wait = I w ould w ait if I were you, I advise you to wait. Two more examples: □ ‘I’m going out now. Is it cold?’ ‘Yes, I should wear a coat. □ I shouldn’t stay up too late. You’ll be tired tomorrow.. Should 1 -» Unit 33. American English -» Appendix 7.

(76) Exercises 34.1. Unit 34. Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence. 1 ‘I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,’ the doctor said to me. The doctor recommended t h a t .................................................. 2 ‘You really must stay a lirrle longer,’ she said ro me. She insisted that I ....................... .......................................................................................... 3 ‘Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?’ I said to them. .................. ........................................................................................................... I suggested t h a t 4 ‘You must pay the rent by Friday,’ the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded t h a t —...... ........................................................................................... 5 ‘Why don’t you go away for a few days?’ Jack said to me. Jack suggested t h a t.............. ............. .................................................................................................... 34.2. Are these sentences right or wrong? 1 a b c d 2 a b c. 34.3. Tom suggested that I should look tor another job Q.K-..................................................................... Tom suggested that I look for another job. .............................................................................. Tom suggested chat I looked for another job. .............................................................................. Tom suggested me to look tor another job. .............................................................................. Where do you suggest I go tor my holiday?........................................................ .................................... Where do you suggest me to go for my holiday? .............................................................................. Where do you suggest I should go for my holiday? ............................................................................... Complete the sentences using should + the following: ask 1 2 3 4 5 6. 34.4. ^. leave. listen. say. worry. It’s strange that he ....sHcukiJ?.?: late. H e’s usually on time. It's funny that y o u .........................................................that. I was going to say the same thing. It’s onl%- natural that p a ren ts.........................................................about their children. Isn't it typical o f Joe that h e ........................................................without saying goodbye to anybody? I was surprised that t h e y .......................................... me for advice. What advice could I give them? I’m ^oing to give vou all som e essential information, so it’s important that everybody ................................................ very carefully.. Use the words in brackets to com plete these sentences. Use If ... should ... . 1 i'm so in e out now , tell him I’ll call him back this evening. (Tom / phone) 2 I've hung the washing out ro dry on the balcony. ..................................................................................... , can you bring the washing in, please? (it / rain) 3 I think evervthing will be OK ..............................................................................................any problems, I'm sure we'll be able to solve them, (there / be) 4 1 don’t want anyone to know where I’m going............................................................................................ , just say that you don't know, (anyone / ask) Write sentences 3 and 4 again, this time beginning with Should. 5 13) S h o u ld ........................................................................................., I’m sure w e’ll be able to solve them. 6 141 ................................................... , just say that you don’t know.. 34.5. (Section E) Complete the sentences using I should + the following: buy 1 2 3 4. keep. phone. ‘Shall I leave now?’ ‘N o , a hit longer.’ "Shall I throw these things away?’ ‘N o , ................................................them. You may need them .’ ‘Shall I go and see Paul?’ ‘Yes, b u t .................................................... him first.’ i s it worth repairing this TV set?' ‘N o , .................................................. a new one.’. 69.

(77) Had better. It's time .... Had better (I’d better / you ’d better etc.) I'd better do som ething = it is advisable to do it. If I don’t do it, there will be a problem or a danger: □ I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late. □ ‘Shall I take an umbrella?’ ‘Yes, you’d better. It might rain.’ □ We’d better stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty. The negative is I’d better not (= I had better not): □ ‘Are you going out tonight?’ i ’d better not. I’ve got a lot to d o.’ □ You don ’t look very well. You’d better not go to work today. Remember that: The form is ‘had better’ (usually ‘I’d better / you’d better’ etc. in spoken English). □ I’d better phone Carol, hadn’t I? Had is normally past, but the meaning of had better is present or future, not past. □ I’d better go to rhe bank now / tomorrow. We say ‘I’d better d o’ (not to do). □ It might rain. We’d better take an umbrella. (n o t We’d better to take) Had better and should Had better is similar to should but not exactly the same. We use had better only for a specific situation (not for things in general). You can use should in all types of situations to give an opinion or give advice: □ Ir’s late. You’d better go. / You should go. (a specific situation) □ You’re always at home. You should go out more often, (ingeneral - n ot ‘had better g o ’) Also, with had better, there is always a danger or a problem if you don’t follow the advice. Should only means ‘it is a good thing to do . Compare: □ It’s a great film. You should go and see it. (but no problem if you don’t) □ The film starts at 8.30. You’d better go now or you’ll be late. It’s time ... You can say It’s time (for som ebody) to ... : □ It’s time to go home. / It’s time for us to go home. But you can also say: □ It’s late. It’s time w e went home. Here we use the past (went), but the meaning is present, not past: □ It’s 10 o ’clock and he’s still in bed. It’s time he got up. (not It’s time he gets up) It’s time you did som ething = you should have already done it or started it. We often use this structure to criticise or to complain: □ It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long after their bedtime. □ You’re very selfish. It’s time you realised that you ’re not the m ost important person in the world. You can also say It’s about time . . . . This makes the criticism stronger: □ Jack is a great talker. But it’s about time he did something instead of just talking.. Should 1 -* Unit 33.

(78) Exercises 35.1. Unit 35. Read the situations and write sentences with had better or had better not. Use the words in brackets. 1 You’re going out for a walk with Tom. It looks as if it might rain. You say to Tom: (an umbrella) We-’d better take <m umbrella..................................~..................................................... 2 Michael has just cut himself. It’s a bad cut. You say to him: (a plaster) ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 You and Kate plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It’s a popular restaurant. You say to Kate: (reserve) W e ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Jill doesn’t look very well - not well enough to go to work. You say to her: (work) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 You received the phone bill four weeks ago, but you haven’t paid it yet.If you don’t pay soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself: (pay) ........-— ........................................................................................... — ......... 6 You want to go out, but you’re expecting an important phone call. You say to your friend: (go out) I ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 You and Liz are going to the theatre. You’ve missed the bus and you don’t want to be late. You say to Liz: (a taxi) .................................................................. .................................................................... 35.2. Put in had better where suitable. If had better is not suitable, use should. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I have an appointment in ten minutes. I .....go now or I’ll be late. It’s a great film. You................. ...go and see it. You’ll really like it. I ........................................get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do. When people are driving, t h e y keep their eyes on the road. I’m glad you came to see us. Y o u ....................................... com e more often. She’ll be upset if %ve don ’t invite her to the wedding, so w e ......................................invite her. These biscuits are delicious. Y o u ....................................... try one. I think ev ery b o d y........................................learn a foreign language.. 35.3 Complete the sentences. Som etim es youneed only one word, som etim es 1 b c d 2 a b c. 35.4. two.. a I need some money. I’d b e tte r .3?..t o the bank. John is expecting you to phone him. You ..............betterphone him now. ‘Shall I leave the w indow open?’ ‘N o , you’d b e tter .........................it.’ We’d berter leave as soon as p o ssib le ,................................. we? It’s time the g overn m en t................................. som ething about the problem. It’s time so m eth in g ........... about the problem. I think it’s about time y o u ................................. about other people instead of only thinking about yourself.. Read the situations and write sentences with It's tim e (somebody did som ething). 1 You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11 o ’clock.. It ’s time the, driddrvn Ifjere. In b ed ..................... ...................... 2 You haven't had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now. It’s time I ......................................................................................... 3 You’re sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It’s already five minutes late. 4 You enjov having parries. You haven’t had one for a long rime. 5 The com pany you work for has been badly managed for a long time. You think som e changes should be made. 6 Andrew has been doing the same job for the last ten years. He should try something else.. —* Additional exercise 16 (page 311).

(79) Would We use w ould (’d) / w ouldn’t when we imagine a situation or action (= we think o f something that is not real): □ It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can’t afford it. □ I’d love to live by the sea. □ A: Shall I tell Chris w hat happened? B: N o , I w ouldn’t say anything. (= I w ouldn’t say anything in your situation) We use w ould have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (= things that didn’t happen): □ They helped us a lot. I d on ’t know what w e’d have done (= we w ould have done) without their help. □ I didn’t tell Sam what happened. He w ouldn’t have been pleased. Compare w ould (do) and w ould have (done): □ I would phone Sue, but I haven’t got her number, (now) I would have phoned Sue, but I didn’t have her number, (past) □ I’m not going to invite them to the party. They w ouldn’t come anyway. I didn’t invite them to the parry. They w ouldn’t have come anyway. We often use would in sentences with if (see Units 3 8 -4 0 ): □ I would phone Sue if I had her number. □ I w ould have phoned Sue if I’d had her number. Compare will (’II) and would (’d): □ I’ll I’d □ I’ll I’d. stay a stay a phone phone. bit longer. I’ve got plenrv o f time. bit longer, but I really have to go now. (so I can’t stay longer) Sue. I’ve got her number. Sue, but I haven’t got her number, (so I can’t phone her). Sometimes w ould/w ouldn’t is the past o f w ill/w on’t. Compare: present □ TOM: I’ll phone you o n Sunday. □ ANN: I p ro m ise I w o n ’t b e late. □ LIZ: D am n ! T h e c a r w o n ’t start.. past Tom said he’d phone me on Sunday. Ann promised that she w ouldn’t be late. Liz was annoyed because her car w ouldn’t start.. Somebody w ouldn’t do som ething = he/she refused to do it: □ I tried to warn him, but he w ouldn’t listen to me. (= he refused to listen) □ The car w ouldn’t start. (= it ‘refused’ to start) You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past: □ When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we w ould all get up early and go for a swim . (= we did this regularly) □ W henever Richard was angry, he w ould walk out of the room. With this meaning, would is similar to used to (see Unit 18): □ Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out o f rhe room.. Will -» Units 21-22 Would you ... ? -* Unit 37A Would ... if -* Units 38-40 Wish ... would -» Unit 41 Would like -* Units 37E, 58 Would prefer I would rather -* Unit 59 Modal verbs -» Appendix 4.

(80) Exercises 36.1. W rite sentences about yourself. Imagine things you would like or w ouldn't like.. 1 2 3 4 5 36.2. Unit 36. ................. (a place you’d love to live) (a job you w ouldn’t like to do) ........................................................................................ (something you would love to do) .................................................................................. (something that w ould be nice to have) ..............................................................-........ (a place you’d like to go to) ............................................. ...... Complete the sentences using would + the following verbs (in the correct form): be. be. do. enjoy. enjoy. They helped us a lot. I don't know what w e. have. pass. stop. wowl4- J ia v e J io n e. without their help.. You should go and see the film. Y o u ................................. ............................it. It’s a pity you couldn't come to the concert yesterday. Y o u .................................................................it. Shall I apply for the job or not? W h a t........................... y o u in my position? I was in a hurry when I saw vou. Otherwise I .................................................................to talk. We took a taxi home last night but got stuck in the traffic. I t ................................................................ quicker to walk. Why don’t you go and see Clare? S h e .................................................................very pleased to see you. Why didn’t you do the exam? I’m sure y o u .................................................................it. In an ideal world, ev ery b o d y .................................................................enough to eat. 36.3. Each sentence on the right follow s a sentence on the left. W hich follows w hich?. It w ouldn’t have been very nice. It would have been fun.. rd like to ge -to-Australia one dftY-. I wouldn't like to live on a busy road. I’m sorry the trip was cancelled. I’m looking forward to going out tonight. I'm glad w e didn’t go out in the rain. I’m not looking forward to the trip. 36.4. Jo .. It w on ’t be much fun. It w ouldn’t be very nice. It will be fun.. W rite sentences using promised + w ould/w ouldn't. 1 I w o n d e r w h y L a u ra is la te. Sh e promis e d .s h e . w ouU ln ’t be...laJbe,.................................................... 2 I w o n d e r w h y Steve h a s n 't p h o n e d . H e p r o m is e d - ................ -..... 3 W h y d id y o u tell J a n e w h a t I said? Y o u ............................................................................................................. 4 I’m su rp rise d they d id n 't w a it fo r us. T h e y ....................................................................................................... 36.5. Complete the sentences. Use w ouldn't + a suitable verb. 1 I tried to w a rn h im , bur h e. w o w y ji..k .U sten. to me.. 2 I a sk e d A m a n d a w h a t h a d h a p p e n e d , b u t s h e ...................................................... m e. 3 P aul w a s very a n g ry a b o u t w h a t I'd said a n d ...................................................... to m e fo r tw o w eeks. 4 M a rtin a insisted o n c a rry in g all h e r luggage. S h e m e h elp her. 36.6. These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Complete the sentences using would + the follo w ing:. forget. 1 W h e n ev e r R ic h a rd w a s angry, h e. help w&y?.. shake. share. - w a it. o u t o f th e ro o m .. 2 W e used to live n e x t to a ra ilw a y line. E very tim e a tra in w e n t p a s t, th e h o u se 3 George was a very kind man. H e ............................... a lw a y s ................................... you if you had a problem. 4 Brenda was always very generous. She didn’t have much, but s h e .................................................. what she had with everyone else. 5 You could never rely on Joe. It didn’t matter how many times you reminded him to do something, h e ................................a lw a y s ..................................... -* Md\V\or\a\ exercises A6-A8 Vpaqes.

(81) Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations) Asking people to do things (requests) We use can or could to ask people to do things: □ Can you w ait a mom ent, please? or Could you wait a moment, please? □ Liz, can you do me a favour? □ Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the airport? N ote that we say D o you think you could ... ? (not can): □ D o you think you could lend me some money until next week? We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual): □ Liz, will you do me a favour? □ Would you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate. Asking for things To ask for som ething, w e use Can I have ... ? or Could I have ... ?: □ (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? □ (during a meal) Could I have the salt, please? M ay I have ... ? is also possible: □ M ay I have these postcards, please? Asking to do things To ask to do som ething, we use can, couid or may: □ (on the phone) H ello, can I speak to Steve, please? □ ‘Could I use your phone?’ ‘Yes, o f course.’ □ D o you think I could borrow your bike? □ ‘May I com e in?’ ‘Yes, please d o.’ M ay is more formal than can or could. To ask to do something, you can also say D o you mind if I ... ? or Is it all right / Is it OK if I ... ?: □ ‘D o you mind if I use your phone?’ ‘Sure. Go ahead.’ □ ‘Is it all right if I com e in?’ ‘Yes, of course.’ Offering to do things To offer to do som ething, you can use Can I ... ?: □ ‘Can I get you a cup of coffee?’ ‘That would be nice.’ □ 'Can I help you?’ ‘N o , it’s all right. I can m anage.’ Offering and inviting To offer or to invite, we use Would you like ... ? [not D o you like): □ ‘Would you like a cup o f coffee?’ ‘Yes, please.’ □ ‘Would you like to com e to dinner tom orrow evening?’ ‘I’d love to .’ I’d like ... is a polite way o f saying w hat you want: □ (at a tou rist inform ation office) I’d like some information about hotels, please. □ (in a shop) I’d like to try on this jacket, please.. Can and could -» Units 26-27 Mind -ing -* Unit 53 Would like -* Units 55A, 58B Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) —► Appendix 4.

(82) Exercises 37.1. Unit 37. Read the situations and w rite questions beginning Can ... or Could ... .. 1 You’re carrying a lot o f things. You can’t open the door yourself. There’s a man standing near rhe door. You say ro him: ...................................... 2 You phone Sue, but som ebody else answers. Sue isn’t there. You want to leave a message for her. You say: ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 You’re a tourist. You want to go to the station, but you don’t know how to get there. You ask at your hotel: .................... ................. ................................................................................................................... 4 You are in a clothes shop. Yousee some trousers you like and you want to try them on. You say to the shop assistant:............................................................................................................................... 5 You have a car. You have to go the same way as Steve, w ho is on foot. You offer him a lift. You say to him: ........... ................................................... ..................................................................................... 37.2. Read the situation and w rite a question using the word in brackets.. 1 You want to borrow your friend's camera. W hat do you say to him? (think) Do nou tinunk I could borrow jjOur caroero-?........................................................................... 2 You are at a friend’s house and you want to use her phone. What do you say? (all right) Is it a ll right i f I use Ijpur phone-?.................................................................................... 3 You’ve written a letter in English. Before you send it, you want a friend to check it for you. What do you ask? (think) ........................................................................................................................................................... .......... 4 You w ant to leave work early. What do you ask your boss? (mind) ...................... 5 The wom an in the next room is plaving music. It’s very loud. You want her to turn it down. What do you say to her? (think) ............................................................................................................................................. 6 You’re on a train. The w indow is open and you’re feeling cold. You’d like to close it, but first vou ask the wom an next to you. ................ .................................................................................................................................................... (OK) 7 You’re still on the train. The wom an next to you has finished reading her newspaper, and y o u 'd like to h av e a lo o k a t it. You ask her. (th in k ). 37.3. ..................................................................................................................................... ............ ......................................... W h a t w ould you say in th e s e situ a tio n s ? 1 P aul h as co m e to see yo u in y o u r flat. You o ffe r him so m e th in g to eat.. YOUPAUL:. Would tjou Like som eth in g to M i ............................................................................................ Ĩ N o , th a n k you. I’ve ju st ea ten .. 2 You need help to c h a n g e th e film in y o u r c a m e ra . You ask K ate.. YOU: KATE:. I d o n 't k n o w h o w to c h a n g e th e film.. ........ ?. Sure. I t’s easy. All you have to d o is this.. 3 Y ou’re o n a bus. Y ou have a seat, b u t an elderly m a n is stan d in g . You offer h im y o u r seat. YOU:............................................................................. ........ ..................................................... ........................... . ? MAN: O h , th a t ’s very k in d o f you. T h a n k you very m u ch . 4 Y o u 're the p assenger in a car. Y our friend is d riv in g very fast. You ask h er to slo w d o w n .. YOU: Y o u 're m a k in g m e very n e rv o u s.................................................................................................... ? DRIVER: O h , I’m sorry. I d id n ’t realise I w as going so fast. 5 Y ou’ve finished y o u r m eal in a re s ta u ra n t a n d n o w you w a n t th e bill. You ask th e w aiter:. YOU: ........................................................................................................................... ? WAITER: R ig h t. I’ll get it for you now. 6 A frien d o f y o u rs is in te re ste d in o n e o f y o u r b o o k s. You in v ite h im to b o rro w it.. FRIEND: T h is lo o k s verv in te restin g . YOU: Yes, it’s a good b o o k ....................................................................................................... ?. 75.

(83) Unit 38. 1f 1do A. .... and If 1did. ■■■. C o m p a re th ese ex am p les: (1) Lisa h as lo st h e r w a tc h . She tells Sue: L isa : I’ve lo st m y w a tc h . H a v e y ou seen it an y w h e re ? Su e : N o , b u t if I find it, I’ll tell you.. In this exam ple, Sue feels there is a real possibility that she will find the watch. So she says: if I find ... , I’ll ... . (2) Joe says: If I found a wallet in the street, I’d take it to the police station. This is a different type o f situation. Here, Joe doesn’t expect to find a wallet in the street; he is imagining a situation that will probably not happen. So he says: if I found ... , i’d (= I would) ... . (not if I find ... , I'll ...) When you imagine som ething like this, you use if + past (if I found / if there was / if we didn’t etc.). But the meaning is not past: □ W hat would you do if you won a million pounds? (we don ’t really expect this to happen) □ I don’t really want to go to their party, but I probably will go. They’d be upset if I didn’t go. □ If there was (or were) an election tomorrow, w ho w ould you vote for?. If I won a million pounds. For if ... was/were, see Unit 39C. We do not normally use w ould in the if-part of the sentence: □ I’d be very frightened if som ebody pointed a gun at me. (not if somebody would point) □ If I didn’t go to their party, they’d be upset, (not If I w ouldn’t go) But you can use if ... w ould when you ask som ebody to do something: □ (from a form al letter) I would be grateful if you would let me know your decision as soon as possible. In the □ □ □. other part of the sentence (not the if-part) we use would fd ) / w ouldn’t: If you took more exercise, you’d (= you would) feel better. I’m not tired. If I went to bed now, I w ouldn’t sleep. Would you mind if I used your phone?. Could and might are also possible: □ If you took more exercise, you might feel better. (= it is possible that you would feel better) □ If it stopped raining, we could go out. (= we w ould be able to go out) J. 76. D o not use when in sentences like those on this page: □ T hey’d be upset if I didn’t go to their parry, (not when I didn’t go) □ What w ould you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not when you were bitten). W ill -► Units 2 1 -2 2 If and w hen -» Unit 250 If I had known -* Unit 40. W ould -* Unit 36. If I knew -* Unit 39.

(84) Exercises. Unit 38. 38.1 Put the verb into the correct form. .. 1 They w ould be offended if I to their party, (not / go) 2 If you took more exercise, you . better, (feel) 3 If thev offered me the job, I think I .................................... it. (take) 4 A lot of people w ould be out of work if the car fa cto r y ............................................... (close down) 5If I sold my car, I .......................... much money for it.(not / get) 6 (in a lift) What w ould happen if so m e b o d y ..............................................that red button? (press) 7 I don’t think there’s any chance that Gary and Emma will get married. I’d be absolutely astonished if t h e y ................................................ (do) 8 Liz gave me this ring. S h e ..............................................very upset if I lost it. (be) 9 Dave and Kate are expecting us. They w ould be very disappointed if we ............................ (not / come) 10 Would Steve mind if I ............................................his bike without asking him? (borrow) 11 What would you do if so m e b o d y .............................................. in here with a gun? (walk) 12 I'm sure S u e .........................................................if you explained the situation to her. (understand) 38.2. You ask a friend to imagine these situations. You ask W hat would you do if ... ? 1 (imagine - you win a lot o f money) WH&fc would do I^f ỊjOu won q. Lot o f monetj?............................................................................ 2 (imagine - you lose your passport) W h a t ......... ........................................................ ............. ........................................... .......................................... 3 (imagine - there’s a fire in the building) 4 (imagine - you’re in a lift and it stops between floors). 38.3. Answer the questions in the way shown. 1 A: Shall w e catch the 10.30 train? B: N o . (arrive too early) If Wfc cau ght th e 10 .30 braứ\s w&ct arrive too eorUj................... 2 A: Is Kevin going to take his driving test? B: N o . (fail) If h e ................................................................................................... ......................... ................... 3 A: Why don’t we stay at a hotel? B: N o . (cost too much) I f .................... ............................................................................................................ 4 A: Is Sally going to apply for the job? B: N o. (not / get it) I f ........................................... 5 A: Let’s tell them the truth. B: N o . (not / believe us) I f ......................................................................................................................... 6 A: Why don’t we invite Bill to the parry? B: N o . (have to invite his friends too). 38.4. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 If y ou to o k m o re e x e r c is e ,... 2 I'd be. very a n g ry. i f ........................................................ 3 If I d id n ’t go to w o rk t o m o r r o w , ........................... 4 W o u ld yo u go to th e p a rry i f .................................... 5 If v o u b o u g h t so m e n ew c l o t h e s , ............................ 6 W ould y o u m in d i f ......................................................... 77.

(85) Unit. 39. If I knew .... I wish I knew. Study this exam ple situation: Sarah wants to phone Paul, but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number. She says:. ^ If I knew his n u m b e r^. If I knew his number, I w ould phone him. Sarah says: If I knew his number ... . This tells us that she d o esn ’t know his number. She is imagining the situation. The real situation is rhar she doesn’t know his number.. When you imagine a situation like this, you use if + past (if I knew / if you were / if we didn’t etc.). But the meaning is present, not past: □ Tom would read more if he had more time, (but he doesn’t have much time) □ If I didn’t w ant to go to the party, I w ouldn’t go. (but I w ant to go) □ We w ouldn’t have any money if we didn’t work, (but we work) □ If you were in my position, what would you do? □ It’s a pity you can’t drive. It would be useful if you could. We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew / 1 wish you were etc.). We use wish to say that w e regret something, that something is not as w e would like it to be: □ I wish I knew Paul’s phone number. (= I don’t know it and 1 regret this) □ D o you ever wish you could fly? (you can’t fly) □ It rains a lot here. I wish it didn’t rain so often. □ It’s very crowded here. I wish there weren’t so many people, (there are a lot o f people) □ I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do. If I were / if 1 was After if and wish, you can use were instead o f was (if I were ... / I wish it were etc.). I was / it was are also possible. So you can say: □ If I were you, I w ouldn’t buy that coat. or If I was you, ... □ I’d go out if it weren’t so cold. or ... if it w asn’t so cold. □ I wish Carol were here. or I wish Carol was here. We do not normally use would in the if-part o f the sentence or after wish: □ If I were rich, I would have a yacht, (not If I would be rich) □ I wish I had som ething to read, (not I wish I would have) Sometimes wish ... would is possible: I wish you would listen. See Unit 41. Could sometimes means ‘w ould be able to ’ and sometimes 'was/were able to ’: □ You could get a better job (you could get = you would be able to get) if you could use a computer, (you could use = you were able to use). 78. Could -» Units 26-27 Wish -» Unit 41. If I do I if I did -* Unit 38. If I had known / 1 wish I had known -» Unit 40.

(86) Exercises 39.1. Unit 39. Put the verb into the correct form. If I (know) his number, I w ould phone him. I (not / buy) that coat if I were you. I ................................................. (help) vou if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. Wewould need a car if w e ....................................................(live) in the country. If w e had the choice, w e ................................................. (live) in the country. This soup isn’t very good. I t .................................................. (taste) better if it w asn’t so salty. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the w ea th er.................................................... (be) better. If I were you, I (not / wait). I .................................................... (go) now. You’re always tired. If y o u ..............(not / go) to bed so late every night, you w ouldn’t be tired all the time. 10 I think there are too manv cars. If th e r e (not / be) so many cars, th e r e ......................................... ........ (not / be) so much pollution.. 39.2. .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Write a sentence with if ... for each situation. 1 We don ’t see you very often because you live so far away. I f ijOu didn't live so -fa r cuođỌỊ, w&d s e e Ijou more o-fte n ........................................................... 2 This book is too expensive, so I'm nor going ro buy it. I’d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1...... i f .................................................. 3 We don’t go out very often - w e can't afford it. We I ................................................................................................... 4 I can’t meet vou tom orrow - I have to work late. If -Ị1 ................................................................ .......... .......................................................................... 5 It’s raining, so we can't have lunch outside. We .1.......... ....... ........ .......... . . .............................................................................................................. 6 I don't want his advice, and that’s why I’m not going ro ask for it. If ................................. 1..................................................................................................... 39.3. W rite sentences beginning I wish ... .. 1 I don't know many people (and I'm lonely).1 ..wlsH.J .knew JTWC....p&opLe... 2 I don't have a mobile phone (and I need one). I w is h ................................... 3 Helen isn't here (and I need to see her)........................................................................ 4 It’s cold (and 1 hate cold weather)................................................................................. 5 I live in a big city (and I don't like it).................................................................. 6 I can’t to the party (and I'd like to)................................................................ 7 I have to work tom orrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). 8 1 don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). 9 I’m nor feeling well (and it’s not nice).. 3 9 .4. W rite your own sentences beginning I wish ... .. 1 (somewhere vou'd like to be now - on the beach, in N ew York, in bed etc.) I wish I ........................................................................................................... 2 (something you'd like to have - a computer, a job, lots o f money etc.) 3 (something vou'd like to be able to do - sing, speak a language, fly etc.) 4 (something you'd like to be - beautiful, strong, rich etc.). Additional exercises 19-21 (pages 313-14).

(87) Unit. 40. If I had known .... I wish I had known .... Study this exam ple situation: Last month Gary was in hospital for a few days. Rachel didn’t know this, so she didn’t go to visit him. They met a few days ago. Rachel said: If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to see you. Rachel said: If I had known you were in hospital ... . This tells us that she d id n ’t know he was in hospital. We use if + had (’d) ... to talk about the past (if I had known/been/done etc.): □ I didn’t see you when you passed me in the street. If I’d seen you, o f course I would have said hello, (but I didn’t see you) □ I decided to stay at home last night.'I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (but I was tired) □ If he had been looking where he was going, he w ouldn’t have walked into the wall. (but he w asn’t looking) o The view was wonderful. If I’d had a camera with me, I would have taken som e photographs, (but I didn’t have a camera) Compare: □ I’m not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something, (now) □ I w asn’t hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something, (past) D o not use would in the if-part o f the sentence. We use would in the other part o f the sentence: □ If I had seen you, I w ould have said hello, (not If I would have seen you) N ote t h a t ’d can be w ould or had: □ If I’d seen you, (I’d seen = I had seen) I’d have said hello. (I’d have said = I would have said) We use had (done) in the same way after wish. I wish som ething had happened = I am sorry that it didn’t happen: □ I wish I’d known that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him. (but I didn’t know) □ I feel sick. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much cake. (I ate too much cake) □ D o you wish you had studied science instead o f languages? (you didn’t study science) D o not use w ould have ... after wish: □ The weather was cold while we were away. I wish it had been warmer, (not I wish it would have been) Compare would (do) and would have (done): □ If I had gone to the party last night, Iwould □ If I had gone to the party last night, Iwould of people - past). betired now. (I am not tirednow - present) have met lots o f people.(Ididn’tmeetlots. Compare w ould have, could have and might have: ’ we would have gone out. we couid have gone out. (= w e w ould have been able to go out) □ If the weather hadn’t been so bad, we might have gone out. (= perhaps we would have gone out). 80. Had done -* Unit 15. If I do. I if I did -*. Unit 38. If I knew. 1 1 wish I knew -». Unit 39. Wish -* Unit 41.

(88) Exercises 40.1. Unit 40. Put the verb into the correct form. 1 I didn’t know you were in hospital. I f l'Ẩ..jísN.9ML.. (I / k n o w ), L.wouUi.H.OjVe.....gonem (I / go) to see you. 2 Sam got to the station just in rime to catch the train to the airport. I f ................................................ (he / miss) the tr a in ,............................................................................. (he / miss) his flight. 3 I’m glad that you reminded me about Amanda’s birthday. ......................................................................... (I / forget) i f (you / not / remind) me. 4 Unfortunately I forgot my address book when I went on holiday. I f .................................................... (I / have) your a d d ress,............................................................................(I / send) you a postcard. 5 A: H ow w as vour holiday? Did you have a nice time? B: Ir w as OK, b u t (we / enjoy) it more if .....................................................(the weather / be) nicer. 6 I took a taxi to the hotel, but rhe traffic was bad.............................................................................. (it / be) quicker i f .............. (I / walk). 7 I’m not tired. I f ................ (I / be) tired, I’d go home now. 8 I wasn't tired last night. I f ............................................................................(I / be) tired, I w ould have gone home earlier.. 40.2. For each situation, write a sentence beginning with If. 1 I w asn’t hungry, so I didn't didn’t eat anything.. l-f I’d been Viungnj, I would ho.ve tữ Ịe n something. 2. ni* accident a r r i n p n f happened n i i n n p n p H because n ^ r - a u c p the r n p rroad n in The. W Tas 4 c icy. Ì/-V w If the r o a d ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 I didn't know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up. If r ...... .............. 1................... 1 ......1 ..- 1’....... .................................... 1 __________ ________________ 4 I was able to buy the car only because Jane lent me the money.. 5 Karen wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt. 6 You didn't have any breakfast - that's why you’re hungrv now. 7 I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money.. 40.3. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish. 1 You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick. You s a y .... i. ...!. . . b . Ặ í Ị r í ì t . . . ...S0...rr;i*cH ............................................................................................ 2 There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. N o w you think that vour decision w as wrong. You say: I wish I .......................................................................................... ........................................................ 3 W hen you were younger, you never learned to play a musical instrument. N o w you regrer this. You say: ......................................................................................................................................... 4 You've painted the gate red. N o w you think that red was the wrong colour. You say: ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 You are walking in the country. You’d like to take som e photographs, but you didn’t bring vour camera. You say: .................................................................................................. .............................................................. . 6 You have som e unexpected guests. They didn’t phone first to say they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them. You say (to yourself): ........................................................................................................................................... Additional exercises 19-2) (pages 313-14).

(89) Unit. 41. Wish You can say ‘I wish you luck / every success / a happy birthday’ etc. : □ I wish you every success in the future. □ I saw Tim before the exam and he wished me luck. We say ‘wish som ebody som ething' (luck / a happy birthday etc.). But you cannot ‘wish that som ething h a p p e n s We use hope in this situation. For example: □ I hope you get this letter before you go away, (not I wish you get) Compare I wish and I hope: □ I wish you a pleasant stay here. □ I hope you have á pleasant stay here, (not I wish you have) We also use wish to say that w e regret som ething, that something is not as w e would like it. When we use wish in this way, we use the past (knew/lived etc.), but the meaning is present: □ I wish I knew what to do about the problem. (I don’t know and I regretthis) □ I wish you didn’t have to go so soon, (you have to go) □ D o you wish you lived near the sea? (you don’t live near the sea) □ Jack’s going on a trip to M exico soon. I wish I was going too. (I’m not going) To say that w e regret something in the past, w e use wish + had ... (had known / had said) etc. : □ I wish I’d known about the party. I would have gone if I’d known.(I didn’tknow) □ It was a stupid thing to say. I wish I hadn’t said it. (I said it) For more exam ples, see Units 39 and 40. I wish I could (do something) = I regret that I cannot do it: □ I’m sorry I have to go. I wish I could stay longer, (but I can’t) □ I’ve met that man before. I wish I could remember his name, (but I can’t) I wish I could have (done something) = I regret that I could nor do it: □ I hear the party was great. I wish I could have gone, (but I couldn’t go) You can say ‘I wish (somebody) w ould (do som ething)’. For example: It’s been raining all day. Jill doesn’t like it. She says: I wish it w ould stop raining. Jill w ould like the rain to stop, but this will probably not happen. We use I wish ... would when we would like something to happen or change. Usually, the speaker doesn’t expect this to happen. We often use I wish ... would to complain about a situation: □ The phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish som ebody would answer it. □ I wish you would do something instead o f just sitting and doing nothing. You can use I wish ... w ouldn’t ... to complain about things that people do repeatedly: □ I wish you w ouldn’t keep interrupting me. We use I wish ... would ... for actions and changes, not situations. Compare:. 82. but. □ I wish Sarah w ould com e. (= I w ant her to come) I wish Sarah was (or were) here now. (n ot I wish Sarah would be). bu t. □ I wish som ebody w ould buy me a car. I wish I had a car. (not I wish I w ould have). I wish I knew -» Unit 39. I wish I was I I wish I were -* Unit 39C. I wish I had known. — Unit 40.

(90) Exercises 41.1. Put in wish(ed) or hope(d).. 1 2 3 4 5 6 41.2. Unit 41. I wish you a pleasant stav here. Enjoy your holiday. I ................................. you have a great time. Goodbye. I ................................vou all the best. We said goodbye to each other a n d ................................. each other luck. We’re going to have a picnic tomorrow, so I ................................. the weather is nice. I ................................. you luck in vour new job. I ................................it works out well for you.. W hat do you say in these situations? W rite sentences with I wish ... would . . . .. 1 It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. You sayI wtsH ii would s t op rainin g ............................................................................................. 2 You’re waiting for Jane. She’s late and you're getting impatient. You say to yourself: I w is h ......................................................................................................................... 3 You’re looking for a job - so far w ithout success. N obody will give you a job. You say: I wish so m e b o d y .......................................................................................................................... 4 You can hear a baby crying. It’s been crving for a long time and you’re trying ro study. You say: .......................................... .............................................................. ........ ......................................... 5 Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes. You say to Brian: ........................................................................................................................................... For the following situations, w rite sentences w ith I wish ... w o u ld n 't. . . .. 6 Your friend drives very fast. You don’t like this. You say ro your friend: I wish y o u .......................................................................................................... 7 Joe leaves the door open all the time. This annoys you. You say to Joe: ........ ....................................................................................................................................... 8 A lot o f people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. You sav: I wish p e o p le -........................................................................................................................... 41.3. Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41.4. I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish I wish. Sarah would be here now. J....Mẽỉĩ....§ỗíẵỈ!....!!iêCê-..b.êỉ£J3Sfc!.s you w ould listen to me. .......... .... ........ .......................... .......... I would have more free time. .................................... .......................... . our flat w ould be a bit bigger. ................................................................ the weather would change. -..... .................................... you w ouldn’t complain all the time..................................................................... everything w ouldn’t be so expensive.................................................................... Put the verb into the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. It w as a stupid thing to say. I wish I it. (I / not / say) I'm fed up with this rain. I w i s h ^..wpuUt...stop. (it / stop) It's a difficult question. [ w i s h ............................................................. the answer. (I / know) I should have listened to you. I w is h .................................................................your advice. (I / take) You're lucky to be going away. I w is h ......................................................... with you. (I / can / come) I have no energy at the moment. I w is h .................................................................so tired. (I / not / be) Aren’t they ready yet? I w i s h up. (they / hurry) Ir would be nice ro stay here longer. I w is h .................................................................to leave now. (we / not / have) When we were in London last year, we didn’t have time to see all the things we wanted to see. longer,(we / can / stay) I w is h ........................................................ It’s freezing today. I w is h so cold. I hate cold weather, (it / not / be) Joe still doesn’t know what he wants to do. I w is h ....................................................... (he/ decide) I really didn’t enjoy the partv. I w is h ................................................................... (we / not / go). 83.

(91) Unit 42. -. Passive 1 (is done / was done) A. Study this example: This house was built in 1935. Was built is passive. Compare active and passive: Somebody built this house subject. This house. in 1935. (active). object. was built in 1935. (passive). subject. When we use an active verb, we say w h at the subject does: □ M y grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1935. □ It’s a big company. It employs rwo hundred people. When we use a passive verb, we say w h at happens to the subject: □ This house is quite old. It was built in 1935. □ Two hundred people are employed by the company. When we use the passive, w ho or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant: □ A lot of money was stolen in the robbery, (somebody stole it, but we don’t know who) □ Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it? - it’s not important who) If w e want to say w ho does or what causes the action, we use by ... : □ This house was built by my grandfather. □ Two hundred people are employed by the company. The passive is be (is/was etc.) + past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.): (be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen etc. For irregular past participles (done/seen/known etc.), see Appendix 1. Study the active and passive forms o f the present sim ple and past simple: Present sim ple active: clean(s) / see(s) etc.. Somebody cleans This room. passive: am/is/are + cleaned/seen etc.. this room. even dav.. is cleaned every day.. □ Many accidents arc caused by careless driving. □ I’m not often invited to parties. □ H ow is this word pronounced? Past sim ple a ctive: cleaned/saw etc.. Somebody cleaned. passive: was/were + cleaned/seen ere.. This room. □ We were woken up by a loud noise during the night. □ ‘Did you go to the party?’ ‘N o , I w asn’t invited.’ □ H ow much money was stolen in the robbery?. 84. Passive 2 -3 -» Units 42-43. By -» Unit 128. this room. yesterday.. was cleaned yesterday..

(92) Exercises 42.1. Unit 42. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form, present or past: overtake. damage show. hold surround. invite translate. make write. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. M any a ccid en ts by dangerous driving. C h e e se .................................................... from milk. The roof o f the b u ild in g .................................................... in a storm a few days ago. Y o u .................................................... to the wedding. Why didn’t you go? A cinema is a place where film s ..................................................... In the United States, elections for president.................................................. every four years. Originally the b o o k in Spanish, and a few years ago it ...................................... into English. 8 Although we were driv ing quite fast, w e .................................................. by a lot o f other cars. 9 You can’t see the house from the road. I t .................................................. by trees.. 42.2. Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past. 1 Ask 2 Ask 3 Ask 4 Ask 5 Ask. 42.3. about about about about about. ................................................................ glass, (h o w /m a k e ? ) television, (when / invent?) ................................................................................................. mountains, (h o w /fo r m ? ) ................................................................................................... Pluto [the pliinet). (when / discover?) .............................................................................. silver, (what / use for?) .......................................................................................................... Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive. 1 It's a big factory. Five hundred p e o p le (employ) there. 2 ..cUak (somebody / clean) this room yesterday? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 42.4. W a ter...................... -......................(cover) m ost of the earth’s surface. H ow much o f the earth's su rfa ce .............................................. (cover) by water? The park g a r e s (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening. The le tte r (post) a week ago and i t (arrive) yesterday. The boat hit a rock a n d ..............................................(sink) quickly. Fortunately everybody ............................. (rescue). Richard s p a ren ts.............................................(die) when he was verv young. He and his sister .........................................................(bring up) by their grandparents. I was born in London, but I ..............................................(grow up) in Canada. While I was on holiday, my c a m e r a .............................................(steal) from my hotel room. While I was on holiday, my c a m e r a ............................................. (disappear) from my hotel room. W h v ...........................................................(Sue / resign) from her job? D idn’t she enjoy it? W hy (Bill / sack) from his job? What did he do wrong? The com panv is not independent. I t (own) by a much larger company. I saw an accident last night. S o m eb o d y .............................................(call) an ambulance but nobody ......... (injure), so the a m b u lan ce........................................................ ....................... (not / need). (these photographs / take)? In London? W h e r e .......................................................................................... .........................................................(you / take) them, or somebody else? Sometimes it’s quite noisy living here,but it’s not a problem for me I ........................................... ............ (not / bother) by it.. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a passive sentence. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Somebody cleans rhe room every dav. ............................. They cancelled all flights because o f fog. A l l ............................................................................................ People don’t use this road much. ................................................................................................... Somebody accused me of stealing money. I ................................................................................................ H ow do people learn languages? H ow ......................................................................................... Somebody warned us nor to go out alone........................................................................................................

(93) Passive 2 (be done being done). I been done I. Study the follow ing active and passive forms: Infinitive active: (to) do/clean/see etc.. Somebody will clean the room. later.. __________________ I passive: (to) be + done/cleaned/seen etc. D □ □ □ □. The room. will be cleaned later.. The situation is serious. Something must be done before it’s too late. A mystery is som ething that can’t be explained. The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away. A new supermarket is going to be built next year. Please go away. I want to be left alone.. Perfect infinitive active: (to) have + done/cleancd/seen etc.. Somebody should have cleaned. passive: (to) have been + done/cleaned/seen etc.. The room. the room. .. should have been cleaned.. □ I haven’t received the letter yet. Ir might have been sent ro the wrong address. □ If you hadn’t left the car unlocked, it w ouldn’t have been stolen. □ There were som e problems at first, but they seem to have been solved.. Present perfect a ctive: have/has + done etc.. The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned. passive:. The room looks nice.. have/has been + done etc.. it. .. It has been cleaned.. □ Have you heard? The concert has been cancelled. □ H ave you ever been bitten by a dog? . □ ‘Are you going to the party?’ ‘N o , I haven’t been invited.' Past perfect active: had + done etc.. The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it. passive:. The room looked nice.. had been + done etc.. It. had been cleaned.. □ The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They had been cooked too □ The car was three years old but hadn’t been used very much.. Present continuous active: am/is/are + (do)ing passive:. am/is/are + being (done). Somebody is cleaning The room. .. long.. the room at themoment.. is being cleaned at the moment.. □ There’s som ebody walking behind us. I rhink we are being followed. □ (in a shop) 'Can I help you?’ ‘N o , thank you. I’m being served.’ Past continuous active: was/were + (do)ing. Somebody was cleaning. the room. _______________________________________. passive-.. was/were + being (done). The room. was being cleaned when I arrived.. □ There was som ebody walking behind us. We were being followed. Passive 1 , 3 - » Units 42, 44. when I arrived.. 3.

(94) Exercises 43.1. What do these words mean? Use it can ... or it c a n 't ... . Use a dictionary if necessary. It 1 2 3. 43.2. Unit 43. som ething is w a sh a b le , ..................... unbreakable, i t ................................................... e d ib le , ............................................................... 4 u n u sa b le,.................................................................. 5 in v isib le,................................................................... 6 p o rta b le,..................................................-................ Complete these sentences with the following verbs (in the correct form): arrest. carry. cause. make. repair. spend. wake up. Sometimes you need have (might have, should have etc.). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. The situation is serious. Something m u s t Ị?£....íỉiộtt£..... before it’s too late. I haven't received the letter. Ir m ig h t to the wrong address. A decision will n o t ............................................................................. until the next meeting. D o you think that more money s h o u ld .................................................................on education? This road is in very bad condition. It sh o u ld .............................................................. a long time ago. The injured man couldn't walk and had t o ................................................................ It's not certain how the fire started, but it m ig h t..................................................................... -.... by an electrical fault. 8 I told the hotel receptionist I wanted t o .....................................................at 6.30 the next morning. 9 If vou hadn't pushed the policeman, you w ouldn’t ............................................................................... 43.3. Rewrite these sentences. Instead o f using somebody or they etc., write a passive sentence. 1 Somebodv has cleaned the room ................................................... 2 Thev have postponed rhe meeting. T h e ....................................................................................................... 3 Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The c o m p u ter .................................. -........ . 4 I didn’t realise that som ebody w as recording our conversation. I didn't realise t h a t .................................. ........................................................................................................... 5 When %ve gor to rhe stadium, we found that they had cancelled the game. When we gor to the stadium, we found t h a t .............................................................................................. 6 They are building a new ring road round the city. 7 They have built a new hospital near the airport.. 43.4. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active, som etim es passive. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. There's som ebody behind us. (I think / we / follow) .......... This room looks different, (you / paint / the walls?) ............. M y car has disappeared, (it / steal!) I t ............................................................................................ Mv umbrella has disappeared, (somebody / take) S o m eb o d y ......................................................... Sam eets a higher salarv now. (he / promote) H e ...................... ......... .............................................. Ann can't use her office at the moment, (it / redecorate) I t ............................................................. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK. (it / work / again ; it / repair) It ............. *...................... I t ....... .................... ............................... When I went into the room, I saw that the table and chairs were not in the same place. (the furniture / move) T h e ........................................................................................................................... The man next door disappeared six months ago. (he / not / see / since then) He . . . . . . . . _ ........... . .............. ............. .......................................................... I wonder how Jane is these days. (I / nor / see / for ages) I ........... ............................................................................................ .......... A friend o f mine was mugged on his way home a few nights ago. (you / ever / mug?). Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15).

(95) Unit. 44. Passive 3 I was offered ... / we were given ... etc. Some verbs can have tw o objects. For example, give: □ Somebody gave the police the information. (= Somebody gave the information to the police) object 1. object 2. So it is possible to make tw o passive sentences: □ The police were given the information, or The information was given to the police. Other verbs which can have tw o objects are: ask offer pay show teach When □ □ □ □. tell. we use these verbs in the passive, m ost often we begin with the person: I was offered the job, but I refused it. (= they offered me thejob) You will be given plenty o f time to decide. (= we will give you plenty o f time) Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anybody show n you?) The men were paid £ 4 0 0 to do the work. (= somebody paid the men £400). Ỉ d on ’t like being ... The passive o f doing/seeing etc. is being done / being seen etc. Compare: active: I d on ’t like people telling me what passive: I don’t like being told what to do.. ro do.. □ I remember being taken to the zoo when I was a child. (= I remember som ebody taking me to the zoo) □ Steve hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting) □ We managed ro climb over the wall without being seen. (= without anybody seeing us) I was born ... We say ‘I was born (not I am born): □ I was born in Chicago. ) □ Where were you born? (not Where are you born?) I ^a$i but □ H ow many babies are born every day? present Get You can use get instead o f be in the passive: □ There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt) □ I don’t often get invited to parties. (= I’m not often invited) □ I’m surprised Liz didn’t get offered the job. (= Liz w asn’t offered the job) You can use get only when things happen. For exam ple, you cannot use get in the following sentences: □ Jill is liked by everybody, (not gets liked - this is not a ‘happening’) □ He was a mystery man. Very little was known about him. (not got known) We use get mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations. We also use get in the follow ing expressions (which are nor passive in meaning): get married, get divorced get lost (= not know where you are) get dressed (= put on your clothes) get changed (= change your clothes). 88. Passive 1-2 -* Units 42-43.

(96) Exercises 44.1. Unit 44. W rite these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown.. 1 Thev didn’t give me the information I needed. I wtfLs n 't . given th e, UP-form a i i o n I nee d e d . ........................................... 2 They asked me som e difficult questions at the interview. I .................................... ...................................................................... 3 Linda’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired. L in d a ................................................................................................................... 4 N obody told me about the meeting. 1 w asn’t ................................................................ ............................................. 5 H ow much will they pay you for your work? H ow much will you ....................................................................................... 6 I rhink rhey should have offered Tom rhe job. I think T o m .................. ................................................................................... 7 Has anybody shown you what to do? Have y o u ................ ............ .............................................................................. 44.2. Complete the sentences using being + the following (in the correct form): give 1 2 3 4 5 6. 44.3. invite. keep. knock down. stick. treat. Steve h a te s bệMg k tp t waiting. We went to the party w ith o u t.................................................................. I like giving presents and I also l ik e ................................................... them. It’s a busv road and I don’t like crossing it. I’m afraid o f .................................................................. I’m an adult. I don’t lik e .................................................................like a child. You can’t do anything a b o u t.................................................................in a traffic jam.. When were they born? Choose five of these people and write a sentence for each. (Two o f them were born in the same year.) Beethoven Agatha Christie 1. Galileo Mahatma Gandhi Martin Lurher King. Elvis Presley Leonardo da Vinci William Shakespeare. 1452 1564 1770. 1869 1890 -Ỉ-9Ô4. 1929 1935. Wa it Disney wets bom in 19 0 1.. 3 ...................... 4 ...................... 5 —. .......... 6. 7 And vou? I 44.4. Complete the sentences using g e t/g o t + the following verbs (in the correct form): ask. damage. hurt. pay. 1 2 3 4 5 6. steal. sting. stop. use. There w as a fight at the party, but n o b o d y SP.L.hw.di...... A le x bv a bee while he was sitting in the garden. These tennis courts d o n 't.................................................... very often. N o t many people want to play. I used to have a bicycle, but i t .................................................... a few months ago. Rachel works hard but doesn’t very much. Last night I .................................................... by the police as I was driving home. One o f the lights on my car w asn’t working. 7 Please pack these things very carefully. I don’t want them t o ..................................................... 8 People often want to know whar my job is. I o f te n .................................................... that question.. Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15).

(97) Unit. 45. It is said th a t... He is said to ... He is supposed to ... Study this exam ple situation: Henry is very old. N obodv knows exactly how old he is, but: It is said that or. He. he is 108 years old.. is said to be 108 years old.. Both these sentences mean: ‘People say that he is 108 years old.' You can use these structures with a number o f other verbs, especially: alleged believed considered expected known reported. thought. understood. Compare the tw o structures: □ Cathv works very hard. It is said that she works 16 hours a day. □ The police are looking for a missing boy. It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. □ The strike started three weeks ago. It is expected that it will end soon. □ A friend o f mine has been arrested. It is alleged that he hit a policeman. □ The tw o houses belong to the same family. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them.. or. She is said to work 16 hours a day.. or. The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.. or. The strike is expected to end soon.. or. He is alleged to have hit a policeman.. or. There is said to be a secret runnel between them.. These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident: □ It is reported that tw o people were or Two people are reported to have injured in the explosion. been injured in the explosion. (Be) supposed to Sometimes (it is) supposed to ... = (it is) said to ... : □ I want to see that film. It’s supposed to be good. (= it is said to be good) □ Mark is supposed to have hit a policeman, but I don't believe it. But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. We use supposed to to say what is intended, arranged or expected, o fte n this is different from the real situation: □ The plan is supposed to be a secret, but everybody seems to know about it. (= the plan is intended to be a secret) □ What are you doing at work? You’re supposed to be on holiday. (= you arranged to be on holiday) □ Our guests were supposed to com e at 7.30, but they were late. □ Jane was supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t. □ I’d better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting Chris in ten minutes. You’re not supposed to do som ething = it is not allowed or advisable: □ You’re not supposed to park your car here. It’s private parking only. □ Jeff is much better after his illness, but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work.. 90.

(98) Exercises 45.1. Unit 45. Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word each time. 1 It is expected that the strike will end soon. The str ik e !i5...MP.^t^....tp„.end..50pn.-...................... 2 It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The wearher i s ...................................................... ................................................................................................ 3 Ir is believed that the thieves got in through a w indow in the roof. The th ie v e s............................................................................................................................................................. 4 It is reported that manv people are homeless after the floods. Many people ..................................................................................................................................................... . 5 It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall. The p rison er................................................................................................................................................... ....... 6 It is alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour. The m a n ............................. .................................................................................................................................... It is reported that the building has been badly damaged bv the fire. The b u ild in g ..................................................................................................................................... .................... 8 a It is said rhar the com pany is losing a lot of money. The c o m p a n y ...................................................................................................................... ........................... b It is believed that the com pany lost a lot o f money last year. The c o m p a n y ........................................................................................................................................ c It is expected that the com pany will make a loss this year. The c o m p a n v ....................................................................... 45.2. rumours about Alan. Here are some of the. There are a lot of. ] f Alan speaks ten languages. J. things people say aboi/t him:. 2 ( He knows a lot of famous people. J. ■? q. ^ He. is very rich.. ^. 4. f. He. has twelve children. ^. 5. ?. He was an actor when he was younger.. -D---------------------. Alan. Nobody is sure whether these things are true. Write sentences about Alan using supposed to.. 1. Alan IS supposed to spe&Jc ten languages............................................. ........................ 2 He. 45.3. Complete the sentences using supposed to be + the following: on a diet. a flower. my friend. a joke. 1 Everybody seems to know about the plan, but i t 2 3 4 5 6 45.4. a secret. working. .^....?.^pp05^...to..be a: $ecret;........................... You shouldn’t criticise me all the time. Y o u .................................................................................................. I shouldn’t be eating this cake really. I ........................................................................................................... I'm sorry for what I said. I w as trying to be funny. I t ............................................................................... What's rhis drawing? Is it a tree? Or maybe i t ............................................................................................. You shouldn’t be reading the paper now. Y o u .............................................................................................. Write sentences with supposed to + the following verbs: arrive. block. park. phone. start. Use the negative (not supposed to) where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5. You .. here. It’s private parking only. We work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30. Oh, I ........................ Helen, but I com pletely forgot. This door is a fire exit. Y o u ..............................................................................it. M y tr a in at 11.30, but it was an hour late.. Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15).

(99) Unit. 46. Have something done Study this exam ple situation: The roof o f Lisa’s house was damaged in a storm. Yesterday a workman came and repaired it. Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Lisa arranged for som ebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t repair it herself.. LISA. We use have something done to say that we arrange for som ebody else to do something for us. Compare: □ Lisa repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself) Lisa had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for som ebody else ro repair ir) □ ‘Did you make those curtains yourself?’ ‘Yes, I enjoy making things.’ ‘Did you have those curtains made?’ ‘N o , I made them m yself.’ Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaứed/cut ere.) is after the object: have Lisa had Where did you have Your hair looks nice. Have you had Our neighbour has just had We are having H ow often do you have I think you should have I don ’t like having. o bject. past participle. the roof vour hair it a garage the house your car that coat my photograph. repaired yesterday. cut? cut? built. painted at the moment. serviced? cleaned. taken.. Get something done You can also say ‘get som ething done’ instead of ‘have something done’ (mainly in informal spoken English): □ When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired) □ I think you should get your hair cut really short. Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. For example: □ Paul and Karen had all their money stolen while they were on holiday. This does not mean that they arranged for som ebody to steal their money. ‘They had all their money stolen’ means only: ‘All their money was stolen from them ’. With this meaning, we use have som ething done to say that something happens to som ebody or their belongings. Usually w hat happens is not nice: □ Gary had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken) □ Have you ever had your passport stolen?. 92.

(100) Exercises 46.1. Unit 46. Tick ( / ) the correct sentence, (a) or (b), for each picture.. u SARAH. (a) Sarah is cutting her hair. (bl Sarah is having her hair cut. 46.2. JOHN. B IL L. (a) Bill is cutting his hair. (b) Bill is having his hair cut.. (a) John is cleaning his shoes. (b) John is having his shoes cleaned.. SUE. (a) Sue is taking a photograph. (b) Sue is having her photograph taken.. Answer the questions using To have som ething done. Choose from the boxes: m v-eaf. my eyes. my jacket. my watch. clean. repair. ^ ervk e. test. 1 Whv did vou go to the garage? ... 2 W hy didyou go to the cleaner’s? T o ................................................ 3 W hy did vou go to the jeweller’s?........................................................ 4 W hy did you go to the optician’s? ................................................... 46.3. Write sentences in the way shown. 1 2 3 4 5. 46.4. Lisa didn't repair the roof herself. S h e ... I didn’t cut my hair myself. I ........................................................ They didn't paint the house themselves. T h e y ........................ John didn't build that wall himself............................................... I didn't deliver the flowers m yself.................................................. Use the words in brackets to com plete the sentences. Use the structure have som ething done. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. W e ^.&..h9ỉiÌJữS..^!S:...ÌĨỊS!!:ỉíSr...SSiĩÈSÀ'. (the house / paint) at the moment. I lost my key. I'll have t o (another key / make). When was rhe last rime y o u ............................................................................. (your hair / cut)? .......................... (you / a newspaper / deliver) to your house everv day, or do you go out and buy one? A: W hat are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, w e (a garage / build). A: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday? B: I'm afraid I ............................................ (not / the film / develop) yet. This coat is dirty. I m u s t............................................................................. (it / clean). If you want to wear earrings, w hy don’t y o u .............................. ........................... ...................................... (vour ears / pierce)? A: I heard your computer w asn’t working. B: That's right, bur it’s OK now. I (it / repair).. In these items, use 'have som ething done' with its second meaning (see Section 10 Gary was in a fight last night. H e. ifS....np?e. broken. D).. (his nose / break).. 11 Did I tell you about Jane? S h e ........................................................................................................................... (her handbag / steal I last week. 12 Did you hear about Pete? H e .......................................................................................(his car / vandalise) a few nights ago.. 93.

(101) Reported speech 1 (He said th a t...) Study this exam ple situation: You want to tell som ebody what Paul said. There are tw o ways of doing this:. feeling ill/^). You can repeat Paul’s words (direct speech): Paul said, ‘I’m feeling ill.’ Or you can use reported speech: Paul said that he was feeling ill. Compare: direct reported. Paul said, ‘. I. am. Paul said that. I he. » was. T feeling ill.’. 1 In writing we use these quotation marks to show direct speech.. feeling ill.. When w e use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past (Paul said that ... / I told her that ... etc.). The rest o f the sentence is usually past too: □ Paul said that he was feeling ill. □ I told Lisa that I didn’t have any money. You can leave out that. So you can say: □ Paul said that he was feeling ill. or. Paul said he was feeling ill.. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech: am/is —» was do/does —* did will —» would are —* were have/has —» had can —►could want/like/know/go etc. —►wanted/liked/knew/went etc. Compare direct speech and reported speech: Later you tell som ebody what Jenny said. You use reported speech:. You met Jenny. Here are som e o f the things she said in direct speech:. □ Jenny said that her parents were very well.. / ‘My parents are very w ell.’ 'N\ ‘I’m going to learn to drive.’. □ She said that she was going to learn to drive.. ‘I want to buy a car.’. □ She said that she wanted to buy a car.. ‘John has a new job.’. □ She said that John had a new job.. i can’t com e to the party on Friday.’. JE N N Y. □ She said that she couldn’t com e to the partv on Friday.. ‘I don’t have much free tim e.’. □ She said she didn’t have much free time.. ‘I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when 1 y g e t back.’__________________y. □ She said that she was going away for a few days and would phone me when she got back.. The p a st sim ple (did/saw/knew etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the p a st perfect (had done / had seen / had known etc.): □ direct Paul said: ‘I w oke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to w ork.’ reported Paul said (that) he w oke up feeling ill, so he didn’t go to work. or Paul said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work. Reported speech 2 -» Unit 48. Reported questions -» Unit 50B.

(102) Exercises 47.1. Unit 47. Yesterday you met a friend o f yours, Steve. You hadn't seen him for a long time. Here are some of the things Steve said to you: 1 I'm living in London. 7 I haven't seen Diane recently.. 2 My father isn't very well 3 Rachel and Mark are getting married next month.. I'm not enjoying my job very much. 9 You can come and stay at my place if you're ever in London.. 4 My sister has had 3 baby.. 10 My car was stolen a few days ago.. 5 I don't know what Frank is doing.. 11. 6 I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.. 12 I'll tell Chris I saw you.. I want to go on holiday, but I can't afford it.. Later that day you tell another friend what Steve said. Use reported speech. 1. Stev e saxct that b t w a s Living in London................................................................................... 2 He said t h a t ........................................................................................................ ............. 3 He I ............ ...................................................... 4 ......................................... . . ................................................................................................ ..................... 5 ............................................................................ ........................... .......................................... .................... 6 .............. .............ZIII........-............ ............. ....... 7 „ . 8 ........................................................................................ 9 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 ............... 11 ..................................................................................................................................... 12 47.2. ............... Somebody says som ething to you which is the opposite of what they said earlier. Complete the answers. 1 A: That restaurant is expensive. B: Is it? I thought you said ÌÍLift!ft§.JíỈ!Síỉỉ?......................................................................................... 2 A: Sue is com ing to the party tonight. B: Is she? I thought you said s h e ........................................................................................................... 3 A: Sarah likes Paul. B: Does she? Last week you s a id ................................................................... 4 A: I know lots o f people. B: D o you? I thought you said ........... 5 A: Jane will be here next week. B: Will she? But didn’t you s a y ...................... 6 A: I’m going out this evening. B: Are you? But you s a id ........................ ................................................................................................. 7 A: I can speak a little French. B: Can you? But earlier you said ..... - ................................................................................... ........ 8 A: I haven’t been to the cinema for ages. B: H aven’t you? I thought you s a i d ....................................................................................................... Additional exercise 25 (page 31G).

(103) Unit. 48. Reported speech 2 It is not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report som ething and the situation h asn ’t changed, you do not need to change the verb to the past: □ direct Paul said, ‘M y new job is very interesting.’ reported Paul said that his new job is very interesting. (The situation hasn’t changed. His job is still interesting.) □ direct reported. Helen said, ‘I want to go to N ew York next year.’ Helen told me that she wants to go to N ew York next vear. (Helen still wants to go to N ew York next year.). Y ou ca n also c h a n g e th e verb to th e past:. □ Paul said that his new job was very interesting. □ Helen told me that she wanted to go to N ew York next year. But if you are reporting a finished situation, you m ust use a past verb: □ Paul left the room suddenly. He said he had to go. (not has to go) You need to use a past form when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true. For example: You met Sonia a few days ago. She said: 'Joe is in hospital.’ (direct speech). Have you heard?. SONIA. Later that day you meet Joe in the street. You say: ‘I didn’t expect to see you, Joe. Sonia said you were in hospital.' (not ‘Sonia said you are in hospital’, because clearly he is not). Say and tell If you say w h o som ebody is talking to, use tell: □ Sonia told me that you were in hospital, (not Sonia said me) □ What did you tell the police? (not say the police). TELL SOMEBODY. Otherwise use say: □ Sonia said that you were in hospital. («o/ Sonia told rhar...) □ What did you say?. SAY SO M E B O D Y. But you can ‘say something to som ebody’: □ Ann said goodbye to me and left. (n ot Ann said me goodbye) □ W hat did you say to rhe police? Tell/ask som ebody to do som ething We also use the infinitive (to do / to stay etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests): D direct ‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me. reported The doctor told me to stay in bed tor a few days. □ direct ‘D on’t shout,’ I said to Jim. reported I told Jim not to shout. □ direct 'Please don’t tell anybody what happened,’ Jackie said to me. reported Jackie asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened. You can also say ‘Somebody said (not) to do som ething’: □ Jackie said not to tell anyone. (bu t not Jackie said me). 96. Reported speech -* Unit 47. Reported questions -* Unit 50B.

(104) Exercises 48.1. Unit 48. Here are som e things that Sarah said to you: ^ I've never been to the United States. ^ l^an’t drive. ^. ý. I don't have any brothers or sisters.^. \ don't like fish. ^. Jane has a very well-paid job.^. I'm working tomorrow evening ing. ^. is a friend of mine. ^. ^ D ave-is. But later Sarah says som ething different to you. What do you say? Sarah. JY. Dave works very hard. Let’s have fish for dinner. I'm going to buy a car. Jane is always short o f money. M y sister lives in Paris. I think N ew York is a great place. Let’s go out tom orrow evening. I've never spoken to Jane. 48.2. Complete the sentences with say or tell (in the correct form). Use only one word each time. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 48.3. A n n ẾQÍế. goodbve to me and left. ......................... us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time? Don't just stand there! ........................... something! I wonder where Sue is..S h e ......................... she would be here at 8 o ’clock. D a n ......................... methat he w as bored with his job. The d o c to r ...........................that I should rest tor at least a week. D o n 't ...........................anybody what I ...............................It's a secret just between us. "Did s h e you what happened?’ ‘N o, she didn’t ........................... anything to m e.’ Gary couldn't help me..H e .............me to ask Caroline. G a r y couldn't help me.H e .............. to ask Caroline.. The following sentences are direct speech: c Don’t wait for me if I’m lateT^. Please slow down! ^ ; Htirry upj ). Mind your own business. ^ Can you open your bag, please? ^. ( Will you marry me? J. 7. - — ^. ^ Don’t worry, Sue. ^ ^ Could you get a newspaper? ^. ________—. —. Now choose one of these to com plete each o f the sentences below. Use reported speech. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I ............................................ Sarah was driving too fast, so I a sk e d ........................................................................................................ Sue was nervous about the situation. I t o l d ..............-.................................................................. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I .... The custom s officer looked at me suspiciously a n d ............................................................................... Tom was going to the shop, so I .................................................................................................................. The man started asking me personal questions, so I ............................................................................. John was very much in love with Mary, so h e ........................................................................................ I didn’t want ro delay Helen, so I ................................................................................................................ Additional exercise 25 (page 316). s. ( D o you think you could give me a hand, Tom? 1.

(105) Unit. 49. Questions 1 In questions w e usually put the subject after the first verb: subject + verb verb + subject Tom you the house. —* —>. will have was. will have was. c c. Tom? you? the house?. Will Tom be here tomorrow? Have you been working hard? c When was the house built?. Remember that the subject com es after the first verb: □ Is Catherine working today? (not Is working Catherine) In present sim ple questions, w e use do/does: you the film. live begins. -* -». do does. you live? the film’ begin?. □ D o you live near here? c What time does the film begin?. you sell? the train stop?. □ Did you sell your car? □ Why did the train stop?. [n past sim ple questions, we use did: you the train. sold —► stopped ->. did did. But do not use do/does/did if w ho/w hat etc. is the subject o f the sentence. Compare: who subject. w ho object Emma telephoned. 1-----------o b j e c t ------------------W ho. Somebody. som ebody .. telephoned Emma.. subject -------- 1. did Emma telephone?. W ho. telephoned Emma?. In these exam ples, who/what etc. is the subject-. □ Who wants som ething to eat? (not W ho does want) □ What happened to you last night? (not What did happen) □ How many people came to the meeting? (not did come) a Which bus goes to the centre? (not does go) N ote the position o f prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where ... ?: □ Who do you want to speak to? D What was the weather like yesterday? □ Which job has Ann applied for? □ Where are you from? You can use preposition + whom in formal style: □ To whom do you wish to speak?. Isn’t it ... ? / Didn’t you ... ? etc. (negative questions) We use negative questions especially to show surprise: □ Didn’t you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times, or when we expect the listener to agree with us: □ ‘Haven’t we met somewhere before?’ ‘Yes, I think we have.’ N ote the meaning o f yes and no in answers to negarive questions: _ , , _ . f Yes. (= Yes, I want to go) □ Don t you want to go to the party? { " _ , , _ ___ 7 b I N o - (= N o > 1 d ° n r want to g°) N ote the word order in negative questions beginning Why ... ?: □ Why don’t we go out for a meal tonight? (n ot Why we don’t go) □ Why wasn’t Mary at work yesterday? (not Why Mary w asn’t). 98. Questions 2 -► Unit 50. Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.) -» Unit 52.

(106) Exercises 49.1. Unit 49. Ask Joe questions. (Look at his answers before you w rite the questions.). i\ 1 /(w h e r e / live?) (born there?) ............... (married?) .................... (how long / married?). 49.2. /in M a n c h e ste n N o , I was born in London. Yes. 17 years.. (children?). Yes, tw o boys.. (how old / thev?) . (w h a t/d o ? ) .......... (whar / wife / do?). 12 and 15. I’m a journalist. She’s a doctor.. Make questions w ith who or w hat.. 9 10. 11. 12 49.3. ,Z \. Somebody hit me. I hit somebody. Somebody paid the bill. Something happened. Diane said something. This book belongs to somebody. Somebody lives in that house. I fell over something. Something fell on the floor. This word means something. I borrowed the money from somebody. I'm worried abour som ethingy1. Who hut you ? Who did (jOu hi t ? W ho ..._______ W h a t................................ Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are questions.. 1 (when / was / built / this house) ....................... (how / cheese / is / made) ..................................................................................... .......... (when / invented / the computer / was) ....................................................................... (why / Sue / working / isn’t / today) ............................................................................. (what time / com ing / your friends / are) .................................................................... (why / was / cancelled / the concert) ............................................................................ (where / vour mother / was / born) .............................................. (why / you / to the parry / didn’t / come) ................................................................... 9 (how / the accident / did / happen) ....................................................1.......................... 10 (why / this machine / doesn’t / work) .......................................................................... 4 9 .4. W rite negative questions from the words in brackets. In each situation you are surprised.. 1 A: B: 2 A: B: A: B: A: B:. We w on ’t see Liz this evening. Why not? (she / not / com e / to the party?) I hope we d don’t on ’t meet David tonight. Why? (you / not / like / him?) .. Don't go an d see th a t film. Why not? (it / not / good?) ...... I’ll have to b o rro w som e money. Why? (you / not / have / any?). to. [&..partyl.......... 99.

(107) Unit. 50. Questions 2 (Do you know where ... ? He asked me where ...). I. D o you know where ... i l l don’t know why ... / Could you tell me what ... ? etc. Where has Tom gone?. We say: but. > <. D o you know where Tom has gone?. ....... (not D o you know where has Tom gone?). When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a longer sentence (Do you know ... ? / I don’t know ... / Can you tell me ... ? etc.), the word order changes. We say: □ What time is it? □ W ho are those people?. but Do you know what time it is? I don’t know who those people are.. Q W here can I find Lind a?. Can you tell me where ] can find Lind a?. □ H ow much will it cost?. Do you have any idea how much it will cost?. Be careful with do/does/did questions. We say: □ What time does the film begin?. but. D Whar do you mean? □ Why did she leave earlv?. Do you know what time the film begins? (not does the film begin) Please explain whar you mean. I wonder why she left early.. Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.): □ Did anybody see you?. but. Do you know if anybody saw you? or ... whether anybody saw vou?. He asked me where ... (reported questions) The same changes in word order happen in reported questions. Compare: □ direct reported □ direct reported. The police officer said to us, ‘Where The police officer asked us where. are you going ?’. we were going .. do the banks dose ?’ I Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed Clare said, ‘What time. In reported speech the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed etc.). See Unit 47. Study these exam ples. You had an interview for a job and these were som e o f the questions the interviewer asked you: ^ Are you willing to travel?^. W hat do you do in your spare time? ^. How long have you been working in your present job?. (^Why did you apply for the job?^. (^Can you speak any foreign languages?. Do you have a driving licence? ^. Later you tell a friend what the interviewer asked you. You use reported speech: □ She asked if (or whether) I was w illing to travel. □ She wanted to know what I did in my spare time. □ She asked how long I had been working in my present job. □ She asked why I had applied for the job. (or ... why I applied) □ She wanted to know if (or whether) I could speak any foreign languages. □ She asked if (or whether) I had a driving licence.. 100. Reported speech —►Units 47-48.

(108) Exercises 50.1. Make a new sentence from the question in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. 50.2. Unit 50. (Where has Tom gone?) Do you k n o w ... (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me w h e r e ........................ (What’s the time?) I w o n d e r ..................................................................... (What does this word mean?) I w ant to k n o w ................................... (What time did they leave?) D o you k n o w .......................................... (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don’t k n o w ............................................. (Where does Caroline live?) D o you have any id e a .......................... (Where did I park the car?) I can’t rem em ber.................................... (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell m e ...................................... (What do you want?) Tell m e .................................................................. (Why didn’t Kate com e to the part)'?) I don’t k n o w ... (H ow much does it cost to park here?) D o you know. (W ho is that woman?) I have no id e a .............................. (Did Liz get my letter?) D o you k n o w ............................. IH ow far is it ro the airport?) Can you tell m e .............. You are making a phone call. You w ant to speak to Sue, but she isn’t there. Somebody else answers the phone. You w ant to know three things: (1 ) W here has she gone? (2) W hen w ill she be b ack? and (3) Did she go out alone? Complete the conversation: A: D o you know w h e r e. ............................................................................... ? (1) B: Sorry, I've got no idea. A: Never mind. I don't suppose you k n o w .................................................................................................... (2) B: N o , I'm afraid not. A: One more thing. D o you happen to k n o w ........................................................................................... ? (3) B: I’m afraid I didn’t see her go out. A: OK. Well, t h a n k you a n y w a y . G oodbye. 50.3. You have been aw ay for a w hile and have ju st come back to your home town. You meet Tony, a friend of yours. He asks you a lot of questions: 1 f How are you? J. \r. 2. —ir. What are you doingnow?-^. 6 f Where are you living? J. V^. V. 7 f Are you glad to be back? J. Where have you been? ^. 3 ^ How long have you been back?). 4. 5 f Why did you come back? J. f. Tony. 8 ( Do you have any plans to go away again?^ J. 9 (^"car^you Can you lend me some money? money?~^)). Now you tell another friend what Tony asked you. Use reported speech.. 1. He OLSktd. me how I Idas................................................................. 2 He asked m e ..................................................................................................................................... 3 He. ................................................................................................................ ......... ........... 4 ................................................................................................................................ 5 .................................................................................................................... ................ 6. Additional exercise 25 (page 316). ................................. 101.

(109) Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so 11 hope so etc. In each o f these sentences there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb: I She The hotel Where. have can’t was do you. lost come built live?. my keys. to the party. ten years ago.. In these examples have/can’t/was/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs. You can use an auxiliary verb when you don’t want to repeat something: □ ‘Have you locked the door?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ (= I have locked the door) □ George w asn’t working, but Janet was. (= Janet was working) □ She could lend me the money, but she w on ’t. (= she w on ’t lend me the m oney) Use do/does/did for the present and past simple: □ ‘D o you like onions?’ ‘Yes, I d o.’ (= I like on ion s) □ ‘D oes Simon live in London?’ 'He did, but he doesn’t any m ore.’ You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what som ebody says (= say it is not true): □ ‘You’re sitting in my place.’ 'N o, I’m n ot.’ (= I’m not sitting in your place) □ ‘You didn’t lock the door before you left.’ ‘Yes, I did.’ (= I locked the door) We use have you? / isn’t she? / do they? etc. to show interest in what somebody has said or to show surprise: □ i ’ve just seen Sim on.’ ‘Oh, have you? H ow is he?’ □ ‘Liz isn’t very well today.’ ‘Oh, isn’t she? W hat’s wrong w ith her?’ □ ‘It rained every day during our holiday.’ 'Did it? What a pity!’ □ ‘Jim and Nora are getting married.’ ‘Are they? Really?’ We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither: □ ‘I’m feeling tired.’ ‘So am I.’ (= I’m feeling tired too) □ i never read newspapers.’ ‘Neither do I.’ (= I never read newspapers either) □ Sue hasn’t got a car and neither has Martin. N ote the word order after so and neither (verb before subject): □ I passed the exam and so did Paul, (not so Paul did) Instead o f neither, you can use nor. You can also use not ... either: □ ‘I don’t know .’ ‘Neither do I.’ or ‘N or do I.’ or ‘I don’t either.’ I think so / I hope so etc. After som e verbs you can use so when you don’t want to repeat something: □ ‘Are those people English?’ ‘I think so .’ (= I think they are English) □ ‘Will you be at home this evening?’ ‘I expect so. (= I expect I ’ll be a t hom e ...) □ ‘D o you think Kate has been invited to the party?’ i suppose so .’ In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and I’m afraid so. The usual negative forms are: I think so / I expect so I hope so / I’m afraid so / 1 guess so I suppose so. -* -» -*. I d on ’t think so / I d on ’t expect so 1 hope not / I’m afraid not / 1 guess not I don’t suppose so or I suppose not. □ ‘Is that wom an American?’ i think so. / 1 don’t think so .’ □ ‘Do you think it will rain?’ i hope so. / 1 hope not.' (not I don’t hope so) American English -» Appendix 7.

(110) Exercises 51.1. Unit 51. Complete each sentence with an a u xilia ry verb (do/was/could etc.). Som etim es the verb must be negative (don't/w asn't etc.).. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 51.2. I w asn’t tired, but my friends .werfc... . I like hot weather, but Ann ...................... i s Colin here?" ‘He five minutes ago, but I think he’s gone home now.’ Liz said she might phone later this evening, but I don'r think s h e ............................ ‘Are you and Chris coming to the party?’ i ..........................., bur C h ris............................ ’ I don'r know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think I ......................... ? 'Please don't tell anybodv what I said.' ‘D on’t worry. I ............................ * ‘You never listen to me.* ‘Yes, I ................. !’ ‘Can vou plav a musical instrument?' ‘N o , but I wish I ............................ ’ it I , but I ‘Please help me.' i'm sorrv. I. You never agree with Sue. Answ er in the way shown.. \ 51.3. I'm hungry. I’m not tired. I like football. I didn't enjoy the film. I've never been ro Australia. I thought the exam was easy.. Art I'm not. Aren’t Ijou? I arm■ You. You are talking to Tina. If you're in the same position as Tina, reply with So ... or Neither ... as in the first exam ple. Otherwise, ask questions as in the second exam ple. I'm feeling riredT^X f'..... I. Tina. 51.4. I work hard. I watched television last night. I won't be at home tomorrow. I like reading. I read a lot. I'd like to live somewhere else. Ỉ can't go out ton ig h t^ /. Do jjOw? WHftfc do Ijou do? You. In these conversations, you are B. Read the inform ation in brackets and then answ er with I think so, I hope not etc.. 1 IYou don't like rain.) A: Do you think it will rain? B: (hope) 1 ............................................................................. 2 (You need more monev quickly.) A: D o vou think you'll get a pay rise soon? B: (hope) ......... .................................................................. 3 (You think Diane will probably get the job that she applied for.) A: D o you think Diane will set the job? B: (expect) .............. .................................................... ............ 4 (You're not sure whether Barbara is married - probably nor.) A: Is Barbara married? B: (think) ................................................................................................................... 5 (You are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotelisfull.) A: Have you got a room for tonight? B: (afraid) ..................................................................................... 6 (You’re at a party. You have to leave early.) A: D o you have ro leave already? B: (afraid) ............................................................................................. (Ann normally works every day, M onday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.) A: Is Ann working tomorrow? B: (suppose) .............................................................................................. 8 (You are going ro a party. You can’t stand John.) A: D o you think John will be at the party? B: (hope) ......... ................................................................... 9 (You're not sure what time rhe concert is - probably 7.30.) A: Is the concert at 7.30? B: (think) .......... .................................................................................... 103.

(111) Unit. 52. Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.) Study these examples: You haven't seen \ Kate today, have you?. V. f. No, I'm afraid not. J. —. H ave you? and w asn’t it? are question tags (= mini-questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English). In question tags, w e use an auxiliary verb (have/was/will etc.). We use do/does/did for the present and past simple (see Unit 51): □ ‘Karen plays the piano, doesn’t she?’ ‘Well, yes, but not very w ell.’ □ ‘You didn’t lock the door, did you?’ ‘N o , I forgot.’ Norm ally we use a negative question tag after a positive sentence: p ositive sentence + Kate will be here soon, There was a lot of traffic, Michael should pass the exam ,. ... and a positive question tag after a negative sentence: negative sentence + Kate w on ’t be late. Thev don’t like us, You haven’t got a car,. negative tag w on’t she? w asn’t there? shouldn’t he?. p o sit ire tag will she? do thev? have you?. N otice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence: Yes. (= Yes, 1 am going out) □ You’re not going out roday, arc you? N o. (= N o , I am not going out) The meaning o f a question tag depends on how you say it. If your voice goes d o w n , you are not really asking a question; you are onlv inviting the listener to agree with you: □ i t ’s a nice day, isrt’t it?’ ‘Yes, beautiful.' □ ‘Tim doesn’t look well today, does he?’ ‘N o , he looks very tired.’ □ She’s very funny. She’s got a great sense of humour, hasit’f she? But if the voice goes up, it is a real question: □ ‘You haven’t seen Lisa today, have yeti?’ (= Have you by chance seen Lisa today?). ‘N o , I’m afraid I haven’t.'. You can use a negative sentence + p o sitive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask som ebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end o f the tag in sentences like these: □ 'You haven’t got a pen, have ỵ.eú?’ "Yes, here you are.’ □ ‘You couldn’t do me a favour, could voii?’ i t depends what it is.’ □ ‘You don’t know where Karen is, do vgú?' ‘Sorry, I have no idea.’ After Let’s ... the question tag is shall we: □ Let’s go for a walk, shall we? (the voice goes up) After D on ’t , the question tag is will you: □ D on ’t be late, will you? (the voice goes d o w n ) After I’m ... , the negative question tag is aren’t I? (= am I not?): □ ỉ ’m right, aren’t I?’ ‘Yes, you are.’. 104. Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) -» Unit 51.

(112) Exercises 52.1. Put a question tag on the end of these sentences. 1 ■) 4 5. 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 52.2. Unit 52. Kate w o n ’t be lare. You’re tired, You've got a camera, You weren't listening, Sue doesn't know Ann, Jack's on holiday, Kate's applied for the job, You can speak German, He w on’t mind if I use his phone. There are a lot of people here. Let’s go out tonight. This isn't very interesting. I'm too impatient. You wouldn't tell anvone, Helen has lived here a lone time. I shouldn't have lost my temper. He'd never met her before. Don't drop that vase.. will sHe aren’t you. /L. , she’s never late. Yes, a little. Yes, I‘ve got tw o actually. Yes, I was! N o, they've never met. Yes, he's in Portugal. Yes, but she w on’t get it. Yes, but not very fluently. N o, o f course he w on ’t. Yes, more than I expected. Yes, that would be great. N o, nor very. Yes, you are sometimes. N o, o f course not. Yes, 20 years. N o , but never mil mind. I N o, rhar that was rhe first rime. y N o , don't worry.. Read the situation and write a sentence with a question tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you. 1 You look out o f the window. The sky is blue and rhe sun is shining. What do you say to your friend? (nice dav) I t s a. nice d&y, t s n t It? ...................................... 2 You’re with a triend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which are very high. VC'hat do you say? (expensive! Ir............................................................................ ......................................... 3 You and a colleague have just finished a training course. You really enjoyed it. What do you say to your colleague? (sreat) The course .............................................. 4 Your friend's hair is much shorter than when you last mer. What do you say ro her/him? Ih a v e /y o u r hair / cut) You................................................................................ ................................................. 5 You and a friend are listening to a woman singing. You like her voice very much. What do you say to your friend? (a good voice) She................................................................. ......................................... 6 You are trying on a jacket in a shop. You look in the mirror and you don’t like what you see. What do vou sav to your friend? (not / look / very good) It.......................................................................................................................................... ......................................... You and a friend are walking over a small wooden bridge. The bridge is very old and some parts are broken. Whar do you say? (nor / very safe) This bridge.................................................................................................................................................................. 52.3. In these situations you are asking for information, asking people to do things etc. 1 You need a pen. Perhaps Jane has got one. Ask her. Jane, you Haven't got a. pen, Hutve you? 2 Joe is just goins out. You want him ro get some stamps. Ask him. |oe. you ........ .................. 3 You're looking for Diane. Perhaps Kate know s where she is. Ask her. Kate, you........................................................ ............................................................................................ ............... 4 You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps Helen has got one. Ask her. Helen......................................................................... ...................................... 5 Ann has a car and you need a lift to the station. Perhaps she’ll take you. Ask her. Ann..................................................................... ........................................................................ 6 You're looking for your keys. Perhaps Robert has seen them. Ask him. Robert, ..... ................ ................................................

(113) Unit. 53. Verb + -ing (enjoy doing. I stop doing etc.). Look at these examples: □ I enjoy reading, (not I enjoy to read) □ Would you mind closing the door? (not mind to close) □ Chris suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go) After enjoy, mind and suggest, we use -ing (not to ...). Some more verbs that are follow ed by -ing: stop finish □ □ □ □ □. postpone consider. admit deny. avoid risk. imagine . fancy. Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence. I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the flat. He tried to avoid answering my question. I don’t fancy going out this evening. (= I’m not enthusiastic about it) Have you ever considered going to live in another country?. The negative form is not -ing: □ When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not having to ger up early. We also use -ing after: give up (= stop) put off (= postpone) go on / carry on (= continue) keep or keep on (= do som ething continuously. or repeatedly). □ I’ve given up reading newspapers. I think it’s a waste o f time. □ Jenny doesn’t want to retire. She wants to go on working, (or ... to carry on working.) □ You keep interrupting when I’m talking! or You keep on interrupting ... With som e verbs you can use the structure verb + som ebody + -ing: □ I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike. □ You can’t stop me doing what I want. □ ‘Sorry to keep you waiting so long.’ T h a t’s all right.’ N ote the passive form (being done/seen/kept etc.): □ I don’t mind being kept waiting. (= I don't mind people keeping me ...) When you are talking about finished actions, you can say having done/stolen/said etc. : □ They admitted having stolen the money. But it is not necessary to use having (done). You can also say: □ They admitted stealing the money. □ I now regret saying (or having said) what I said. For regret, see Unit 56B. After som e o f the verbs on this page (especially admit/denv/suggest) you can also use that ... : □ They denied that they had stolen the money, (or They denied stealing ...) □ Sam suggested that we went to the cinema, (or Sam suggested going ...). Suggest -» Unit 34. 106. Units 55C, 56-58. Being done (passive) -» Unit 44B Verb + to ... -* Unit 54 Verb + to ... and -ing -» Regret I go on -* Unit 56B Go on / carry on / keep on -» Unit 141A.

(114) Unit 53. Exercises 53.1. Complete each sentence with one of the following verbs (in the correct form): answ er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 53.2. apply. be. forget. listen. lose. make. read. try. use. write. He tried to a v o id ÃSSKỉeryĩS my question. Could you please s t o p ................................. so much noise? I e n j o y ................................. ro music. 1 co n sid ered................................. for the job, bur in the end I decided against it. Have you fin ish ed ............................... the newspaper yet? We need to change our routine. We can't go o n ............................... like this. I don’t mind y o u ................................. the phone as long as you pay tor all your calls. My memory is getting worse. I k e e p ................................. things. I've pur o f f ................................. the letter so many times. I really must do it today. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine a n y b o d y so stupid? I've given u p ................................. to lose weight - it's impossible. If vou invest your money on the stock market, you r is k ................................. it.. Complete the sentences for each situation using -ing.. f What shall we d o ? )^. ỹ. Ỹ. 4 We could go to the zoo.. ^ Do you want to play tennis? V ,. No, not really.. ^You were driving too fast. V ,. Why don't we go for a swim?. You broke the CD player.. Can you wait a few minutes? L. 53.3. live. ^. Ye$i lts true-Sorry!. •c Good idea!. 5 fl-G ^. ShL S.Ug£ S ted th e zoo. g m M -. ^ic^n r fancy. She admitted ... She suggested. </ No, I didn't!). H e denied. < Sure, no problem.. They didn’t mind. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use -ing. 1 I can do what I want and you can’t stop me. You ............................................................................ 2 Its not a good idea ro Travel during rhe rush hour. It's better to a v o id ............................................ ............................................................................ 3 Shall we paint the kitchen next weekend instead o f this weekend? Shall we p o stp o n e ................................................................................. u n til............................. 4 Could you turn the radio dow n, please? Would you m in d ............................................................................................................................ 5 Please don't interrupt me all the time. Would you m in d ............................................................................................................................. 53.4. Use your own ideas to com plete these sentences. Use -ing. 1 2 3 4 5 6. She’s a very interesting person. I alwavs e n jo y ... I'm not feeling very well. I don't fa n c y ............................................... I’m afraid there aren’t any chairs. I hope you don’t m in d ............ It was a beautiful day, so I su g g ested .................................................. It was very funny. I couldn't s t o p ......................................................... .Vly car isn’t very reliable. It k e e p s ........................................................ 107.

(115) Unit. 54. Verb + to ... (decide to ... I forget to ... etc.) offer agree refuse After □ □ □ □. decide plan arrange. deserve afford forget. hope manage fail. promise threaten learn. these verbs you can use to ... (infinitive): It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home. Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to help him. H ow old were you when you learnt to drive? (or learnt how ro drive) I waved to Karen, but failed to attract her attention.. The negative is not to ... : □ We decided not to go out because of. the weather. □ I promised not to be late. After som e verbs to ... is not possible. For example, enjoy/think/suggest: □ I enjoy reading, (not enjoy to read) □ Tom suggested going to the cinema, (not suggested to go) □ Are you thinking o f buying a car? (not thinking to buy) For verb + -ing, see Unit 53. For verb + preposition + -ing, see Unit 62. We also use to ... after: seem appear tend. pretend. claim. For example: □ They seem to have plenty of money. □ I like Dan, but I think he tends to talk too much. □ Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me in the street. There □ □ □. is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive Ito have done): I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (= 1 pretended that I was reading) You seem to have lost weight. (= it seems that you have lost weight) Martin seems to be enjoying his new job. (= it seems that he is enjoying it). After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to: □ I w ouldn’t dare to tell him. or I w ouldn’t dare tell him. But after dare not (or daren’t), you must use the infinitive without to: □ I daren’t tell him what happened, {not I daren't to tell him) After some verbs you can use a question word (what/whether/how etc.) + to ... . We use this structure especially after: ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand wonder We asked Have you decided I don’t know D o you understand. how where whether what. to to to to. get go apply do?. to the station. for vour holidays? for the job or not.. Also show/tell/ask/advise/tcach som ebody what/how/where to do something: □ Can som ebody show me how to change the film in this camera? □ Ask Jack. H e’ll tell you what to do.. 108. Verb + -ing -* Unit 53 Verb + object + to ... (want etc.) -* Unit 55 Verb + to ... and -ing -» Units 55C, 56-58.

(116) Exercises 54.1. Unit 54. Complete the sentences for these situations.. 1. ^ Shall we get m a r r i e d Y e s ,. ^ Please help me.. Can I carry your bag for you?. She agreed ....... No, thanks. I can manage.. He o ffe r e d ....... ^ne'. What’s your name?. I'm not going to tell you.. won't. I promise.. Please don't tell anyone.. They arranged She refused ....... She promised .... Complete each sentence with a suitable verb. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 54.3. They d ecid ed ... m arried. OK. J. Let's meet at 8 o'clockA; ^ ^. 54.2. let's.. Don't forger tc.. post, the letter I gave you. ..............................................to the airport in time. There was a lot o f traffic, bur we managed Jill has decided not .............................................a car. We've gor a new computer in our office. Ỉ haven’t lea rn t............................ it yet. Karen failed a good impression at the job interview. We were all afraid to speak. N obodv dared .................................................. anything.. Put the verb into the correct form, to ... or -in g . (See Unit 53 for verbs + -ing.) 1 2 j 4 5. When I'm tired, I enjoy waicKng television. It's relaxing, (watch) It was a nice day, so we decided .................... for a walk, (go) It’s a nice day. Does anyone fa n c y ............................................. for a walk? (go) I’m nor in a hurrv. 1 don't mind .............................................. (wait) They don't have much money. Thev can’t afford ............................................. out very often, (go) It's driving me mad. (bark) 6 I wish that do£ would s t o p Our neighbour threatened the police if we didn’t stop rhe noise, (call) 8 We were hungrv, so I sussested ............................................dinner early, (have) 9 Hurrv up! I don't want to risk the train, (miss) 10 I'm still looking tor a job, but 1 hope ............................................. something soon, (find) 54.4. Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 54.5. You've lost weight. Tom is worried about something, You know a lot o f people. My English is serrins better. That car has broken dow n. David forgers things. They have solved rhe problem.. ... (seem) (appear) Tom a p p ea rs.......................................... You (seem) (seem) (appear) (tend) (claim). Complete each sentence using w hat/how /w hether + the following verbs: do. get. go. ride. 1 Do you know ....hpw ..to get 2 3 4 5 6. say. use. [0 John's house?. Can you show m e this washing machine? Would you k n o w if there w as a fire in the building? You’ll never fo r g e t............................................................................. a bicycle once you’ve learnt. I was really astonished. I didn't k n o w .............................................................................. I've been invited to the party, bur I haven’t decided .................................................................or nor.. Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 109.

(117) Unit. 55. Verb (+ object) + to ... (I want you to ... etc.) w ant expect. ask beg. help m ean (= intend). w ould like w ould prefer. T hese verbs are follow ed by to ... (infinitive). T he stru ctu re can be:. verb + to .... or. □ We expected to be late. □ W ould you like to go now ? □ H e d o esn ’t w an t to know .. verb + object + to ... □ We expected D an to be late. □ W ould you like me to go now ? □ H e doesn’t w an t anybody to know .. D o n o t say ‘w a n t rh atV □ Do you w ant me to com e w ith you? (not Do you w an t th a t I come) A fter help you can use the infinitive w ith o r w ith o u t to. So you can say: □ C an you help me to m ove this table? or C an you help me m ove this table? tell o rd er These □ □ □ □. rem ind w arn. force invite. encourage persuade. teach enable get (= persuade, arrange for). verbs have the stru ctu re verb + object + to : Can you rem ind me to phone Sam tom orrow ? W ho tau g h t you to drive? I d id n ’t m ove the piano by myself. I got som ebody to help me. }im said the sw itch w as dangerous and w arned me not to touch it.. In the next exam ple, the verb is passive (I w as w arned / we were told etc.): □ I was w arn ed not to touch the sw itch. You can n o t use suggest w ith the stru ctu re verb + object + to : □ Jane suggested th at I should ask y o u r advice. (not Jane suggested me to ask) A fter advise, recom m end and allow , tw o structures are possible. C om pare:. verb + -ing (w ithout an object) □ I w o u ld n ’t advise/recom m end staving in th a t hotel. □ They d o n ’t allow park in g in front of the building.. verb + object + to ... □ I w o u ld n 't advise/recom m end anybody to stay in th a t hotel. □ They d o n ’t allow people to park in front o f rhe building.. Study these exam ples w ith (be) allow ed (passive): □ You a re n ’t allow ed to p ark in front o f □ Parking isn’t allow ed in fro n t o f the building. the building. M ak e and let T hese □ □ □ □. verbs have the stru ctu re verb + object + infinitive (w ithout to): I m ade him prom ise th a t he w o u ld n ’t tell anybody w h at happened, (not to prom ise) H o t w eath er m akes me feel tired. (= causes me to feel tired) H er p aren ts w o u ld n ’t let her go o u t alone. (= w o u ld n 't allow her to go out) Let me carry your bag for you.. We say 'm ak e som ebody d o ’ (not to do), but the passive is ‘(be) m ade to d o ’ (w ith to): □ We w ere m ade to w ait for tw o hours. (= They m ade us w ait ...). 110. Suggest -» Units 34, 53 Tell/ask somebody to ... -» Unit 48D Verb + -ing -* Unit 53 Verb + to ... -* Unit 54 Verb + to ... and -ing -» Units 56-58 Help -* Unit 57C.

(118) Exercises 55.1. Unit 55. Com plete th e questions. Use do you w a n t m e to ... ? or would you like m e to ... ? w ith these verbs (+ any o th e r necessary words): € 0 f f lt. lend. repeat. show. shut. w ait ..!)!!.?:..Jr0....corne. wiiH...yow............................................. 1 D o you w a n t to go alone, o r. D o you have enough money, o r do you w a n t .......................................................................................... Shall I leave the w indow open, o r w ould y o u ......................................................................................... D o you know how to use the m achine, o r w o u ld .................................................................................. Did you h ear w h a t I said, o r d o ................................................................................................................... C an 1 go now , o r d o ......................................................................................................................................... 55.2. Com plete th e sen ten ces for th e se situations. 1. >jd ^ 3. Lock the door.. She rold ...h i ™ . . . t o . . . L o c k . . f c .. .. They invited h i m ............................... She w o u ld n ’t let. She w arned. H e asked. 55.3. Com plete each second sen ten ce so th a t th e m eaning is sim ilar to the first sentence. M v father said I could use his car. I w as surprised rh at it rained. D o n ’t stop him doing w h at he w ants. Tim looks older when he w ears glasses. 1 think you should know the tru th . D o n 'r let me forget CO phone my sister. At first I d id n 't w an t to apply for the job, but Sarah persuaded me. M y law yer said I sh o u ld n 't sav anything to the police. I w as told th a t I sh o u ld n 't believe everything he says. 10 It v o u ’ve got a car, vou are able to get aro u n d m ore easily.. 55.4. M y father allow ed. .o ar.. I d id n ’t e x p e c t................................................... L e t ........................................................................ Tim 's glasses m a k e ..................... .................... I w a n t ...... ...................................................... R e m in d ............................................................... Sarah p e rs u a d e d ............................................... M y law yer advised I w as w arned H aving a car enables. Put the verb into the correct form: infinitive (do/make/eatetc.), to + infinitive,or -ing.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9. They d o n 't allow p e o p le ....feL.p.&rk in fro n t o f the building, (park) I've never been to Iceland, but I’d l i k e .............................................there, (go) I’m in a difficult position. W h at d o you advise m e ............................................. ? (do) T he film w as very sad. It m ade m e ............................................... (cry) D iane's p arents alw ays encouraged h e r ........................................... hard a t school, (study) I d o n 't re c o m m e n d .............................................. in th a t restaurant. T he food is terrible, (eat) She said the letter w as personal and w o u ld n ’t let m e .............................................. it. (read) We are n o t a llo w e d ............................................ personal phone calls a t w ork, (make) i d o n ’t think Alex likes m e.’ ‘W h at m akes y o u ..............................................th a t? ’ (think). Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 111.

(119) Verb + -ing or to ... 1 (remember/regret etc.) Some verbs are follow ed by -ing and som e are followed by to ... . Verbs usually followed by to .... Verbs usually follow ed bv -ing: adm it avoid consider deny enjoy. afford agree arrange decide deserve. postpone risk stop suggest. fancy finish im agine keep (on) m ind. fail forget hope learn m anage. offer plan prom ise refuse threaten. For exam ples, see Unit 54.. For exam ples, see Unit 53.. Some verbs can be follow ed by -ing o r to ... w ith a difference of m eaning: rem em ber I rem em ber doing som ethin!; = I did it and now I rem em ber this. You rem em ber doing som ething after vou have done it. □ I know I locked rhe door. I clearly rem em ber locking it. (= I locked it, and now I rem em ber this) □ H e could rem em ber driving along the road just before the accident, but he c o u ld n ’t rem em ber rhe accident itself.. I rem em bered to do som ething = I rem em bered th a t I had to do it, so I did I t . You rem em ber to do som ething before you do it. G I rem em bered to lock the door, but I forgot to shut the w indow s. 1= 1 rem em bered th a t I had to lock It. and so I locked it) □ Please rem em ber to post rhe letter. (= d o n 't fo rg e t to p o st It). regret I regret doing som ething I’m sorry a b o u t it: □ 1 now regret saying sh o u ld n ’t have said □ It began to get cold w earing his coat.. = I did it and now w h a t i said. I it. and he regretted not. I regret to say / to tell vou / to inform you = I'm sorry th at I have to say (etc.): □ (from a form al letterI We regret to inform vou th a t we can n o t offer you the |ob.. go on G o on doing som ething = continue w ith rlie sam e thing: □ T he president paused for a m om ent and then w ent on talking. □ We need to change. We c a n ’t go on living like this.. Go on to do som ething = do o r say som ething new: □ A fter discussing the econom y, the president then w ent on to talk about foreign policy.. T he follow ing verbs can be follow ed by -ing or to ... : begin sta rt continue intend bother So you can say: □ It has started raining, or It has started to rain. □ Jo h n intends buying a house, or John intends to buy .. □ D o n ’t b o th er locking the door, or D o n 't bo th er to lock But norm ally we do not use -ing after -ing: □ It’s starting to rain. (not It’s startin g raining) Verb + -ing -» Unit 53. Verb + to. -» Units 54-55. Other verbs + -ing or to. Units 57-58.

(120) Exercises 56.1. Put th e verb into th e correct form, -ing or to ... . Som etim es either form is possible. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16 56.2. Unit 56. They d e n ie d the money, (steal) I d o n ’t e n jo y .................................... very m uch, (drive) I d o n ’t w a n t ..................................... o u t to n ig h t. I’m to o tired, (go) I c a n ’t a f f o r d o u t tonight. I d o n ’t have enough money, (go) H as it s to p p e d ........................................yet? (rain) O u r team w as unlucky to lose the gam e. We d e se rv e d ......................................... (win) W hy do you k e e p ......................................me questions? C a n ’t you leave me alone? (ask) Please s t o p ....................................... me questions! (ask) I re f u s e ........................................any m ore questions, (answer) O ne of the boys a d m itte d ........................the w indow , (break) The boy’s father p ro m is e d ........................................for the w indow to be repaired, (pay) It the com pany c o n tin u e s ........................................money, the factory may be closed, (lose) ‘Does Sarah know a b o u t the m eeting?' 'N o , I forgot ...................................... her.’ (tell) T he baby b e g a n ......................................in the m iddle of the night, (cry) Julia has been ill, b u t now she's b e g in n in g better, (get) I've enjoyed ......................................you. I h o p e ......................................... you again soon, (meet, see). Here is som e inform ation ab o u t Tom when he was a child. 1 H e w as in hospital w hen he w as four.. 2 3. He w ent to Paris w hen he w as eight. H e cried on his first day at school.. 4 O nce he fell into the river. 5 H e said he w anted to be a doctor. 6 O nce he was bitten by a dog.. He can still rem em ber 1, 2 and 4. But he c a n 't rem em ber 3, 5 and 6 . He can rem em b er ... or He c a n 't rem em b er ... . 1. W rite sen ten ces beginning. He CAX\ remember being Ú1 hospit a l wHen he. wa s -fo u r..................................................................... 2 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 5 ...... .......................................................................................................................................................................... . 6 -.................. 56.3. Com plete each sen ten ce w ith a verb in th e correct form, -ing or to ... . 1 a Please re m e m b e r HL.locJc the d o o r w hen you go out. b A: You lenr me som e m oney a few m onths ago. B: Did I? Are you sure? I d o n ’t re m e m b e r........................................you any money. c A: Did you re m e m b e r........................................your sister? B: O h no. I com pletely forgot. I’ll phone her tom orrow . d W hen you see Steve, re m e m b e r........................................him my regards. e Som eone m ust have taken my bag. I clearly re m e m b e r........................................it by the w indow and now it has gone. 2 a I believe th ar w h at 1 said w as fair. I d o n ’t r e g r e t........................................it. b I knew they w ere in tro u b le, but I r e g r e t......................................I did nothing to help them . 3 a Ben joined the com pany nine years ago. H e becam e assistant m anager after tw o years, and a few vears later he w ent o n ........................................m anager o f the com pany. b I c a n 't go on ................................... here any m ore. I w a n t a different job. c W hen I cam e into the ro o m , Liz w as reading a new spaper. She looked up and said hello, and then w ent o n ........................................her new spaper.. Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 113.

(121) Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help) Try to ... and try -ing Try to do = a tte m p t to do , m ake an effort to do: □ I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, bur I co u ld n ’t. □ Please try to be quiet w hen you com e hom e. Everyone will be asleep. T ry also m eans 'd o som ething as an experim ent o r test'. For exam ple: □ These cakes are delicious. You should try one. 1= you should have one to see if vou like it) D We c o u ld n ’t find anyw here to stay. We tried every hotel in the tow n, b u t they were all full. (= we w ent ro every hotel to see if they had a room ) If try (w ith this m eaning) is follow ed by a verb, we say try -ing: □ A: T he p h o to co p ier d o esn ’t seem to be w orking. B: Try pressing the green b utton. (= press the green b u tto n - perhaps this will help to solve the problem ) C om pare: □ I tried to m ove the table, bur it w as to o heavy, (so I c o u ld n 't move it) □ I d id n ’t like the w ay the fu rniture was arranged, so I tried m oving the table ro the other side o f the room . But it still d id n ’t look right, so I m oved it back again. N eed to ... and need -ing I need to do som ething = it is necessary for me to do it: □ 1 need to take m ore exercise. □ H e needs to w ork h ard er if he w ants to m ake progress. □ I d o n ’t need to com e to the m eeting, do I? Som ething needs doing = it needs to be done: □ T he batteries in the radio need changing. (= they need to be changed) □ D o you think my jacket needs cleaning? (= ... needs to be cleaned) □ It’s a difficult problem. It needs thinking about very carefully. (= it needs to be thought about) H elp and can ’t help You can say help to do o r help do (w ith o r w ithout to): □ Everybody helped to clean up after rhe party, or Everybody helped clean up ... □ C an you help me to m ove this table? or C an you help me m ove ... I c a n ’t help doing som ething = I c a n ’t stop myself doing it: □ I d o n ’t like him , but he has a lot o f problem s. I c an ’t help feeling sorry for him. □ She tried to be serious, b u t she c o u ld n ’t help laughing. (= she c o u ld n ’t stop herself laughing) □ I’m sorry I’m so nervous. I can ’t help it. (= I c a n ’t help being nervous). Verb + -ing —►Unit 53. Verb + to. Units 54-55. Other verbs + -ing or to ... -» Units 56, 58.

(122) Exercises 57.1. Unit 57. Make suggestions. Each tim e use try + one o f th e following suggestions: phone his office turn it the o th er way. m ove the aerial take an aspirin. The radio isn't w orking.. 1. / H aveyou. ^ h an g e^ h e-b atteries. ỳr!^ ị. chixr.quriq^the b a tte rie s 7...................... w o n d er w h a t’s w ro n s w ith it. II c a n ’t open the door. T he key I Try T r y ................................................................................................ w o n 't tu rn . I The TV picture isn’t very H ave you tried good. W har can I d o a b o u t ir? I c a n ’t co n tact Fred. He's not W hy d o n 't you at hom e. W h a t shall I do? I've got a terrible headache. I H ave vou ___________wish ir would 57.2. For each picture, w rite a sen ten ce with need(s) + one of th e following verbs: clean. cut. em pty. paint. tighten. 1. xttyÁ'. 1 T his jacket is dirty. 2 3 4 5. room isn't very nice. ............................ grass is verv long. Ir screws are loose. .................................... bin is full. ......................... Put th e verb into th e correct form . 1 a. I w as very tired. I tried to keep (keep) my eves open, but I c o u ld n ’t. 1 ran g the doorbell, but there w as no answer. Then I t r i e d ............................................... (knock) on the door, but there w as srill no answer. We rried ( put) the fire o u r bur w ith o u t success. We had to call rhe fire brigade. Sue needed to b o rro w som e money. She tried ................................................. (ask) Gerry, but he w as sh o rt o f m onev too. I tried (reach) rhe shelf, b u t 1 w asn’t rail enough. Please leave me alone. I’m trving ......................................... (concentrate). .. 57.3. The T he T he T he. It needs cleanr.g.. e f 2 a. 1 need a change. I need ........................................ (go) aw ay for a while. b My o randm orher isn’t able to look after herself any more. She needs (look) after. c T he w indow s are dirtv. They n e e d .................................................... (clean). d Your hair is g en in g very long. It n e e d s .................................................... (cut). (iron) th a t shirt. It doesn’t need e You d o n 't need ................................................. (iron).. 3 a. They were talking verv loudly. I c o u ld n ’t h e l p .................................................... (overhear) w h a t they said. C an you help me ............................................ (set) the dinner ready? H e looks so funny. W henever 1 see him , I c a n 't help ................................................ (smile). The fine w eath er helped ........................ (make) it a very enjoyable holiday.. 115.

(123) I. Verb + -ing or to ... 3 (like would like etc.) Like / love / hate W hen you talk a b o u t repeated actions, you can use -ing or to ... after these verbs. So you can say: □ D o you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early? □ Stephanie hates flying, or Stephanie hates to fly. □ I love m eeting people, or I love to m eet people. □ I d o n ’t like being kept w aiting, or ... like to be kept w aiting. □ I d o n ’t like friends calling m e a t w ork, or ... friends to call m e a t w ork. but. (1) We use -ing (not to ...) w hen w e talk a b o u t a situation th a t already exists (or existed). For exam ple: □ Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there. (He likes living in Berlin = H e lives there and he likes it) □ D o you like being a student? (You are a student - do you like it?) □ T he office I w orked in w as horrible. I hated w orking there. (I w orked there and I hated it) (2) T here is som etim es a difference betw een I like to do and I like doing: I like doing som ething = Í do it and I enjoy it: □ I like cleaning the kitchen. (= I enjoy it.) I like to do som ething = I th in k it is a good thing to do, but I d o n ’t necessarily enjoy it: □ It’s not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible. N o te th a t enjoy and m ind are alw ays follow ed by -ing (not to ...): □ I enjoy cleaning rhe kitchen, [not I enjoy to clean) □ 1 d o n ’t m ind cleaning the kirchen. (not I d o n 't m ind to clean) W ould like / w ould love / w ould hate / w ould prefer W ould like / w ould love etc. are usually follow ed by to ... : □ I’d like (= w ould like) to go aw ay for a few days. □ W ould you like to com e to d inner on Friday? □ I w o u ld n ’t like to go on holiday alone. □ I’d love to m eet your family. □ W ould you prefer to have d inner now o r later? C o m p are I like and I w ould like (I’d like): □ I like playing tennis. / 1 like to play tennis. (= I like it in general) □ I’d like to play tennis today. (= I w an t ro play today) W ould m ind is alw ays follow ed by -ing (not to ...): □ W ould you m ind d o sin g the door, please? I w ould like to have done som ething = I regret now th a t I d id n ’t o r co u ld n ’t do it: □ It’s a pity we d id n ’t see Val w hen we w ere in London. I w ould like to have seen her again. □ W e’d like to have gone aw ay, b u t we were to o busy at hom e. You can use the sam e stru ctu re after w ould love / w ould hate / w ould prefer: □ Poor old David! I w ould hate to have been in his position. □ I’d love to have gone to the parry, but it w as im possible.. Enjoy/mind -* Unit 53. Would like -* Units 37E. 55A. Prefer -» Unit 59. American English -» Appendix 7.

(124) Exercises 58.1. Unit 58. W rite sen ten ces a b o u t yourself. Say w h eth er you like or d o n 't like th ese activities. Choose one of th e se verbs for each sentence: like / d o n ’t like love ] (flv ) I d o n 't, tike f lying.. hate. or. enjoy d o n ’t m ind I d o n 't liJce. to jfUj.. 2 (play cards) ............... .................................................................................................................................... 3 (be alone) ................................................................................................................................................. ............... 4 (50 to m useum s) ............................................................................................................................ 5 (cook) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 58.2. Make sentences from th e words in brackets. ƯSC -in g or to ... . Som etim es eith er form is possible. 1 Paul lives in Berlin now. It's nice. H e likes it. (he / like / live / there) He .* * » .U vrnf th e re ............................................................................................ 2 Jane is a biology teacher. She likes her job. (she / like / reach / biolo^vi She .................. .................................................................................................. 3 Joe alw ays carries his cam era w ith him and takes a lor o f photographs. he / like / take / photographs) ......................................................................................................................... 4 I used to w ork in a superm arket. 1 d id n 'r like it much. (I / n o r / like / w ork / rhere) ........................................................................................................................... 5 Rachel is studving m edicine. She likes it. (she / like / study / m edicine) ............................................................................................................................ 6 Dan is fam ous, but he d o esn ’t like it. Ihe / nor / like / be / fam ous) .................................................................................................. ........... .......... Jennifer is a verv cautious person. She d o esn 't take m any risks. (she / not / like / tak e / risks) ............................................................................................................................ s 1 d o n 't like surprises. II / like / know / things / in advance) ............................................................................................................ 58.3. Com plete each sen ten ce with a verb in th e correct form, -in g or to . . . . In one sen ten ce eith er form is possible. ...... 1 I ts good to visit o th er places - I enjoy 2 'W ould you like d o w n ?’ 'N o , thanks. I’ll sta n d .’ 3 I'm nor quire readv yet. W ould vou mind ................................................ a little longer? 4 W hen I w as a child, 1 hated ............................................. to bed early. 5W hen I have to catch a train . I'm alw avs w orried th a t I'll miss it. So I l i k e ....................................... to the statio n in plentv o f time. 6 I enjov busy. I d o n 't like it w hen there’s nothing ro do. 7 I w ould love to your w edding, b u t I'm afraid it isn’t possible. 8 1 d o n 't like inthis p a rt o f tow n. 1 w an t to m ove som ew here else. 9 D o you have a m inute? I'd like ................................................. to you a b o u t som ething. 10 If there's bad news and eood news, I li k e .................................................... the bad news first.. 58.4. W rite sen ten ces using would ... to have (done). Use the verbs inbrackets. It's a p in I c o u ld n 't 2.0 ro rhe w edding, (like) It's a pirv 1 d id n ’t see the program m e, (like) ..................................................................................... ......... i'm slad I d id n 't lose my w atch, (hate) ......................................................................................................... It's a pity I d id n 't m eet your parents. (love) .........................................................-................................... I’m qlad I w a sn 't alone. I n o r / like) ............................................................................................................... 6 It’s a pity I co u ld n 't travel bv train, (prefer) ............................................................................................... 1 2 3 4 5. Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 117.

(125) Unit. 59. Prefer and would rather Prefer to d o and prefer doing You can use ‘prefer to (do)’ o r 'p refer -ing’ to say w h at you prefer in general: □ I d o n ’t like cities. I prefer to live in the country, or I prefer living in the country. Study the differences in stru ctu re after prefer. We say:. but □ □ but □ □. I prefer I prefer I prefer. som ething doing som ething to do som ething. to som ething else. to doing som ething else. ra th e r th an (do) som ething else.. I prefer this c o a t'to the co at you w ere w earing yesterday. I prefer driving to travelling by train. I prefer to drive ra th e r than travel bv train. Sarah prefers to live in the co u n try rath e r th an (live) in a city.. W ould prefer (I’d prefer ...) We use w ould prefer to say w h a t som ebody w ants in a specific situation (not in general): □ ‘W ould you prefer tea o r coffee?’ ‘Coffee, please.’ We say ‘w ould prefer to do som ething’ (not doing): □ ‘Shall we go by train ?’ i ’d prefer to drive.' (not I’d prefer driving) □ I’d prefer to stay a t hom e ton ig h t rath e r than go to the cinem a. W ould rath er (I’d ra th e r ...) W ould rath er (do) = w ould prefer (to do). We use w ould rath er + infinitive (w ithout to). C om pare: i ’d prefer to d rive.’ □ ‘Shall we go by train ?’ i ’d ra th e r drive.' (not to drive) □ 'W ould you ra th e r have tea o r coffee?’ 'Coffee, please.' T he negative is i ’d ra th e r not (do som ething)’: □ I’m tired. I’d rath er not go o u t this evening, if you d o n ’t mind. □ ‘Do you w an t to go o u t this evening?' i ’d rath e r n o t.’ We say 'w o u ld ra th e r do som ething than do som ething else’: □ I’d ra th e r stay at hom e ton ig h t than go to the cinem a. I’d ra th e r you did som ething We say ‘I’d ra th e r you did som ething’ (not I’d rath er you do). For exam ple: □ ‘Shall I stay here?’ i ’d rath er you cam e w ith US.’ (= I w ould prefer this) □ ‘I’ll rep air y our bike tom orrow , O K ?’ ‘I’d ra th e r you did it today.’ □ 'A re you going to tell them w h at h appened?’ ‘N o. I’d rath e r they d id n ’t know .’ □ Shall I tell them , o r w ould you ra th e r they d id n ’t know ? In this stru ctu re w e use the past (cam e, did etc.), but the m eaning is present not past. C om pare: □ I’d ra th e r m ake d inner now. I’d ra th e r you m ade d inner now. (not I'd rath er you make) I’d rath er you d id n ’t (do som ething) = I’d prefer you n o t to do it: □ I’d ra th e r you d id n ’t tell anyone w h a t I said. □ ‘Shall I tell Linda w h at happ en ed ?’ ‘I’d rath er you d id n ’t.’. 118. Would prefer -» Unit 58B. Prefer (one thing) to (another) -* Unit 136D.

(126) Exercises 59.1. Unit 59. Which do you prefer? Write sentences using 'I prefer (something) to (something else)’. Put the verb into the correct form where necessary. 1 (drive / travel by train ). .................................................... 2 (basketball / football). I p r e f e r .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 (phone people / send emails) ...... t o ............................................................................... I 4 (go ro the cinem a / w atch videos a t home). Now rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using the structure 'I prefer to (do something)’.. 5 I. I prefer to drive rather tHon travel bij braũn....................................... 6 13 1 I prefer to 7 (41 ................. 59.2. Write sentences using I’d p re fe r... and I'd rather ... + the following: npft aa ta.M f*lVI w ait a few m inutes eat at hom e cv go alone. stand. go for a swim. listen to som e music. think a b o u t it for a while. SL 1 2. Shall w e w alk h o m e ly Do you w an t to eat now ? 3 W ould you like to w atch TV? 4 D o vou w an t ro go to a resrauranr? 5 Let’s leave now. 6 Shall we plav tennis? — I think we should decide now. W ould vou like to sit dow n? 8 9 \ D o you w an t me ro com e w ith y o u ? /. / (pref er) Ịrather) (rather) (prefer) (rather) (rather) (prefer) (rather) V^prefer). Now use the same ideas to complete these sentences using than and rather than.. 10 I'd prefer to get a t a x i. ........................................................... 11 r d prefer to go for a s w i m ...................................................................................................... 12 r d rath er ear a t h o m e ............................................................................................................... 13 I'd prefer ro think a b o u t it for a w h ile ................................................................................ 14 r d rarh er listen to som e m u s ic ................................................................................................ Com plete th e sen ten ces using would you r a th e r I .... 1 Are. you going to m ake d inner o r W .. 59.3. Q. U. . U. l ....................................................... p. 2 Are you going to tell Liz w h a t happened o r w ould you r a t h e r ............................................................ ? 3 Are you so in g to do the shopping o r ........................................................................................................ ? 4 Are you going to p hone D iane o r ................................................................................................................ ? 59.4. Use your own ideas to com plete th e se sentences. 1 2 3 4 5. “Shall 1 tell Ann the new s?' ‘N o , I’d ra th e r s h e iUdii.t: know .’ D o vou w a n t me to go now o r w ould you ra th e r 1 ............................... here? D o vou w an t to go our this evening o r w ould you r a t h e r ................................. a t home? This is a private letter addressed to me. r d ra th er y o u read it. I d o n 't really like these shoes. I'd rath er t h e y ................................. a different colour. 6 A: Do you m ind if 1 tu rn on the radio? B: I’d ra th e r y o u .................................... I’m trying to study.. Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19). 119.

(127) Unit. 60. Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing If a preposition (in/fo r/ab o u t etc.) is follow ed by a verb, rhe verb ends in -ing:. Are you interested I’m n o t very good Sue m ust be fed up W h at are the advantages T h an k s very much H ow W hy d o n ’t you go o u t Carol w ent to w ork. preposition. verb 1-ing). in at w ith of for ab o u t instead of in spite of. w orking learning studying. having inviting meeting sitting feeling. for us? languages. a car? me to yo u r party. for lunch tom orrow ? at hom e all the time? ill.. You can also say ‘instead o f som ebody doing som ething’, 'fed up w ith people doing som ethin^' etc. : □ I’m fed up w ith people telling me w h at to do. N o te the use of the follow ing prepositions + -ing: before -ing and after -ing: □ Before going o u t, I phoned Sarah. (not Before to go out) □ W hat did you do after leaving school? You can also say ‘Before I w ent out and *... after you left school-. by -ing (to say bow som ething happens): □ The b urglars got into the house by breaking a w indow and clim bing in. □ You can im prove y our English by reading more. □ She m ade herself ill by n o t earing properly. □ M any accidents are caused by people driving roo fast. w ithout -ing: □ We ran ten kilom etres w ith o u t stopping. □ It w as a stupid thing to sav. I said it w ithout thinking. □ She needs to w ork w ith o u t people disturbing her. (or ... w ithout being disturbed.) □ I have enough problem s o f my ow n w ithout having to w orry a b o u t yours. To -ing (look forw ard to doing som ething etc.) T o is often p art of the infinitive (to d o / to see etc.): □ We decided to go out. □ W ould you like to m eet for lunch tom orrow ? But to □ □ □. is also a preposition (like in/for/about/from etc.). For exam ple: We drove from London to E dinburgh. I prefer tea to coffcc. Are you looking forw ard to the w eekend?. If a preposition is follow ed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing: in doing a b o u t m eeting w ith o u t stopping (etc.) So, when to is a preposition an d it is follow ed by a verb, you m ust say to -ing: □ I prefer driving to travelling by train, (not to travel) □ Are you looking forw ard to going on holiday? (not looking forw ard ro go). 120. Be/get used to -ing -» Unit 61 Verb + preposition + -ing -» Unit 62 In spite of -» Unit 113 Prepositions -» Units 121-136. While/when -ing -» Unit 68B.

(128) Exercises 60.1. Unit 60. Com plete th e second sen ten ce so th a t it m eans the sam e as th e first. I W hy is it useful to have a car? W h at are the advantages o f cứJ' ? 2 1 d o n ’t intend ro apply for the job. I have no intention o f............................................................................................................................................ 3 Helen has a good m em ory to r nam es. H elen is good at ................................................................................................... 4 M ark w o n ’t pass the exam . He has no chance. M ark has no chance of........................................................ ................................................................................. 5 Did you get into trouble because you w ere late? Did vou get into trouble to r ................................................................................. ? 6 We d id n ’t ear a t hom e. We w ent to a re sta u ra n t instead. Instead of............................................................................ ....................................................................................... We got into rhe exhibition. We d id n 't have to queue. W’e got into the exhibition w ith o u t .................................................................................................... 8 O u r team played well, but we lost the gam e. O u r team lost rhe sa m e despire..................................... ..................................................................................... 60.2. Complete the sentences using by -ing. Use the following (with the verb in the correct form):. bo rro w to o m uch m oney put som e pictures on the walls 1 The burglars gor into the house. b reak a w indow stand on a chair. drive too fast turn a key. by breaking a. window......................................................................... 2 3 4 5. I w as able ro reach the to p shelf......................................................................................................................... You start the engine o f a car ................................................................................................... Kevin got him self into financial tro u b le .................................................................................................. You can pur people's lives in danger................................................................................................................. 6 We m ade the room look nicer...................... ........................................................................................................ 60.3. Complete the sentences with a suitable word. Use only one word each time. 1 We ran ten kilom etres w ith o u t. 2 3 4 5 6 8. 9 10 60.4. stopping. H e leit the hotel w ith o u t his bill. It's a nice m orning. H ow a b o u t for a walk? We w ere able to tran slate the letter into English... w ith o u t...............................a dictionary. Before to bed, I like to have a h o t drink. It w as a Ions journey. I w as very tired after ........................on a train for 36 hours. I was annoyed because the decision w as m ade w ith o u t a n y b o d y ................................. me. After the sam e job for ten-years, I felt I needed a change. We lost o u r way because we w ent straight on instead o f ................................. left. I like these p h o to g rap h s you to o k . You’re good.............. a t ....... photographs.. For each situation, write 3 sentence with I’m (not). lookingforward to.. 1 'toil are going on holidav n ext week. H ow d o you feel? I’m looking -forward, to going on H oliday............................................................................................... 2 D iane is a good friend of yours and she is com ing to visit you soon. So you will see her again soon. H ow do you feel? I’m ............................................................................................................... 3 You are going to the dentist to m orrow . You d o n ’t enjoy going to the dentist. H ow do you feel? I'm n o t..................................................... .................................... .............................................................................. 4 C arol is a stu d en t at school. She hates it, but she is leaving school nex t summer. H ow does she feel?................................................................................................................................................. 5 You've arranged to play tennis tom orrow . You like tennis a lot. H ow do you feel?. Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 121.

(129) Be/get used to something (I'm used to ...) Study this exam ple situation: Lisa is A m erican, h u t she lives in Britain. W hen she first drove a car in Britain, she found it very difficult because she had ro drive on the left, n o t on the right. Driving on the left w as srrange and difficult for her because: She w asn ’t used to it. She w asn ’t used to driving on the left. But after a lot o f practice, driving on the left becam e less strange. So: She got used to driving on the left. N o w it’s no problem for Lisa: She is used to driving on the left.. I’m used to som ething = it is n o t new or strange for me: □ F rank lives alone. H e d o esn ’t m ind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. It is not strange for him. H e is used to it. H e is used to living alone. □ I bought som e new shoes. They felt a bit strange a t first because I w asn ’t used to them . □ O u r new flat is on a very busy street. I expect w e’ll get used to the noise, b u t at the m om ent it’s very disturbing. □ D iane has a new job. She has to get up m uch earlier now th an before - at 6.30. She finds this difficult because she isn’t used to getting up so early. □ B arb ara’s husband is often aw ay from hom e. She doesn’t m ind this. She is used to him being away. A fter be/get used you ca n n o t use the infinitive (to do / to drive etc.). We say: □ She is used to driving on the left, (not She is used to drive) W hen So w e □ □. we say ‘I am used to som ething’, to is a preposition, not a p a rt o f the infinitive. say: Frank is used to living alone, (not Frank is used to live) Lisa had to get used to driving on the left, (not get used to drive). D o nor confuse I am used to doing and I used to do: I am used to (doing) som ething = it isn’t strange o r new for me: □ I am used to the w eather in this countrv. □ I am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain a long time. I used to do som ething = I did it regularly in the past but no longer do it. You can use this only for the past, n o t for the present. The structure is ‘I used to d o ’ {not ‘I am used to d o ’): □ ] used to drive to w o rk every day, but these days I usually go by bike. D We used to live in a small village, bur now w e live in London..

(130) Exercises 61.1. Unit 61. Look again at the situation in Section A on the opposite page ('Lisa is American The following situations are similar. Complete the sentences using used to.. 1 Juan is Spanish and w enr to live in England. In Spain he usually had dinner late in the evening, b u t in England d inner w as at 6 o'clock. This w as very early for him and he found it very strange a t first. W hen Ju an first w ent to England, h e ............................................................................. dinner so early, b u t after som e tim e h e ............................................................................. it. N o w he finds it norm al. H e at 6 o'clock. 2 Julia is a nurse. A vear ago she started w orking nights. At first she found it hard and d id n 't like it. S h e .......................................................................... nights and it took her a few m onths to ........................................................................... it. N ow , after a year, she’s quite happy. She ....................................................................... nights.. 61.2 W hat do you say in th ese situ atio n s? Use I'm (not) used to ... . 1 You live alone. You d o n 't m ind this. You have alw ays lived alone.. FRIEND: D o vou se t a bit lonelv som etim es? YOUNo I u s e d to Uviy>9 a lo n e ..................................................................................................... 2 You sleep on the floor. You d o n 't m ind this. You have alw ays slept on the floor. FRIEND: W ouldn't you prefer to sleep in a bedYOU: N o . I ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 You have to w o rk long h ours in your job. T his is n o t a problem for you. You have alw ays w orked long hours. FRIEND: You have to w ork very long hours in your job, d o n 't you? YOU: Yes, but Í d o n 't m ind th at. I ............................................................................................................. 4 You usually s o to bed early. Last night you w ent to bed very late (for you) and as a result you are very fired this m orning. FRIEND: You look tired this m orning. v o r: Yes.............................................................................................................................................................. 61.3 Read th e situ atio n s and com plete th e sen ten ces using used to. 1 Some friends o f yours have just m oved into a flat on a busy street. Ir is very noisy. T h ey ’ll have t o g e t u s e d to th e noi s e ...................................................................................................... 2 The children a t school had a new teacher. She w as different from rhe teacher before her, but this w asn 't a problem for the children. They s o o n .................................................................................... 3 Sue m oved from a big house to a m uch sm aller one. She found it strange a t first. She had to ......................................... :............ in a m uch sm aller house. 4 Some people you know from Brirain are going to live in yo u r country. W hat will they have ro se t used to? T hev'll have t o -.............................................................................................................................................. 61.4. Com plete th e sen ten ces using only one word each tim e (see Section C). 1 2 3 4 5. Lisa had to get used to ...aííxỳ?3 on the left. We used t o kX£..... in a small village, b u t n ow we live in London. D an used t o ................................a lot o f coffee. N o w he prefers tea. 1 feel very full after th a t m eal. I'm nor used to .............................. so m uch. I w o u ld n ’t like to share an office. I’m used to .... my ow n office. 6 I used t o ............................... a car, but I sold it a few m onths ago W hen w e w ere children, w e used r o sw im m ing very often. 8 There used t o .............................. a cinem a here, but it was knocked dow n a few years ago. 9 I'm the boss here! I’m not used t o ................. told w h a t to do.. —» Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19). 123.

(131) Unit. 62. Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing accuse somebody of -ing etc.) M any verbs have the stru ctu re verb + preposition (in/for/about etc.) + object. For exam ple:. verb + We talked You m ust apologise. preposition. + object. about for. the problem . w hat you said.. preposition. + -ing (object). about for. going to America. nor telling the truth.. in on of of of against like to. finding a job yet? paving for the meal. buying a house. asking them tor money. sw earing. m oving to London. going o u t tonight? m eeting her.. If the object is a n o th e r verb, it ends in -ing: verb + We talked You m ust apologise Some m ore verbs w ith this structure: succeed (in) insist (on) thin k (of) dream (of) ap prove (of) decide (against) feel (like) look forw ard (to). H ave you succeeded They insisted I’m thinking I w o u ld n 't dream H e doesn 't approve We have decided D o vou feel I’m looking forw ard. You can also say 'a p p ro v e o f som ebody doing som ething', ‘look forw ard to som ebody doing som ething’: □ I d o n ’t approve o f people killing anim als for fun. □ We are all looking forw ard to Peter com ing hom e. T he follow ing verbs can have the stru ctu re verb + object + preposition + -ing:. verb + c o n g ratu late (on) accuse (of) suspect (of) prevent (from) stop (from) th a n k (for) excuse (for) forgive (for). I congratu lated They accused N obody suspected W hat prevented T he rain d id n 't stop 1 torgor to th an k Excuse Please forgive. object +. preposition + -ing (object ). Liz us the general you us them me me. on of of from from for for for. settin g a new job. telling lies. being a spy. com ing to see us? enjoying o u r holidav. helping me. being so late. not w riting to you.. You can say ‘sto p som ebody d o in g ’ o r ‘stop som ebody from doing": □ You c a n ’t stop me doing w h at I w ant, or You c a n 't stop me from doing w hat I w ant. Some o f these verbs are often used in the passive. For exam ple: o We w ere accused o f telling lies. □ The general was suspected o f being a spv. N o te th a t we say ‘apologise to som ebody for □ I apologised to them for keeping them w aiting, (not I apologised them). 124. Decide to ... -* Unit 54A. Preposition + -ing -» Unit 60. Verb + preposition -» Units 132-136. I.

(132) Exercises 62.1. Com plete each sen ten ce using only one word. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11 62.2. O u r neighbours apologised f o r so m uch noise. I feel lazy. I d o n ’t feel l i k e ................................. any w ork. I w anted to go o u t alone, but Joe insisted o n wirh me. I'm fed up w ith my job. I'm thinking o f som ething else. We have decided a g a in s t ................ a new car because we c an ’t really afford it. I hope you get in touch w ith me soon. I'm looking forw ard t o ............................. from you. T he w eath er w as extrem elv bad an d this prevented us f r o m ................................. out. T he m an w ho has been arrested is suspected o f ............................... a false passport. I think you should apologise to Sue f o r ................................so rude to her. Some parents d o n ’t ap prove o f their c h ild r e n ..............................alot of television. I'm sorry I can’t com e to your parry, but thank you very much f o r .......................me.. Com plete each sen ten ce using a preposition + one of the following verbs (in the correct form): carry. 7 8. 9 10. 62.3. Unit 62. cause. escape. g&. in terru p t. live. see. solve. spend. walk. D o you feel o u t this evening? !t took us a long time, but we finally s u c c e e d e d .................................................. the problem . I’ve alw ays d r e a m e d in a sm all house by the sea. The driver o f the o th e r car accused m e .................................................... the accident. T h ere’s a fence aro u n d the law n to stop p e o p le ...................................................on the grass. Excuse m e ....................................................y ou, but m ay I ask you som ething? W here are you th in k in g .................................................. your holiday this year? T he g uards w eren 't able to prevent rhe p r is o n e r ..................................................... M y bag w a sn ’t very heavy, but D an in s is te d .................................................... it for me. It's a pity Paul c a n 't com e to the party. I w as really looking forw ard .................................... .............. him.. Complete the sentences on the right. 1. J VOL•. I?. YOU. I YOU. f it was nice of you to help me. Thanks very much.. Kevin th a n k e d .... K E V IS. fit AW. ^. I'll drive you to the station. I insist.. Tom insisted. hear you got married. Congratulations!. D an congratulated me. It was nice of you to come to see me. Thank you.. Jenny thanked. I'm sorry I didn't phone earlier.. Kate apologised. ro w. KATE. ■c^ You're selfish. J. Jane accused. JANE. Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19). 125.

(133) Unit. 63. Expressions + -ing W hen these expressions are follow ed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing: It’s no use / It’s no good □ T h ere’s nothing you can d o a b o u t the situ atio n , so it’s no use w orrying a b o u t it. □ It’s no good trying to persuade me. You w o n 't succeed. T h e re ’s no poin t in □ T h e re ’s n o p o in t in having a car if you never use ir. □ T h ere w as no point in w aiting any longer, so we w ent. But we usually say ‘the p o in t of doing som ething': □ W h a t’s the p o in t o f having a car if you never use it? it’s (nor) w orth □ I live only a sh o rt w alk from here, so it’s not w orth taking a taxi. □ O u r flight w as very early in the m orning, so it w asn’t w orth going to bed. You can say th a t a film is w o rth seeing, a book is w o rth reading etc. : □ W h at w as the film like? Was it w orth seeing? □ Thieves broke into the house but d id n 't take anything. T here w as nothing w orth stealing. u. H ave difficulty -ing, have tro u b le -ing We say 'have difficulty doing som ething' (not to do): □ I had no difficulty finding a place to live, {not difficulty to find) a Did you have any difficulty getting a visa? □ People often have difficulty reading my w riting. You can also say ‘have tro u b le doing som ething’: □ I had no tro u b le finding a place to live. We use -ing after: a w aste of m oney / a w aste o f time □ It w as a w aste o f tim e reading th a t book. Itw as rubbish. □ It’s a w aste o f m oney buying things you d o n 't need. spend/w aste (rime) □ He spent hours trying to repair the clock. □ I w aste a lot of tim e day-dream ing. (be) busy □ She said she c o u ld n 't see me. She w as too busy doing orher things. G o sw im m ing / go fishing etc. We use go -ing for a num ber o t activities (especially sports). For exam ple, you can say: go sw im m ing. go sailing. go fishing. go clim bing. Also go shopping, go sightseeing □ □ □ □. 126. H ow often do you go swim m ing? I’d like to go skiing. W hen did you last go shopping? I’ve never been sailing. (For gone and been, see Unit 7D.). go skiing. go jogging.

(134) Exercises 63.1. Unit 63. Make sentences beginning There’s no point . . . . 1 W hy have a car if you never use it?. There $ wo point in Having fl. car i/f tjpu never u s e iJb. 2 W hy w o rk it you d o n 't need m oney? 3 D o n 't try to study it you feel tired. 4 W hy hurry if you've s o t plenty o f time?. 63.2. Complete the sentences on the right.. /L Shall we g e t a t a x i h o m e ? ^ It you need help, w hy d o n ’t you ask Dave? I d o n 't really w an t to 2,0 o u t tonig h t. Shall I phone Liz now ? Are vou ^oing to com plain a b o u t w h a t happened? D o you ever read new spapers? D o you w a n t CO keep these old c lo th e s ? / 63.3. r ĩT o , it isn’t far. It’s n o t w o r t h. ...... It’s no u s e .......................................................................H e w o n 't be able to do anything. Well, stay a t home! T h ere’s no p o i n t ........................ ..................................... if you d o n ’t w an t to. N o, it’s no g o o d ............................................................... now. She w o n ’t be a t hom e. N o, it’s n o t w o r t h ............................................................. N obodv will do anything ab o u t it. N o, I think it's a w a s t e ................................................... N o , let’s th ro w them away. T hey’re nor w orth \™. Write sentences using difficulty.. 1 I m anaged to get a visa, but it w as difficult. I had d iffic u lty ... 2 I find it h ard to rem em ber people's nam es. I have d iffic u lty ..................................................................................................................... 3 Lucv m anaged to get a job w ith o u t difficulty. She had n o .............................................................................................................................. 4 It w o n 't be difficult ro get a ticket for the gam e. You w o n ’t have a n y ............................................................................................................. 63.4. Complete the sentences. Use only one word each time. 1 It's a w aste o f m o n e y. 2 3 4 5 6. 7 63.5. buying things vou d o n ’t need. Every m orning I spend a b o u t an h o u r ......................................the new spaper. ‘W h a ts Sue doing?' ‘She’s going aw ay tom orrow , so she’s b u s y ......................................... ’ I th in k y ou w aste to o m uch t i m e .......................................... Television, T here's a beautiful view from th a t hill. It’s w o r t h ........................................to the top. It's no u s e ......................................for rhe job. I know I w o u ld n ’t get it. Ju st stay calm . T h ere’s no point i n ........................................angry.. Complete these sentences with the following (with the verb in thecorrect form):. go riding 1 2 3 4 5. go sailing. go shopping. go skiing. go sw im m ing. Barry lives by rhe sea an d he's g o t a b oat, so he o f t e n ...... It w as a very h o t day, so w e .................................................... in the lake. T here’s plenty of snow in the m ountains, so w e’ll be able t o ..................................................... H elen has got tw o horses. S h e .................................................. regularly. ‘W here’s D an?’ ‘H e 's T here w ere a few things he needed to buy.’. -* Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19). 127.

(135) To ..., fo r ... and so th a t... (purpose) We use to ... to say w hy som ebody does som ething (= the purpose o f an action): □ ‘W hy are you going o u t? ’ ‘To post a letter.’ □ A friend of m ine phoned to invite me to a party. □ We shouted to w arn everybody o f the danger. We use to ... to say w hy som ething exists (= its purpose): □ This wall is to keep people o u t o f rhe garden. □ T he president has a team of bodyguards to p ro tect him. We use to ... to say w h a t can be done o r m ust be done w ith som ething: n It’s difficult ro find a place to p ark in the centre. (= a place w here you can park) □ W ould you like som ething to eat? □ H ave you g o t m uch w o rk to do? (=’w ork th at you m ust do) □ I get lonely if th ere’s n o b o d y to talk to. □ I need som ething to open this bottle w ith.. Also m oney/tim e/chance/opportunity/energy/courage etc. to (do som ething): □ They gave us som e m oney to buy som e food. □ D o you have m uch o p p o rtu n ity to practise yo u r English? □ I need a few days to thin k a b o u t your proposal. For ... and to ... C om pare: for + noun □ I’m going to Spain for a holiday. □ W har w ould you like for dinner? □ Let’s go to the pool for a swim.. to + verb □ I’m going to Spain to learn Spanish. (not for learn, not for learning) □ W h at w ould you like to eat? □ Let's go to the pool to have a swim .. You can say ‘for (som ebody) to (do som ething)’: □ T here w eren’t any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor. You can use for -ing or to ... to talk a b o u t the general purpose o f som ething, o r w h at it is generally used for: □ D o you use this brush for w ashing the dishes? (or ... to w ash the dishes?) You can use W h at ... for? to ask a b o u t purpose: □ W h at is this sw itch for? □ W h at did you do th a t for? So th at Som etim es you have to use so th a t for purpose. We use so th a t (not to ...) especially w hen the purpose is negative (so th a t ... w o n ’t/w o u ld n ’t): □ I hurried so th a t I w o u ld n ’t be late. (= because I d id n 't w a n t to be late) □ Leave early so th a t you w o n ’t (or d o n ’t) miss the bus. w ith can and could (so th a t ... can/could}: □ She’s learning English so th a t she can study in C anada. □ We m oved to L ondon so th a t we could see o u r friends m ore often..

(136) Exercises 64.1. Unit 64. Choose from Box A and Box B to make a new sentence with to ... .. B. 1 I s h o u te d. 2 I had to go to the bank 3 I’m saving m onev 4 I w ent into hospital 5 I’m w earing tw o sw eaters 6 I phoned the police 1. I w an t to keep w arm I w anted to re p o rt th a t my car had been stolen I w an t to go to C anada I had to have an operation I needed to ger som e m oney I w a m e d m w arn people of-the danger............................................................................................... [....shouted... to.,. 2 I had to go to the b a n k ........................................................................................................................................ 3 I ....... ............ ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 ...... 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 64.2. C om plete th e se sen ten ces using a su itab le verb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. 9 10 i1 64.3. T he president has a team o f b o d y g u a rd s him. I d id n 't have enough t i m e .................................................... the new spaper today. I cam e hom e by taxi. I d id n 't have the e n e r g y ..................................................... ‘W ould you like so m e th in g ...................................................?’ ‘Yes, please. A cup of coffee.’ We need a b a g ................................................... th e se things in. T here will be a m eeting next w e e k .................................................... the problem . I w ish we had enough m o n e y a n o th er car. I saw H elen at the party, b u t w e d id n 't have a c h a n c e .................................................... to each other. I need som e new clothes. I d o n ’t have anything n ic e ..................................................... T hey’ve just passed their exam s. T hey 're having a p a r t y ..................................................... I c a n 't do all this w ork alone. I need s o m e b o d v .................................................... me.. Put in to or for. 1 I'm going to S p a in. for.... a holiday.. 2. You need a lot o f e x p e rie n c e ..............this job. 3 You need a lor of e x p e rie n c e .............do this job. 4 W e’ll need m ore t i m e ................... m ake a decision. 5 I w ent to rhe d e n tis t................... a check-up. 6 I had to put on my g la s s e s .....................read the letter. D o you have ro w ear g la s s e s ................... reading? 8 I w ish we had a g a r d e n the c h ild r e n ................... play in. 64.4. W rite sen ten ces w ith so th a t. 1 I hurried. I d id n 't w a n t to be late ................................. 2 I w ore w arm clothes. I d id n 't w a n t to be cold. I w o r e ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 I left D ave my phone num ber. I w anted him to be able to co n ta ct me.. 1. .............................................................................. 4 We w hispered. We d id n 't w an t anybody else to hear o u r conversation. .......................................................................... n o body .......................................................................................... 5 Please arrive early. We w a n t to be able to sta rt the m eeting on time. P le a s e .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Jennifer locked the door. She d id n ’t w a n t to be disturbed. I slow ed dow n. I w anted the c a r behind me to be able to overtake.. 129.

(137) Unit. 65. Adjective + to Difficult to u n d erstan d etc. C om pare se n ten ces (a) and (b): (a) It is difficult to understand. him .. □ Jim d o e s n ’t sp e ak v ery clearly. • (b). H e is difficult to understand.. Sentences (a) and (b) have the sam e m eaning. N ote th a t w e say: □ H e is difficult to u n d erstan d , (not H e is difficult to understand him.) You can use the sam e structures w ith: easy h ard im possible d angerous good interesting exciting. safe. expensive. cheap. nice. □ D o you think it is safe (for us) to d rink this w ater? D o you think this w ater is safe (for us) to drink? (not to drink it) □ T he questions in the exam w ere very difficult. It w as im possible to answ er them . T he questions in the exam w ere very difficult. T hey were im possible to answ er. (not to an sw er them ) □ [ill has lots o f interesting ideas. It’s interesting to talk to her. Jill is interesting to talk to. (not to talk to her.) You can also use this stru ctu re w ith adjective + noun: □ T his is a difficult question (for me) to answ er, (not to answ er it) (It’s) nice o f (you) to ... You can say ‘It’s nice of som ebody to d o som ething': □ It w as nice o f you to take me to the airp o rt. T h an k you very m uch. You can use m any o th e r adjectives in this way. For exam ple: kind clever sensible m ean silly stupid careless unfair. considerate:. □ It’s silly o f M ary to give up her job w hen she needs the money. □ I think it w as very unfair o f him to criticise me. I’m sorry to ... / I w as surprised to ... etc. You can use adjective + to ... to say how som ebody reacts to som ething: □ I w as sorry to h ear th a t y our father is ill. You can use m any o th er adjectives in this way. For exam ple: happy glad pleased sad disapp o inted surprised am azed. astonished. relieved. □ Was Julia surprised to see you? □ It w as a long and tiring journey. We w ere glad to get hom e. T h e first / the n ext (etc.) + to ... You can use to ... after the first/the last, the next, the only, the second (etc.): □ If I have any m ore new s, you will be the first (person) to know . □ T h e next train to arrive a t platform 4 will be the 10.50 to C ardiff. □ Everybody w as late except me. I w as the only one to arrive on time. You can say th a t som ething is surc/certain/likely/bound to happen: □ C arla is a very good student. She’s b o u n d to pass the exam . (= she is sure to pass) □ I’m likely to be late hom e this evening. (= I will probably be late home). 130. Afraid/interested/sorry -» Unit 66. I f ... -* Unit 84C. Enough and too + adjective -» Unit 103.

(138) Exercises 65.1. Unit 65. (Section A) W rite th e se sen ten ces in a n o th e r way, beginning as shown. 1 It's difficult to understan d him.. H e ... Í£...áí'6fÌ^Ấ ế...to...unA w st^< i........................ 2 3 4 5. T his m achine i s .......................................................... T he w in d o w ................................................................ Some w o r d s ................................................................ A ..................................................................................... T hat -............................................ -.......... It’s easy to use this m achine. It w as very difficult to open the w indow . It’s im possible to tran slate som e w ords. It’s expensive to m aintain a car. 6 It's n o t safe to stand on th a t chair.. 65.2. (Section A) C om plete th e second sentence. Use the adjective in brackets and to ... as in the exam ple. 1 2 3 4. 65.3. I c o u ld n ’t answ er the question, Everybody m akes th a t m istake, I like living in this place. We enjoyed w atching the gam e,. (difficult) (easy) (nice) (good). It w as a í f e f f . . ị £ k í ...... It’s a n .......................................................................... It’s a ............................................................................. It w as a ........................................................................ (Section B) Make a new sen ten ce beginning It ... . Use one of th ese adjectives each tim e: careless. inconsiderate. 1 Sue has ottered to help m e. k ind. nice. !£lậ....!íỳ^...of...Su&...to _0ffe£...to...help....rne-...................................... 2 You m ake the sam e m istake again and again. It ......................... ........... ................................................................................................................................................... 3 D an an d Jenny invited me to stav w ith them . 4 T he neighbours m ake so m uch noise a t night.. 65.4. (Section C) Use th e follow ing words to com plete th ese sen ten ces: sorry / h ear 1 We. glad / hear. pleased / get. surprised / see. w.?£?:...pịMS.ệd....ịo..geí_ y our letter last week.. 2 1 g o t v our message. I .................................................................th a t vo u ’re keeping well. 3 We Paula a t the parry. We d id n ’t expect her to com e. 4 I ...............................................................th a t y our m other isn’t well. I hope she gets better soon. 65.5. (Section D). C om plete th e second sen ten ce using th e words in brackets + to ... .. 1 N o b o d y left before me. (the first) I w as ........................................ 2 Everybody else arrived before Paul. (the last) Paul w as t h e ............................................................................. .... ................................................... 3 Fiona passed rhe exam . All rhe o th e r students failed. (the only) Fiona w a s .......................................... *............................................................................................ 4 I com plained to the restau ran t m anager a b o u t the service. A nother custom er had already com plained. (the second) I w a s .............................................................................................................................................. 5 N eil A rm strong w alked on the m oon in 1969. N o b o d y had done this before him. (the first) Neil A rm strong w a s ................ ...................................................................................................... 65.6. (Section E). C om plete th ese sen ten ces using th e words in brackets and a suitable. verb.. 1 D iane is a very good student. S h e ... kS.bound...to..p.iLSS the exam , (bound) 2 I'm n o t surprised y o u ’re tired. A fter such a long journey y o u ................................................... tired. (bound) 3 A ndv has a very bad m emory. H e ...............................................................w h a t you tell him . (sure) 4 I d o n 't thin k you need to take an um brella. I t .................................................................. (not likely) 5 T h e holidays begin this w eekend. T h e r e a lot o f traffic on the roads, (likely). 131.

(139) Unit. 66. To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing) A fraid to (do) an d afraid o f (do)ing I am afraid to d o som ething = I d o n ’t w a n t to do it because it is dangerous o r the result could be bad. We use afraid to d o for things w e do intentionally; we can choose to d o them o r not: □ T his p a rt o f tow n is dangerous. People are afraid to w alk here a t night. (= they d o n ’t w an t to w alk here because it is dangerous - so they d o n ’t) □ Jam es w as afraid to tell his p arents w h at had happened. (= he d id n ’t w a n t to tell them because he knew they w ould be angry, w orried etc.) I am afraid o f som ething h appening = it is possible th a t som ething bad will happen (for exam ple, an accident). We do n o t use afraid o f -ing for things we do intentionally: □ T he p ath w as icy, so we w alked very carefully. We w ere afraid o f falling. (= it w as possible th ar we w ould fall - not w e w ere afraid ro fall) □ I d o n ’t like dogs. I’m alw ays afraid o f being birten. (not afraid to be bitten) So, you are afraid to d o som ething because you are afraid o f som ething happening as a result: □ I w as afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten. Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do) I’m interested in doing som ething = I’m thinking of doing it, I w ould like to do it: □ Let me k n o w if y o u ’re interested in joining rhe club, (not to join) □ I tried to sell my car, b u t nobody w as interested in buying it. (not to buy) We use interested to ... to say how som ebody reacts to w h a t they hear/see/read/learn/know /find. F or exam ple, i w as interested to h ear it’ = I heard it and it w as interesting for me: □ I w as interested to h ear th a t Tanya has left her job. □ Ask M ike for his opinion. I w ould be interested to know w h a t he thinks. (= it w ould be interesting for me to k n o w it) T his stru ctu re is the sam e as surprised to ... / glad to ... etc. (see U nit 65C): □ I w as surprised to h ear th a t Tanya has left her job. Sorry to (do) an d sorry fo r/ab o u t (do)ing We use sorry to ... to say we regret som ething th at happens (see U nit 65C): □ [ w as sorry to h ear th a t N icky lost her job. (= I w as sorry w hen I heard th a t ...) □ I’ve enjoyed my stay here. I’ll be sorry to leave. We also say sorry to ... to apologise a t the tim e we do som ething: □ I’m sorry to p hone you so late, b u t I need to ask you som ething. You can use sorry for or sorry ab o u t (doing something) to apologise for som ething you did before: □ I’m sorry for (or ab o u t) shouting a t you yesterday. (not sorry to shout) You can also say: □ I’m sorry I shouted a t you yesterday. We say: I w an t to (do ) / I’d like to (do) I failed to (do) I allow ed them to (do). but but but. I’m thinking o f (do)ing / I dream o f (doling I succeeded in (do)ing I prevented them from (do)ing I stopped them from (do)ing. F or exam ples, see Units 5 4 -5 5 and 62.. 132. Verb + preposition + -ing -* Unit 62. Adjective + preposition -» Units 130-131. Sorry about/for —►Unit 130.

(140) Exercises 66.1. Unit 66. Use th e words in brackets to w rite senten ces. Use afraid to ... or afraid o f -in g . 1 T he streets are unsafe at night.. (a lot o f people / afraid / go / out) 2 We w alked very carefully alo n e the icy path. (we / afraid / fall) We wer e a fr< u d o f. ........ ............................................................... 3 I d o n ’t usually carry my p assp o rt w ith me. (I / afraid / lose / it) ....................................................................................................... ............ 4 I th o u g h t she w ould be angry if I told her w h a t had happened. (I / afraid / cell / her) .................................................................................................................... 5 We rushed to the statio n . (we / afraid / miss / o u r train) .................................................................................................. 6 In the m iddle o f the film there w as an especially horrifying scene. (we / afraid / look) ....................................................................................................................... T he vase w as very valuable, so I held it carefully. (I / afraid / d ro p / ir) .................................................................................................................... 8 I th o u g h t the food on m y plate d id n 't look fresh. a (I / afraid / eat / it) .................................................................................................................. b (I / afraid / get / sick) ............................................................................................................. 66.2. Com plete th e sen ten ces using in ... or to ... . Use th e se verbs: 4n*v-. get. know. look. read. sta rt. 1 2 3 4 5. I'm trying to sell mv car, but nobodv is in te re s te d it. Julia is in te re s te d ....................................................... her ow n business. I w as in te re s te d .................................................... y o u r letter in the new spaper last week. Ben w an ts to stay single. H e's n o t in te re s te d .................................................... m arried. I m et M ark a few days ago. You'll be in te re s te d th a t he’s just got a job in Paris. 6 i d o n 't enjov sightseeing. I'm n o t in te re s te d .................................................... a t old buildings.. 66.3. Complete each sentence using sorry for/about ... or sorry to ... . Use the verb in brackets. 1. I’m. 5 0 m j to....pH pne. y o u so. late, but I need ro ask you som ething, (phone). 2 I w a s .................................................... th a t you d id n 't get the job you applied for. (hear) 3 I 'm ................................................. all those bad things a b o u t you. I d id n ’t m ean them , (say) 4 I’m ................................................. you, but do you have a pen I could borrow ? (disturb) 5 I 'm ................................................. the book you lent me. I’ll buy you a n o th e r one. (lose) 66.4. Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets.. We w a n te d ...to .i^av e . rhe building, (leave) b We w eren 't a llo w e d ..... ............................................ the building, (leave) c We w ere p re v e n te d ....... .......................................... the building, tleave). 1 a. 2 a. Peter f a ile d ...................... ............................the problem , (solve) b C hris su c c e e d e d ............. .....................................the problem , (solve). 3 a b c d. I’m th in k in g .................... ..............................aw ay next w eek, (go) I'm h o p in g ..................................................aw ay next week, (go) r d l i k e .............................. ................... aw ay n ext w eek, (go) I'm looking forw ard .............................................aw ay next week, (go). 4 a b c d. H elen H elen H elen H elen. w a n te d ................. ................................ me lunch, (buy) p ro m is e d ............. .................................... me lunch, (buy) in s is te d ................. ................................ me lunch, (buy) w o u ld n 't dream ................................................... me lunch, (buy). -> Additional exercise 27 (page 318). 133.

(141) See somebody do and see somebody doing Study this exam ple situation: Tom g o t into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say: □ I saw Tom get into his car and drive away. In this stru ctu re we use get/drive/do etc. (not to get / to drive / to do). Som ebody did som ething I. +. I saw this I. I saw som ebody d o som ething. TOM. But after a passive (‘he w as seen’ etc.), w e use to: □ H e w as seen to get in the car. Study this exam ple situation: Y esterday you saw Kate. She w as w aiting for a bus. You can say: □ I saw K ate w aiting for a bus.. KATE. In this stru ctu re we use -ing (w aiting/doing etc.): S om ebody w as doing som ething. +. I saw this. I saw som ebody doin g som ething. Study the difference in m eaning betw een the tw o structures: I saw him do som ething = he did som ething (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the com plete action from beginning to end: □ H e fell off the w all. I saw this. -* I saw him fall off the wall. □ The accident happened. Did you see it? -* Did you see the accident happen? I saw him doing som ething = he was doing som ething (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him w hen he w as in the m iddle o f doing it. T his does not m ean th at I saw the com plete action: □ H e w as w alking along the street. ] , . . ... , . ,. , T , 1 saw him w alking along the street. I saw this w hen I drove p ast in m y car. J Som etim es the difference is n o t im p o rta n t and you can use either form : □ I’ve never seen her dance, o r I’ve never seen her dancing. We use these structures w ith see and h ear, and a n um ber o f o th e r verbs: □ I d id n ’t h e a r you com e in. (you cam e in - I d id n ’t hear this) □ Liz suddenly felt som ebody touch her on the shoulder. □ Did you notice anyone go out? □ □ □ □ □. I could h ear it raining, (it w as raining - I could hear it) T he missing children w ere last seen playing near the river. Listen to the birds singing! C an you smell som ething burning? I found Sue in my room reading my letters..

(142) Exercises 67.1. Complete the answers to the questions.. 1. Did anybody so out^N H as Sarah arrived vet? H ow do you know I to o k the money? D id the doorbell ring? C an Tom plav the piano? Did I lock the d o o r w hen I w ent out? H o w did the w om an ia ll? y. ■> 3 4 5 6. 7 67.2. Unit 67. f \ d o n ’t think so. I d id n ’t see Yes, I think 1 heard h e r .............................................. I know because I saw y o u ......................................... I d o n ’t think so. I d id n ’t h e a r ................................... I’ve never h e a r d ............................................................ Yes, I s a w ........................................................................ V^I d o n ’t know. I d id n 't s e c ....................................... . j J. In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 1. £■. _. ;. Look! There s Dave and Helen. Look!. 1. 2 3 4 5. W e SOW iCdtfce w aitin g -for q. bus............................................................................................................. We We We We. saw Dave and H e le n ................................................................................................................................... s a w ....................................................................................................................................... in a restau ran t h e a r d ................................................................................................................................................................ c o u l d ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 67.3. .. Com plete th e se senten ces. Use th e follow ing verbs (in th e correct form ): clim b. « >me. craw l. 1 Listen to the b i r d s 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11. cry. surging. explode. rid e. run. say. slam. sleep. tell. ;. I d id n ’t h ear y o u SSfflfe.... in. We listened to the old m a n ................................. his story from beginning to end. Listen! C an you hear a b a b y ................................ ? I looked o u t of the w in d o w and saw D a n ................................. his bike along the road. I th o u g h t I heard s o m e b o d y ................................. ‘H i’, so I looked round. We w atched tw o m e n ................................. across the garden a n d .................................. through an open w in d o w into the house. Everybody heard the b o m b .................................. It w as a trem endous noise. Oh! I can feel s o m e th in g ................................. up my leg! It m ust be an insect. I heard s o m e b o d y ............................... the d o o r in the m iddle o f the night. It w oke me up. W hen we gor hom e, w e found a c a t ................................. on the kitchen table.. 135.

(143) -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.) Study these situations: Jo e was playing football. H e h u rt his knee. You can say: □ Joe h u rt his knee playing football. You were feeling tired. So you w ent to bed early. You can say: □ Feeling tired, I w ent to bed early. ‘Playing fo o tb all’ and '.feeling tired ' are -ing clauses. If the -ing clause is at the beginning o f the sentence (as in the second exam ple), we w rite a com m a (,) after it. W hen tw o things h appen a t the sam e tim e, you can use an -ing clause. □ Kate is in the kitchen m aking coffee. (= she is in the kitchen and she is m aking coffee) □ A m an ran o u t o f the house shouting. (= he ran o u t o f the house and he w as shouting) □ Do som ething! D o n ’t just stand there doing nothing! We also use -ing w hen one action happens during a n o th e r action. We use -ing for the longer action: □ Joe h u rt his knee playing football. (= w hile he w as playing) □ Did you cu t yourself shaving? (= w hile you w ere shaving) You can also use -ing after w hile o r w hen: □ Jim h u rt his knee w hile playing football. □ Be careful w hen crossing the road. (= w hen you are crossing) W hen one action happens before an o th er action, we use having (done) for the first action: □ H aving found a hotel, we looked for som ew here to have dinner. □ H aving finished her w o rk , she w en t hom e. You can also say after -ing: D After finishing her w ork, she w ent hom e. If one short action follow s a n o th e r sh o rt action, you can use the sim ple -ing form (doing instead o f having done) for the first action: □ T aking a key o u t o f his pocket, he opened the door. These structures are used m ore in w ritten English than in spoken English. You can use an -ing clause to explain som ething, or to say w hy som ebody does som ething. T he -ing clause usually com es a t the beginning o f the sentence: □ Feeling tired, I w ent to bed early. (= because I felt tired) □ Being unem ployed, he h a sn ’t got m uch money. (= because he is unem ployed) □ N o t having a car, she finds it difficult to get aro u n d . (= because she d o esn ’t have a car) □ H aving already seen th e film tw ice, I d id n ’t w a n t to go to the cinem a. (= because I had already seen it tw ice) These structures are used m ore in w ritten English than in spoken English.. -ing and -ed clauses -* Unit 97.

(144) Exercises 68.1. Unit 68. Choose from Box A and Box B to make sentences. Use an -ing clause.. A I 1. ~. ~. 2 3 4 5. D iane w as sitting in an arm chair. Sue opened rhe d o o r carefullv. Sarah w ent out. Linda w as in London to r tvvo years. 6 M ary w alked aro u n d the to w n .. 1. B She She She She. w as trying nor to m ake a noise. looked at the sights and took photographs. said she would be back in an hour. w as reading a book.. She w orked as a tourist guide.. KoJtx, w as In th e kUc h ew moJclng c o f f e e ............................................................................ 2 D iane w as s irrin g ............................................................................................................................... 3 Sue I .............................................................................................................................. . 4 ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 68.2. .. Make one sen ten ce from tw o using an -in g clause. 1 Joe w as playing football. H e h u rt his knee........ 2 I w as w atching television. I fell asleep. I ......................................... ... .................. ............................................................................................... 3 A friend of m ine slipped an d fell. H e w as getting off a bus. A friend o f m in e ................................................................................................................................ 4 I w as w alking hom e in rhe rain. I g o t very wet. I .............. 5 L aura w as driving ro w ork vesrerday. She had an accident.. z. I. 6 Two firefighters w ere overcom e by sm oke. T hey w ere trying to p u t o u t the fire.. 68.3. Make sentences beginning Having ... .. 1 She finished her w ork. Then she w ent h o m e 2 We b o u g h t o u r tickets. T hen we w ent into the theatre.. ..b.QR!.?;:.. 3 They had d inner and then they continued their journey. 4 A fter I'd done the shopping, I w ent for a cup o f coffee.. 68.4. Make sentences beginning -ing or Not -ing (like those in Section D). Sometimes you need to begin with Having (done something).. 1 I felt tired. So I w en t ro bed early. Feeling fared.' I w&nfc to b&di fedirUj............................................ ........................................................ 2 I rhoughr rhey m ighr be hungry. So I offered rhem som ething ro ear. 3 She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to w o rk in this country. 4 I d id n ’t know his phone num ber. So I w asn ’t able to co n ta ct him. 5 Sarah has travelled a lor. So she know s a lot a b o u t o th er countries. 6 Ỉ w a sn ’t able to speak the local language. So I had trouble com m unicating.. We had spent nearly all o u r money. So w e c o u ld n ’t afford to stay a t a hotel.. 137.

(145) Unit. 69. Countable and uncountable 1 A noun can be countable o r uncountable:. Uncountable. Countable. □ I eat rice every day. □ I like rice.. □ I eat a ban an a every day. □ I like bananas. B anana is a countable noun.. Rice is an uncountable noun.. A co u n tab le noun can be singular (banana) o r plural (bananas).. An uncountable noun has only one form (rice).. We can use num bers w ith co u n tab le nouns. So we can say ‘one b a n a n a ’, ‘tw o b a n a n a s’ etc.. We cannor use num bers with uncountable nouns. We can n o t say ‘one rice', ‘nvo rices’ etc.. Exam ples o f nou n s usually countable: □ K ate w as singing a song. □ T h ere’s a nice beach n ear here. □ D o you have a ten-p o u n d note? □ It w asn ’t y our fault. It w as an accident. □ T here are no b atteries in the radio. □ We haven’t got enough cups.. Exam ples o f nouns usually uncountable: □ Kate w as listening to (someI music. □ T here's sand in my shoes. □ Do you have any money? □ It w asn ’t yo u r fault. Ir w as bad luck. □ T here is no electricity in this house. □ We haven't g o t enough w ater.. You can use a/an w ith singular countable nouns: a beach a student an um brella. You ca n n o t norm ally use a/an w ith uncountable nouns. We do nor say "a sand", ‘a m usic’, ‘a rice'. But you can often use a ... of. For exam ple: a bow l / a packet / a grain of rice. You can n o t use singular co u n tab le nouns alone (w ithout a/the/m y etc.): □ I w a n t a b an an a. (not I w a n t banana) □ T h ere’s been an accident, (not T h ere’s been accident). You can use uncountable nouns alone (w ithout the/m y/som e etc.): □ I eat rice every day. □ T here’s blood on vour shirt. □ C an you hear music?. You can use plural co u n tab le nouns alone: □ I like ban an as. (= b an an as in general) □ Accidents can be prevented.. 138. You can use som e and any w ith plural co u n tab le nouns: □ We sang som e songs. □ Did you buy any apples?. You can use som e and any w ith uncountable nouns: □ We listened to som e music. □ Did you buy any apple juice?. We use m any and few w ith plural co untable nouns: □ We d id n ’t take m any photo g rap h s. □ I have a few things to do.. We use m uch and little with uncountable nouns: □ We d id n ’t do m uch shopping. □ I have a little w ork to do.. Countable and uncountable 2 -* Unit 70 Children I the children -» Unit 75. Some and any -* Unit 85. Many/much/few/little -» Unit 87.

(146) Exercises 69.1. Unit 69. Some of th ese sen ten ces need a/an . Correct th e sen ten ces w here necessary. 1 Joe goes everyw here by bike. He h asn ’t g o t car.. 1 H elen w as listening to music w hen I arrived. 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16 17 69.2. ...................................... We w ent to very nice resrauranr last w eekend...................................................................... I clean my teeth w ith to o th p aste................................................ ............................................... I use to o th b ru sh to clean my teeth............................................ ............................................... C an you tell me if th ere’s b ank n ear here?............................................................................. M y b ro th e r w orks for insurance com pany in L o n d o n ....................................................... I d o n ’t like violence........................................................................ ............................................... C an you smell paint?..................................................................................................................... W hen we w ere in R om e, we stayed in big hotel. ............................................... We need petrol. I hope we com e to petrol station so o n ..................................................... I w o n d er if you can help me. I have problem ........................................................................ I like y o u r suggestion. It's very interesting idea. ................................................ Jo h n has g o t interview for job tom orrow . ............................................... I like volleyball. It’s good gam e.................................................. ............................................... Liz d o esn ’t usuallv w ear jewellery. ............................................... Jan e w as w earing beautiful necklace........................................ ................................................. Complete the sentences using the following words. Use a/an where necessary.. acciden t interview 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11 12 69.3. biscuit key. blood m om ent. coat flH ttie. decision question. electricity sugar. It w asn 't your fault. It w a s M '',acgA enb ..... Listen! C an vou h e a r ... !5!4.5.i£..... ? I c o u ld n ’t get into the house because I d id n ’t h a v e ..................................................... It’s very w arm today. W hv are you w e a r in g .....................................................? D o you r a k e .................................................. in y o u r coffee? A re vou hungrv? W ould vou l i k e .................................................. w ith yo u r coffee? O u r lives w ould be very difficult w i t h o u t..................................................... i h a d .................................................... for a job yesterday.’ ‘Did you? H o w did it go?’ T he hearr p u m p s .................................................... th ro u g h the body. Excuse me, but can I ask y o u .................................................. ? I'm n o t ready vet. C an you w a i t .................................................. , please? We c a n 'r delav m uch longer. We have ro m a k e .................................................... soon.. Complete the sentences using the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s), and sometimes you need to use a/an.. air patience 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11 12. day people. friend ^ h o togf a ph. language queue. letter space. m eat um brella. I had my cam era, b u t I d id n ’t take a n y ...... T here are s e v e n in a week. A vegetarian is a person w ho doesn’t e a t ..................................................... O utside rhe cinem a there w a s o f people w aiting to see the film. I'm n o t very good at w r itin g ..................................................... Last night I w ent o u t w ith s o m e .................................................. o f mine. T here w ere verv f e w .................................................... in tow n today. The streets w ere alm ost empty. I’m going o u t for a w alk. I need som e f r e s h ..................................................... G ary alw ays w an ts things quickly. H e h a sn ’t got m u c h .................................................... I thin k it’s going to rain. D o you h a v e I could borrow ? D o you speak any f o r e ig n ................................................... ? O u r flat is very sm all. We h av en 't g o t m u c h ...................................................... 139.

(147) Unit. 70. Countable and uncountable 2 M an y nouns can be used as co u n tab le o r uncountable nouns, usually w ith a difference in m eaning. C om pare:. Uncountable. Countable □ Did you hear a noise just now? (= a specific noise) □ I bought a p aper to read. (= a new spaper) □ T h ere’s a h air in my soup! (= one single hair) □ You can stay w ith us. T here is a spare room . (= a room in a house) □ I had som e interesting experiences w hile I w as travelling. (= things th at h appened to me) □ Enjoy y our trip. H ave a good rime!. □ I ca n ’t w ork here. T h ere’s to o m uch noise. (not to o m any noises) □ I need som e paper to w rite on. (= m aterial for w riting on) □ Y ou’ve got very long hair, {not hairs) (= all the h air on your head) □ You can ’t sit here. T here isn’t room . (= space) □ T hey offered me the job because I had a lot of experience. (not experiences! □ I c a n ’t w ait. I haven’t got time.. C offee/tea/juice/beer etc. (drinks) are norm ally uncountable: □ I d o n ’t like coffee very m uch. But you can say a coffee (= a cup of coffee), tw o coffees (= tw o cups) etc. : □ T w o coffees and an orange juice, please. T he follow ing n ouns are usually uncountable: accom m odation advice baggage. b ehaviour bread chaos. dam age fu rniture inform ation. luck luggage news. perm ission progress scenery. traffic w eather w ork. You ca n n o t use a/an w ith these nouns: □ I’m going to buy som e bread, or ... a lo af o f bread, (not a bread) □ Enjoy y our holiday! I hope you have good w eather. (not a good w eather) These n ouns are n o t usually plural (so we do not say ‘breads’, ‘fu rn itu res’ etc.): □ W here are you going ro p u t all y our furniture? (not furnirures) □ Let me know if you need m ore inform ation, [not inform ations) N ew s is u n countable, n o t plural: □ T he new s w as very depressing, (not T he news were) T ravel (noun) m eans ‘travelling in general’ (uncountable). We do n o t say ‘a trav el’ to m ean a trip o r a journey: □ T hey spend a lot of m oney on travel. □ We had a very good trip/journey, (not a good travel) C om pare these co u n tab le and u ncountable nouns:. Countable □ □ □ □ □ □. 140. I’m looking for a job. W hat a beautiful view! It’s a nice day today. We had a lot o f bags and cases. T hese chairs are mine. T h a t’s a good suggestion.. Countable and uncountable 1 -* Unit 69. Uncountable □ I’m looking for w ork. (not a w ork) W hat beautiful scenery! □ It’s nice w eather today. □ We had a lor o f baggage/luggage □ T his furniture is mine. □ T h a t’s good advice.. American English -» Appendix 7.

(148) Exercises 70.1. Unit 70. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct?. 1 ‘Did you h e a r w > ise/ a noise just n ow ?’ ‘N o , I d id n ’t hear anything.’ (a noise is correct). 2 a If you w an t to know the new s, you can read paper / a p ap er. b I w a n t to p rin t som e docum ents, b u t the p rinter is o u t o f paper / pap ers. 3 a I th o u g h t there w as som ebody in the house because there w as light / a light on inside, b Light / A light com es from the sun. 4 a I w as in a hurry this m orning. I d id n 't have tim e / a tim e for breakfast. b ‘D id you enjoy y our holiday?” ‘Yes, we had w onderful tim e / a w onderful tim e.' 5 This is nice room / a nice ro o m . D id you d ecorate it yourself? 6 Sue w as very helpful. She gave us som e very useful advice / advices. Did you have nice w eather / a nice w eather w hen you w ere aw ay? 8 We w ere very u n fo rtu n ate. We had bad luck / a bad luck. 9 Is it difficult to find a w ork / job at the m om ent? 10 O u r travel / journey from Paris to M oscow by train w as very tiring. 11 W hen the fire alarm rang, there w as total chaos / a total ch ao s. 12 I had to buy a / som e bread because Iw anted to m ake som e sandw iches. 13 Bad new s d o n 't / d o esn 't m ake people happy. 14 Your hair is / Your hairs are to o lone. You should have it / them cut. 15 The dam age / the dam ages caused by the storm will cost a lot to repair. 70.2. Complete the sentences using the following words. Use the plural (-s) where necessary.. advice inform ation 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. 9 10 11 12 70.3. chair job. experience luggage. experience perm ission. furniture progress. hair w ork. I d id n ’t have m u c h - just tw o small bags. They'll tell you all you w a n t to know . T hev'll give you plenty o f ............................................... T here is room for everybody ro sir dow n. T here are plenty o f ............................................... We have n o ............................................., n o t even a bed o r a table. ‘W h at does Alan look like?’ ‘H e's g o t a long beard and very s h o r t ............................................. C arla's English is betrer th an it w as. She's m a d e ............................................... M ike is unem ploved. H e can ’t se t a ............................................... M ike is unem ployed. H e c a n ’r g e t .................... .......................... If you w a n t to leave early, you have to ask f o r ............................................ I d id n 't k n o w w h a t ro do. So I asked C hris f o r .............................................. I d o n 't think D an will get the job. H e doesn’t have e n o u g h ............................................... Paul has done m anv interesting things. H e could w rite a book a b o u t h i s ..................................... W hat do you say in th e se situ atio n s? Com plete each sen ten ce using one o f the words from Section B. 1 Y our triends have just arrived ar the station. You c an ’t see any cases o r bags. You ask them : H ave ? 2 You s o into the to u rist office. You w a n t to k now a b o u t places to see in the tow n. You say: I'd l i k e ................. .............. .............. ............................. .............................L „ 3 You are a student. You w a n t y our teacher to advise you a b o u t w hich courses to do. You say: C an vou give m e ................................................................................................................................................. ? 4 You w an t to w atch the news on TV, b u t you d o n ’t know w hen it is on. You ask yo u r friend: W hat tim e ............................................................................................................................................. ? 5 You are a t the rop o f a m ountain. You can see a very long way. It’s beautiful. You say: I r .................................................................................................................................................................. isn’t it? 6 You look o u t o f the w indow . The w eath er is horrible: cold, w et and windy. You say: W h at - !. ........... 141.

(149) Unit. 71. Countable nouns with a/an and some C o u n tab le nou n s can be singular o r plural: a dog dogs. a child som e children. rhe evening the evenings. this party these parties. an um brella tw o um brellas. Before singular co u n tab le n ouns you can use a/an : □ G oodbye! H ave a nice evening. □ D o you need a n u m b rella? You can n o t use singular co u n tab le nouns alone (w ithout a /th e /m y etc.): □ She never w ears a hat. (not She never w ears hat) □ Be careful o f the dog. (not Be careful of dog) □ W h at a beautiful day! □ I’ve got a headache. We use a7an ... to say w h a t kind o f thin g o r person som ething/som ebody is: □ T h a t’s a nice tab le. In the plural we use the noun alone (not som e ...): □ T hose are nice c h a irs, (not som e nice chairs) C om pare singular an d plural: □ □ □ □ □ □. A dog is an anim al. I’m an optim ist. T im ’s father is a d octor. Are you a good driver? Jill is a really nice person. W hat a lovely dress!. □ □ □ o. D ogs are anim als. W e're optim ists. M ost o f my friends are students, Are they good students? 3 Jill’s parents are really nice people. □ W hat aw ful shoes!. We say th a t som ebody has a long nose / a nice face / blue eyes / sm all hands ere. : □ Jack has got a long nose. (not the long nose). □ Jack has got blue eyes. (not the blue eves). R em em ber to use a /a n w hen you say w h a t som ebody’s job is: □ Sandra is a nurse, (not Sandra is nurse) □ W ould you like ro be an English teacher? You can use some w ith plural co u n tab le nouns. We use some in rw o ways. (1) Some = a nu m b er of / a few of / a p air of: □ I’ve seen some g o o d films recently, {not I’ve seen good films) □ Some friends o f m ine are com ing to stay at the w eekend.. □ I need some new sunglasses. (= a new pair o f sunglasses) D o not use some w hen you are talking a b o u t things in general (see U nit 75): □ I love b a n a n a s . (no t som e bananas) □ M y a u n t is a w riter. She w rites books. (not som e books) Som etim es you can m ake sentences w ith o r w ith o u t som e (w ith no difference in m eaning): □ T here are (some) eggs in the fridge if y o u ’re hungry. (2) Some = som e but n o t all: □ Some children learn very quickly, (but not all children) □ T om o rro w there will be rain in some places, but m ost o f the co untry will be dry.. 142. Countable and uncountable -» Units 69-70. A/an and the -» Unit 72. Some and any -» Unit 85.

(150) Exercises 71.1. Unit 71. W hat are th e se th in g s? Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 an ant?. 7 E arth, M ars, Venus and Jupiter?. c t.. 2 ants and bees?. .............. ............................................................................. 8 a tulip? .............................................................. 3 a cauliflow er? 4 chess? 5 a violin, a tru m p et an d a flute? 6 a skyscraper? .................................................... 9 the N ile, the R hine and che M ississippi? .................................................. .......................... 10 a pigeon, an eagle and a crow ? .............................................................................. Who were th e se people? 11. 71.2. Beethoven? .....H&...wd^...<?T...cwp®se»\............ 15 M arilyn M onroe?. 12 Shakespeare? .................................................... 13 A lbert Einstein?. ............................................................................. 16 Elvis Presley and Jo h n Lennon?. 14 Washington. Lincoln and Kennedy?. 17 Van Gogh, Renoir and Picasso?. Read about what these people do, and say what their jobs are. Choose from:. chef. interp reter. journalist. 1 Sarah looks after patients in h o sp ital. plum ber. surgeon. travel agent. w aiter. S h e’s...& m r s e .................................................................. 2 3 4 5. G ary w orks in a restau ran t. He brings the food to the rabies. H e ............................................. M a rtin a arranges people’s holidays for them . S h e ........................................................................... Kevin w o rk s in a hospital. H e o perates on people............................................................................. Jo n a th a n cooks in a re sta u ra n t................................................................................................................. 6 lane w rites articles for a new spaper. ..................................................................................................... 7 Dave installs and repairs w ater pipes...................................................................................................... 8 Linda tran slates w h a t people are saving from one language into another, so th a t they can un derstand each other. ............................................................................................................................... 71.3. Put in a/an or some where necessary. If no word isnecessary, leave the space empty.. 1 I've s e e n 2 3 4 5 6. 7. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. some.... íỊood films recently.. W h a t’s w rong w ith you? H ave you s o t headache? I k n o w a lot o f people. M o st o f them a r e .1 students. W hen I w a s .....................child, I used ro be very shy. W ould you like ro b e .....................actor? D o vou c o lle c t...................stam ps? W h a t .....................beautiful garden! .....................birds, for exam ple the penguin, c a n n o t fly. D o you enjoy going t o ...................concerts? I've been w alking for three hours. I’ve g o t sore feet. ' I d o n 't feel very well this m orning. I’ve g o t .....................sore th ro at. M aria s p e a k s ..................English, but n o t very much. It’s a pity we d o n 't h a v e ................... cam era. I’d like to t a k e p h o to g rap h o f th a t house. Those a r e .....................nice shoes. W here did you get them ? I'm going shopping. 1 w a n t to b u y ...................new shoes. You n e e d .....................visa to v i s i t countries, but n o t all of them . Jane i s .....................teacher. H er p arents w e r e .....................teachers too. I d o n ’t believe him. H e’s ................... liar. H e’s alw ays te llin g ..................... lies.. 143.

(151) Unit. 72. A/an and the Study this exam ple: / Í had a sandwich and an apple"for lunch.. Joe says ‘a sandw ich’, ‘an apple’ because this is the first tim e he talks a b o u t them . Joe now says ‘the sandw ich’, ‘the apple' because K aren know s w hich sandw ich and w hich apple he m eans - the sandw ich and the apple th a t he had for lunch.. The sandwich wasn't very good, V^but the apple was nice.. KAREX. C om pare a and the in these exam ples: □ A m an and a w om an w ere sitting opposite me. T h e m an w as A m erican, b u t I think the w om an w as British. □ W hen we w ere on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Som etim es w e ate a t the hotel and som etim es w e w en t to a restau ran t. We use the w hen w e are thinking o f a specific thing. C om pare a/an and the: □ Tim sat dow n on a chair, (perhaps one o f m any chairs in the room ) Tim sat dow n on the ch air nearest the d oor, (a specific chair) □ Paula is looking for a job. (not a specific job) Did Paula get the job she a p p lied for? (a specific job) □ H ave you g o t a car? (nor a specific car) I cleaned the car yesterday. (= my car) We use the w hen it is clear in the situation w hich thing o r person w e m ean. For exam ple, in a room we talk a b o u t the light / the floor / the ceiling / the d o o r / the carpet etc. : □ C an you tu rn off the light, please?- (= the light in this room ) □ I to o k a taxi to the statio n . (= th e station in th a t tow n) □ (in a shop) I’d like to speak to the m anager, please. (= the m anager o f this shop) In the sam e way, we say (go to) the b a n k , the post □ I have to go to the b a n k and then I'm going thinking o f a specific bank o r post office.). office: to the post office. (The speaker is usually. We also say (go to) the d o c to r / the dentist: □ C aroline isn’t very well. She’s gone to the doctor. (= her usual doctor) □ I d o n ’t like going to the dentist. C om pare the and a: □ I have to go to the b an k today. Is there a b a n k n ear here? □ I d o n ’t like going to the dentist. M y sister is a dentist. We say ‘once a w eek / three tim es a day / £1 .5 0 a kilo’ etc. : □ ‘H o w often do you go to the cinem a?’ ‘A bout once a m o n th .’ □ ‘H o w m uch are those p o tato es?’ ‘£ 1 .5 0 a kilo.’ □ H elen w o rk s eight hours a day, six days a week.. 144. A/an -» Unit 71. The -» Units 73-78.

(152) Exercises 72.1. Unit 72. Put in a /a n or th e. 1 T his m orning I b o u g h t. ầ. new spaper a n d .................. m agazine.......................new spaper is in mv bag, but I c a n ’t rem em ber w here I p u t ................ m agazine. 2 I s a w .................. accident rhis m orn in g ...................... c ar crashed.i n t o ....................tree..................... driver o f ................ car w a sn 't h u rt, b u t ....................car w as badly dam aged. 3 T here are tw o cars parked o u ts id e :................ blue one a n d grey o n e.......................blue one belongs to my neighbours; I d o n ’t know w h o .................. ow n er.o f ....................grey one is. 4 M y friends live in old house i n small village. T here i s ....................beautiful garden b e h in d house. I w ould Jike to h a v e garden like that. 72.2. Put in a/an or the. 1 a b c 2 a b c 3 a b c 4 a b c 5 a b c. 72.3. Put in a/an or th e w here necessary. 1 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8. 9 10 11. 12 72.4. T his house is very nice. H as it g o t .................... garden? It’s a beautiful day. Let's sit i n ...................garden. I like living in this house, b u t it’s a pity t h a t garden is so small. C an you re c o m m e n d .....................good restaurant? We had d in n er i n .....................very nice restaurant. We had d in n er i n .....................best re sta u ran t in tow n. She h a s .....................French nam e, b u t in fact she's English, n o t French. W h a t’s ...................nam e o f th a t m an w e m et yesterday? We stayed a t a very nice hotel - Ic a n ’t re m e m b e r nam e now. T here i s n 't .....................a irp o rt n ear w here I live nearest airp o rt is70 miles away. O u r flight w as delaved. We had to w a it a t airp o rt for three hours. Excuse me. please. C an vou tell me how to get t o ................... airp o rt? ‘A re vou going aw ay nexr w eek?’ ‘N o , week after n ex t.’ i'm going aw ay f o r ............ week in September. G ary has a part-tim e job. H e w o rk s three m o rn in g s ................... w eek.. W ould vou like apple? H ow often d o vou 2,0 to dentist? C ould you close door, please? I'm sorry. I d id n 't m ean to do th a t. It w as m istake. Excuse me, w here is bus statio n , please? I have problem . C an you help me? I'm just g o in s to post office. I w o n ’t be long. T here were no chairs, so w e sa t on floor. H ave vou finished w ith book I lenr you? M y sister has just s o t job in bank in M anchester. We live in sm all flat in city centre. T here's su p erm ark et a t end o f street I live in.. Would ijOu like on apple?. Answer th ese q u estio n s ab o u t yourself. W here possible, use the stru c tu re in Section D (once a week I th re e tim es a day etc.). 1 H ow often do you go to the cinem a? 2 H o w m uch does it cost to hire a car in your country?. .......................................... Abowt. ^ £ 0 &........................................... 3 H ow often d o you go to the cinem a? ..................................................................................... .................. 4 H ow often d o you go aw ay on holiday? .................................................................................................. 5 W h a t’s the usual speed lim it in tow ns in y o u r country? ..................................................................... 6 H o w m uch sleep do vou need? ................................................................................................................... 7 H ow often do you go o u t in the evening? ................................................................................................ 8 H o w m uch television do you w atch (on average)? ..................................................... .......................... -» Additional exercise 29 (page 319). 145.

(153) Unit. 73. The 1 We use the w hen there is only one o f som ething: □ W h at is the longest river in the w orld? (there is only one longest river) □ T h e earth goes ro u n d the sun an d the m oon goes ro u n d the earth. □ H ave you ever crossed the eq uator? □ I’m going aw ay a t the end of this m onth. D o n ’t forget the: □ Paris is the capital o f France, (not Paris is capital o f ...) But we use a/an to say w h a t kind o f thing som ething is (see U nit 7 1 B). C om pare the and a: □ T h e sun is a star. (= one o f m any stars) □ T h e hotel w e stayed a t w as a very nice hotel. We say: the sky, the sea, the g ro u n d , the country, the environm ent. □ We looked up a t all the stars in the sky. (not in sky) □ W ould you like to live in the country? (= n o t in a tow n) □ We m ust d o m ore to protect th e environm ent. (= the natural w orld aro u n d us) But we say space (w ith o u t the) w hen w e mean ‘space in the universe’. C om pare: □ T here are m illions o f stars in space, (not in the space) □ I tried to p ark my car, b u t the space w as to o small. We use the before sam e (the same): □ Your pullover is the sam e co lo u r as mine. (not is sam e colour) □ ‘Are these keys the sam e?’ ‘N o , th ey ’re different.’ We say: (go to) the cinem a, the theatre. □ I go to th e cinem a a lot, but I haven’t been to the th eatre for ages. W hen we say the cinem a / the th eatre, we do n o t necessarily m ean a specific cinem a o r theatre. We usually say the radio, but television (w ithout the). C om pare: □ I listen to the rad io a lot. but I w atch television a lot. □ We heard the news on the radio, but We w atched the new s on television. T h e television = the television set: □ C an you tu rn off the television, please? B reakfast. lunch. dinner. We d o not norm ally use the w ith the nam es o f meals (breakfast, lunch etc.): □ W hat did you have for breakfast? □ We had lunch in a very nice restau ran t. □ W h at tim e is dinner? But we use a if there is an adjective before breakfast, lunch etc. : □ We had a very nice lunch, (not We had very nice lunch) Platform 5. R oom 126 etc.. We d o not use the before noun + number. For exam ple, w e say: □ O u r train leaves from P latform 5. (not the P latform 5) □ (in a shop) H ave you got these shoes in size 43? (not the size 43) In the sam e way, we say: R oom 126 (in a hotel), page 29 (of a book), question 3 (in an exam ). G ate 10 (at an airp o rt) etc.. 146. A/an and the -* Unit 72. The 2-4 -* Units 74-76. Names with and without the -» Units 77-78.

(154) Exercises 73.1. Unit 73. Put in th e or a/an w here necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 A: B: 2 A: B: 3 A: B: 4 A: B: 5 A: B: 6 A: B: 7 A: B: 8 A: B: 9 A: B: 10 A: B:. 73.2. W here did vou h a v e lunch? We w enr t o restau ran t. Did vou h a v e nice holiday? Yes, it w a s best holiday I’ve ever had. W h ere’s ----------------nearest shop? T here's one a t ................ end o f this street. D o you often listen t o ..................... radio? N o. In fact I hav en ’t g o t .....................radio. . W ould you like to travel in .....................space? Yes. I'd love to go r o .....................m oon. D o you go t o .....................cinem a very often? N o , n o t verv often. But I w atch a lot o f films o n ................... television. It w a s nice day Yesterday, w asn ’t it? Yes, it w as beautiful. We w en t for a w alk b y ...................sea. W h at did you have f o r b reak fast this m orning? N o th in g . 1 never e a t ...................breakfast. Excuse me, w here i s ................... R oom 2 5 , please? It's on ...................second floor. We spent all o u r m onev because we stayed a t m ost expensive hotel in tow n. W hy d id n 't you stay a t .....................cheaper Tiotel?. Put in th e where necessary. If you d o n 't need th e, leave the space empty. 1 I h av en 't been t o Hi?-..... cinem a to r ases. 2 I lay dow n o n ..................g ro u n d and looked up a t ......................sky. 3 Sarah spends m ost o f her free tim e w a tc h in g ................... television. 4 .....................television w as on. bur n o body w as w atching ir. 5 Lisa an d I arrived a t sam e time. 6 H ave vou h a d ................. d inner vet? You'll f i n d .....................info rm atio n vou need a t ...................... to p .o f ...................... page 15. 8 W h a t’s .....................capital city o f C anada?. 73.3. Put in th e or a/an where necessary. (See Unit 72 for a /a n and th e if necessary.) 1 Sun is star.. 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 73.4. Th e s u n . t s . f t .sfaM’,.......................................................................................................... Paul lives in sm all village in countrv. ........ M o o n goes round earth every 2 7 d ays................................................................................................... I'm fed up w ith doing sam e thing every day......................................................................................... It w as very h o t day. Ir w as h o ttest day of year. • ................................................................................. I d o n 't usually have lunch, but I alw ays eat good b reak fast............................................................ If vou live in foreign country, you should try and learn language................................................. We missed o u r train because w e w ere w aiting on w rong p la tfo rm ............................................... N ex t train to L ondon leaves from Platform 3 ....................................................................................... Com plete th e sentences using th e following. Use th e where necessary. break fast. cinem a. ểm n e p. gate. G ate 21. question 8. sea. 1 ‘Are you going o u t this evening?’. 'Yes, a f t e r ...... ’ T here w as no w ind, s o ............................................ w as very calm. T he test w a sn ’t to o difficult, b u t I c o u ld n ’t a n s w e r ............................................... i ’m going r o to n ig h t.’ ‘A re vou? W h at are you going to see?’ I d id n 't have tim e f o r ............................................ this m orning because I w as in a hurry. 6 O h , ............................................ is open. I m ust have forgotten to sh u t it. 7 (airport announcement) Flight AB123 to Rom e is now boarding a t ........................................... 2 3 4 5. -» Additional exercise 29 (page 319). 147.

(155) Unit. 74. The 2 (school. I the school etc.). C o m p are school and the school: ALISON. Alison is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. She’s a t school now. School begins at 9 an d finishes at 3.. Today A lison’s m other w ants to speak to her d au g h te r’s teacher. So she has gone to the school to sec her. She’s at the school now.. We say a child goes to school o r is at school (as a pupil). We are n o t necessarily thinking o f a specific school. We are thinking of school as a general idea.. A lison’s m other is n o t a pupil. She is n o t ‘at school", she doesn’t ‘go to school’. If she w ants to see A lison’s teacher, she goes to the school (= A lison’s school, a specific building).. We use prison, hospital, university, college and church in a sim ilar way. We do n o t use the w hen w e are th in k in g o f the general idea o f these places and w h at thev are used for. C om pare: □ K en’s b ro th er is in prison for robbery. (He is a prisoner. We are n o t th in k ing o f a specific prison.) □ Joe had an accident last week. H e w as taken to hospital. H e’s still in hospital now. (as a patient) □ W hen I leave school, I w a n t to go to university/college. □ Sally’s father goes to church everv Sunday, (to a religious service). Ken w ent to the prison ro visit his brother. (H e w ent as a visitor, nor as a prisoner.I Jan e has gone ro the hospital to visit Joe. She’s at the hospital now. (as a visitor) Excuse me, w here is the university, please? 1= the universiry buildings* Some w orkm en w ent to the church to repair the roof, (not for a religious service). W ith m ost oth er places, you need the. For exam ple, the cinema, the bank (see Units 72C and 73D |. Bed. w o rk. hom e. We say go to b ed / be in bed etc. (not the bed): □ It’s tim e to go to bed now. □ D o you ever have breakfast in bed? but □ I sat d o w n on th e bed. (a specific piece of furniture) go to w ork / be a t w o rk / sta rt w o rk / finish w ork etc. (not the w ork): □ C hris d id n ’t go to w o rk yesterday. □ W h at tim e d o you usually finish w ork? go hom e / com e hom e / arrive hom e / get hom e / be at hom e etc. : □ It’s late. Let’s go hom e. □ Will you be a t hom e to m o rro w afternoon? We say go to sea / be at sea (w ith o u t the) w hen the m eaning is ‘go/be on a voyage': □ K eith w o rk s on ships. H e is at sea m ost o f the time. but □ I’d like to live n ear the sea. □ It can be d angerous to swim in the sea.. 148. The -* Units 72-73, 75-78 Prepositions (at school I in hospital etc.) -* Units 123-125 American English -> Appendix 7. Home -* Unit 126t.

(156) Exercises 74.1. Unit 74. Com plete each sen ten ce using a preposition (to /a t/in etc.) + one o f th ese words: bed. hom e. h o sp ital. hospital. prison. school. u n iv e rsity. w o rk. 1 2 3 4 5. Tw o people w ere injured in the accident an d w ere t a k e n í®....b.9.52ị^Ị;............................. In Britain, children from the age o f five have to g o .................................................................. M ark d id n ’t go o u t last night. H e s ta y e d ..................................................................................... T here is a lot o f traffic in the m orning w hen everybody is g o in g ........................................ C ath y ’s m o th er has just had an op eratio n . She is s t i l l ............................................................. 6 W hen Julia leaves school, she w an ts to study e c o n o m ic s....................................................... 7 Bill never gets up before 9 o 'clock. It’s 8.30 now, so he is s t i l l ............................................ 8 If you com m it a serious crim e, you could be s e n t ...................................................................... 74.2. Com plete th e sen ten ces with th e word given (school etc.). Use th e where necessary. 1 (School). a b c d e f s. Every term p arents are invited r o ẾhỉLSSỉboSk to m eet the teachers. W hy aren 'r y o u r children a t sch,ooL todav? Are they ill? W hen he w as younger, Ted h a t e d ..................................................... W h a t tim e d o e s ...................................................usually sta rt in the m ornings in your country? A: H o w do y o u r children get hom e f r o m .................................................? By bus? B: N o , they w a lk ...................................................... isn’t very far. W h at s o n o f job does Jenny w a n t to do when she le a v e s.................................................... ? T here w ere som e people w aiting outside .............................................to m eet th eir children.. 2 (university). ? a In y our co u n try d o m any people go t o ................................. b If you w a n t to get a degree, you norm ally have to study a t ...................................................... c This is only a small tow n, b u t ....................................................is one of the biggest in the country. 3 Ih ospital I a M y b rother has alw ays been very healthv. H e’s never been i n ..................................................... b W hen A nn w as ill, I w ent t o ................................................... to visit her. W hen I w as there, I m et Lisa w ho is a nurse a t ..................................................... c Perer w as injured inan accident an d w as kept i n ...................................................for a few days. 4 (church) a Jo h n 's m o th er is a regular churchgoer. She goes t o ....................................................every Sunday. b Jo h n him self d o esn ’t go t o ..................................................... c Jo h n w en t t o .................................................... to take som e pho to g rap h s o f the building. 5 (prison) a In som e places people are i n because o f their political beliefs. b A few days ago the fire brigade w ere called t o .................................................. to p u t o u t a fire. c The judge decided to fine the m an £ 5 0 0 instead o f sending him t o ................................................ 6 Ih om e/w ork/bed I. a b c d e f. I like to read i n .......................... before I go to sleep. It’s nice to travel a ro u n d , b u t th ere’s no place l i k e ...................................................... ! Shall w e m eet a f t e r to m o rro w evening? If I’m feeling tired, 1 go t o .................................................... early. W h a t tim e do you usually s t a r t .................................................... in rhe m orning? T he econom ic situ atio n w as very bad. M any people w ere o u t o f ..................................................... 7 (seal a T h ere’s a nice view from th e w indow . You can s e e ..................................................... b It w as a long voyage. We w ere a t .................................................... for fo u r weeks. c I love sw im m ing i n .................................................... Additional exercise 29 (page 319). 149.

(157) Unit. 75. The 3 (children. I the children). W hen we are talking a b o u t things o r people in general, w e do not use the: □ I’m afraid o f dogs, (not the dogs) (dogs = dogs in general, n o t a specific group o f dogs) □ D octors arc paid m ore than teachers. □ D o you collect stam ps? □ C rim e is a problem in m ost big cities, (not T he crime) □ Life has changed a lot in the last thirty years, (not The life) □ D o you like classical m usic / C hinese food / fast cars? □ M y favourite sp o rt is football/skiing/athletics. □ M y favourite subject a t school w as history/physics/English. We say ‘m ost people / m ost books / m ost ca rs’ etc. (not the m ost ...): □ M ost hotels accept credit cards, (not T he m ost hotels) We use the w hen we m ean specific things o r people. C om pare:. In general (w ith o u t the). Specific people or things (w ith the). □ C hildren learn from playing. (= children in general). □ We took the children to the zoo. (= a specific gro u p , perhaps the speaker's children). □ I c o u ld n ’t live w ith o u t music.. □ The film w a sn ’t very good, b u t I liked the music. {= the m usic in the film). □ All cars have wheels.. □ All the cars in this ca r p ark belong ro people w ho w ork here.. □ Sugar isn’t very good to r you.. □ Can you pass the sugar, please? (= the sugar on the table). □ English people d rink a lor o f tea. (= English people in general). □ T h e English people I know drink a lot o t tea. (= only the English people I know , n o t English people in general). T he difference betw een ‘som ething in general’ and ‘som ething specific' is not alw ays very clear. C om pare:. In general (w ith o u t the). Specific people or things (w ith the). □ I like w orking w ith people. (= people in general) □ I like w orking w ith people w ho are lively, (not all people, but ‘people w ho are lively’ is still a general idea). □ I like the people I w ork w ith. (= a specific group o f people). □ Do you like coffee? (= coffee in general) □ Do you like strong black coffee? (not all coffee, b u t ‘stro n g black coffee' is still a general idea). 150. The 1-2 —►Units 73-74. □ Did vou like the coffee we had after dinner last night? (= specific coffee). The + adjective (the young I the English etc.) -» Unit 76.

(158) Exercises 75.1. Unit 75. Choose four of these things and write whether you like them or not:. boxing m aths. cats opera. fast food restau ran ts sm all children. football rock m usic. h o t w eather zoos. Begin each sentence with one of these:. I like ... / I d o n ’t like ... I love ... / 1 hate ... 1. I d o n ’t m ind ... I’m interested in ... / I’m not interested in .... 1 d on’t Like Ho t ue&ther verij. .............................................................................................. 1 3 .................................................................................................. -....................................................................... 4 ................................................................................................. 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 75.2. Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary.. fth e f basketbaH(the) questions (the) history. (the) grass (the) m eat (the) w ater. (the) patience +thel-m ioFm atiefr (thel spiders. (the) people (the) shops (the) lies. 1 M y favourite sp o rt i s ...... we w ere given w asn ’t correct. 3 Some people are afraid o f ..................................................... 4 A vegetarian is som ebodv w ho d o esn 't eat .................................................... 5 The tesr w asn 't very difficult. Í a n s w e re d .................................................. w ithout difficulty. 6 Do you k n o w .................................................... w h o live next door? 7... ................................................. is the study o f the past. 8 G eorge alw ays tells the tru th . H e never t e l l s .................................................... 9 It w as late w hen we arrived in the to w n , a n d .................................................... w ere shut. 10 in the pool d id n 't look very clean, so we d id n ’t go for a swim. 11 D o n 't sit o n It’s w et after rhe rain. 12 You n e e d .................................................... to teach young children. 2. 75.3. Choose the correct form, with or without the.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16 IT 18 19. I'm afraid of dogs / the d o g s, (dogs is correct) C an vou pass-sa k -/ the salt, please? (the salr is correct) Apples / T he apples are good for vou. Look a t apples / the apples on th a t tree! T h ey're very big. W om en / T he w om en live longer th a n men / the m en. I d o n 't drink tea / the tea. I d o n ’t like it. We had a very good meal. Vegetables / T he vegetables w ere especially good. Life / T he life is strange som etim es. Some very strange things happen. I like skiing / the skiing, but I'm n o t very good a t it. W ho are people / the people in this photog raph? W h at m akes people / the people violent? W hat causes aggression / the aggression? All books / All the books on the to p shelf belong ro me. D o n 't stay in th a t hotel. It's very noisy and beds / the beds are very uncom fortable. A pacifist is som ebody w ho is against w ar / the w a r. First W orld W ar L The First W orld W ar lasted from 1914 until 1918. I’d like to go to Egypt and see Pyram ids / the Pyram ids. Som eone gave me a book a b o u t history / the history o f m odern a rt / the m odern a r t. Ron and Brenda got m arried, but m arriage / the m arriage d id n ’t last very long. M ost people / T he m ost people believe th a t m arriage / the m arriage and Family life / the family life are the basis o f society / the society.. Additional exercise 29 (page 319). 151.

(159) Unit. 76. I. The 4 (the giraffe the telephone the piano etc. ; the + adjective) Study □ □ □ □. I. these sentences: T he giraffe is the tallest o f all anim als. T he bicycle is an excellent m eans o f tran sp o rt. W hen w as the telephone invented? T he d o llar is the currency (= the m oney) o f the United States.. In these exam ples, the ... does n o t m ean one specific thing. T he giraffe = a specific type o f anim al, n o t a specific giraffe. We use the (+ singular countable noun) in this w ay to talk a b o u t a type o f anim al, m achine etc. In the sam e w ay we use the for m usical instrum ents: □ Can you play the guitar? □ T he piano is my favourite instrum ent. C om pare a and the: □ I’d like to have a piano. □ We saw a giraffe a t the zoo.. but but. I c a n ’t play the piano. T h e giraffe is my favourite anim al.. N ote th a t we use m an (= hu m an beings in general / the hum an race) w ith o u t the: □ W hat do you know a b o u t the origins o f man? (not the m an) T h e + adjective We use the + adjective (w ith o u t a noun) to talk a b o u t groups o f people, especially: the young the old the elderly. the rich the p oor the homeless. the sick the disabled the unem ployed. the blind the deaf. the injured the dead. T h e young = young people, the rich = rich people etc. : □ Do you think the rich should pay higher taxes? □ The governm ent has prom ised to provide m ore m oney to help the hom eless. These expressions are alw ays plural in m eaning. For exam ple, you cannor say ‘a young' o r ‘the in ju red ’ for one person. You m ust say ‘a young p e rso n ’, ‘the injured w o m an ' etc. N ote th at we say 'th e p o o r’ (not the poors), ‘the young' (not the youngs) etc. T h e + nationality You can use the + nationality adjectives th a t end in -ch o r -sh (the French / the English / the Spanish etc.) T he m eaning is ‘the people o f th a t co u n try ’: □ T he French are fam ous for their food. (= the people o f France) T h e French / the English etc. are plural in m eaning. We do not say ‘a French / an English'. You have to say a Frenchm an / an E nglishw om an etc. You can also use the + natio n ality w ords ending in -ese (the Chinese / the Sudanese / the Japanese etc.): □ T he C hinese invented printing. But these w o rd s can also be singular (a Japanese, a Sudanese etc.). Also a Swiss (singular) and the Swiss (= the people o f Sw itzerland) W ith oth er n ationalities, the plural noun ends in -s. For exam ple: an Italian -» Italians a M exican -* M exicans a T urk —►Turks W ith these w o rd s (Italians etc.), we d o not norm ally use the to talk a b o u t the people in general (see Unit 75).. 152. A/an and the -* Unit 72. The 1-3 -» Units 73-75. Names with and without the -* Units 77-78.

(160) Exercises 76.1. Unit 76. Answer the questions. Choose the right answer from the box. Don't forget the. Use a dictionary if necessary.. 1. 2. 3. animals riser rab b it giraffe 1 a. b c 2 a b c 3 a b c 4 a b c 76.2. inventions. birds elephant cheetah kan g aroo. easle sw an p arro t. 4. penguin owl robin. currencies. telephone telescope helicopter. wheel laser typew riter. W hich o f the anim als is tallest? W hich anim al can run fastest? W hich o f these anim als is found in A ustralia? W hich o f these birds has a long neck? W hich o t these birds can n o t fly? W hich bird flies a t night? W hich o f rhese inventions is oldest? W hich one is m ost recent? W hich one w as especially im p o rtan t for astronom y? \x h at is the currency o f India? W h at is the currency o f C anada? And the currency o f vour country?. dollar euro rouble. peso rupee yen. tHe gcrft-f f e. Put in the or a. 1 W hen w a s. telephone invented? C an YOU p l a v .....................m usical instrum ent? Jill p la y s ...................violin in an orchestra. T here w a s piano in the co rner o f the room . C an you p l a y .....................piano? 6 O u r society is based o n .....................family. 7 M artin com es f r o m .....................large family. 8 .................... co m p u ter has changed the w ay w e live.. 2 3 4 5. 76.3. Complete these sentences using the + the following:. injured 1. 2 3 4 5. 76.4. poor. rich. sick. unem ployed. veung^. ..Ih&...y0WQi have the future in th eir hands. A m bulances arrived at the scene o f the accident and t o o k ..............................................to hospital. Life is all right ii you have a job, bur things are nor so easy t o r ......................................................... Julia has been a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring f o r .................................................... In England there is an old story a b o u t a m an called Robin H ood. It is said th a t he robbed ..............................................and gave the m oney t o ................................................ W hat do you call the people of these countries?. one person (a/an ...) 1 C an ad a.............................. ... S ĩ S ê x m ũ m ................. the people in general Confiuit&ns.... 2 3 4 5. G erm any........................... .......................................... France................................ ............................................ Russia............................................................................. C hina............................................................................. 6 Brazil.................................. ........................................... 7 England............................. ............................................ s and y our cou n try ............................................. 153.

(161) Unit. 77. Names with and without the 1 We d o not use the w ith nam es o f people (‘H elen’, ‘H elen T aylor’ etc.). In the sam e way, we do not norm ally use the w ith nam es o f places. For exam ple:. continents countries, states etc. islands cities, tow ns etc. m ountains. Africa (not the Africa), E urope, South America France (not the France), Ja p a n , Sw itzerland, Texas Sicily, B erm uda, T asm ania C airo, N ew York, Bangkok Everest, E tna, K ilim anjaro. I *. thé ). But we use the in nam es w ith R epublic, K ingdom , States etc. : the Czech R epublic the U nited K ingdom (the UK) the D om inican R epublic the U nited States o f America (the USA) C om pare: □ H ave you been to C an ad a o r the U nited States? W hen we use M r/M rs/C ap tain /D o cto r etc. + a nam e, we do n o t use the. So we say: M r Joh n so n / D o cto r Joh n so n / C ap tain Jo h nson / President Jo hnson etc. (not the ...) Uncle R obert / Saint C atherine / Princess M aria etc. (not the ...) C om pare: □ We called the docto r. We called D o cto r Johnson, (not the D octor Johnson) We use m o u n t (= m ountain) an d lake in the sam e w ay (w ithout the): M o u n t Everest (not the ...) M o u n t Etna Lake Superior Lake C onstance □ They live near the lake. They live n ear Lake C onstance, {not the Lake C onstance) We use the th e the. th e w ith the nam es o f oceans, seas, rivers and canals: A tlantic (O cean) the Red Sea the Am azon Indian O cean the C hannel (between the Nile M ed iterran ean (Sea) France and Britain) the Suez C anal. We use the w ith the nam es o f deserts: th e Sahara (Desert) the G obi D esert We use the w ith plural nam es o f people and places:. people countries groups o f islands mountain ranges. the the th e the. Taylors (= the Taylor family), the Johnsons N eth erlan d s, the Philippines, the United States C anaries / the C anary Islands, the Baham as Rockv M o u n tains / the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps. □ T he highest m ountain in the Alps is M o n t Blanc. We say: the n o rth (of Brazil) but n o rthern Brazil (w ithout the) the south-east (of Spain) but south-eastern Spain C om pare: □ Sweden is in n o rth ern Europe; Spain is in the south. Also the M iddle East, the F ar East We also use n o rth /so u th etc. (w ith o u t the) in the nam es o f som e regions and countries: N o rth A m erica South Africa N o te th a t on m aps, the is n o t usually included in the nam e.. 154. Names with and without the 2 -» Unit 78.

(162) Exercises. Unit 77. 77.1 Put in the wherenecessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence. is alreadycomplete.. W ho i s r. D o cto r Johnson? {the sentence is com plete w ithout the) I w as ill, so I w ent to s e e .....................doctor. T he m ost pow erful person i n .....................U nited States i s ..................... president. ...................President K ennedy w as assassinated in 1963. D o you k n o w .....................W ilsons? T h ey 're a very nice couple. 6 Do vou k n o w ................... Professor Brow n's phone num ber? 1 2 3 4 5. 77.2 Some of these sentences are correct, but some need the (sometimes. morethan once). Correct. the sentences where necessary. 1 Everest w as first clim bed in 1953.. 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 77.3. „ 0 & .............................................................. M ilan is in n o rth o f Italy............................................................................................................. ......................... Africa is m uch larger than E urope. ....................................................................... Last vear I visited M exico an d U nited States. ....................................................................... South o f England is w arm er th an n o rth . ....................................................................... Portugal is in w estern Europe. ....................................................................... France and Britain are separated by C hannel. ....................................................................... Jim has travelled a lot in M iddle East. ....................................................................... C hicago is on Lake M ichigan. ................................ ...................................... N e x t year w e’re going skiing in Swiss Alps.................................................................................................... UK consists o f G reat Britain an d N o rth ern Ireland. ....................................................................... Seychelles are a g ro u p o f islands in Indian O cean................ ....................................................................... A frica's highest m o u n tain is K ilim anjaro (5895 m etres)............................................................................. River Volga flows into C aspian Sea.. Here are some geography questions. Choose the right answer from one of the boxes and write the if necessary. You do not need all the names in the boxes. Use an atlas if necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. continents. countries. oceans and seas. m ountains. rivers and canals. Africa Asia A ustralia Europe N o rth A m erica Sourh America. C anada D enm ark Indonesia Sweden T hailand U nited States. AdftntieIndian O cean Pacific Black Sea M ed iterranean Red Sea. Alps Andes H im alayas Rockies Urals. A m azon Rhine D anube T ham es Volga N ile Suez C anal Panam a C anal. W h at d o you have to cross ro travel from E urope to America? Ì&1&..Á W here is A rgentina? ............................................. ............................................................... W hich is the longest river in Africa? ............................................................................... O f w hich country is Stockholm the capital? ................................................................. O f w hich co u n try is W ashington the capital? .............................................................. W h a t is the nam e o f the m o u n tain range in the w est of N o rth America? .......... W h at is the nam e o f the sea betw een Africa and Europe? ....................................... W hich is the sm allest co n tin en t in the w orld? ............................................................. W h at is the nam e o f the ocean betw een N o rth Am erica and Asia? ..................... W h a t is the nam e o f the ocean betw een Africa and A ustralia? .............................. W hich river flows th ro u g h London? ............................................................................... W hich river flows th ro u g h V ienna, B udapest and Belgrade? .................................. O f w hich co u n try is Bangkok rhe capital? .................................................................... W h at joins the A tlantic and Pacific O ceans? ................................................................ W hich is the longest river in South America? ............................................................... 155.

(163) Unit. 78. Names with and without the 2 N am es w ith o u t the We d o n o t use the w ith nam es o f m ost city streets/roads/squares/parks etc. : Wall Street (not the ...) Fifth Avenue H yde Park Q ueens R oad B roadw ay Times Square N am es o f im p o rta n t public buildings and institutions (for exam ple, airp o rts, stations, universities) are often tw o w ords: M anchester A irport H arv ard U niversity T he first w ord is the nam e o f a place (‘M anchester’) o r a person (‘H a rv a rd ’). These nam es are usually w ith o u t the. Irl the sam e way, we say: V ictoria Station (not the ...) C an terbury C athedral E dinburgh C astle B uckingham Palace C am bridge U niversity Sydney H a rb o u r C om pare: B uckingham Palace (not the ...) but the Royal Palace (‘R oyal’ is an adjective - it is n o t a nam e like 'B uckingham '.) M o st o th e r buildings have nam es w ith the. For exam ple:. hotels/restaurants theatres/cinemas museums/galleries other buildings. the the the the. Sheraton H otel, the Bombay R estaurant, the H oliday Inn Palace T heatre, the O deon (cinema) G uggenheim M useum , the H ayw ard Gallery Em pire State (Building), the W hite H ouse, the Eiffel Tow er. We often leave o u t the noun: the Sheraton (H otel) the Palace (Theatre). the G uggenheim (M useum ). Some nam es are only the + noun , for exam ple: the A cropolis the Krem lin the Pentagon N am es w ith o f usually have the. For exam ple: the Bank o f England the M useum o f M odern Art the G reat Wall o f C hina the T ow er o f London N ote th a t we say: the U niversity o f C am bridge. but. C am bridge U niversity [without the). M any shops, restau ran ts, hotels, banks etc. are nam ed after the people w ho started them . T hese nam es end in -’s o r -s. We do n o t use the w ith these names: Lloyds Bank (not the ...) B ro w n ’s R estaurant M acv’s (departm ent store) C hurches are often nam ed after saints: St J o h n ’s C hurch (not the St Jo hns C hurch). St P atrick’s C athedral. M ost new spapers and m any o rg anisations have nam es w ith the:. newspapers organisations. the W ashington Post, the Financial Times, the Sun the E uropean U nion, the BBC (= British B roadcasting C orp o ratio n ), the Red Cross. N am es of com panies, airlines etc. are usually w ith o u t the: Fiat (not the Fiat) Sony British Airways K odak IBM Yale U niversity Press. 156. Names with and without the 1 -* Unit 77.

(164) Exercises 78.1. Unit 78. Use the map to answer the questions. Write the name of the place and the street it is in. Use the if necessary. (Remember that on maps we do not normally use the.). Jv Is there a cinem a Is there a su p erm ark et Is there a hotel Is there a church Is there a m useum Is there a b o o k sh o p Is there a park. near near near n ear near n ear n ear. h e re ? \ here? here? here? here? here? here?. Is there a re sta u ra n t near here?. 78.2. / y es. Yes, _ _ _ Yes.................................. in in. Y e s ,................................................................. Y e s ,.................................................................. Y e s ,............................................................................ Y e s ,.................................................. a t the end of T here are tw o. . o r ........................ Where are the following? Use the where necessary.. A cropolis Kremlin. B roadw ay W hite H ouse. B uckingham Palace G atw ick A irport. 1 Ztĩí!.&§....sjắUi!íííL.. is in N ew York. 5 2 ........................................................ is in Paris. 6 3 ....................................................is in L ondon. 7 4 .......................................... is in W ashington. 8 78.3. /L. Ị.ừ). Eiffel T ow er Tim es Square is in M oscow. is in N ew York. is in Athens. is near London.. Choose the correct form, with or without the.. 1 H ave you ever been to B nnsh M useum / the British M u se u m ? (the British M useum is correct) 2 H vde Park / T he H vde Park is a very large park in central L ondon. j A no th er park in central L ondon is Sr lam es s Park / the St lam es’s P ark 4 G rand H otel / T he G ran d H otel is in Baker Street / the Baker Street. 5 Dublin A irport / The Dublin A irport is situated about 12 kilometres from the city centre. 6 F rank is a stu d en t a t Liverpool University / the Liverpool U niversity. It you’re looking for a departm ent store, I w ould recom m end H arrison’s / the H arrison’s. If y ou’re looking for a place to have lunch, I w ould recom m end Ship Inn / the Ship Inn. Statue of Liberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to N ew York H a rb o u r / the New York H a rb o u r. 10 You should go to Science M useum / the Science M useum . It’s very interesting. John w orks for IBM / the IBM now. He used to w ork for British Telecom / the British Telecom. 12 ‘W hich cinem a are you going ro this evening?’ ‘Classic / T he Classic.’ 13 I’d like to go to C hina and see G rear Wall / rhe G reat W all. 14 ‘W hich new spaper do you w a n t? ' ‘H erald / T he H erald .’ This book is published by C am bridge University Press / the C am bridge University Press.. 11. 15. -* Additional exercise 29 (page 319). 157.

(165) Unit. 79. Singular and plural Som etim es we use a plural noun for one thing th at has tw o p arts. For exam ple:. Ỉ 1® fUfff h. <4. f. trousers (two legs) also jeans/tights/shorts/pants. pyjam as. glasses. scissors. binoculars. (top and bottom ). These w ords are p lural, so they take a plural verb: □ M y trou sers are to o long. (not my trousers is) You can also use a p air o f + these w ords: □ T h o se are nice jeans. or T h a t’s a nice pair o f jeans. (not a nice jeans) □ I need som e new glasses, or I need a new pair o f glasses. ^. Some nouns end in -ics, but are n o t usually plural. For exam ple: athletics econom ics electronics gym nastics m aths (= m athem atics) □ G ym nastics is my favourite sport, (not G ym nastics are). physics. politics. N ew s is n o t plural (see U nit 70B): □ W h at tim e is the new s on television? (not are the news) Some w o rds ending in -s can be singular o r plural. For exam ple: m eans a m eans o f tra n sp o rt m any m eans o f tran sp o rt series a television series tw o television series species a species o f bird 2 0 0 species o f bird y. Some singular n ouns are often used w ith a plural verb. For exam ple: audience com m ittee com pany family firm governm ent. staff. team. T hese n ouns are all g roups o f people. We often th in k of them as a num ber of people (= they), n o t as one thing (= it). So we often use a plural verb: □ T h e governm ent (= they) w ant to increase taxes. □ T h e staff at the school (= they) are not happy w ith their new w orking conditions. In the sam e way, we ofren use a plural verb after the nam e o f a sports team o r a com pany: □ Italy are playing Brazil n ex t w eek (in a football m atch). □ Shell have increased the price o f petrol. A singular verb (The governm ent w an ts ... / Shell has ... etc.) is also possible. We use a plural verb w ith police: □ T h e police arc investigating the m urder, but haven’t arrested anvone yet. (not T he police is ... hasn't) N ote th a t we say a police officer / a policem an / a policew om an (HO? a police). We do not often use the plural o f person (‘persons’). We norm ally use people (a plural w ord): □ H e’s a nice person, but They are nice people. (not nice persons) □ M any people d o n ’t have enough to eat. (not M any people doesn't) We think o f a sum o f money, a period of tim e, a distance etc. as owe thing. So w e use a singular verb: □ Tw enty th o u san d pounds (= it) w as stolen in the robbery. (not w ere stolen) o T h ree years (= it) is a long tim e to be w ith o u t a job. (not T hree years are) □ Six miles is a long w ay to w alk every day.. 158. American English —►Appendix 7.

(166) Exercises 79.1. Unit 79. Complete each sentence using a word from Sections A or B. Sometimes you need a or some.. 1 M y eyesight isn’r very good. I n e e d ..... .Ạ .species js a g ro u p of anim als o r plants th a t have the sam e characteristics.. 2. 3 Footballers d o n ’t w ear trousers w hen they play. They w e a r ..................................................... 4 T he bicycle i s ......................................... of tran sp o rt. 5 T he bicycle and the c a r a r e .................................................... of tra n sp o rt. 6 I w a n t to c u t this piece of m aterial. I n e e d ..................................................... A friend o f mine is w r itin g .................................................... o f articles for the local new spaper. 8 T here are a lot o i A m erican T V .................... show n on British television. 9 W hile we w ere o u t w alking, we saw m any d if fe r e n t.................................................. o f bird. 79.2. In each example the words on the left are connected with an activity (for example, a sport or an academic subject). Write the name of the activity. The beginning of the word is given. 1 calculate. algebra equation election m inister finance trad e em ploym ent running jum ping Throwing light heat gravity exercises som ersault parallel b ars co m p u ter silicon chip video gam es. 2 governm ent. 3 4 5 6. 79.3. ................................................................................. p ............................................................................... e ................................................................................ a .... ph.. gv„ el. ... Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural. In one sentence either the singular or plural verb is possible.. I G ym nastics is /-afe-mv favourite sp o rt, (is is correct) 1 T he trou sers you bought to r me d o esn 't / d o n 't fit me. 3 T he police w ant / w ants to interview tw o men a b o u t the robbery last week. 4 Phvsics w as / w ere m y besr subject at school. 5 C an I b o rro w your scissors? M ine isn’t / a re n 't sh arp enough. 6 F ortunately the news w asn 't / w eren 't as bad as we expected. W here does / do your family live? 8 T hree days isn't / aren 'r Ion? enough for a good holiday. 9 1 can't find my binoculars. D o you k n o w w here ir is / rhev a re ? 10 I t s a nice place to visit. T he people is / are very friendly. 11 D oes / D o the police know how the accident happened? 12 I d o n 't like very hor w eather. T h irty degrees is / are to o h o t for me. 79.4. Most of these sentences are wrong. Correct them where necessary.. 1 T hree years are a Ions; tim e to be w ith o u t a job...................................................................................... 2 The governm ent w a n t to increase taxes.......................................ỠỊị>„..ỉwạnts.is.alsQmcorrect\.............. 3 Susan w as w earing a black jeans................................................ .................................................................. 4 Brazil are playing Italy in a football m atch n ex t w eek........................................................................... 5 I like M artin and Jane. T h ey 're very nice persons................................................................................... 6 I need m ore th an ten pounds. Ten pounds a ren ’t en o u g h ..................................................................... 7 I'm going to buy a new pvjam a..................................................................................................................... 8 T he com m ittee hav en ’t m ade a decision yet.............................................................................................. 9 T here w as a police directing traffic in the street.................... .................................................................. 10 W h at is the police going ro do? -.... 11 T his scissors isn’t very sharp........................................................ ................................................................... 159.

(167) Noun + noun (a tennis ball. I a headache). You can use tw o nouns tog eth er (noun + noun) to m ean one thing/person/idea etc. For exam ple: a tennis ball a b an k m anager a ro ad accident incom e tax the city centre T he first n o u n is like an adjective. It tells us w h at kind o f thing/person/idea etc. F or exam ple: a tennis ball = a ball used to play tennis a ro ad accident = an accident th a t happens on the road incom e tax = tax th a t you pay on y our income the w ater tem p eratu re = the tem p erature o f the w ater a L ondon d o c to r = a d o c to r from L ondon my life story = the story o f my life So you can say: a television cam era a television program m e a television studio a television producer (these a re all different things o r people to do w ith television) language problem s m arriage problem s health problem s w ork problem s (these are all different kinds of problem s) C om pare: garden vegetables (= vegetables th a t are grow n in a garden) a vegetable garden (= a garden w here vegetables are grow n) Som etim es th e first w ord ends in -ing. Usually these are things used tor doing som ething: a frying pan (= a pan for frying) a w ashing m achine a sw im m ing pool a dining room Som etim es there are m ore than tw o nouns together: □ I w aited at the hotel reception desk. □ We w atched rhe W orld Sw im m ing C ham pionships on television. □ If you w an t to play table tennis (= a gam e), you need a table tennis table (= a table). W hen tw o nou n s are together like this, som etim es w e w rite them as one w ord and som etim es as tw o sep arate w ords. For exam ple: a headache to o th p aste a w eekend a car park a road sign T here are no clear rules for this. If you are n o t sure, w rite tw o w ords. N o te the difference betw een: a sugar bow l (perhaps em pty) and a bow] o f sugar (= a bowl w ith sugar in it) a shopping bag (perhaps em pty) and a bag of shopping (= a bag full of shopping) W hen we use noun + noun, the first noun is like an adjective. It is norm ally singular, but the m eaning is often plural. For exam ple: a book sh o p is a shop w here you can buy books, an apple tree is a tree th a t has apples. In the sam e w ay w e say: a th ree-h o u r journey (= a journey th a t takes three hours) a ten-pound note (not pounds) a four-w eek course (not weeks) tw o 14-year-old girls (not years) a six-page letter (not pages) C om pare: □ It w as a four-w eek course,. -’s and of ... -* Unit 81. but. The course lasted four weeks.. A week's holiday I three weeks’ holiday etc. -» Unit 81E.

(168) Exercises 80.1. Unit 80. W hat do we call th ese things and people? 1 A ticket for a con cert i s. 2 Problem s concerning health a r e. tic k e t .............. h?^È !...£ !?!?Ẩ£íy?.s.. 3 A m agazine a b o u t com p u ters i s ................................... 4 Photographs taken on your holiday are y o u r .......... 5 C hocolate m ade w ith m ilk i s ......................................... 6 Som ebody w hose job is to inspect factories i s ......... 7 A horse rhar runs in races i s .......................................... 8 A race for horses i s ......................................... ................. 9 A hotel in central L ondon i s .......................................... 10 The results o f y our exam s are y o u r ............................. 11 T he carp et in the dining room i s .................................. 12 A scandal involving an oil com pany i s ....................... 13 W orkers a t a c a r factory a r e .......................................... 14 A scheme to im prove a road i s ..................................... 15 A course rh at lasts five days i s ...................................... 16 A question th a t has tw o p a rts i s ................................... 1 ” A girl w ho is seven years old i s ..................................... 80.2. Answer the questions using two of the following words each time:. a c ciden t num ber. belt fo a ^. card room. credit seat. editor shop. forecast w eather. new spaper w indow. 1 T his can be caused by bad driving.............................................. ... ................................................................... 2 I f vou 're staving a t a hotel, you need ro rem em ber rhis. 3. 4 5 6. 80.3. y o u r ............................................................. You should w ear this w hen y o u 're in a car. a ................................................................... You can often use this to pay for things instead of cash, a ................................................................... If you w a n t to k n o w if it's going to rain, you can t h e ................................................................ read o r listen to this. T his person is a to p journalist. a ................................................................... You m ight stop to look in this w hen y o u 're w alking a ................................................................... along a street.. Complete the sentences using the following:. 15 m inute(s) six mile(s). 60 m inute(s) six milefsl. tw o hour(s) 20 pound(s). five day(s) five course(s). tw o year(s) -ten-pagetef. 500 year(s) -450-pagers). Sometimes you need the singular (day/page etc.) and sometimes the plural (days/pages etc.). 1 It's quite a long book. T here a r e. 150 .j>ag‘fc5 ....... 2 A few days ago I received a letter from Julia. 3 I d id n ’t have any change. I only had a ............................................. note. 4 At w o rk in the m orning I usually have a .................................................... break for coffee. 5 T here a r e .................................................. in an hour. 6 It's only a .................................................. flight from London to M adrid. 7 It w as a very big m eal. T here w e r e ..................................................... 8 M ary has just started a new job. She’s g o t a .................................................... contract. 9 T he oldest building in the d ry is t h e ....................................................castle. 10 I w ork .................................................... a week. Saturday and Sunday are free. 1 1 We w ent for a long w alk in the country. We m ust have w a lk e d ..................................................... 12 We w ent for a .................................................. w alk in the country.. 161.

(169) -'s (your sister's name) and o f ... (the name of the book) We use -’s (apostrophe + s) m ostly for people o r anim als: □ T o n i’s co m p u ter isn’t w orking. (not the com puter o f Tom) □ H ow old are C h ris’s children? (not the children o f Chris) □ W h a t’s (= W h at is) y our sister’s name? □ W h a t’s T o m ’s sister’s name? □ Be careful. D o n ’t step on the c a t’s tail. N o te th a t you can use -’s w ith o u t a follow ing noun: □ This isn’t my book. It’s m y sister’s. (= my sister’s book) We d o n o t alw ays use -’s for people. For exam ple, we w ould use o f ... in this sentence: □ W h at w as the nam e o f the m an w ho phoned you? (’the m an w ho phoned yo u ’ is too long to be follow ed by -’s) N o te th a t we say a w o m an ’s h a t (= a h a t for a w om an), a bo y ’s nam e (= a nam e for a boy), a b ird ’s egg (= an egg laid by a bird) etc. W ith a singular noun we use -’s: my sister’s room (= h er room - one sister). M r C a rte r’s house (= his house). W ith a plural noun (sisters, friends etc.) we p u t an apo stro p h e a t the end o f the w ord (-s’): my sisters’ room (= their room - tw o or more sisters) the C a rte rs’ house (= their house - M r and M rs C arter) If a plural noun does not end in -s (for exam ple m en/w om en/children/people) we use -’s: the m en’s changing room a child ren’s book (= a book for children) N o te th a t you can use -s after m ore th an one noun: Jack and K aren ’s w edding M r and M rs C a rte r’s house F or things, ideas etc., we norm ally use o f (... o f the book / ... of the restau ran t etc.): the d o o r o f the garage {not the garage's door) the nam e o f the book the ow n er o f the restau ran t Som etim es the stru ctu re noun + noun is possible (see U nit 80): the garage d o o r the restau ran t ow ner We say the beginning/end/m iddle o f ... , the to p /b o tto m o f ... , the front/backA ide o f ... : the beginning o f the m onth (not the m o n th ’s beginning) the to p o f the hill the back of the car You can usually use -’s o r o f ... for an organisation (= a group o f people). So you can say: the g overnm ent’s decision or the decision of the governm ent the co m p an y ’s success or the success of the com pany It is also possible to use -’s for places. So you can say: the city’s streets the w o rld ’s pop u lation Italy’s prim e m inister You can also use -’s w ith tim e expressions (yesterday / next week etc.): □ D o you still have yesterday’s new spaper? □ N ex t w eek’s m eeting has been cancelled. In the same way, you can say to d a y ’s / to m o rro w ’s / this evening’s / jVtonday’s etc. We also use -’s (or -s’ w ith plural w ords) w ith periods o f time: □ I’ve got a w eek’s holiday startin g on M onday. □ Julia has got three w eeks’ holiday. □ I live n ear the statio n - it’s only a b o u t ten m inutes' w alk.. The garage door (noun + noun) -* Unit 80. A three-hour journey, a ten-pound note -» Unit 80D.

(170) Exercises 81.1. Unit 81. In some of these sentences, it would be more natural to use -'s or. Change the underlined. parts where necessary. 1 W ho is the ow n er o f this re sta u ra n t?. 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 10. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 81.2. .—OK....................................................... W here are the children of C h ris?..................................................... ................................................................. Is this the um brella o f vour frien d ?....................................................................................................... .......... W rite your nam e at the top of the page........................................ .................................................................. I've never m et the dau g h ter o f C harles.......................................... .................................................................. H ave vou m et the son of M arv and D a n ?....................................................................................................... We d o n 't know the cause o t the p ro b lem ..................................... .................................................................. Do we still have rhe new spaper o f yesterday?............................. .................................................................. W h a t’s rhe nam e of this street?........................................................................................................................... W’h a t is the cost o f a new c o m p u te r? ..... ............................................................ The friends o f v our children are here. .................................................................. The garden of o u r neighbours is very nice................................... .................................................................. I w o rk on the gro u n d floor o f the building.................................. .................................................................. The h air o f Bill is very long................................................................................................................................ I c o u ld n 't go to the party of C ath erin e.......................................... .................................................................. W h a t’s the nam e of the w om an w ho lives n ext d o o r? .................................................................. H ave you seen the car o f the parents o f M ik e?............................................................................................. W h a t’s the m eaning of this ex p ressio n ? ................................................................. D o you agree w ith the econom ic policy o f the governm ent? .................................................................. W hat is another way of saying these things? Use -’s. 1 a hat for a w om an 2 a nam e to r a boy. 3 clothes for children 4 a school to r e;irls 5 a nest for a bird 6 a m agazine for w om en 81.3. ...................................................... ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ......................................................................................... Read each sentence and write a new sentence beginning with the underlined words.. 1 T he m eeting to m o rro w has been cancelled. .XsiPpiTOwJs,•tPe^ý?3.. ll&s. been .cAMceUeil................................................................................... 2 T he srorm last w eek caused a lot o f dam age. L a s t ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 T he only cinem a in rhe to w n has closed dow n. The ................................. .............................. ...................................................................................... 4 The w eather in Britain is very changeable. 5 Tourism is the m ain industry in the region.. 81.4. Use the information given to complete the sentences.. 1 If I leave my house at 9 o ’clock and drive to the airp o rt, 1 arrive a t a b o u t 11. So it’s a b o u t two .Howrs. a riv e from my house to the airp o rt, (drive) 2 If I leave my house a t 8.40 an d w alk to the centre, I get there a t 9 o ’clock. So it’s ............................................................................. from my house to the centre, (walk) 3 I’m going on holiday on the 12th. I have to be back a t w ork on the 26th. So I’ve g o r .............................................................................. (holiday) 4 I w ent to sleep at 3 o ’clock this m orning an d w oke up an ho u r later. A fter th a t I co u ld n ’t sleep. So last night 1 only h a d .............................................................................. (sleep). 163.

(171) Unit. 82. Myself/yourself/themselves etc. Study this exam ple: Steve introduced him self to rhe o ther quests. We use m yself/yourself/him self ere. {reflexive pronouns I w hen the subject and object are the same: Steve STEVE. T h e reflexive p ro n o u n s are: singular: m yself plural: ourselves □ □ □ □. introduced. subject. yourself (one person) yourselves-(w ore than one person). himself object. him self/herself/itself them selves. I d o n ’t w a n t you to pay for me. I’ll pay for myself. (not I’ll pay for me) Julia had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself. D o you talk to yourself som etim es? (said to one person) If you w an t m ore to eat, help yourselves, (said to more than one person). C om pare: □ It’s n o t o u r fault. You c a n ’t blam e us. □ It’s o u r ow n fault. W e should blam e ourselves. We do not use myself etc. after feel/relax/concentrate/mect: □ I feel nervous. I c a n ’t relax. □ You m ust try an d concentrate, (not concentrate yourself) □ W h at tim e shall we meet? (not m eet ourselves, not meet us) We norm ally use wash/shave/dress without myself etc. : □ He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. (not w ashed him self etc.) You can also say get dressed (He got dressed). C om pare -selves and each other: □ K ate and Joe stood in front of the m irror and looked ar themselves. (= Kate and Joe looked a t Kate and loe) □ Kate looked at Joe; Joe looked at Kate. They looked a t each o th er.. a. I. i. themselves. f t. each other. MP. You can use one an o th er instead o f each other: □ H ow long have you an d Bill know n each other? o r know n one another? □ Sue an d Ann d o n ’t like each other, or ... d o n ’t like one another. □ D o you and Sarah live n ear each other? o r ... near one another? We also use m yself/yourself etc. in an o th er way. For exam ple: □ ‘W ho repaired your bike for you?’ ‘I repaired it myself.’ I repaired it m yself = I repaired it, n o t anybody else. H ere, myself is used to em phasise T (= it m akes it stronger). Some m ore exam ples: □ I’m n o t going to do y o u r w ork for you. You can do it yourself. (= you, n o t me) □ Let’s p ain t the house ourselves. It will be m uch cheaper. □ T h e film itself w a sn ’t very good, but I loved the music. □ I d o n ’t think Liz w ill get the job. Liz herself do esn ’t think she’ll get it. (or Liz d oesn't think she’ll ger it herself.). 164. Get dressed / get married etc. -* Unit 44D. By myself I by yourself etc. -» Unit 83C.

(172) Exercises 82.1. Unit 82. Com plete the sen ten ces using m yself/yourself etc. + th e following verbs (in th e correct form ): blam e. b urn. enjoy. express. h u rt. in tre ể tte e. put. 1 S te v e. .yj&Siiii.S&L.hffiS&li to the o th e r guests a t the party. Bill fell dow n som e steps, bur iorrunarely he d id n ’t ........................................................... It isn't Sue's fault. She really sh o u ld n ’t ........................................................... Please try and u n derstand how I feel ............................................... in m y position. T he children had a great tim e a t the beach. They r e a lly ........................................................... 6 Be careful! T h a t pan is very hot. D o n ’t .................................................................. 7 Som etim es I c a n 't sav exactly w h a t I m ean. I wish I c o u l d ........................................................ better.. 2 3 4 5. 82.2. Put in m yself/yourself/ourselves etc. or m e/you/us etc. 1 Julia had a great holiday. She e n jo y e d. 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 82.3. ..... It's n o t my fault. You c a n ’t b la m e ........................................ W hat I did w as really bad. I'm asham ed o f ........................................ W e've got a problem . I hope you can h e l p ........................................ ‘C an I take an o th e r biscuit?’ ‘O t course. H e l p .......................... -........... !' You m ust m eet Sarah. I'll in tr o d u c e ........................................to her. D o n 't w orry a b o u t us. We can look a f t e r ........................................ I gave them a key to o u r house so th a t they could l e t ........................................ in. I d id n 't w an t anybody to see the letters, so I b u r n e d .......................................... Com plete these sentences. Use m yself/yourself etc. only where necessary. Use the following verbs (in th e correct form ): con cen trate. defend. dry. feel. m eet. relax. shave. w ash. 1 2 3 4 5. M artin decided ro ero w a beard because he w as fed up w i t h Sruwiwj....... I w asn 't very well vesterdav, but I .................................m uch better today. I clim bed our o f the sw im m ing pool a n d w ith a tow el. I tried to study, b u t I c o u ld n 't ........................................................... It som ebodv attack s vou. you need to be able t o .................-........................................ 6 I'm £oin£ o u t w ith C hris this evening. W e 'r e at 7.30. 7 You’re alw ays rushing aro u n d . W hy d o n ’t you sit dow n a n d ................................................................? 8 T here w as no w ater, so we c o u l d n 't........................................................... 82.4. Com plete th e sen ten ces with -selves or each o th e r. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8. 9 82.5. H o w long have you and Bill k n o w n ? If people w ork to o hard , they can m a k e .................................................. ill. I need you and you need me. We n e e d ..................................................... In Britain friends often g iv e presents at C hristm as. Some people are very selfish. T hev only think o f .................................. .................. Tracy an d I d o n 't s e e .................................................... very often these days. We c o u ld n ’t get back into the house. We had lo c k e d .................................................... out. T hey’ve had an argum ent. T hey 're n o t speaking t o .................................................... a t the m om ent. We’d never met before, so w e in tro d u c e d ................................................ t o .................................................... Com plete th e answ ers to the q u estio n s using m yself/yourself/itself etc.. n 1 f W ho repaired the hike for you? 2 W ho cuts Brian's hair for him? 3 Do you w ant me to post thar leưer for you? 4 W ho told you th a t Linda w as going away? 5 V Can you phone John for me? Additional exercise 30. (page 320). / N o b o d y T T I r mys el f N obody. H e c u t s .............................. N o , I’l l ________ L in d a .................................................... W hy ca n ’t y o u ................................... 165.

(173) Unit. 83. A friend of mine my own house on my own by myself. I. A friend o f m ine / a friend o f T o m ’s etc. We say ‘(a friend) o f m ine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs’: □ I’m going to a w edding on Saturday. A friend o f mine is getting married, (not a friend of me) □ We w ent on holiday w ith som e friends o f ours, (not som e friends of us) □ M ichael had an argum ent w ith a neighbour o f his. □ It w as a good idea o f yours to go to the cinem a. In the sam e w ay we say ‘(a friend) o f my sister’s / (a friend) of T o m ’s’ etc. : □ T h a t w om an over there is a friend o f my sister’s. □ It was a good idea o f T o m ’s to go to the cinem a. M y ow n ... / your ow n ... etc. We use m y/your/his/her/its/our/their before ow n: my ow n house your ow n car her ow n room (not an o w n house, an ow n car etc.) M y ow n ... / y our ow n ... etc. = som ething th a t is only m ine/yours, nor shared o r borrow ed: □ I d o n ’t w a n t to share a room w ith anybody. I w a n t my ow n room . □ Vicky and G eorge w ould like to have their ow n house. □ It’s a pity th a t the flat h asn ’t got its ow n parking space. □ It’s my ow n fault th a t I’ve got no money. I buy to o m anv things I d o n ’t need. □ W hy d o you w an t to b o rro w m y car? W hy d o n 't you use y o u r ow n? (= yo u r ow n car) You can also use ow n to say th a t you d o som ething yourself instead o f som ebody else doing it for you. For exam ple: □ Brian usually cuts his ow n hair. (= he cuts it himself; he d o esn ’t go to the h airdresser’s) □ I’d like to have a garden so th at I could grow my ow n vegetables. (= grow them m yself instead of buying them from shops) O n my ow n / by myself O n my ow n and by m yself both m ean ‘alone’. We say: my/your. on. his/her/its our/their. mvself / yourself (s ing ula r). ow n. =. bv. himself / herself / itself ourselves / vourselves (plura l) / themselves. □ I like living on my ow n / by myself. □ ‘Did you go on holiday on your ow n / by yourself?’. ‘N o , w ith a friend.'. □ David was sitting on his ow n / by him self in a corner of the café. □ Learner drivers are not allowed to drive on their ow n / by themselves.. 166. Myself/yourself/themselves etc. -» Unit 82.

(174) Exercises 83.1. Unit 83. Write new sentences with the same meaning, Change the underlined words and use the structure in Section A (a friend of mine etc.).. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I am m eeting one of mv friends tonight. We m et one of vour relatives. H enry b orrow ed one o t my b o o k s. Liz invited sam e o f her friends to her flat. We had d inner w ith one of o u r n eighbours. I w ent on holiday w ith tw o o f mv trien d s. Is th a t m an one of v our t'riends? 8 I m et one o f lane's friends a t the party.. 83.2. 1 2 3 4 5. business. opinions. private beach. w ords. ............................................................. I share a kitchen an d b ath ro o m , but I h a v e G ary d o esn 't think the sam e as me. H e's g o t ................................................................................................ Julia is ted up w ith w orking to r o th e r people. She w ants to s t a r t ......................................................... We stayed a t a luxury hotel by the sea. T he hotel h a d ............................................................................... In the test we had to read a story, and then w rite it i n ................................................................... ............ Complete the sentences using my own / your own etc.. 1 W hv do vou w an t to b o rro w mv car? 2 3 4 5 83.4. We m et a ............................................................. H e n r y ................................................................... L i z .......................................................................... Complete the sentences using my own I your own etc. + the following:. b ed ro o m. 83.3. l’m meeting g. -fr ie n d o f mine tonigh t .. Wby...d£!i.t..yow...!AS&.your...0WKL_cdr................................ ?. H ow can you blam e me? It's n o t my fault. It’s ........................................................................................... She’s alw ays using my ideas. W hy c a n 't she u s e ....................................................................................... ? Please d o n 't w o rry a b o u t my problem s. Y ou've g o t ................................................................................. 1 c a n 't m ake his decisions for him . H e m ust m a k e ..................................................................................... Complete the sentences using my own I your own etc. Use the following verbs:. bake. m ake. w rite. 1 Brian never goes to the hairdresser. He .................................................................................................................................... 2 M ary d o esn 't often buy clothes. She u s u a lly ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 We d o n ’t often buv bread. \X’e u s u a lly ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Paul is a singer. He sin^s songs w ritten by o th er people, but he also. 83.5. Com plete th e sen ten ces using on my own I by m yself etc. 1 Did you go on holiday o n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. yp.wr...0wn. ?. I'm glad 1 live w ith oth er people. I w o u ld n ’t like to live o n ........................................ T he box w as to o heavy for me to lift b y ......................................... ‘W ho w as Tom w ith when you saw him ?’ ‘Nobody. He w as b y ......................................... ’ Very young children should n o t go sw im m ing b y ........................................ I d o n ’t think she know s m any people. W hen I see her, she is alw ays b y ...................................... I d o n ’t like straw berries w ith cream . I like them o n ........................................ D o you like w orking w ith o th e r people o r d o you prefer w orking b y ...................................... ? We had no help decorating the flat. We did it com pletely o n ........................................ I w ent o u t w ith Sally because she d id n ’t w an t to go o u t o n ......................................... 167.

(175) There ... and i t ... T h ere and it. We use there ... w hen we talk a b o u t som ething for the first tim e, to say th a t it exists: □ T h e re ’s a new restau ran t in King Street. (not A new restau ran t is in King Street) □ I’m sorry I’m late. T h ere was a lot o f traffic, (not It w as a lot o f traffic) □ Things are m ore expensive now. T here has been a big rise in the cost o f living. It = a specific thing, place, fact, situation etc. (but see also section C): □ We w ent to the new restau ran t. It’s very good. (It = the restaurant) □ I w asn ’t expecting them to com e. It w as a com plete surprise. (It = th a t they came) C om pare there and it: □ I d o n ’t like this to w n . T h e re ’s n o thing to do here. It’s a boring place. T h ere also m eans ‘to/at/in th a t place’: □ The new re sta u ra n t is very good. I w ent there (= to the restau ran t) last nighr. □ W hen we got to the party, there w ere already a lot o f people there (= at the party). You can say there will be / there m ust be / there m ight be / there used to be etc. : □ Will there be m any people at the party? □ ‘Is there a flight to Paris this evening?’ ‘T here m ight be. I’ll phone the a irp o rt.' □ If people drove m ore carefully, there w o u ld n ’t be so m any accidents. Also there m ust have been, there should have been etc. : □ T here w as a light on. T h ere m ust have been som ebody at hom e. C om pare there and it: □ They live o n a busy road. T h ere m ust be a lot o f noise from the traffic. They live o n a busy m ain road. It m ust be very noisy. □ T here used to be a cinem a in King Street, but it closed a few years ago. T h at building is now a su perm arket. It used to be a cinem a. You can also say th ere is sure/certain/likely/bound to be ... : □ T here is b o u n d (= sure) to be a flight to Paris this evening. We also use it in sentences like this: □ It’s d angerous to w alk in the road. We d o not usually say 'T o w alk in the road is dan g ero u s’. N orm ally we begin w ith It ... . Some more exam ples: □ It d id n ’t take us long to get here. □ It’s a pity (that) Sandra c a n ’t com e to the party. □ Let’s go. It’s n o t w o rth w aiting any longer. We also use it to talk a b o u t distance, tim e and w eather: □ H ow far is it from here to the airp o rt. □ W har day is it today? □ It’s a long tim e since we saw you last. □ It w as w indy yesterday, (but T h ere w as a cold w ind.) It's worth / it’s no use / there's no point -» Unit 63A There is + -ing/-ed -» Unit 97. Sure to / bound to ... etc. -* Unit 65E.

(176) Unit 84. Exercises 84.1. Put in th e re is/was or it is/was. Some sen ten ces are questions (is th e re ... ? I is it ... ? etc.) and som e are negative (isn 't/w asn 't). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. 84.2. Read th e first sen ten ce and th en w rite a se n ten ce beginning There ... . 1 2 3 4 5 6. 84.3. T he journey took a long tim e. a lot o f traffic. W h a t’s the new re sta u ra n t like? good? ‘........................................a b o o k sh o p n ear here?’ ‘Y e s ,........................................one in Hill Street.’ W hen we got to the c in e m a , a queue o u tsid e............................................a very long queue, so we decided n o t to w ait. 1 c o u ld n ’t see anything. ......................................com pletely dark. ..................................... tro u b le a t the club last night. T hey had to call the police. H ow f a r ........................................from M ilan to Rome? ......................................Keith's birthday yesterday. We had a party. ...................................... three years since I last w ent to the theatre. I w anted to visit the m useum , b u t enough time. *......................................tim e to leave?” ‘Y e s , nearly m idnight.’ A few days a g o ........................... a sto rm ............................................ a lot OÍ dam age. ......................................a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic. .................................. any th in g on television, so I tu rn ed it off. ....................................... an accident in King Street, b u t ........................................very serious.. T he ro ad s w ere busy today. ic ........................................................... T his soup is very salty. T h e r e ................................................................................... in the soup. T he box w as empty. .................................................................................................in the box. T he film w as verv violent. ................... ................................................................................................... T he shops w ere verv c ro w d ed ............................................................................................................................. I like this tow n - it's lively. ........................................................................................................................ Com plete the sentences. Use th e re will be, th e re would be etc. Choose from: will. m ay. w ould. w o u ld n ’t. should. used to. (he) going to. 1 It people drove m ore c a re fu lly , few er accidents. 2 'D o w e have any eggs?' i 'm nor su re.....................................................................som e in the fridge.’ 3 4 5 6 7 84.4. I think everything will be O K . I d o n 't t h i n k ...............................................................any problem s. Look a t the skv.....................................................................a storm . i s there a school in the village?’ ‘N o t now . .........................................................one, bur it closed.’ People drive roo fast on this road. I r h i n k ...............................................................a speed limit. If people w eren’t a g g re ssiv e , any w ars.. Are th ese sen ten ces right or w rong? C hange it to th e re w here necessary. 1 They live on a busy road. It m ust be a lot o f noise. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. ,.b&.. o £ _n^e_._. Last w inter it w as very cold and it w as a lot o f snow. It used to be a church here, but it was knocked dow n. ................................................................. W hv w as she so unfriendly? It m ust have been a reason. ................................................................. It’s a long w ay from my house to the nearest shop. ................................................................. A: W here can we park the car? B: D o n ’t w orry. It's sure to be a c a r park som ew here. ................................................................. A fter the lecture it will be an o p p o rtu n ity to ask questions...................................................................... I like the place w here I live, h u t it w ould be nicer to live ................................................................. by the sea. I w as told rh at it w ould be som ebody to meet me a t the ................................................................. statio n , but it w asn ’t anybody. ................................................................. T he situ atio n is still the sam e. It has been n o change.................................................................................. I d o n ’t know w h o 'll w in, bur it's sure to be a good gam e.......................................................................... 169.

(177) Unit. 85. Some and any In general we use som e (also som cbody/som eone/som ething) in positive sentences and any (also anybody etc.) in negative sentences: som e □ We bought som e flowers. □ H e’s busy. H e’s g o t som e w ork to do. □ T h ere’s som ebody a t the door. □ I’m hungry. I w an t som ething to eat.. any □ We d id n ’t buy any flowers. H e’s lazy. He never does any w ork. □ T here isn’t anybody a t the door. □ I’m nor hungry. I d o n ’t w a n t anything to ear.. c. We use any in the follow ing sentences because the m eaning is negative: □ She w ent o u t w ith o u t any money, (she d id n ’t take any m oney w ith her) □ He refused to eat anything, (he d id n ’t eat anything) □ H ardly anybody passed the ex am ination. (= alm ost nobody passed) We use both som e and any in questions. We use som e to talk a b o u t a person o r thing rhat w e know exists, o r we think exists: □ Are you w aiting for som ebody? (I think you are w aiting for som ebody) We use som e in questions w hen we offer o r ask for things: □ W ould you like som ething to eat? (there is som ething to ear) □ C an I have som e sugar, please? (there is probably som e sugar I can have) But in m ost questions, we use any. We do not know if the thing o r person exists: □ ‘Have you got any luggage?’ ‘N o , I h av en 't.’ □ I c a n ’t find my bag. H as anybody seen it? We often use any after if: □ If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address? □ If anyone has any questions, I’ll be pleased to answ er them . □ Let me know if you need anything. . T he follow ing sentences have the idea o f if: □ I’m sorry for any tro u b le I’ve caused. (= if I have caused any trouble) □ A nyone w ho w ants to d o the exam m ust tell me by Friday. (= if there is anyone) We also use any w ith the m eaning ‘it d o esn’t m atter w hich': □ You can tak e any bus. They all go to the centre. (= it d o esn't m atter w hich bus you take) □ ‘Sing a so n g .’ 'W hich song shall I sing?’ ‘Any song. I d o n 't m ind.’ (= it d o esn't m atter which song) □ C om e an d see me any tim e you w ant. □ ‘Let’s go o u t som ew here.’ ‘W here shall we go?’ ‘A nyw here. I just w a n t ro go o u t.’ □ We left the d o o r unlocked. A nybody could have com e in. C om pare som ething and anything: □ A: I’m hungry. I w an t som ething to eat. B: W h at w ould you like? A: I d o n ’t m ind. A nything. (= it d oesn’t m atter w hat) Som ebody/som eone/anybody/anyone are singular w ords: □ Som eone is here to see you. But we often use they/them /thcir after these w ords: □ Som eone has forgotten their um brella. (= his o r her um brella) □ If anybody w ants to leave early, they can. (= he o r she can). 170. Not ... any -» Unit 86. Some o f I any of ... -» Unit 88. Hardly any -* Unit 101 c.

(178) Unit 85. Exercises 85.1. Put in som e or any. 1 We d id n 't b u y flowers. 2 T his evening I'm ỉỉoiníỉ o u t w ith ................................. friends o f mine. 3 A: H ave you s e e n ................................. good films recently? B: N o, I h av en 't been to the cinem a for ages. 4 I d id n 't h a v e ................................. money, so ! had to b o r r o w .................................. 5 C an I h a v e ................................. milk in my coffee, please? 6 I was to o tired CO d o ............................w ork. 7 You can cash these traveller’s cheques a t ,............................bank. 8 C an vou sive me ...............................inform ation ab o u t places o f interest in the tow n? 9 W ith the special rourist train ticket, you can travel o n ............................... train you like. 10 If there a r e -.......................... w ords vou d o n 't understand, use a dictionary.. 85.2. Com plete th e sen ten ces with so m e- or an y - + -b o d y /-th in g /-w h e re . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 85.3. ...... I w as to o surprised to s a y T h e r e 's a t the door. Can you go and see w ho it is? D o e s ................................. m ind if I open the w indow ? 1 w a sn 't teelinu hungry, so I d id n 't e a t .................................. You m ust be hungry. W ould you l i k e ................................. to eat? Q uick, let's go! T h ere’s ............................... com ing and I d o n ’t w a n t ...................................to see us. Sarah w as upset a b o u t ................................an d refused to talk t o .................................... T his m achine is very easv to use..................................... can learn to use it very quickly. T here w as h a r d ly ............................... on the beach. It w as alm ost deserted. ‘Do you liv e ................................. n e a r Joe?’ “N o, he lives in an o th er p a rt o f to w n .’ ‘W here shall w e go on holiday?’ ‘L et’s g o ................................. w arm and sunny.’ They stay a t hom e all the time. They never seem to g o .................................. I'm going o u t now . I f ............................... phones while I'm o u t, can you tell them I’ll be back at 11.30? W hy are you looking und er rhe bed? H ave you l o s t ............................... ? The police have asked t h a t ................................w ho saw the accident should contact them. “C an I ask y o u ?' ‘Sure. W h at do you w a n t to ask?’ Sue is very secretive. She never t e l l s (2 words). Com plete th e sentences. Use any (+ noun) or anybody/anything/anyw here.. ___. . W hich bus do I have to c a tc h ? \ W hich day shall I come? W h at do you w an t to ear? W here shall I sit? W h at so rt of job are you looking for? W h a t tim e shall I phone tom o rro w ? W ho shall I invite to the party? W hich new spaper shall I buy?. rt. They all go to the centre. 1 d o n ’t m ind. .................................................. I d o n ’t m ind. W hatever you have. It’s up to you. You can s i t .................................. . you like. ..................................................... It doesn’t m atter. ..............................................I’ll be in all day. I d o n ’t m ind................................................you like. ........................................................W hatever they have in the shop.. 171.

(179) Unit. 86. No/none/any. Nothing/nobody etc.. N o and none We use no + noun. N o = not a o r not any: □ We had to w alk hom e because there w as no bus. (= there w a sn ’t a bus) □ Sue will have n o difficulty finding a job. (= Sue w o n ’t have any difficulty ...) □ T here w ere no shops open. (= T here w eren’t any shops open.) You can use no + noun a t the beginning o f a sentence: □ N o reason w as given for the change o f plan. We use none w ithout a noun: □ ‘H ow m uch m oney do you have?’ 'N o n e .’ (= no m oney) □ All the tickets have been sold. T here are none left. (= no tickets left) O r we use n one o f ... : □ This m oney is all yours. N o n e o f it is mine. A fter none o f + plural (none o f the students, none ot them etc.) the verb can be singular or plural. A plural verb is m o re usual: □ N one o f the shops w ere (or was) open. N oth in g. n o b o d y /n o -o n c. now here. You can use these negative w ords a t the beginning o f a sentence o r alone (as answ ers to questions): □ N obody (or N o-one) cam e to visit me while I w as in hospital. □ ‘W hat happ en ed ?’ ‘N o th in g .’ □ ‘W here are you going?’ ‘N ow here. I'm staying here.’ You can also use these w o rd s after a verb, especially after be and have: □ The house is em pty. T h e re ’s nobody living there. □ We had noth in g to eat. N othin g /n o b o d y etc. = not + anything/anybody etc. : □ I d id n ’t say anything. (= I said nothing.) □ Jane d id n ’t tell anybody a b o u t her plans. (= Jan e told nobody ...) □ They haven’t got anyw here to live. (= T hey’ve got now here to live.) W ith nothing/nobody etc., d o not use a negative verb (isn’t, d id n ’t etc.): □ I said nothing, {not I d id n ’t say nothing) □ N obody tells me anything, (not N obody doesn’t tell me) We also use any/anything/anybody etc. (w ithout not) to m ean ‘it doesn'r m atter w hich /w h at/w h o ’ (see U nit 85D ). C om pare no- and any-: □ There w as no bus, so we w alked hom e. You can tak e any bus. T hey all go to the centre. (= it doesn't m atter w hich) □ ‘W hat d o you w an t to eat?’ ‘N othing. I’m nor hungry.’ I’m so hungry. I could eat anything. (= it d o esn 't m atter w hat) □ The exam w as extrem eiv difficult. N obody passed. (= everybody failed) The exam w as very easy. A nybody could have passed. (= it d oesn't m atter w ho) A fter □ □ □. 172. nobody/no-one you can use they/them /their (see also Unit 85E): N o body phoned, did they? (= did he o r she) N o-one did w h at I asked them to do. (= him or her) N obody in the class did their hom ew ork. (= his o r her hom ew ork). Some and any -* Unit 85. None o f ... -» Unit 88. Any bigger I no better etc. -» Unit 106B.

(180) Unit 86. Exercises 86.1. Com plete th e se sen ten ces with no, n one or any. 1 It w as a public holiday, so rhere w e r e !39 shops open. 2 I haven’t g o t money. C an you lend me some? We had to w alk hom e because there w e r e ........................... taxis. We had to w alk hom e because rhere w eren’t ................................. taxis. 'H H oow w m any eggs have we ggot? o t?’ ‘.................................. .................................. D o you w an t me to ge get som e?’ We took a few p h o to g rap h s, b u t ................................. o f them w ere very good. 7 W h at a stupid thing to do! ................................. intelligent person w ould do such a thing. 8 I'll try an d a n s w e r ................................. questions you ask me. 9 I c o u ld n ’t a n s w e r ................................. of the questions they asked me. 10 We cancelled the party b e c a u s e ................................. o f the people we invited were able to come. 11 I rried to phone C hris, bur there w a s ................................. answer.. 86.2. Answer these q u estio n s using n o n e /n o b o d y /n o th in g /n o w h ere.. 1. W h at did you doT^ W ho w ere vou talk in g to? H ow m uch luggage have you got? W here are vou going? H ow m any m istakes did you m ake? H o w m uch did vou pav?. 1 3 4 5. 6. Now answer the same questions using complete sentences with any/anybody/anything/ anywhere.. 7 ,11 1 dxdn't do ơứ\Ịịtìnư\q.................................................................................................. 8 I? • I 9 ,31... 10 ,41. ...................................... ........................ 11 (51 ...... ........................................................... 12 161 86.3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Complete these sentences with no- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 86.4. -. I d o n 't w a n t to drin k . I'm not thirsty. T he bus w as com pletely empry. T here w a s ................................ on it. ‘W here did you go for your holidays?’...‘..................................... I stayed a t hom e.’ I w ent to the shops, b u t I d id n 't b u y .................................. ‘W h at did you buy?' 4............................ 1c o u ld n ’t f i n d ............................ I w an ted .’ T he tow n is still the sam e as ir w as years ago. ................................. has changed. H ave you seen my w atch? I c a n ’t find i t .................................. T here w as com plete silence in the ro o m .................................... said.............. ..................... Choose the right word.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. She d id n 't te ll-ft«kodW anybody a b o u t her plans, (anybody is correct) T he accident looked serious, b u t fortunately nobody / anybody w as badly injured. I looked o u t of the w indow , but I c o u ld n ’t see no-one / an y o n e. M y job is very easy. N o b o d y / A nybody could do it. ‘W h a t’s in th a t b o x ?' ‘N oth in g / A nything. It’s em pty.’ T he situation is u n certain. N oth in g / A nything could happen. i d o n 't know nothing / anything a b o u t econom ics.. Additional exercise 30 (page 320). 173.

(181) Unit. 87. Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty We use m uch an d little w ith uncountable nouns: m uch tim e m uch luck little energy We use m any an d few w ith plural nouns: m any friends m any people few cars. little m oney few countries. We use a lot o f / lots o f / plenty o f w ith both uncountable and plural nouns: a lot o f luck lots o f tim e plenty o f m oney a lot o f friends lots o f people plenty o f ideas Plenty = m ore th an enough: □ T h ere’s no need to hurry. W e’ve got plenty o i time. M uch is unusual in positive sentences (especially in spoken English). C om pare: □ We d id n ’t spend m uch money. but We spent a lot o f money. (not We spent m uch money) □ D o you see David m uch? but I see D avid a lot. (not I see D avid m uch) We use m any an d a lot o f in all kinds o f sentences: □ M an y people drive to o fast. or A lot o f people drive to o fast. □ D o you know m any people? or D o you know a lot o f people? □ T here a re n ’t m any tou rists here, or T here a re n 't a lot o f to u rists here. N ote th a t we say m any years / m any weeks / m any days (not a lot o f ...): □ W e’ve lived here for m any years. (not a lor o f years) Little and few (w ithout a) are negative ideas (= not m uch / n o t many): □ G ary is very busy w ith his job. H e has little tim e for other things. (= n o t m uch tim e, [ess tim e th an he w ould like) □ Vicky d o esn ’t like living in L ondon. She has few friends there. (= n o t many, n o t as m any as she w ould like) You can say very little and very few: □ G ary has very little tim e for o th er things. □ Vicky has very few friends in L ondon. A little and a few have a m ore positive m eaning. A little = som e, a sm all am o u n t: □ L et’s go and have a coffee. We have a little tim e before the train leaves. (a little tim e = som e tim e, enough tim e to have a coffee) □ ‘D o you speak English?’ ‘A little.’ (so w e can talk a bit) A few = som e, a sm all num ber: □ I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we m eet quite often. (a few friends = n o t m any bur enough ro have a good time) □ ‘W hen w as the last tim e you saw C lare?’ ‘A few days ag o .’ (= som e days ago) C om pare: □ He spoke little English, so it w as difficult to com m unicate w ith him. H e spoke a little English, so we w ere able to com m unicate w ith him. □ She’s lucky. She has few problem s. (= n o t m any problem s) T hings are n o t going so well for her. She has a few problem s. (= som e problem s) You can say only a little and only a few: □ H urry! We only have a little tim e. (not only little time) □ T he village w as very sm all. T here w ere only a few houses. (not only few houses). 174. Countable and uncountable -* Units G9-70.

(182) Exercises 87.1. Unit 87. In some of these sentences m uch is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to many or a lot (of) where necessary. Write '0K' if the sentence is correct.. 1 2 3 4. 5 6 8 9 10 87.2. We d id n 't spend m uch money. Sue drinks m uch tea. Joe alw ays purs m uch salt on his food. W e'll have to hurry. We h aven't got m uch tim e. It cost m uch to repair the car. Did it cost m uch to repair the car? I d o n 't know m uch people in this tow n. I use the phone m uch at w ork. T here w a sn ’t m uch traffic this m orning. You need m uch m oney to travel ro u n d the w orld.. Com plete th e sen ten ces using plenty (of) + th e following: hotels 1 2 3 4 5 6. 87.3. m oney. room. things to see. to learn. T here's no need to hurry. T h e r e 's ......................................................................... H e's got no financial problem s. H e's s o t ............................................................................................ C om e an d sit w ith us. T h e r e 's ................................................................................................................ She know s a lot, b u t she still h a s .......................................................................................................... It’s an interesting tow n to visit. T h e r e ................................................................................................. I'm sure w e ’ll find som ew here to stay. ...... -........................................................................................ Put in much/many/few/little (one word only).. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 87.4. OK. She isn't verv popular. She h a s fste! friends. Ann is very busy these davs. She h a s ................................. free time. Did you t a k e ................................p h o to g rap h s w hen vou were on holiday? I’m n o t very busy today. I haven’t g o t ................................. ro do. This is a very m odern city. T here a r e .................................. old buildings. T he w eath er has been verv dry recently. W e’ve h a d ..................................rain. ’D o you know R om e?’ ‘X o , I hav en ’t been there t o r ................................. years.’. Put in a where necessary. Write '0K' if the sentence is already complete.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. She's lucky. She has few p roblem s..................................................... OK........................... T hings are n o t going so well for her. She has few problem s......... C an vou lend me few d o lla rs?............................................................. .................................... T here w as little traffic, so the journey d id n ’t take very long......................................... I c a n ’t ?ive vou a decision yet. I need little tim e to think. ................................... Ir w as a surprise th a t he w on the m atch. Few people...................................................... expected him to w in. 7 I d o n ’t know m uch Spanish - only few w o rd s................................................................... 8 I w o n d er how Sam is. I h av en 't seen him for few m o n th s. ...!.................................. 87.5. Put in little I a little I few I a few. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. G ary is very busy w ith his job. H e h a s time for o th er things. Listen carefully. I’m going to give y o u ................................. advice. D o you m ind if I ask v o u ................................. questions? It’s n o t a very interesting place ro visit, s o ............................... tourists com e here. I d o n ’t think Jill w ould be a good teacher. She’s s o t ................................. patience. ‘W ould you like milk in vour coffee?’ ‘Y e s ,...................................’ This is a very borin g place to live. T h ere’s ................................to do. ‘H ave you ever been to Paris?' 'Yes, I’ve been r h e r e ................................. tim es.’. 175.

(183) Unit. 88. All no all. I all of most I most of I none of etc. some. any. m ost. m uch/m any. little/few. no. You can use the w ords in the box w ith a noun (som e food / few books etc.): □ All cars have wheels. □ Some cars can go faster than others. □ (on a notice) N O CARS. (= no cars allow ed) □ M any people drive to o fast. □ I d o n ’t go o u t very often. I’m a t hom e m ost days. You c a n n o t say ‘all o f c a rs’, ‘som e of people’ etc. (see also Section B): □ Some people learn languages m ore easily than others, (not Some o f people) N ote th a t we say m ost (not the m ost): □ M o st tourists d o n ’t visit this p art o f the tow n, (not T he m ost tourists) all. some. any. m ost. m uch/m any. little/few. half. none. You can use the w ords in the box w ith o f (some o f / m ost o f etc.). We use som e o f / m ost o f / none o f etc. + the/this/that/these/those/m y ... etc. So you can sav "some o f the p eople’, ‘som e o f those p eople’ (but not 'som e o f people’): □ Some o f the people I w ork w ith are not very friendly. □ N o n e o f this m oney is mine. □ H ave you read any o f these books? □ I w as sick yesterday. I spent m ost o f the day in bed. You d o n 't need o f after all o r half. So you can say: □ All my friends live in Los Angeles, or All of my friends ... □ H alf this m oney is m ine, or H alf o f this m oney ... C om pare: o All flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general) All (of) the flow ers in this garden are beautiful. (= a specific group of flowers) □ M ost problem s have a solution. (= m ost problem s in general) We w ere able to solve m ost o f the problem s we had. (= a specific group of problem s) You can use all o f / som e o f / none o f etc. + it/us/you/them : □ ‘H ow m any of these people d o you know ?’ ‘N one of them . / A few o f them .’ □ Do any o f you w a n t to com e to a party tonight? □ ‘D o you like this m usic?’ ‘Some o f it. N o t all o f it.' We say: all o f us / all o f you / h alf o f it / half of them etc. You can n o t leave o u t o f before it/us/you/them : □ All o f us w ere late. (not all us) □ I haven’t finished the book yet. I’ve only read half o f it. (not halt it) You can also use som e/m ost etc. alone, w ithout a noun: □ Some cars have four doors and som e have tw o. □ A few o f the shops w ere o pen, b u t m ost (of them ) w ere closed. □ H alf this m oney is m ine, and h alf (of it) is yours, (not the half). 176. Some and any -» Unit 85 No and none -* Unit 86 Much/many/little/few -» Unit 87 All -» Units 90, 110C All of whom I most of which etc. -* Unit 96B.

(184) Unit 88. Exercises. 88 1 Put in o f where necessary. Leave th e space em pty if the sen ten ce is already com plete.. ! A)). cars have ivhee)i. / / ) s s ỉ. s. /rowpiete). .. 2 N o n e Q.Í. rhis m onev is mine. 5 ...................?\\vi\s Me \ « \ 4 S o m e ................... the films I've seen recently have been very violent. 5 Joe never goes to m useum s. H e says th a t a l l m useum s are boring. 6 7 8 9 10 88.2. I think s o m e people w atch to o m uch television. ‘Are a n y .....................those letters for m e?’ ‘N o , they’re all for m e.’ K ate has lived in L ondon m o s r her life. Jim has lived in C hicago a l l .....................his life. M o s t ...................davs I get up before 7 o ’clock.. Choose from th e list and com plete th e sentences. Use o f (some o f I m ost o f etc.) where necessary. accidents birds. E uropean countries her friends her opinions. 1 1 hav en ’t read m a n y. 88.3. the players the population these-beeks^. p f f^ese...books........ 2 3 4 5 6 7. A ll have wheels. 1 spend m u c h ...............................................................gardening. M a n y .................................................................are caused by bad driving. It’s a historic tow n, \ l a n v ............................................................... are over 4 0 0 years old. W hen she g o t m arried, she kept it a secret. She d id n ’t tell a n y .............................................................. N o t m any people live in the n o rth o f the country. M o s t ................................................................. live in the south.. 8 9 10 11 12. N ot a l l can fix'. For exam ple, the penguin c an ’t fly. O u r ream played badly and lost the gam e. N o n e ...............................................................played well. Julia and I have verv different ideas. I d o n ’t agree with m a n y ................................................................. Sarah travels a lot in Europe. She has been to m o s t .................................................................. I had no appetite. I could only eat h a l f ................................................................... Use your own ideas to com plete th ese sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 88.4. my dinner my spare tim e the buildings. The building w as dam aged in the explosion. A l l . w ere broken. We had a very lazv holidav. We spent m ost o f .................................................... on the beach. I w ent to the cinem a by mvself. N o n e o f .................................................... w anted to com e. T he test w as difficult. I could only answ er h a l f ..................................................... Some O Í .................................................. you to o k 2 t the w edding w ere very good. 'H ave you spent a l l .................................................. I gave you?’ ‘N o, there’s still some left.’. Com plete th e senten ces. Use: all o f I som e o f I n one o f + it/th e m /u s (all o f it I som e o f them etc.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. These books are all Ja n e ’s belong to me. ‘H ow m anv of these books have you read?’ ‘..................................................... Every o n e.’ We all g o t w et in the rain b e c a u s e .................................................... had an um brella. Some o f this m oney is vours a n d .................................................. is mine. I asked som e people for directions, b u t ....................................................w as able to help me. She invented the w hole story from beginning to e n d w as true. N o t all the tourists in the g ro u p w ere Spanish........................................................ were French. I w atched m ost OÍ the film, but n o t ...................................................... 177.

(185) I. Both both of neither either either of. Unit. 89. I. I neither of. We use both/neith er/eith er for tw o things. You can use these w ords w ith a noun (both books, neither b o o k etc.). F or exam ple, you are going o u t to eat. T here are tw o possible restaurants. You say: □ B oth restau ran ts are very good, (not The both restaurants) □ N eith er re sta u ra n t is expensive. □ We can go to either restau ran t. I d o n ’t mind. (either = one o r the other, it d o esn 't m atter w hich one) Both o f ... / neither o f ... / either o f ... We use b o th o f / neither o f / either o f + the/these/m y/T om ’s ... etc. So we say ‘both o f the restau ran ts’, ‘both of those restau ran ts’ etc. (but not both o f restaurants): □ Both o f these restau ran ts are very good. □ N eith er o f the restau ran ts w e w ent to w as (or were) expensive. □ I haven’t been to either o f those restaurants. (= I haven’t been to one o r the other) You d o n ’t need o f after bo th . So you can say: □ B oth my p arents are from L ondon, or Both o f my parents ... You can use b o th o f / neither o f / either o f + us/you/them : □ (talking to tw o people) C an either o f you speak Spanish? □ I asked tw o people the w ay to the statio n , but neither o f them could help me. You m ust say ‘both o f’ before us/you/them : □ B oth o f us were very tired, (not Both us w ere ...) A fter neither o f ... a singular o r a plural verb is possible: □ N eith er of the children w ants (or w ant) to go to bed. You can also use b o th /n eith er/eith er alone, w ithout a noun: □ I c o u ld n ’t decide w hich o f the tw o shirts to buy. I liked b o th , (or I liked b o th o f them .) □ i s y our friend British o r A m erican?’ ‘N either. She’s A ustralian.’ □ ‘D o you w a n t tea o r coffee?’ ‘Either. I d o n ’t m ind.’ You can say:. E. 178. b o th ... and .... □ B oth C hris and Par w ere late. □ I w as b o th tired and hungry w hen 1 arrived hom e.. neither ... n o r .... o N eith er C hris n o r Pat cam e to the party. □ Tom said he w ould co n tact me, b u t he neither w rote n o r phoned.. either ... o r .... □ I'm nor sure w here M aria's from . She's either Spanish o r Italian. □ E ither you apologise o r I'll never speak to you again.. C om pare cither/neither/both (tw o things) and anv/none/all (m ore than nvo): □ T here are tw o good hotels here. You could stay a t either o f them .. □ There are m any so o d hotels here. You could stav at any o f them .. □ We tried tw o hotels. i N eith er of them had any room s. 1 Both o f them were full.. □ W e tried a lot o f hotels. i N one o f them had anv room s. 1 All o f them were full.. Neither do 11 1don’t either -» Unit 51C. Both of whom I neither of which -» Unit 96B. Both -► Unit HOC.

(186) Exercises 89.1. Unit 89. Com plete th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r. 1 ‘D o you w a n t tea or coffee?' ‘.E ither I really d o n ’t m ind.’ 2 ‘W h at day is it to d av - the ISth o r the 19rh?’ ‘................................... It’s the 2 0 th .’ 3 A: W here did you go for your holidays - Scotland o r Ireland? B: We w en t t o ............................... .. A week in Scotland and a w eek in Ireland. 4 “W hen shall I phone, in the m orning or afternoon?’ ‘................................... I’llbe in all day.’ 5 ‘W here’s Liz? Is she a t w ork o r a t hom e?’ *.................................... She’saw ay on holiday.’. 89.2. Com plete th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r. Use o f w here necessary. 1 BoWi.....m y p arents are from L ondon. 2 To get to the to w n centre, you can s o along the fo o tp ath by the river o r you can go along the road. You can g o ........................................way. 3 1 fried tw ice to p hone G eorge, b u t ........................................rimes he w as out. 4 ......................................Tom 's p aren ts is English. His father is Polish and his m other is Italian. 5 t saw an accident this m orning. O ne c a r drove into the back o f another. Fortunately ......................................driver w as injured, b u t ......................................... cars w ere badly dam aged. 6 I've got tw o sisters an d a brother. M y b ro th er is w orking, b u t ......................................my sisters are still at school.. 89.3. Com plete. th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r + o f us/them .. 1 2 3 4. I asked tw o people rhe w ay to the statio n , b u t could help me. I w as invited to tw o parties last w eek, b u t I co u ld n 't go t o ..................................................... T here w ere n vo w indow s in the room . It w as very w arm , so I o p e n e d ............................................ Sarah and I play tennis together regularly, b u t .................................................... can play very well. 5 Í tried nvo b o okshops for the book I w anted, b u r had if. 89.4. W rite sen ten ces w ith b o th ... an d ... I n e ith e r ... nor ... I e ith e r ... or ... . 1 2 3 4 5. C hris w as late. So w as P at ......................................................... H e d id n 't w rite and he d id n 't p h o n e ........................................... Joe is on holiday and so is Sam ........................................................................................................................ Joe h a sn 't got a car. Sam h a sn 't got one either. ........................................................................................ Brian d o esn 't w atch T V and he d o esn 't read new spapers.. 6 It w as a boring film. It w as long too. T he f ilm ............................................................................................................................................ .................... Is th a t m an's nam e R ichard? O r is it R obert? It’s one o f the tw o. T hat m an's n a m e ..................................................................................... -.......................................................... 8 I h aven’t s o t tim e CO go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money. I've g o r .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 We can leave to d ay o r w e can leave to m o rro w - w hichever you prefer. We ................................ - ............................................................................................ 89.5. Com plete th e sen ten ces with n e ith e r/e ith e r/n o n e/a n y . 1 2 3 4 5 6. We tried a lot o f hotels, b u t Ị3SHÍL.. o f them had any room s. I to o k tw o books w ith me on holiday, but I d id n 't r e a d o f them . I to o k five books w ith me on holiday, b u t I d id n ’t r e a d o f them . T here are a few shops ar rhe end o f the srreer, b u t ............................... o f them sells new spapers. You can phone me a t ................ tim e during rhe evening. I’m alw ays at hom e. I can m eet you nexr M o n d av o r Friday. W o u ld ................................. o f those days be convenient for you? Jo h n and I c o u ld n ’t get into the house b e c a u s e ................................. o f us had a key.. 179.

(187) All, every and whole All and everybody/everyone We d o not norm ally use all to m ean everybody/everyone: □ Everybody enjoyed the parry. (not All enjoved) But we say all o f us/you/them (not everybody o f ...): □ All o f us enjoyed the party. (not Everybody o f us) All and everything Som etim es you can use all o r everything: a I’ll do all I can to help, or I’ll do everything I can to help. You can say ‘all I can ’ / ‘all you need’ etc., b u t w e do n o t norm ally use all alone: □ He th in k s he know s everything, (not he know s all) □ O u r holiday w as a disaster. E verything w ent w rong, (not All w ent w rong) But you can say all about: □ He know s all a b o u t com puters. We also use all (not everything) to m ean ‘the only thing(s)’: □ All r’vé eaten today is a sandw ich. (= the only thing I've eaten today) Every I everybody / everyone / everything are singular w ords, so we use a singular verb: □ Every scat in the th eatre was taken. □ Everybody has arrived, (not have arrived) Bur you can use they/them /their after everybody/everyone: □ Everybody said they enjoyed them selves. (= he o r she enjoyed him selt o r herself) W hole and all W hole = com plete, entire. M o st often we use w hole w ith singular nouns: □ Did you read the w hole book? (= all the book, n o t just a p art of it) □ Emily has lived her w hole life in Scotland. □ I w as so hungry, I ate a w hole packet o f biscuits. (= a com plete packet) We use the/m y/her etc. before w hole. C o m pare w hole and all: the w hole book / all the book her w hole life / all her life We do n o t norm ally use w hole w ith uncountable nouns. We say: □ I’ve spent all the m oney you gave me. (not the w hole m oney) Evcry/all/w hole w ith tim e w ords We use every to say how often som ething happens (every day / every M onday / every ten m inutes / every three w eeks etc.): □ W hen we w ere on holiday, w e w en t to the beach every day. (not all days) □ The bus service is excellent. T here's a bus every ten m inutes. □ We d o n ’t see each o th e r very often —a b o u t every six m onths. All day / the w hole day = the com plete day from beginning to end: D We spent all day / the w hole day on the beach. □ Dan w as very quiet. H e d id n ’t say a w ord all evening / the w hole evening. N o te th at we say ail day (not all the day), all w eek (not all the week) etc. C om pare all the tim e and every time: □ They never go o u t. They are a t hom e all the tim e. (= alw ays, continuously) □ Every tim e I see you, you look different. (= each tim e, on every occasion) Countable and uncountable -» Units G9-70 All I all of -» Unit 88 Every one -* Unit 91D All (word order) -* Unit 110C. Each and every -* Unit 91.

(188) Unit 90. Exercises 90.1. Com plete th e se sen ten ces with all, everything or everybody/everyone. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. 90.2. It w as a good party enjoyed it. .Ồ.ỊL... I’ve eaten today is a sandw ich. ................................. has their faults. N obody is perfect. N o th in g has ch an g ed................................... is the sam e as it w as. K ate told m e ................................. a b o u t her new job. It sounds quite interesting. C a n ........................... w rite their nam es on a piece o f paper, please? W hv are you alw ays thinking a b o u t m oney? M oney i s n 't .................................. I d id n 't have m uch m oney w ith m e.............. ..................... I had w as ten pounds. W hen rhe fire alarm ran g .................................... left the building immediately. Sue d id n 't say w here she w as g o in s.................................... she said w as th a t she w as going away. We have com pletely different opinions. I disagree w i t h ................................. she says. We all did well.in the ex am in a tio n ...................................in o u r class passed. We all did well.in the ex am in a tio n ................................... of us passed. W hy are you so lazy? W hy do you expect me to d o ................................. for you?. W rite sen ten ces with whole. 1 I read the book from beginning to e n d .................................................... 2 Everyone in the team plaved well. T he ‘ .... ................................................................................................................. ........ 3 Paul opened a box o f chocolates. W hen he'finished earing, there w ere no chocolates left in the box. H e a t e .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 The police cam e to the house. They w ere looking for som ething. T hey searched everyw here, every room . T h e y ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Everyone in D ave an d Jane's fam ily plavs tennis. Dave and Jane play, and so do all their children. T h e ...................................... .............................................................................................................. . 6 Ann w orked from early in rhe m orning until late in the evening. 7 Jack an d Jill w ent on holidav to the seaside to r a w eek. It rained from the beginning o f the week ro rhe end. I t .............................................................................................................................................. Now w rite sen ten ces 6 and 7 again using all instead of w hole. 8 6 A n n ............................................................................................................... .......................................... ........... 9 I -I ..................................................... .......... . . ....................................... ................. ........................ 90.3. Com plete these sen ten ces using every with th e following: five m inutes 1 2 3 4 5. 90.4. ten m inutes. four h ours. six m onths. four years. The bus service is very good. T here's a bus.................................................................................................. Tom is ill. H e has som e medicine. H e has to take i t ................................................................................ T he O lym pic G am es take p la c e .......................................... — .......................................................... We live n ear a busy a irp o rt. A plane flies over o u r h o u s e ..................................................................... M artin has a check-up w irh his d e n t is t......................................................................................................... Which is th e correct altern ativ e? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. I’ve spent the w hole m oney / all rhe m oney you gave me. fall the m oney is correct) Sue w o rk s every day / all davs except Sunday. I’m tired. I’ve been w orking hard all the day / all d ay . If was a terrible fire. W hole building / T he w hole building w as destroyed. I’ve been trying to phone her, b u t every tim e / all the tim e I phone the line is busy. 1 d o n ’t like the w eath er here. It rains every tim e / all the tim e. W hen I w as on holiday, all mv luggage / m v w hole luggage was stolen.. Additional exercise 30 {page 320). 181.

(189) Unit. 91. Each and every Each and every are sim ilar in m eaning. O ften it is possible to use each o r every: □ Each tim e (or Every time) I see you, you look different. □ T h ere’s a telephone in each room (or everv room ) o f the house. But each and every are n o t exactly the sam e. Study the difference: We use each w hen we think of things separately, one by one. □ Study each sentence carefully. (= study the sentences one by one). each =. We use every w hen w e think o f things as a group. T he m eaning is sim ilar to all. □ Every sentence m ust have a verb. f= all sentences in general). x +x+ x+ x. Each is m ore usual for a small num ber: □ T here w ere four books on the table. Each b o o k w as a different colour. □ (in a card game) A t the beginning of the gam e, each player has three cards.. every Every is m ore usual for a large num ber: □ K ate loves reading. She has read every book in the library. (= all the books! □ 1 w ould like to visit every country in the w orld. (= all the countries). Each (but n o t every) can be used for tw o things: □ In a football m atch, each team has eleven players, (not every team ) We use every (not each) to say how often som ething happens: □ ‘H o w often d o you use y o u r co m p uter?’ 'Every d ay .’ (not Each day) □ T h ere’s a bus every ten m inutes, (not each ten m inutes) C om pare the structures we use w ith each and every: You can use each w ith a noun: each book each student. You can use every w ith a noun: every book every student. You can use each alone (w ith o u t a noun): □ N o n e o f the room s w as the sam e. Each (= each room ) w as different. O r you can use each one: □ Each one w as different.. You c a n 't use every alone, b u t you can sav every one: □ A: H ave you read all these books? B: Yes. every one.. You can say each of (the ... / these ... /. You can say every one o f ... (but not every of): □ I've read every one o f those books. (not every o f those books I □ I've read every one o f them .. them □ □ □. etc.): Read each o f these sentences carefully. Each of the books is a different colour. Each of them is a different colour.. You can also use each in the m iddle o r at the end o f a sentence. For exam ple: □ T he stu d en ts w ere each given a book. (= Each stu d en t w as given a book.) □ These oranges cost 15 pence each. Everyone and every one Everyone (one w ord) is only for people (= everybody). Every one (rwo w ords) is for things o r people, and is sim ilar to each one (see Section B). □ Everyone enjoyed the party. (= Everybody ...) □ Sarah is invited to lots o f parties and she goes to every one. (= to every party ). 182. Each other -» Unit 82C All and every -» Unit 90.

(190) Exercises 91.1. Unit 91. Look a t th e pictures and com plete th e sen ten ces with each or every. k—. 2-5 —. N. [ t r a i n s to LONDo n Ị sT■1S 14 lẼ T ị is 15 10 15 16 15 11 15 17 15 12 15 18 15 13 IS. 1 2 3 4 5 6. ....Sftch player has three cards. K ate has read ..£Y.?ry... book in the library. ...................side o f a square is the sam e length. ................... seat in the theatre w as taken. T here are six ap a rtm e n ts in the building. ................... one has a balcony. T here's a train to L o n d o n ................... hour. She w as w earing fo u r rings - one o n ................... finger. 8 O u r football team is playing well. W e’ve w o n ...................gam e this season.. 91.2. Put in each or every. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 91.3. T here w ere four books on the ta b le book w as a different colour. The O lym pic G am es are h e ld four years. .............................. p aren t w orries a b o u t their children. In a gam e o f tennis there are tw o o r four players..................................... player has a racket. N icola plays v o lle v b a ll..........T h u rsd ay evening. I understo o d m ost o f w h a t thev said b u t n o t ................w ord. The book is divided into five p arts a n d ............................... o f these has three sections. I ger p a i d ............................... four weeks. We had a sre a t w eekend. 1 e n jo y e d ............................... m inute o f it. I tried to phone her tw o o r three rimes, b u t ............................... tim e there w as no reply. C ar seat belts save lives................................ driver should w ear one. (from till exam) A nsw er allfivequestions. W rire your answ er t o ................................ question on a sep arate sheet o f paper.. Com plete th e sen ten ces using each. 1 T he price of one o f those oranges is 30 pence. T h o s e. ...30 . pence e a d o ..................... 2 I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia an d I ......................................................................................... 3 O ne o f those p o stcards costs 80 pence. T h o s e ............................................................................................ 4 T he hotel w as expensive. I paid £ 1 2 0 and so did you. W e ..................................................................... 91.4. Put in everyone (1 word) or every one (2 words). 1 2 3 4 5. Sarah is invited to a lot of parties an d she goes t o & Y ...... As soon a s .................................................. had arrived, we began the m eeting. I asked her lots o f questions an d she a n s w e re d .................................................... correctly. She’s very popular. ............................................... likes her. I d ro p p ed a trav o f glasses. U n fo rtu n a te ly .................................................. broke.. 183.

(191) Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which Look at this exam ple sentence: T he w om an. w ho lives n ex t d o o r. is a doctor.. relative clause. A clause is a p a rt o f a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person o r thing (or w h at kind of person o r thing) the speaker m eans: □ T he w om an w ho lives next d o o r ... (‘w ho lives nex t d o o r’ tells us w hich w om an) □ People w ho live in th e country ... (‘w ho live in the c o u n try ’ tells us w h at kind o f people) We use w ho in a relative clause w hen we are talking a b o u t people (not things): the w om an - she lives next d o o r - is a doctor T — ►T he w om an w ho lives n ext d o o r is a doctor. w e know a lot o f people - they live in the country We know a lot of people. w ho live in the country.. □ An architect is som eone w ho designs buildings. □ W h at w as the nam e of the person w ho phoned you? □ A nyone w ho w ants to apply for the job m ust do so by Friday. You can also use th a t (instead of w ho), b u t you c a n ’t use w hich for people: □ T he w om an th at lives next d o o r is a doctor, (not the w om an which) Som etim es you m ust use w ho (not that) for people - see U nit 95. W hen we are talking a b o u t things, w e use th a t o r w hich (not w ho) in a relative clause: w here is the cheese? - it w as in the fridge. W here is the cheese. □ I d o n ’t like stories th a t have u n h ap py endings, (or stories w hich have ...) □ B arbara w orks for a com pany th a t m akes furniture, (or a com pany w hich m akes furniture) D T he m achine th a t bro k e dow n is w orking again now. (or T he m achine which broke dow n) T h a t is m ore usual th an w hich, but som etim es you m ust use w hich - see U nit 95. W hat □ □ □. = ‘the thing(s) th a t’. C om pare w h at and that: W h at happened w as m y fault. (= the thing th a t happened) E verything th a t h appened w as my fault. (not Everything w h at happened) T he m achine th at broke dow n is now w orking again. (not The m achine w h at broke dow n I. R em em ber th a t in relative clauses we use w ho/that/w hich, not hc/shc/they/it: □ I’ve never spoken to the w om an w ho lives next door, (not the w om an she lives). Relative clauses 2-5 -» Units 93-96.

(192) Unit 92. Exercises 92.1. In this exercise you have to explain w hat som e words m ean. Choose the right m eaning from th e box and th en w rite a sen ten ce with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.. he/she. steals from a shop designs- b u ild ings d o esn'r believe in G od is nor brave. 1 Ian architect). 2 la burglar) 3 4 5 6. (a custom er) (a shoplifter) (a cow ard) (an atheist) la pessimist) 8 (a tenant). 92.2. he/she. buys som ething from a shop pays rent to live in a house o r flat breaks inro a house to steal things expects the w orst to happen. An arch ite c t is s omeone who d esigns b u ild in g s..................................................... A b u rg lar is s o m e o n e .................. •........... -................................................................................ ........................... ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... -...................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ... ................ .......................................................................................................................................... .......................... ............................................................................................................................... Make one sen ten ce from two. Use w h o /th at/w h ich . 1 A girl w as injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. The girl who HAS in ju re d in the, accident is now in hosptfcal...................................... 2 A w aitress served us. She w as im polite and im patient. T h e ............................................. ................................................................................................................ .............. 3 A building w as destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. The 4 Some people w ere arrested. They have now been released. T he ■ . ....... ................................................................................................. 5 A bus goes to the airp o rt. It runs every h alt hour. T he J L ....... ................. ....... ..... .................................................................................................. I. 92.3. 1. Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative clause. he invented the telephone she runs aw av from hom e they stole mv car rhev w ere on the wall. 92.4. _____....................... it gives vou the m eaning o f w ords it can su p p o rt life it c a n n o t be explained. 1 2 3 4. B arbara w o rk s for a c o m p a n y .......................................................................... T he book is a b o u t a Siirl..................................................................................................................................... W h at happened to the p ic tu r e s ............................... ? A m ystery is s o m e th in g ....................................................................................................................................... 5 6 “ 8. The police have caught the m e n ................................................................................................................ A dictionary is a b o o k ........................................................................................................................................ A lexander Bell w as the m a n ................................................................... ......................................................... It seems th a t the earth is the onlv p l a n e t....................................................................................................... Are th ese sen ten ces right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 I d o n ’t like stories w ho have unhappy endings. ...jton& s tiia tji.a -v e .................................... 2 3 4 5 6. W h a t w as the nam e of the person w h o phoned you? .....OK.................................................................. W here’s the nearest shop w ho sells new spapers? ........................................................................... T he driver w hich caused the accident w as fined £ 5 0 0 ................................................................................ D o you know the person th a t to o k these p h o to g ra p h s ? ........................................................................... We live in a w orld w h a t is changing all the time. ........................................................................... D an said som e things a b o u t me th a t w ere nor true. ........................................................................... 8 W h a t w as the nam e o f the horse it w on the race? ............................................................................ 185.

(193) Unit. 93. Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which Look at these exam ple sentences from U nit 92: □ T he w o m an. w ho. lives next d o o r is a doctor, (or T he w om an th a t lives ...). T he w o m an □ W here is the cheese. w ho (= the w om an) is the subject. lives next door.. was in the fridge? (or the cheese w hich w as ...). th a t. T he cheese. w as in the fridge,. th a t (= the cheese) is the subject. You m ust use w ho/that/w hich w hen it is the subject o f the relative clause. So you ca n n o t say ‘T he w om an lives n ext d o o r is a d o c to r’ o r ‘W here is the cheese w as in the fridge?’. Som etim es w h o /th at/w h ich is the object o f the verb. For exam ple: □ T he w om an. w ho. I w anted to see w as aw ay on holiday. I w anted to see. □ H ave you found the keys. th a t. w ho (= the w om an) is the object I is the subject. the w om an. you lost? You lost. th a t (= the keys) is the object you is the subject. the keys.. W hen w ho/th at/w h ich is the abject, you can leave it o u t. So you can say: □ T h e w om an I w anted to see w as avvav.or T he w om an w ho I w anted to see ... □ H ave you found the keys you lost? o r ... the keys th a t you lost? □ T h e dress Liz b o u g h t d o esn ’t fit her very well, o r T he dress th at Lizbought ... □ Is there anything I can do? or ... anything th at I can do? N o te th a t w e say: the keys you lost (not the keys you lost them ) the dress Liz b o u g h t (not the dress Liz bought ir) N o te the position o f p repositions (in/to/for etc.) in relative clauses: Tom is talking. to. a w om an - do you know her?. ►Do you know the w om an (w ho/that) T om is talking I slept. in. to. ?. a bed last night - it w asn ’t verv com fortable. — ►The bed (that/w hich) I slept. in. last night w a sn ’t very com fortable.. □ Are these the books you w ere looking for? o r ... the books that/w hich you were ... □ T he w om an he fell in love w ith left him after a m onth, or T he w om an w h o /th at he ... □ T he m an I was sitting n ext to on the plane talked all rhe time, or T he m an w h o /th a t I w as sitting n ext to ... N o te th a t we say: the books you w ere looking for (not the books vou w ere looking for them) You ca n n o t use w h a t in sentences like these (see also U nit 92C): □ Everything (that) they said w as true. (not Everything w h at they said) □ I gave her all the m oney (that) I had. (not all the m oney w h a t I had) W h at = ‘th e thing(s) th a t’: □ Did you h ear w h at they said? (= the things th a t they said). 186. Relative clauses 1 -* Unit 92. Relative clauses 3-5 -* Units 94-96. Whom -» Unit 948.

(194) Unit 93. Exercises 93.1. In some of th e se sentences you need who or th a t. Correct the sentences where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 93.2. T he w om an lives n ex t d o o r is a doctor. H ave you found the keys you lost?............................................ - ....................................... T he people we m et last niỉĩhr w ere very nice. ...................................................................... T he people w ork in the office are very nice. ...................................................................... T he people I w ork w ith are very nice. ...................................................................... W h at have you done w ith the m oney I gave you? ...................................................................... W h a t happened to the m oney w as on the table? ...................................................................... W h a t’s the w o rst film vou've ever seen? ............ ...................................................................... W h a t’s the best thing it has ever happened to you? ....................................................................... W hat do you say in th ese situ atio n s? Com plete each sen ten ce with a relative clause. 1 Your friend lost som e keys. You w a n t to k n ow if he has found them . You say: H ave you f o u n d ......................................................................................................... ? 2 A friend is w earing a dress. You like it. You tell her: I like the d r e s s ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 A friend is going to see a film. You w a n t to know the nam e o f the film. You say: W hat's the nam e of the f ilm ................... ? 4 You w an ted to visit a m useum . It w as shut w hen you got there. You tell a friend: The m u s e u m w as shut w hen we g o t there. 5 You invired some people to your partv. Some of them c o u ld n 't com e. You tell som eone: Some o f the p e o p le co u ld n ’t com e. 6 Your friend had to do som e w ork. You w a n t to know if she has finished. You say: H ave you finished the w o r k ....................................................................................................? You hired a car. It broke dow n after a few miles. You tell a friend: T he c a r broke dow n after a few miles. 8 You stayed at a hotel. Tom had recom m ended it to you. You tell a friend: We staved a t a h o t e l ................................................................................................................................ 93.3. Com plete each sen ten ce using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the box. we w ent to a parry last night I w o rk w ith som e people voti w ere lo o k m s to r som e books 1 2 3 4 5. you can rely on G ary I applied for a job 1 saw you w ith a man. we were invited to a w edding you told me a b o u t a hotel. Are these the b o o k s ? U n fortunately we c o u ld n ’t go to the w e d d in g .......................................................................... I enjoy my job. I like the p e o p le .......................................................................... W h a t’s rhe nam e o f th a t h o r e l..................................................... ? T he p a r t y w asn’t very enjoyable.. 6 I d id n ’t get the j o b .......................................................................... 7 G ary is a good person to know. H e's s o m e b o d y .......................................................................... 8 W ho w as th a t m a n in the restaurant? 93.4. Put in th a t or w h at w here necessary. If th e se n ten ce is already com plete, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. I gave her all the m o n e y I had. (all the m oney th at I had is also correct) D id you h e a r they said? They give their children e v e ry th in g ................................. they w ant. Tell m e ................................. you w a n t and I’ll try to get it for you. W hy do you blam e me for e v e ry th in g ......................... goes w rong? I w o n ’t be able to do m uch, but I'll d o ................................. I can. I w o n ’t be able to do m uch, but I'll do the b e s t ................................. I can. I d o n ’t agree w ith ................................. y o u ’ve jusr said. I d o n ’t tru st him. I d o n 't believe a n y th in g ............................... he says.. 187.

(195) Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where W hose We use w hose in relative clauses instead o f his/her/their: we saw som e people — ►We saw som e people. th eir car had broken dow n I w hose car had broken dow n.. We use w hose m ostly for people: □ A w idow is a w om an w hose h u sband is dead, (her husband is dead) □ W h a t’s the nam e of the m an w hose car you borrow ed? (you borrow ed his car) □ I met som eone w hose b rother I w ent to school with. (I w ent to school with his/her brother) C om pare w ho and whose: □ I m et a m an w ho know s you. (he know s you) □ I m et a m an w hose sister know s you. (his sister know s you) W hom W hom is possible instead o f w ho w hen it is the object o f the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in U nit 93B): □ T he w om an w hom I w anted to see w as away. (I w anted to see her) You can also use w hom w ith a preposition (to w hom / from w hom / w ith w hom etc.): □ T he people w ith w hom I w o rk are very nice. (I w ork w ith them ) But we do not often use w hom in spoken English. We usually prefer w ho o r th a t, o r nothing (see U nit 93). So we usually say: □ T he w om an I w anted to see ... or T he w om an w h o /th at I w anted to see ... □ T he people I w o rk w ith ... or T he people w h o /th at I w ork w ith ... W here You can use w here in a relative clause to talk a b o u t a place: the restau ran t - w e had d inner ►T he restau ran t. w here. there. - it w as near the airp o rt. we had dinner w as near the airp o rt.. □ I recently w ent back to the tow n w here I grew up. (or ... the tow n I grew up in or ... the tow n th a t I grew up in) □ I w ould like to live in a place w here rhere is plenty o f sunshine. We say: the day / the year / the tim e etc.. som ething happens or th a t som ething happens. □ D o you rem em ber the day (that) we w ent to the zoo? □ T h e last tim e (that) I saw her, she looked fine. □ I haven’t seen them since the year (that) they got m arried. We say: the reason. som ething happens o r that/w h y som ething happens. □ T h e reason I’m phoning you is to ask your advice. (or T he reason th a t I’m phoning / T he reason w hy I’m phoning) Relative clauses 1-2 -» Units 92-93. Relative clauses 4-5 -* Units 95-96. Whom -* Unit 96.

(196) Exercises 94.1. Unit 94. You m et th e se people a t a party:. The next day you tell a friend ab o u t th ese people. Com plete the sen ten ces using who or whose. 1 I m et s o m e b o d y w hose mo th er writ e s d e te c tiv e s tories. 2 3 4 5 6 94.2. I I I I I. m et m et met m et m et. a m a n ........................................................................................................................................................... a w o m a n ..................................................................................................................................................... s o m e b o d y .................................................................................................................................................... a c o u p le ....................................................................................................................................................... s o m e b o d y .................................................................................................................................................... Read th e situ atio n s and com plete th e sen ten ces using w here. 1 You grew up in a small to w n . You w ent back there recently. You tell som eone this. I recentlv w ent back to th e small t o w n Wb.?££....!....Sr£i*L.k*P................................................................... 2 You w a n t to buy som e postcards. You ask a friend w here you can do this. Is there a shop near h e r e .................................................................................................................. ? 3 You w ork in a factory. The factory is going to close dow n next m onth. You tell a friend: T he f a c to r y ..................................................................................... is going to close dow n n ex t m onth. 4 Sue is staying a t a hotel. You w a n t to know the nam e o f the hotel. You ask a friend: Do vou know the nam e o f the h o t e l ............................................................................................................ ? 5 You play football in a p ark on Sundays. You show a friend the park. You say: This is the p a r k ..............................................................................................................on Sundays.. 94.3. Com plete each sen ten ce using w ho/w hom /w hose/w here. 1 \X 'hafs rhe nam e of the m a n c a r you borrow ed? A cem etery is a p l a c e .............................. people are buried. 3 A pacifist is a p e r s o n ...............................believes th a t all w ars are w rong. 4 An o rp h an is a c h i l d .............................. p aren ts are dead. 5 W h at w as the nam e of the person t o ................................. you spoke on the phone? 6 T he p la c e ................................. we spent o u r holidays w as really beautiful. 7 T his school is only for c h ild r e n ................................. first language is n o t English. 8 T he w o m an w i t h ................................. he fell in love left him after a m onth.. 2. 94.4. Use your own ideas to com plete these sentences. They arc like th e exam ples in Sections D and E 1 I'll alw ays rem em ber the d a v. 2 3 4 5 6. !.....f e “It .met yow......................................................................................... I'll never forget the t i m e .................................................................................................................................... T he r e a s o n ....................................................................................... w as th a t I d id n 't know your address U nfortunately I w a sn ’t a t hom e the e v e n in g ............................................................................................... T he r e a s o n ............................................................................................................is th a t they d o n ’t need one ..................................... w as the v e a r ...................................................................................................................-. 189.

(197) Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1). Unit. 95. T here are tw o types of relative clause. In these exam ples, the relative clauses are underlined. C om pare:. Type 1. Type 1 □ The w om an w ho lives next d oor is a doctor. □ B arbara w orks for a com pany th a t m akes furniture. □ We staved a t the hotel (rhar) vou recom m ended.. B. _ Mv bro th er R ob. w ho lives in A ustralia. is a doctor. □ C olin told me a b o u t his new job. which he's enioving very m uch. □ We staved a t the Park H otel, w hich a friend o f ours recom m ended.. In rhese exam ples, the relative clause tells vou w hich person or thing (or w h at kind o f • person o r thing) the speaker m eans: ‘T he w om an w ho lives next d o o r' tells us which w om an. ‘A com pany th a t m akes fu rn itu re' tells us what kind o f com pany. ‘T he hotel (that) Ann recommended* tells us which horel.. In these exam ples, the relative clauses do not rell you w hich person o r thing the speaker m eans. We already know w hich rh in s or person is m eant: 'M y bro th er R o b \ ‘Colin's new job' and ‘the Park H o tel’. The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information a b o u t the person o r thing.. We do n o t use com m as (,) w ith these clauses: □ We know a lot o f people w ho live in L ondon.. We use com m as (,) w ith these clauses: □ M v b ro th e r R ob. w ho lives in London. is a doctor.. In both types o f relative clause w e use w ho for people and which for things. But:. Type /. Type 2. You can use that: □ D o you know anyone w h o /th at speaks French and Italian? □ B arbara w orks for a com pany w h ich /th at m akes furniture.. You can n o t use that: □ Jo h n , w ho (not th at) speaks French and Italian, w orks as a to u rist suide. □ Colin told me a b o u t his new job, which (not that) he's enjoying very much.. You can leave o u t w ho/w h ich /th at w hen ir is the object (see U nit 93): □ We stayed at the hotel (that/w hich) you recom m ended. □ T his m orning I m et som ebodv (w ho/that) 1 h a d n ’t seen for ages.. You c an n o t leave o u t w ho o r which:. We do n o t often use w hom in this rvpe of clause (see U nit 94B).. You can use w hom for people (when it is the object): o T his m orning I m et C hris, w hom I h a d n 't seen for ages.. □ W e stayed at rhe Park H otel, w hich a friend of o u rs recom m ended. □ T his m orning I m et C hris, w ho I h a d n 't seen for ases.. In both types o f relative clause you can use w hose and where: □ We m et som e people w hose c a r had broken dow n. □ W h at’s the nam e of th e place w here you w ent on holiday?. 190. Relative clauses (Type 1) —» Units 92-94. □ Liz, w hose car had broken dow n, w as in a very bad m ood. □ Jill has just been to Sweden, w here her daughter lives.. Relative clauses (Type 2) —* Unit 96.

(198) Exercises 95.1. Unit 95. Make one sen ten ce from two. Use th e sen ten ce in brackets to m ake a relative clause (Type 2). You will need to use w ho(m )/w hose/w hich/w here. 1 C atherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.) C a th e rin e , who lives n e x t d o o r, is vert) frvendty. ........................................................................ 2 \X'e stayed a t the Park H otel. (A friend o f o u rs had recom m ended it.) We s t a g e d 0Í t he. Park Hotel, which g. -friend o f ou rs Hcut recom m ended................... 3 We often go CO visit o u r frien d s in Bristol. (It is n o t very fa r aw ay.) 4 Í w ent to see the doctor. IHe told m e to rest for a few d a y s.) 5 John is one o f my closest friends. 11 have know n him for a very long time.) |o h n ................................................ 6 Sheila is aw ay from hom e a lot. (H er job involves a lot o f travelling.) T he new stadium will be opened next m onth. (It can hold 9 0,000 people.) 8 G lasgow is the largest citv in Scotland. (M y bro th er lives there.) 9 A friend o f m ine helped me to ger a job. (H is father is the m anager of a com pany.). 95.2. Read th e inform ation and com plete each sentence. Use a relative clause o f Type 1 or Type 2. Use com m as where necessary. 1 T here's a w om an living n ext d o o r to me. She's a doctor. T he w o m a n wHo lives n&xfc d oor to me ts ft- d o cto r........................................................................ 2 I’ve got a b ro th er called R ob. H e lives in A ustralia. H e’s a doctor. M y b ro th er R ob , who lives in A u str a lia .' Is X doctor . ..................................................................... 3 T here w as a strike a t the car factory. It began ten days ago. It is now over. T he strike a t the c a r f a c to r y .............................................................................................................................. 4 I w as looking for a book this m orning. I've found ir now. I've found ................................................ ............................................................................................................... 5 L ondon w as once the largest city in the w o rld, b u t the p o p u latio n is now falling. T he p o p u latio n o f L o n d o n ................................................................................................................................ 6 A job w as advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of rhem had the necessary qualifications. Few o f ....................................................................................................................................................................... Amv has a son. She show ed me a p h o to g rap h o f him. H e’s a policem an. Am y show ed m e ..................................................................................................................................................... 95.3. Correct th e sen ten ces th a t are wrong and p u t in com m as w here necessary. If th e sen ten ce is correct, w rite 'OK'. 1 Colin told me a b o u t his n e w jo tr r h a t,h e ’s enjoying very m uch. Colin to l d me about His new job, which He's ewiocjtug vertị much....................................... 2 M y office th a t is on the second floor is very sm all. 3 T he office I’m using a t the m om ent is very small. 4 Ben’s fath er th a t used to be a teacher now w orks for a TV com pany. 5 T he d o c to r th a t exam ined me c o u ld n ’t find anything w rong. 6 T he sun th a t is one o f m illions o f srars in the universe provides us w ith heat and light.. 191.

(199) Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2). Unit. 96. Prepositions + w hom /w hich You can use a preposition before w hom (for people) and w hich (for things). So you can say: to w hom / w ith w hom / a b o u t w hich / w ith o u t w hich etc. : o M r Lee, to w hom I spoke a t the m eeting, is very interested in o u r proposal. □ F ortunately we had a m ap, w ith o u t w hich w e w ould have got lost. In inform al English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. W hen we do this, we norm ally use w ho (not w hom ) tor people: □ This is my friend from C an ad a, w ho I w as telling you about. □ Y esterday we visited the C ity M useum , w hich I’d never been to before. J. AH o f / m ost o f etc. + w hom /w hich Study these exam ples: M ary has three brothers. All o f — ►M ary has three b ro th ers, all o f. them. are m arried. (2 sentences). w hom. are m arried. (Í sentence). They asked me a lor o f questions. I co u ld n 't answ er m osr o f them . (2 sentences) — ►They asked me a lot of questions, m ost o f w hich. In the sam e w ay you can say: n one o f / neither of / any o f / either of som e o f / m any o f / m uch o f / (a) few o f b o th o f / h alf o f / each o f / one o f / tw o o f etc. □ □ □ □. I c o u ld n 't answer. (I sentence). + w hom (people) + w hich (things). M artin tried on three jackets, none o f w hich fitted him. Tw o m en, neither o f w hom I had seen before, cam e into the office. T h ey ’ve got three cars, tw o o f w hich they rarely use. Sue has a lot o f friends, m any o f w hom she w as a t school w ith.. You can also say the cause o f w hich / the nam e o f w hich etc. : □ T he building w as destroyed in a fire, the cause o f w hich w as never established. □ We stayed a t a beautiful hotel, the nam e o f w hich I c a n 't rem em ber now. W hich (not w hat) Study this exam ple: Joe got the job.. T his. r. 1. Joe got the job,. w hich. surprised everybody. (2 sentences). surprised evervbody. 11 sentence! relative cltinse. In this exam ple, w hich = ‘the fact th a t he got the job’. You m ust use w hich (not w hat) in sentences like these: □ Sarah c o u ld n ’t m eet us, w hich w as a pity. (not w h at w as a pity) □ T he w eath er w as good, w hich w e h a d n 't expected, (not w h at we h a d n 't expected) For w h at, see Units 92C and 93D .. 192. All of / most of etc. -* Unit 88. Both of etc. -» Unit 89. Relative clauses 1-4 -» Units 92-95.

(200) Unit 96. Exercises 96.1. W rite th e relative clauses in a more form al way using a preposition + w hom /w hich. 1 Yesterday we visited the C ity M useum , w hich I’d never been to before. ...................................... Yesterday we visited the City M u s e u m , Ế® 2 M y b ro th er show ed us his new car, w hich he’s very proud of. M y b ro th er show ed us his new c a r , ................................................................................................................. 3 T his is a p h o to g rap h o f o u r friends C hris and Sam, w ho w e w ent on holiday w ith. This is a p h o to g rap h o f o u r friends C hris and S a m ,................................................................................. 4 T he w eddins, w hich only m em bers o f the family w ere invited to, took place on Friday. T he w ed d in s............................................................................................................................................................. too k place on Friday.. 96.2. Use the inform ation in th e first sen ten ce to com plete the second sentence. Use all o f I m ost o f etc. or th e .. of + w hom /w hich. 1 All o f M a ry ’s broth ers are m arried. M arv has three b r o r h e r s , . 2 M ost of the inform ation we w ere given w as useless. We w ere given a lot o f in fo rm atio n ................................................................................................................... 3 Jan e has received neither o f the lerrers I sent her. 1 sent Jane nvo le tte r s ,.......................................................................................................................................... 4 N one o f the ten people w ho applied to r the job w as suitable. Ten people applied for the j o b , ......................................................................................................................... 5 K ate hardlv ever uses one o f her com puters. Kate has got tw o c o m p u te r s ,............................................................................................................................. 6 M ike gave half o f the £ 5 0 ,0 0 0 he w on to his parents. M ike w o n £ 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,.............................................................................................................................................. Both of Julia's sisters are teachers. Julia has nvo s is te r s ,............................................................................................................................................. s I w ent to a party - I knew only a few o f th e people there. There w ere a lot of people at the p a r tv ,......................................................................................................... 9 T he sides of the ro ad we drove a lo n s were lined w ith trees. We drove a Ion? the ro ad , t h e ............................................................................................................................ 10 T he aim o f the com pany's new business plan is to save money. The com pany has a new business p l a n , ...................................................................................................... .. 96.3. Join sen ten ces from the boxes to m ake new sentences. Use which. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Laura co u ld n 't com e t o the party. Jane doesn't have a phone. N eil has passed his exam s. O u r flight was delaved. K ate offered to let me stay a t her house. T he street 1 live in is very noisy a t night. O u r car has broken dow n.. T his w as very kind o f her. T his m eans w e ca n ’t go aw ay tom orrow . T his m akes it difficult to co n ta ct her. T his m akes it difficult to sleep som etim es. T h is w as a pity. T his is good news. T his m eant we had to w ait three hours a t the airp o rt.. 1 L aura couldn’t com e to the p a r ty , whịs!l..yM....?r....P.iểy.: - Jan e ................................................................................................. j ............................................................................................ 4 .......................................................................... 5 .......................................................................................................... 6 -......................................................... 193.

(201) Unit. 97. -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident) A clause is a p a rt o f a sentence. Some clauses begin w ith -ing or -ed. For exam ple: Do you know the w om an talking to T om ?. ro.M. -ing clause —. the w om an talking to Tom. T he boy injured in the accident w as taken to hospira --------------- -c d clause ---------------. the boy injured in the accident. We use -ing clauses to say w h a t som ebody (or som ething) is (or was) doing a t a p articular time: □ D o you know the w om an talking to Sam? (the w om an is talking to Sam) □ Police investigating the crim e are looking for three men. (police are investigating the crime) □ W ho w ere those people w aiting outside? (they w ere w aiting) □ I w as w oken up by a bell ringing, (a bell w as ringing) You can also use an -ing clause to say w h a t happens all the tim e, n o t just at a particu lar time. F or exam ple: □ T he ro ad connecting the tw o villages is very narrow , (the road connects the rw o villages) □ I have a large room overlooking the garden, (the room overlooks the garden) □ C an you think o f the nam e o f a flower beginning w ith T ? (the nam e begins w ith T) -ed clauses have a passive m eaning: □ T he boy injured in the accident w as taken to hospital, (he w as injured in the accident) □ G eorge show ed me som e pictures painted by his father, (they had been painted by his father) Injured and invited are past participles. N o te th at m any past participles are irregular and do n o t end in -ed (stolen/m ade/w ritten etc.): □ T he police never found the m onev stolen in the ro b b er)’. □ M o st o f the goods m ade in this factory are exported. You can use left in this way, w ith the m eaning ‘no t used, still there': □ We’ve eaten nearly all the chocolates. T here are onlv a few left. We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there w as etc. : □ T h ere w ere som e children sw im m ing in the river. □ Is there anybody w aiting? □ T h ere w as a big red car parked outside the house.. 194. See/hear somebody doing something -» Unit 67 -ing clauses -» Unit 68 Irregular past participles (made/stolen etc.) -» Appendix 1. There (is) -* Unit 84.

(202) Exercises 97.1. Unit 97. Make one sentence from two. Complete the sentences with an -ing clause.. 1 A bell w as rinsing. I w as w oken up by it. I w as w oken up b v fk..Ị?.?4L.rị#ẵỳíâ -.................................................................................................... 2 A m an w as sitting nexr to me on the plane. I d id n 't talk m uch to him. I d id n 't talk m uch to t h e ...................................................................................................................................... 3 A taxi w as tak in g us to the a irp o rt. It b rak e dow n. T h e .................................................................................................................................................broke dow n. 4 T here's a p ath a t the end o f this street. T he path leads to the river. At rhe end o f the street there's a ....................................................................................................................... 5 A factory has just opened in the to w n . It em ploys 500 people. A has just opened in the tow n. 6 T he com pany sent me a brochure. It co ntained the inform ation I needed. T he co m pany sent m e ........................................................................................................................................... 97.2 Make one sentence from two, beginning as shown. Each time make an -ed clause.. 1 A boy w as injured in the accident. H e w as taken to hospital. T he b o y ựi tile ......................w as taken to hospital. 2 A gate w as dam aged in the storm . It has now been repaired. T he g a t e ........................................................................................................ has now been repaired. 3 A nu m b er o f suggestions w ere m ade at the m eeting. M ost o f them w ere n o t very practical. M ost o f t h e ........................................................................................w ere nor very practical. 4 Some paintings w ere stolen from the m useum . They haven’t been found yet. The haven’t been found yet. 5 A m an w as arrested by the police. W h a t w as his name? W h at w as the nam e o f ....................................................................................................................................... ? 97.3. Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form:. blow. call. invite. live. offer. read. -FÌF»g^. sit. study. w ork. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I w as w oken up bv a b e l l ..... Some o f the p e o p le ịí?.yited. ....to the party c an ’t com e. Lite m ust be very unpleasan t tor p e o p le ........ near busy airports. A few days after the interview, I received a l e t t e r ........................................me the job. Som ebody ..................................... lack phoned while you w ere out. T here w as a t r e e ....................................... dow n in the storm last night. T he w aiting room w as em pty except for a young m a n ........................................by the w indow ....................................... a m agazine. 8 Ian has a b r o t h e r in a bank in London and a s is te r ...................................... econom ics at university in M anchester.. 97.4. Use th e words in brackets to m ake sen ten ces using There is I There was etc. 1 T h a t house is em pty, (nobodv / live / in it) ........ 2 T he accident w asn ’t serious, (nobodv / injure) ... 3 I can hear footsteps, (som ebody / com e) T h e r e ........................................................................................................................................... 4 T he tra in w as full, (a lot o t people / travel) 5 We w ere th e only guests at the hotel, (nobody else / stay there) 6 T he piece o f p ap er w as blank, (nothing / w rite / on it) T he college offers English courses in the evening, fa course / begin / next M onday).

(203) Unit. 98. Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) T here are m any adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, for exam ple: boring and bored. Study this exam ple situation: Jane has been doing rhe sam e job for a very lone tim e. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She d o esn ’t enjoy her job any m ore and w ould like to do som ething different. lane's job is boring. boring. Jane is bored (with her job).. Som ebody is bored if som ething (or som ebody else) is boring. Or, if som ething is boring, it m akes you bored. So: □ Jane is bored because her job is boring. □ Ja n e ’s job is boring, so Jane is bored, [not Jane is boring) If a person is boring, this m eans th a t they m ake o th er people bored: □ G eorge alw ays talk s a b o u t the sam e things. H e’s really boring. C om pare adjectives ending in -ing an d -ed:. □ M y job is. boring. interesting. tiring. satisfying. depressing, etc.. In rhese exam ples, the -ing adjective tells you a b o u t the job.. □ □ :: □. I’m bored w ith mv job. I’m n o t interested in my job any m ore. I set verv tired doing rav job. I'm not satisfied w ith mv job. r M y job m akes me depressed, etc.. In rhese exam ples, the -ed adjective tells you h o w som ebodv feels lab o u r the job I.. C om pare these exam ples: interesting □ Julia thinks politics is interesting. □ D id you meer anyone interesting at the party?. 196. interested Julia is interested in politics. {not interesting in politics) □ Are vou interested in buying a car? I'm trying to sell mine.. surprising □ It w as surprising th a t he passed the exam .. surprised c Everybody w as surprised th a t he passed the exam .. disappointing □ T he film w as disappointing. We expected it to be m uch better.. disappointed □ We w ere disappointed w ith the film. We expected it to be m uch better.. shocking □ T he new s w as shocking.. shocked I w as shocked w hen I heard the new s..

(204) Unit 98. Exercises 98.1. Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets + -in g or -ed.. 1 T he film w a sn 't as good as we had expected, (d isap p o in t...) a T he film w a s ẩ ầ m s M m . ..... b We w e r e w ith the film. 2 D onna teaches youne children. It's a very hard job, but she enjoys it.(ex h aust...) a She enjoys her job, but it’s o f t e n ..................................................... b A t the end o f a d a y ’s w ork, she is o f t e n ..................................................... 3 It's been raining all day. I hate this w eather, (depress...) a This w eather is ..................................................... b T his w eath er m akes m e .............. ...................................... c It's silly to s e t .............. ....................................because o f the w eather. 4 C lare is going to M exico n ext m o n th . She has never been there before, (excit...) a It will be a n .................................................. experience for her. b G oing to new places is a lw a y s ..................................................... c She is r e a llv ...................................................a b o u t going to M exico. 98.2. Choose the correct word.. 1 I w as-d isap p o in tin g-/ disappointed w ith the film. I had expected it to be better. (disapp o in ted is correct) 2 Are you inreresring / interested in football? 3 The football m atch w as very exciting / excited. I enjoyed it. 4 It's som etim es em barrassing / em barrassed w hen you have to ask people for money. 5 D o you easilv get em barrassing / em b arrassed ? 6 I had never expected to se t the job. I w as really am azing / am azed w hen I w as offered it. She has reallv learnt very fast. She has m ade astonishing / astonished progress. 8 I d id n 't find the situ atio n funny. I w as nor am using / am used. 9 It w as a really terrifying / terrified experience. A fterw ards everybody w as very shocking / sho ck ed . 10 W hy do you alw ays look so boring / b o re d ? Is your life really so boring / b o re d ? 11 H e's one of the m ost boring / bored people I've ever met. H e never stops talking and he never says a n y th in ? interesting / interested. 98.3. Complete each sentence using a word from the box.. am using/am used confusing/confused exhausting/exhausted. annoying/annoyed disgusting/disgusted interesting/interested. boring/bored exciting/excitcd surpFising/surprised. 1 H e w orks verv hard . It's n o t surprisin g th a t he’s alw ays tired. 2 I've got noth in g to do. I’m ..............................-..................... 3 T he teach er’s explanation w a s M ost o f the students d id n ’t u n derstand it. 4 T he kitchen h a d n 't been cleaned for ages. It w as r e a lly ..................................................... 5 I seldom visit a rt galleries. I’m nor p a rtic u la rly in art. 6 T h ere’s no need to g e t .................................................... just because I'm a few m inutes late. 7 T he lecture w a s ......................................... I fell asleep. 8 I've been w orking very hard all day and now I’m ................................................. 9 I'm startin g a new job n ex t w eek. I’m v e r y a b o u t it. 10 Steve is very good a t telling funny stories. He can be v e r y ..................................................... 11 Liz is a v e r y person. She know s a lot, she’s travelled a lot and she’s done lots o f different things.. 197.

(205) Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired Som etim es we use tw o o r m ore adjectives together: □ M y b ro th e r lives in a nice new house. □ In the kitchen there w as a beautiful large round w ooden table. A djectives like n ew /large/round/w ooden are fact adjectives. They give us factual inform ation a b o u t age, size, co lo u r etc. A djectives like nice/beautiful a re opinion adjectives. T hev tell us w h at som ebody thinks of som ething o r som ebody. O p in io n adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.. a an a. opinion. fact. nice interesting delicious beautiful. long young hot large ro u n d w ooden. sum m er holiday m an vegetable soup table. Som etim es we use tw o o r m ore fact adjectives together. Usually (but n o t alw ays) w e put fact adjectives in this order:. a tall young m an (1 -* 2) a large w ooden table (1 -* 5) big blue eyes (1 —» 3) an old R ussian song (2 -* 41 a sm all black plastic bag (1 -* 3 -» 5) an old w hite cotton shirt (2 —» 3 —» 5) A djectives o f size and length (big/sm all/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and w idth (round/fat/thin/slim /w ide etc.): a large ro u n d table a tall thin girl a long n arro w street W hen there are tw o o r m ore co lo u r adjectives, w e use and: a black and w hite dress a red, w hite and green flag T his does not usually happen w ith o th er adjectives before a noun: a long black dress (not a long and black dress) We use adjectives after be/get/becom e/seem : □ Be careful! □ I’m tired and I’m getting hungry. □ As the film w ent on, it becam e m ore and m ore boring. □ Your friend seems very nice. We also use adjectives to say how som ebody/som ething looks, feels, sounds, tastes o r smells: □ You look tired. / 1 feel tired. / She sounds tired. □ T he d in n er smells good. a T his tea tastes a bit strange. But to say how som ebody does som ething you m ust use an adverb (see Units 100-101): □ D rive carefully! (not Drive careful) □ Susan plays the piano very well, (not plays ... very good) We say ‘the first tw o days / the n ext few weeks / the last ten m inutes' etc. : □ I d id n ’t enjoy the first tw o days o f the course, {not the rw o first days) □ T h ey ’ll be aw ay for the n ext few w eeks. (not the few next weeks) Adverbs -» Units 100-101 Comparison (cheaper etc.) -* Units 105-107 Superlatives (cheapest etc.) -» Unit 108.

(206) Unit 99. Exercises 99.1. Put th e adjectives in brackets in th e correct position. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. 99.2. a beautiful table (w ooden / round) ......................... an unusual ring (gold) -................................ an old house (beautiful)......................................................................................................................... black gloves (leather).............................................................................................................................. an A m erican film (old) -................................ a long face (thin)...................................................................................................................................... big clouds I black I..................................... ............................................................................................... a sunny day (lovely)............................................ ................................................................................... an u?ly dress (yellow)............................. ............................................................................................... a w ide avenue (long) -................................................. a red car (old / lirtle) a new sw eater (green / nice) ............................................................................................... a m etal box (black / small)................................................................................................................... a big cat (fat /b la c k ) ............................................................................................... a lirrle village (old / lovelv) ......... .................................................................................... lo n g h a ir (black / beautiful) ............................................................................................... an old painting (interesting / French) ............................................................................................... an enorm ous um brella (red / yellow) .......................................................................................... .. Complete each sentence with a verb (in th e corr.ect form) and an adjective from the boxes. feel smell 1 H e le n. 2 3 4 5 6 99.3. look sound seemed;... seem taste. aw ful nice. fine ^ipset. interesting wet. .sei.,,, this m orning. D o you know w h a t w as w rong?. I c a n 't eat this. I’ve just tried it and i t ..................................................... I w asn ’t very well yesterday, but I .................................................... today. W h a t beautiful flowers! T h e y .................................................... too. Y o u .......................................................H ave vou been o u t in the rain? Jim w as telling me a b o u t his new job. I t ............................................ - m uch better than his old job.. Put in the correct word.. 1 This tea tastes a b i t ...... (strange / strangely) I alw ays f e e l............................... w hen the sun is shining, (happy / happily) 3 T he children w ere p la y in g ................................. in the garden, (happy / happily) 4 T he m an b e c a m e ................................. w hen the m anager o f the re sta u ran t asked him to leave. (violent / violently) 5 You l o o k ............................... ! Are you all right? (terrible / terribly) 6 T here's no p o in t in doing a job if you d o n ’t do i t (proper / properly) / well) 7 T he soup ta s te s .................................... (good 8 H u rry up! You’re alw ays s o (slow / slowly). 2. 99.4. Write the following in another way using the f i r s t ... I th e next ... I th e last ... .. 1 the first day and the second day of the course 2 next week and the week after 3 yesterday an d the day before yesterday 4 the first week an d the second week o f M ay 5 to m o rro w and a few days after th a t 6 questions 1, 2 and 3 in the exam 7 n ext year and rhe year after 8 the last day o f o u r holiday and the tw o days before th a t -» Additional exercise 31 (page 320). ................... weeks................................................... ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. -........................ ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. 199.

(207) Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly) L ook at these exam ples: □ O u r holiday w as to o sh o rt - the tim e passed very quickly. □ Tw o people w ere seriously injured in the accident. Q uickly an d seriously are adverbs. M any adverbs are form ed from an adjective + -ly: adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly F or spelling, see A ppendix 6. N o t all w ords ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly to o , tor exam ple: friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely A djective o r adverb? Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us a b o u t a. noun (som ebody o r som ething). We use adjectives before nouns: □ Sam is a careful driver. (not a carefully driver) D We d id n ’t go o u t because o f the heavy rain.. A dverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us a b o u t a verb (how som ebody does som ethin? or how som ething happens): □ Sam drove carefully a lo n s the n arrow road. (not drove careful) □ We d id n 't go o u t because it w as raining heavily. (not raining heavy). C om pare: 1. 1. □ She speaks perfect English. adjective + noun. □ She speaks English perfectly. verb * noun *. .1drerb. We also use adjectives after som e verbs, especially be, and also look/feel/sound etc. C om pare: □ Please be quiet. □ I w as disapp o in ted th a t my exam results w ere so bad. □ W hy do you alw ays look so serious? □ 1 feel happy.. □ Please speak quietly. □ I w as unhappy th a t I did so badly in the exam , (not did so bad) □ W hv do vou never take me seriously? c T he children w ere playing happily.. We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For exam ple: reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective) terribly sorry (adverb + adjective) incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb) □ □ □ □. It’s a reasonably cheap restau ran t and the food is extrem ely good. I’m terribly sorry. I d id n ’t m ean to push you. (not terrible sorry) M aria learns languages incredibly quickly. T he exam in atio n w as surprisingly easy.. You can also use an adverb before a past participle (injured/organised/w ritten etc.): □ Tw o people w ere seriously injured in the accident, (not serious injured) □ T he m eeting w as very badly organised.. Adjectives after be/look/feel etc. -* Unit 99C. Adjectives and adverbs 2 -* Unit 101.

(208) Exercises. Unit 100. 100.1 Com plete each sen ten ce with an adverb. The first letters of th e adverb are given. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. We d id n 't go o u t because it w as raining h e M tiy ...... O u r ream lost the gam e because we played very b a .................................. I had lirrle difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea .................................. We had to w ait to r a long tim e, but we d id n ’t com plain. We w aited p a t.................................. N o b o d y knew Steve w as com ing to see us. H e arrived u n e x .................................. M ike keeps fit by playing tennis reg.................................. I d o n 't speak French very well, b u t 1 can u n d erstand p er................................. if people speak si........................ and cl............................ 100.2 Put in th e correct word. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. T w o people w ere injured in the accident, (serious / seriously) T he driver o f the c a r had Ảí&s. injuries, (serious / seriously) I think you behaved v e r y .................................. (selfish / selfishly) Rose i s ................................ upset a b o u t losing her job. (terrible / terribly) T here w as a ................................. change in the w eather, (sudden / suddenly) Everybody a t the party w a s ................................ dressed, (colourful / colourfully) Linda likes w e a r in g ................................. clothes, (colourful / colourfully) Liz fell and h u rt herself q u i t e .................................. (bad / badly) Joe says he d id n 't do well a t school because he w a s ................................. taught, (bad / badly) D o n 't go up th a t ladder. It d o esn 't l o o k (safe / safely). 100.3 Com plete each sen ten ce using a word from th e box. Som etim es you need th e adjective (careful etc.) and som etim es th e adverb (carefully etc.). carcful(ly) hap p y /h ap p ily. com plete(ly) nervous(lv). continuous(lv) pcrfcct(ly). fin a n c ia lly ) q u ic k ly ). flucnt(ly) special(ly). 1 O u r holiday w as to o sh o rt. T he tim e passed v e r y iJwickUl...... Steve d o esn ’t take risks w hen he’s driving. H e’s a lw a y s .................................. 3 Sue w o r k s .................................... She never seem s to stop. 4 Rachel and Patrick are v e r y ............................... m arried. 5 M aria’s English is v e r y ................................. alth ough she m akes quite a lot of m istakes. 6 I cooked this m e a l ............................... for you, so I hope you like it. 7 Everything w as very quiet. T here w a s ................................. silence. 8 I tried on the shoes and they fitted m e .................................. 9 Do you usually f e e l................................before exam inations? 10 I’d like to buy a car, but it’s ............................... im possible for me at the m om ent.. 2. 100.4 Choose tw o words (one from each box) to com plete each sentence. absolutely reasonably unnecessarily 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. badly seriously unusually. com pletely slightly. changed enorm ous planned. ^heap^ ill quiet. dam aged long. I th o u g h t the restau ran t w ould be expensive, bur it w a s ...... Steve’s m other i s ............................................................... in hospital. W h at a big house! It’s .............................................. ................... It w asn’t a serious accident. T he c a r w as o n l y ................................................................. The children are norm ally very lively, but they’r e .................................................................today. W hen I returned hom e after 20 years, everything h a d .................................................................. T he film w a s ........................................................... It could have been m uch shorter.. 8 A lot w ent w rong during o u r holiday because it w a s ............................................................ -» Additional exercise 31 (page 320). 201.

(209) Unit. 101. Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) G ood/w ell G ood is an adjective. T he adverb is well: □ Your English is good. but You speak English well. □ Susan is a good pianist, but Susan plays rhe piano well. We use well (not good) w ith past participles (dressed/know n etc.): w ell-dressed w ell-know n w ell-educated well-paid □ G ary ’s father is a w ell-know n writer. But well is also an adjective w ith the m eaning ‘in good health': □ ‘H o w are you today? ‘I’m very well, th an k s.’. Fast/hard/late These w ords are both adjectives an d adverbs: □ □ □ Lately □. adjective. adverb. D arren is a very fast runner. K ate is a hard w orker. I w as late. = recently: H ave you seen Tom lately?. D arren can run very fast. Kate w orks hard. (not w orks hardly) I got up late this m orning.. H ardly H ard ly = very little, alm ost not. Study these exam ples: □ Sarah w a sn ’t very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me. (= she spoke to me very little, alm ost n o t a t all) □ W e’ve only m et once o r tw ice. We hardly know each other. H a rd and h ardly are different. C om pare: □ He tried h ard to find a job, b u t he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, w ith a lot o f effort) □ I’m n o t surprised he d id n ’t find a job. H e hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little) You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anyw here:. There's hardly anything. □ A: H o w m uch m oney have we got? in the fridge. B: H ard ly any. (= very little, alm ost none) □ T hese tw o cam eras are very similar. T h ere’s hardly any difference betw een them . □ T he exam results w ere very bad. H ardly anybody in o u r class passed. (= very few stud ents passed) N o te th a t you can say: □ She said hardly anything. or She hardly said anything. □ W e’ve got hardly any money, or W e’ve hardly got any money. I can hardly do som ething = it’s very difficult for me, alm ost im possible: □ Your w riting is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is alm ost im possible ro read it) □ M y leg w as h u rtin g me. I could h ardly w alk. H ard ly ever = alm ost never: □ I’m nearly alw ays a t hom e in the evenings. I hardly ever go out. H ard ly also m eans 'certainly n o t’. For exam ple: □ It’s h ardly surprising th a t y o u ’re tired. You h aven't slept for three days. (= it’s certainly n o t surprising) □ T he situ atio n is serious, but it’s hardly a crisis. (= it’s certainly n o t a crisis). 202. Adjectives after verbs ('You look tired' etc.) -» Unit 99C. Adjectives and adverbs 1 -» Unit 100.

(210) Exercises. Unit 101. 101.1 Put in good or well. 1 I play tennis but I'm n o t v e r v ...QỌ9Ầ..... T Your exam results w ere v e r y ......................... . 3 You did ......................... in vour exam s. 4 The w eath er w a s ............. .......... w hile we w ere on holidav. 5 I d id n 't s le e p ..................... ... lasr night. > 6 H ow are vou? Are vou ..... 7 Lucy speaks G erm an v e r y ............................ 8 Lucy’s G erm an is v e r y ............................ 9 O u r new business isn’t doing very ......................... at the m om ent. 10 I like y o u r hat. It l o o k s ...................... on you 11 I’ve m et her a few tim es, but I d o n ’t know h e r .......................... 101.2 Com plete th e se sen ten ces using well + the following words: b ehaved. dressed. inform ed. kept. 1 T he children w ere very eood. They w e r e 2 3 4 5 6. know n. paid. w ritten. weXL“ beJia.ye<i...... I'm surprised you h av en 't heard o f her. She is q u i t e ................................................................................ O u r neigh b o urs' garden is n eat and tidy. It is v e r y .................................................................................. I enjoved the book vou lent me. It's a ạreat story and it's v e r y ............................................................ Tania know s a lo t a b o u t m any things. She is v e r y ................................................................................... M ark 's clothes are alw ays sm art. H e is a lw a y s ......................................................................................... Jan e has a lot of responsibility in her job, but she isn’t v e r y .................................................................. 101.3 Are th e underlined words right or wrong? Correct them w here necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I'm tired because I've been w orking h a rd . ■............................................................................................... I tried h ard to rem em ber her nam e, but I c o u ld n 't...................................................................................... This co at is practically unused. I've hardly w orn ir..................................................................................... Judy is a good tennis player. She hits the ball h a rd ly .................................................................................. D o n 't w alk so fa st! I c a n 't keep up w ith you. ............................................................................ I had plenty of tim e, so I w as w alking slow . ............................................................................. 101.4 Com plete th e sentences. Use hardly + th e follow ing verbs (in the correct form):. change 1 2 3 4 5 6. hear. know. recognise. say. sleep. speak. Scott an d T racy have only m et once before. T h e y each other. Y ou're speaking very quietly. I c a n .................................................................you. I'm very tired this m orning. I ................................................................last night. We w ere so shocked w hen we heard the new s, %ve c o u ld .................................................................. K ate w as very q u iet this evening. S h e ...............................................................a w ord. You look the same now as you looked 15 years ago. You’v e ................................................................. I m et Dave a few days ago. 1 h a d n 't seen him for a long tim e and he looks verv different now. I .................................................................him.. 101.5 Com plete th e se sen ten ces with hardly + an y /an y b o dy/anything/anyw here/ever.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I’ll have to go shopping. T h e r e 's -. to eat. It w as a very w arm day and there w a s .................................................... w ind. "Do you know m uch a b o u t co m p u ters?’ ‘N o , ......................................................’ T he hotel w as alm ost empty. T here w a s .................................................... staying there. I listen to the radio quite often, b u t I .................................................... w atch television. O u r new boss is n o t very popular. ....................................................likes her. It w as very crow ded in the room . T here w a s .................................................... to sit. 8 We used to be good friends, b u t w e see each o th e r now. 9 It w as nice driving this m orning. T here w a s .................................................. traffic. 10 I hate this tow n. T h e re 's .................................................. to do a n d ......................................................to go.. -» Additional exercise 31 (page 320). 203.

(211) So and such C om pare so and such: We use so + adjective!adverb: so stupid so quick so nice so quickly □ I d id n ’t like the book. T he story w as so stupid. □ I like Liz an d Joe. They are so nice.. We use such + noun: such a story such people We also use such + adjective + noun: such a stupid story such nice people □ I d id n ’t like the book. Ir w as such a stupid story. (not a so stupid story) □ I like Liz and Joe. They are such nice people. (not so nice people) We say such a ... (no t a such): such a big dog (not a such big dog). So an d such m ake the m eaning o f an adjective (or adverb) stronger: □ It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? It’s so w arm . (= really w arm ) □ It’s difficult to und erstan d him because he talks so quietly.. □ It w as a great holiday. We had such a good time. (= a really good time). You can use so ... that: □ T he book w as so good th a t I c o u ld n ’t p u t it dow n. □ I was so tired th a t I fell asleep in the arm chair.. You can use such ... that: □ It w as such a good book th a t I co u ld n 't p u t it dow n. □ It w as such nice w eather th at we spent the w hole day on the beach.. We usually leave o u t that: □ I w as so tired I fell asleep.. We usually leave o u t that: c It w as such nice w eather we spent .... We also use so and such w ith the m eaning ‘like th is’: □ Som ebody told me the house w as built 100 years ago. I d id n ’t realize it w as so old. (= as old as it is) □ I’m tired because I g o t up at six. I d o n ’t usually get up so early. □ I expected the w eath er to be cooler. I’m surprised it is so w arm .. □ I d id n ’t realise it w as such an old house. □ You know it’s n o t true. H o w can you say such a thing? N o te the expression no such : □ You w o n ’t find the w ord ‘blid’ in the dictionary. T h ere’s no such w ord. (= this w ord does n o t exist). C om pare: so long □ 1 hav en ’t seen her for so long I’ve forgotten w h a t she looks like.. such a long time □ 1 haven’t seen her for such a long time. (not so Ions; time). so far □ I d id n ’t know it w as so far.. such a long w ay □ I d id n ’t know it w as such a long way.. so m uch, so m any □ I’m sorry I’m late - there w as so m uch traffic.. such a lot (of) □ I’m sorrv I'm late - there w as such a lot o f traffic.. Not so ... as -» Unit 107A. Such as —►Unit 11 7B.

(212) Unit 102. Exercises 102.1 Put in so, such or such a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. It’s difficult to und erstan d him because he s p e a k s P.Ọ.....quietly. I like Liz an d Joe. T h e y 'r e nice people. It w as a ^reat holiday. We h a d .............swcH a. good time. I w as surprised th a t he lo o k e d ................................. well after his recent illness. Everything i s ................................. expensive these days, isn’t it? T he w earher is beautiful, isn't it? I d id n ’t expect it to b e ..................................nice day. I have to go. I d id n 't realise it w a s ................................late. H e alw ays looks good. H e w e a r s ........................ .......nice clothes. It w a s ................................. boring film th a t I fell asleep w hile I w as w atching it. I c o u ld n ’t believe the news. It w a s ................................shock. I think she w orks to o hard . She l o o k s .....................tired all the time. T he food a t the hotel w a s ............................. aw ful. I’ve never e a t e n .................................aw ful food. T hey've g o t ................................. m uch m onev they d o n ’t know w h a t to do w ith it. I d id n ’t realise vou liv e d ............................... long w ay from the city centre. The party w as reallv great. It w a s ............................... pity you co u ld n ’t com e.. 102.2 Make one sen ten ce from two. Use so or such.. I w as tired. We had a good tim e on holiday. She speaks English well. I've got a lot to do. The m usic w as loud. I had a bie breakfast. 9 It w as h orrible w eather. 10 I w as surprised. 1. You could hear it from miles away. You w ould think it w as her native language. We spent the w hole day indoors. She m ad e herself il l I c o u ld n ’t keep my eyes open. I d id n 't eat anything else for the rest of the day. ^We-dec-kied-te-g e -to th e beach. I d id n 't know w h a t to say. 1 d o n ’t know w here to begin. We d id n ’t w an t to com e hom e.. She work e d so H a rd sHe m ad e He r s e lf lit . ........................................ It MIS su c h a. b eau ti/fat <Uuj w e d e c id e d to go to th e beach.. 2. 3 I w a s ...................... .................................................................................................. 4 ............... ........... .... ......... .......................... .............................. 5 ....... ............................................................................................................................. 6 ................. 9 ............................................................................................................................ . . . 10 _____ 102.3 Use your own ideas to com plete th e se pairs o f sentences. 1 a b 2 a b 3 a h. We enjoyed o u r holiday. It w as so ...I&AX.W.Q,..................................................... Wc enjoyed o u r holiday. We had such ... Í L . Ậ Q O C ................................... I like C atherine. She’s s o ......................................................................................... I like C atherine. She’s s u c h ..................................................................................... I like N ew York. It’s s o ............................................................................................ I like N ew York Ir’s such ................................................................ b 5 a It’s g reat to see you again! I haven’t seen you for s o ..................................... b It’s g reat to see you again! I haven’t seen you for s u c h .................................. 205.

(213) Unit. 103. Enough and too E nough goes after adjectives and adverbs: □ I c a n ’t run very far. I’m n o t fit enough, (not enough fit) □ Let’s go. We’ve w aited long enough. □ Is Joe going to apply for the job? Is he experienced enough? C om pare too ... and not ... enough: □ You never stop w orking. You w o rk too hard. (= m ore rhan is necessary) □ You’re lazy. You d o n ’t w ork h ard enough. (= less th an is necessary) Enough norm ally goes before nouns: □ I can ’t ru n very far. I h aven't got enough energy. (not energy enough) □ Is Joe going to apply for the job? Does he have enough experience? □ We’ve g o t enough m oney. Wc d o n ’t need any m ore. □ Some o f us had to sit on the floor because there w eren ’t enough chairs. N o te th a t we say: □ We d id n ’t have enough tim e. (not the tim e w a sn 't enough) □ T here is enough m oney, (not the m oney is enough) You can use enough alone (w ith o u t a noun): □ We d o n ’t need any m ore money. W e’ve got enough. C om pare too m uch/m any and enough: □ T h ere’s to o m uch furn itu re in this room . T h ere’s n o t enough space. □ T here w ere to o m any people and n o t enough chairs. We say enougW too ... for som ebody/som ething: □ We hav en ’t got enough m oney for a holiday. □ Is Ịoe experienced enough for the job? □ This sh irt is too big for me. I need a sm aller size. But we say en o u g h /to o ... to d o som ething (not for doing). For exam ple: □ We hav en ’t got enough m oney to go on holiday. (not to r going) □ Is Joe experienced enough to d o the job? □ T hey’re to o young to get m arried. / T hey’re n o t old enough to get m arried. □ Let’s get a taxi. It’s to o far to w alk hom e from here. □ T he bridge is just w ide enough for tw o cars to pass each other. We say: T he food w as very h o t. We c o u ld n ’t eat it.. and. Tile food w as so h o t th a t we c o u ld n 't eat it.. but. T he food w as to o hot to eat. (w ithout it). Some m ore exam ples like this: □ These boxes are to o heavy to carry. (not to o heavy to carry them ) □ T he w allet w as too big to p u t in m y pocket. (not to o big to p u t it) □ This ch air isn’t strong enough to stand on. (not strong enough to stand on it). 206. To ... and fo r ... (purpose) —» Unit 64. Adjective + to ... (difficult to understand etc.) -» Unit 65.

(214) Exercises. Unit 103. 103.1 Com plete th e sen ten ces using en o u g h + th e following words: qualifications big chairs cups -fitmilk money. room. time. w arm. well. ...... 1 i c a n 't run verv far. I’m n o t ...t ó . *) Some of us had to sit on the floor because there w eren’t .................................... ■> 3 I'd like to buy a car, b u t I hav en ’t g o t ................. ............................................. at the m om ent. 4 H ave vou g o t .............................................................. in your coffee o r w ould you like som e more? 5 Are vou .............................................................. ? O r shall 1 sw itch on rhe hearing? 6 It’s onlv a small car. T here i s n 't ............................. ................................. for all o f us. *T Steve d id n ’t feel .......................................................... ... to go to w ork this m orning. 8 I enjoved rav trip to Paris, but there w asn ’t ...... ........................................................to do everything I w anted. 9 D o vou thin k I’ve g o t ............................................... ..............to apply for the job? 10 Trv this jacket on and see if it’s ............................. ................................. for you. 11 T here w e r e n 't............................................................... for everybody to have coffee at the same time. 103.2 Com plete th e answ ers to th e questions. Use to o or eno u g h + th e word(s) in brackets.. Y\ 1 ^ ?. I need to talk to you a b o u t som ething.. 3. Let's so to the cinem a.. 4. W hv d o n 't we sir outside?. 5. W ould vou like to be a politician?. 6. W ould you like to be a teacher?. *7. Did you h ear w h a t he w as saying?. 8. C an he read a new spaper in English?. ^ 103.3. n. Are thev soini; to get m arriedrN. J. ^U )ld). N o , they’re n o t ... get m a m e d. Well, I'm afraid I’m ............................ ............................................to you now. (late) N o , it’s .................................................... to the cinem a. (w arm ) It’s n o t ..................................................... outside. (shv) N o , I’m ................................................... ............................................ a politician. (patience) N o , I haven’t g o t ................................. ................................................ a teacher. (far aw ay) N o, we w e r e .......................................... ........................... w h a t he w as saving. (English) N o, he do esn ’t k n o w .......................... .......................................... a n e w sp a p e r/ (busy). Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.. 1 We c o u ld n ’t carry the boxes. Thev w ere to o heavy. The boxes were too heayij to c0JT(j.. •. ....................................... 2 1 c a n 't drink this coffee. It's to o hot. T his coffee i s .......................................................................................................................... 3 N o b o d y could m ove the piano. It w as too heavy. The p i a n o ................................................................................................................................ 4 D o n ’t eat these apples. T h ey ’re n o t ripe enough. These a p p le s ...................................................................................... ..................................... 5 I c a n ’t explain the situation, it is to o com plicated. T he s itu a tio n .......................................................................................................................... 6 We c o u ld n ’t clim b over the wall. It w as to o high. T he wall ................................................................................................................................... T hree people c an ’t sit on this sofa. It isn’t big enough. This s o f a .................................................................................................................................. 8 You c a n 't see som e things w ith o u t a m icroscope. They are to o small. S o m e .........................................................................................................................................

(215) Unit. 104 Quite, pretty, rather and fairly You can use quite/pretty /rath er/fairly + adjectives o r adverbs. So you can say: □ It’s quite cold. It’s p retty cold. It’s ra th er cold. It’s fairly cold. Q uite/p retty /rath er/fairly = less than ‘very’ b u t m ore than ‘a little’. Q u ite and p retty are very sim ilar in m eaning: □ You’ll need a co at w hen you go o u t. It’s quite cold / pretty cold. (= less than ‘very co ld ', but m ore th a n ‘a little co ld ’) □ I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She’s quite fam ous / pretty fam ous. □ A m anda lives quite n ear me, so we see each o th e r pretty often. Pretty is an inform al w o rd an d is used m ainly in spoken English. Q u ite goes before a/an: □ We live in quite an old house, (not a quite old house) C om pare: □ Sally has quite a good job. Sally has a p retty good job. You can also use quite (but n o t pretty) in the follow ing ways: q uite a/an + noun (w ith o u t an adjective): □ I d id n ’t expect to see them . It w as quite a surprise. (= quite a big surprise) quite a lot (of ...): □ T here w ere quite a lot o f people a t the meeting, quite + verb, especially like an d enjoy: □ I quite like tennis, b u t it’s n o t m y favourite sport. R ath er is sim ilar to q uite an d p retty. We often use ra th e r for negative ideas: □ T he w eather isn’t so good. It’s ra th e r cloudy. □ Paul is ra th e r shy. H e d o esn ’t talk very much. Q u ite and p retty are also possible in these exam ples. W hen w e use ra th e r for positive ideas (good/nice etc.), it m eans ‘unusually’ o r ‘surprisingly’: □ T hese oranges are ra th e r good. W here did you get them ? Fairly is w eaker th an qu ite/rath er/p retty . For exam ple, if som ething is fairly good, it is n o t very good and it could be better: □ M y room is fairly big, b u t I’d prefer a bigger one. □ We see each o th er fairly often, b u t n o t as often as we used to. Q u ite also m eans ‘com pletely’. For exam ple: □ ‘Are you sure?’ ‘Yes, q uite su re.’ (= completely- sure) Q u ite m eans ‘com pletely’ w ith a nu m b er o f adjectives, especially: sure certain. right w rong. true safe. clear obvious. different unnecessary. incredible ex trao rd in ary. □ She w as quite different from w h at I expected. (= com pletely different) □ Everything they said w as quite true. (= com pletely true) We also use quite (= com pletely) w ith som e verbs. For exam ple: □ 1 quite agree w ith you. (= I com pletely agree) N o t quite = n o t com pletely: □ They h av en ’t q u ite finished their dinner yet. □ I d o n ’t quite u n d erstan d w h at you m ean. □ ‘Are you ready yet?’ ‘N o t q u ite.’ (= n o t com pletely). 208. am azing im possible.

(216) Exercises. Unit 104. 104.1 Complete the sentences using quite + the following: fam o u s. good. hungry. late. noisy. 1 I'm surprised you hav en ’t heard o f her. She’s 2 3 4 5 é 7 8. often. old. surprised. 4 wi£e..fM)CMs...... I 'm .............................................. [s there anything to eat? ‘H o w w ere the p h o to g rap h s you to o k ? ’ ‘ Better th an usual.’ ! go to the c in e m a ............................................. - m aybe once a m onth. We live near a very busy ro ad , so it’s o f t e n ............................................... I d id n 't expect L aura to contact me. I w a s ..............................................when she phoned. I w ent to b e d ............................................ last night, so I’m a bit tired this m orning. i d o n 't know exactly w hen these houses were built, but they’r e ............................................... 104.2 Complete the sentences using quite + the following: a busv dav •1 n 1CO n i\ '. H IIIVV UHT. a good voice a long w ay. a nice time a strong w ind. a lot of traffic. 1 T he w eath er w as better than we had expected. It w a s .................................. Tom often sings. H e’s g o t .............................................................................................................................. 3 T he bus srop w asn ’t very n ear the hotel. We had to w a l k .................................................................. 4 It's w arm today, b u t th e r e 's ........................................................................................................................... 5 T he journev took longer th an I expected. T here w a s .......................................................................... 6 I'm tired. I've h a d .................. ................................................................................................................... O u r holiday w as O K . We h a d ....................................................................................................................... 2. 104.3 Use your own ideas to com plete th ese sentences. Use ra th e r + adjective. ..... 1 The w eather isn 't so good. I t 's I enjoved the film, b u t it w a s ................................................................. 3 T he hotel we stayed ar w asn 't very good. I w a s .................................................................. 4 I thin k i t 's ................................................................ th a t C hris w en t aw ay w ith o u t telling anybody. 5 Lucv d o esn 't like having to w ait. Som etim es s h e 's ................................................................... 2. 104.4 W hat does q u ite m ean in th e se sentences? Tick ( / ) th e right m eaning.. more than a little, less than very (Section B) 1 It's quite c o ld . You'd better w ear v our coat................................/................. 2 3 4 5 6 7. ‘Are you sure?' ‘Yes, quite sure.’ M a ria ’s English is quite g o o d . I c o u ld n 't believe it. It w as quite incredible. M y bedroom is quite big. I'm quite tire d . I thin k I'll s,o to bed. I quite agree w ith you.. •. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. completely (Section E) .......................... /............ .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... 104.5 Com plete th e se sen ten ces using q u ite + th e following: different. im possible. right. safe. sure. unnecessary. 1 I d id n ’t believe her a t first, but in fact w h a t she said w a s tm e You w o n ’t fall. T he ladder i s ................................................................. 3 I'm afraid I c a n ’r do w h a t you ask. It’s .................................................................. 4 I c o u ld n ’t agree w ith you m ore. You a r e .................................................................. 5 You c a n ’t co m pare the n v o things. T hey a r e .................................................................. 6 You need n ’t have done th a t. It w a s .................................................................. I think I saw them go o u t, but I’m n o r ................................................................... 2. 209.

(217) Unit. 105. Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.) Study these exam ples: H o w shall we travel? By c a r or by train? L et’s go by car. It’s cheaper. D o n ’t go by train. It’s m ore expensive. C heaper an d m ore expensive are comparative form s. A fter com paratives you can use th an (see U nit 107): □ It’s cheaper to go by car than by train. □ G oing by train is m ore expensive th an going by car. T he com p arativ e form is -er o r m ore . . . . We use -er for sh o rt w ords (one syllable): cheap -» ch eap er fast -* faster large -» larger thin —» thinner. We use m ore ... for longer w ords (tw o syllables o r m ore): m ore serious m ore often m ore expensive m ore com fortable. We also use -er for tw o-syllable w ords th at end in -y (-y —» ier): lucky -* luckier early —» earlier easy -» easier pretty -» prettier. We also use m ore . in -ly: m ore slowly m ore quietly. for adverbs th a t end m ore seriously m ore carefully. For spelling, see A ppendix 6. C om pare these exam ples: □ You’re old er than me. □ T he exam w as fairly easy - easier than I expected. □ C an you w alk a bit faster? □ I’d like to have a bigger car. □ Last night I w ent to bed earlier than usual.. c Y ou're m ore p atien t th an me. o T he exam w as quite difficult - m ore difficult than I expected. □ C an you w alk a bit m ore slowly? □ I'd like to have a m ore reliable car. □ I d o n 't plav tennis m uch these davs. [ used to plav m ore often.. You can use -er o r m ore ... w ith som e tw o-syllable adjectives, especially: clever n a rro w quiet shallow simple □ It’s to o noisy here. C an we go som ew here quieter / m ore quiet? A few adjectives an d adverbs have irregular com parative forms: good/w ell -» better □ T he garden looks b etter since you tidied it up. □ I know him well - p ro b ab ly b etter th a n anybody else know s him. bad/b ad ly -» w orse: □ ‘H ow is y our headache? B etter?’ ‘N o , it’s w orse.’ □ H e did very badly in the exam - w orse th an expected. far —» furth er (or farther): □ It’s a long w alk from here to the p ark - further th an I thought, (or farth er than) F u rth er (but not farther) can also m ean ‘m o re’ or ‘a d d itio n a l’: □ Let me k n o w if you h ear any fu rth er new s. (= any m ore news). 210. Comparison 2-3 -» Units 106-107. Superlatives (cheapest / most expensive etc.) —» Unit 108.

(218) Exercises. Unit 105. 105.1 Com plete th e sen ten ces using a com parative form (older / more important etc.). It’s to o noisy here. C an we go s o m e w h e re S k itte r p This coffee is very w eak. I like ir a b i t ..................................................... T he hotel w as surprisingly big. I expected it to b e ..................................................... T he hotel w as surprisingly cheap. I expected it to b e ..................................................... T he w eath er is to o cold here. I'd like to live s o m e w h e re ..................................................... M y job is a bit boring som etim es. I’d like to do so m e th in g ..................................................... It’s a pity you live so far aw ay. I w ish you liv e d ..................................................... I w as surprised how easy it w as to use th e com puter. I th o u g h t it w ould be. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. Your w ork isn’t very good. I'm sure you can d o ..................................................... D o n 't w orry. T he situation isn 't so bad. It could b e ..................................................... I w as surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to t a k e ............................................... Y ou're talking verv loudly. Can you speak a b i t ................................................... ? You hardlv ever phone me. W hy d o n 't you phone m e .................................................. ? Y ou're standing to o near the cam era. C an you m ove a b i t .................................................... away? You w ere a bit depressed yesterday, but you l o o k .................................................... today.. 105.2 Com plete th e sentences. Each tim e use th e com parative form of one o f the w ords in th e box. Use th a n w here necessary. big. crow ded. earịy. easily. high. im p o rtan t. interested. peaceful. reliable. serious. simple. thin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 105.3. I w as feeling tired last night, so I w en t to b e d usual. I'd like to have a car. T he one I’ve g o t keeps breaking dow n. U nfortunately her illness w a s we th o u g h t at first. You l o o k .................................................................. H ave vou lost weight? I w an t a .................................................................flat. We d o n ’t have enough space here. H e doesn’t study very hard. H e’s .................................................................in having a good time. H ealth and happiness a r e ............................... money. T he instructions w ere very com plicated. They could have b e e n ............................................................. T here w ere a lot o f people on the bus. It w a s .................................................................usual. I like living in the countryside. It’s .................................................................living in a tow n. You'll find your w ay around the t o w n if you have a good m ap. In som e p arts o f the country, prices a r e in others.. Read th e situations and com plete th e sentences. Use a com parative form (-e r or m ore ...). 1 Yesterday the tem p eratu re w as six degrees. T oday it’s only three degrees. It’s co ld er tocUuj th a n it WAS cj&stercUuj ............................................................................................... 2 T he journey takes fo u r hours by c a r and five hours by train. It t a k e s ......................................................................................................................................................................3 D ave and I w ent for a run. I ran ten kilom etres. D ave stopped after eight kilom etres. I ra n ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 C hris an d Joe b o th did badly in the test. C hris got 3 0 % , b u t Joe only g o t 2 5 % . Joe d i d .................................................................................................................................. 5 I expected my friends to arrive a t a b o u t 4 o ’clock. In fact they arrived a t 2.30. M y frie n d s ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 You can go by bus o r by train. T he buses run every 30 m inutes. T he trains run every hour. T he b u s e s .................................................................................................................................................................7 We w ere very busy a t w ork today. We’re n o t usually as busy as th at. We . ................................. ............. .......................................... ....................... 1. 211.

(219) Unit. 106. I. I. Before com paratives you can use: m uch a lot far (= a lot) □ □ □ □ □ □. a bit. a little. slightly (= a little). Let’s go by car. It’s m uch cheaper, (or a lot cheaper) ‘H ow d o you feel?’ ‘M uch b etter, th a n k s.' D o n ’t go by train. It’s a lot m ore expensive, (or m uch m ore expensive) C ould you speak a b it m ore slowly? (or a little m ore slowly) T his bag is slightly heavier th an the o th er one. H er illness w as far m ore serious than we th o u g h t a t first, (or m uch m ore serious / a lot m ore serious). You can use any and no + com parative (any longer / no bigger etc.): □ I’ve w aited long enough. I’m n o t w aiting any longer. (= n o t even a little longer) □ We expected their house to be very big, b u t it’s no bigger than ours, or ... it isn’t any bigger th an ours. (= n o t even a little bigger) □ H ow d o you feel now ? Do you feel any better? □ This hotel is better th a n the o th e r one, and it’s no m ore expensive. B etter and b etter / m ore and m ore etc. We repeat com paratives (better and b etter etc.) to say th a t som ething changes continuously: □ Your English is im proving. It’s getting b etter and better. □ T he city is grow ing fast. It’s getting bigger and bigger. □ C athy got m ore and m ore bored in her job. In the end she left. □ These days m ore an d m ore people are learning English. T h e ... the ... You can say the (sooner/bigger/m ore etc.) the better: □ ‘W h at tim e shall we leave?’ ‘T h e sooner the b e tte r.' (= as soon as possible) □ A: W h at so rt o f box d o you w an t? A big one? B: Yes, the bigger th e better. (= as big as possible) □ W hen y o u ’re travelling, the less luggage you have the better. We also use the ... the ... to say th a t one thing depends on an o th er thing: □ T h e w arm er the w eather, the b e tte r 1 feel. (= if the w eather is w arm er, I feel berterl □ T h e sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive. □ T h e younger you are, the easier it is to learn. □ T h e m ore expensive the hotel, the b etter the service. □ T h e m ore electricity you use, the higher your bill will be. □ T h e m ore I th o u g h t a b o u t the plan, the less I liked it. O ld er and elder T he com parative o f old is older: □ D avid looks older th an he really is. You can use elder (or older) w hen you talk a b o u t people in a family. You can say (m y/your etc.) elder sister/brother/daughter/son: □ M y elder sister is a TV producer, (or M y older sister ...) We say ‘my elder sister’, bur we do not say th at ‘som ebody is elder’: □ M y sister is older th a n me. (not elder th a n me). 212. I. Comparison 2 (much better any better better and better the sooner the better). Any/no -» Unit 86 Comparison 1,3-» Units 105, 107 Even + comparative —» Unit 112C. Eldest -* Unit 108D.

(220) Exercises. Unit 106. 106.1 Use th e words in brackets to com plete th e sentences. Use m uch I a bit etc. + a com parative form . Use th a n where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5. H er illness w a s ,!S!í.?ỉlJ?0!L£._.?.£r<5!áẳJfe<ĩí3 wc th o u g h t at first, (m uch / serious) This bag is to o sm all. I need s o m e th in g ................................................................... (much / big) I'm afraid rhe problem i s ......................................................................... it seems, (much / com plicated) It w as very hot yesterday. Todav it’s .................................................................. {a bit / cool) I enjoyed o u r visit to the m useum . It w a s i expected. (far / interesting) 6 Y ou're driving to o fast. C an vou d r i v e ........................................................................ ? (a bit / slowly) 7 It’s ............................................... to learn a foreign language in a co untry where it is spoken, (a lo t/e a s y ) 8 I th o u g h t she w as younger than me, but in fact s h e 's ................................................................. (slightly / old). 106.2 Com plete th e sen ten ces using any/no + com parative. Use th a n where necessary. 1 I've w aited Ions enough. I'm n o t w aiting ...... 2 I’m sorry I'm a bit late, but I co u ld n 't get h e r e .............................................................................. 3 T his shop isn’t expensive. T he prices a r e ...........................................................................anyw here else. 4 1 need to stop to r arest. 1 c a n 't w a l k ....................................................................... 5 The traffic isn’t particularly bad today. It’s ............................................................................. usual. 106.3 Com plete th e sen ten ces using th e stru c tu re in Section c (... and ...). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. C athy got in her job. In the end she left,(bored) T h ar hole in your sw eater is g e ttin g .............................................................................. (big) M v bags seemed to g e t ............................................................................. as I carried them , (heavy) As I w aited for my interview, I b e c a m e .............................................................................. (nervous) As rhe day w ent on , the w eath er g o t .............................................................................. (bad) H ealth care is b e c o m in g ............................................................................. (expensive) Since A nna w ent to C an ad a, her English has g o t ........................................................................ (good) As the conversation w ent on , Paul b e c a m e ............................................................................. (talkative). 106.4 These sen ten ces are like those in Section D. Use th e words in brackets (in the correct form) to com plete the sentences. 1 I like w arm w eather. The w arm er the w e a th e r, t^ £ ..b e tte r J. feeL. (feel). 2 I d id n 't really like him w hen w e first met. But the m ore I gor to know him ................................................................... (like) 3 It y o u 're in business, y ou w an t to m ake a profit. T he m ore goods you s e l l ,..................................................................................... (profit) 4 It's hard to con cen trate w hen y o u 're tired. T he m ore tired you a r e , .............................................................. (hard) 5 K ate had to w ait a very long time. The longer she w a ite d ,................................................................................................ (im patient / become) 106.5 W hich is correct, old er or elder? Or both of them ? 1 2 3 4. / / M y old er / elder sister is a T V producer, (older and elder arc both correct) I'm surprised D iane is only 25. I th o u g h t she w as older / elder. Ja n e ’s younger sister is still at school. H er older / elder sister is anurse. M artin is older / elder than his brother.. 213.

(221) Comparison 3 (as ... as. I than). Study this exam ple situation: Sarah, Joe an d D avid are all very rich. Sarah has £20 m illion, Joe has £15 m illion and D avid has £10 m illion. So: Joe is rich. He is richer th an David. But he isn’t as rich as Sarah. (= Sarah is richer than he is) SARAH. Some □ □ □ □ □ □. JO E. DAVID. m ore exam ples o f n o t as ... (as): R ichard isn’t as old as he looks. (= he looks older than he is) T he tow n centre w asn ’t as crow ded as usual. (= it is usually m ore crow ded) Jenny d id n ’t do as well in th e exam as she had hoped. (= she had hoped to do better) T he w eath er is better today. It’s n o t as cold. (= yesterday w as colder) ] d o n ’t know as m any people as you do. (= you know m ore people! ‘H o w m uch did it cost? Fifty pounds?’ 'N o , not as much as th at.’ (= less than fifty pounds). You can also say n o t so ... (as): □ It’s n o t w arm , b u t it isn’t so cold as yesterday. (= it isn’t as cold as ...) Less ... than is sim ilar to n o t as ... as: □ I spent less m oney th a n you. (= I d id n ’t spend as m uch m oney as you) □ T he city centre w as less crow ded than usual. (= it w a sn ’t as crow ded as usual) We also use as ... as (but not so ... as) in positive sentences and in questions: □ I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could. □ T h ere’s plenty o f food. You can have as m uch as you w ant. □ Let’s w alk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus. □ C an you send me the m oney as soon as possible, please?. Also twice as ... as, three tim es as ... as etc. : □ Petrol is tw ice as expensive as it w as a few years ago. □ T h eir house is a b o u t three tim es as big as ours. We say the sam e as (not the sam e like): □ L a u ra ’s salary is the sam e as m ine, or L aura gets the sam e salary as me. □ D avid is the sam e age as Jam es. □ ‘W h at w ould you like to d rin k ?’ i ’ll have the sam e as y ou.’ T h a n me / th an I am etc. You can say: □ You’re taller than I am . (not usually You’re taller rhan I) □ H e’s n o t as clever as she is. □ They have m ore m oney th an we have, □ I c a n ’t run as fast as he can.. Comparison 1-2 -» Units 105-106. or. You’re taller th an me.. or or or. H e’s nor as clever as her. They have m ore money than us. I c a n ’t run as fast as him.. As long as -» Unit 115B. As and like -» Unit 11 7.

(222) Exercises 107.1. Unit 107. Complete the sentences using as ... as.. .......................................... 1 I’m quite tall, b u t you are taller. I'm n o t 2 M v salary is High, b u t vours is higher. M y salary isn’t ................................................... 3 You know a bit a b o u t cars, but i know m ore. You d o n ’t ..................... ........ ....................................................................................... ................. 4 It’s still cold, but it w as colder yesterday. It isn’t ............................................................................................................................................... 5 I still feel quite tired, but I felt a lot m ore tired yesterday. I d o n 't -.................................... ......................................................................................... 6 O u r neighbours have lived here for quite a long tim e, but w e’ve lived here longer. O u r neighbours hav en ’t ............................................................................................................. I was a bir nervous before the interview, b u t usually I’m a lot m ore nervous. I w asn ’t 107.2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning.. 1 R ichard is younger th a n he looks. R ichard isn’t ..................................... 2 I d id n 't spend as m uch m oney as you. Y o u £J?wt..fflore,.nnoney.,.tiiarn „m e ................................... 3 4 5 6 7 8. T he station w as n earer than I th o u g h t. The station w a sn ’t .................................................................. T he meal d id n 't cost as m uch as I expected. T he meal c o s t ................................................................. 1 go o u t less than I used to. I d o n 't .............................................................................................................. K aren's hair isn’t as long as it used to be. K aren used t o ..................................................................... I know them better th a n you do. You d o n 't ............................................................................................ T here are fewer people a t this m eeting th an at the lasr one. T here a r e n 't .............................................................................................................................................................. 107.3 Complete the sentences using as ... as + the following:. bad 1 2 3 4 5 6. com fortable. long. often. quietly. soon. well. well-qualified. I'm sorrv I'm lare. I g o t h e r e M ...ÌM ÍL .M I could. It w as a difficult question. I answ ered i t .......................................................... I could. ‘H ow long can I stay w ith you?’ "You can s t a y .........................................................you like.’ I need rhe inform ation quickly, so ler me k n o w ........................................................ possible. I like to keep fit, so I so s w im m in g I can. I d id n 't w a n t ro w ake anybody, so I cam e i n ...........................................................I could.. In the following sentences use just a s ... as.. I’m eoing to sleep on the floor. It’s ...................... 8 W hy did he get the job ra th e r th an me? I’m ..... 9 At first 1 th o u g h t he w as nice, b u t really h e’s. the bed. him. . everybody else.. 107.4 W rite sen ten ces using th e sam e as.. 1 2 3 4. D avid an d James are both 22 years old. D a v id ịễ....ữỉ.&...ẳSì!SS:...ữậS'....Ịhễ..Ấ9ỉ!!Sík.. You and I both have d ark brow n hair. Your h a ir......................................................... I arrived a t 10.25 and so did you. I ................................................................................ M v birthday is 5 A pril. Tom 's b irth d ay is 5 April too. M y ....................................... 107.5 Com plete th e sen ten ces with th a n ... or a s . .... 1 I c a n ’t reach as high as you. You are t a l l e r tlia n rrie..... 2 He d o esn ’t know m uch. I k n o w m o r e ..................................................... 3 4 5 6. I d o n ’t w o rk particularly hard . M o st people w ork as h a r d ...................................... We w ere very surprised. N o b o d y w as m ore s u r p ris e d ............................................... She's n o t a very good player. I'm a better p la y e r ..................................................... T hey’ve been very lucky. I wish we w ere as lu c k y ...................................................... 215.

(223) Superlatives (the longest. I the most enjoyable etc.). Study these exam ples: W h at is the longest river in the w orld? W h at w as the m ost enjoyable holiday y o u ’ve ever had? Longest and m ost enjoyable are superlative forms. T he superlative form is -est o r m ost ... . In general, we use -est for short w ords and m ost for longer w ords. T he rules are the sam e as those for rhe com parative —see U nit 105. long -* longest. but m ost fam ous. h o t -» h o ttest m ost boring. A few adjectives are irregular: good -* best bad —►w orst. easy -» easiest m ost difficult. hard -* hardest m ost expensive. far -» furthest/farthest. For spelling, see A ppendix 6. We norm ally use the before a superlative (the longest / the m ost fam ous etc.): □ Yesterday w as the h o ttest day o f the year. □ T he film w as really boring. It w as the m ost boring film I've ever seen. □ She is a really nice person - one o f the nicest people I know. □ W hy does he alw ays com e to see me a t the w o rst possible m om ent? C om pare superlative an d com parative: □ T his hotel is the cheapest in to w n , (superlative) This hotel is cheaper th a n all the o thers in tow n, (comparative) □ H e’s the m ost patient person I’ve ever met. H e’s m uch m ore patien t than I am. O ldest and eldest T he superlative o f old is oldest: □ T h a t church is th e oldest building in the tow n, {not the eldest) We use eldest (or oldest) w hen we are talking a b o u t people in a family: □ M y eldest son is 13 years old. (or M y oldest son) □ Are you the eldest in y our family? (or the oldest) A fter superlatives we norm ally use in w ith places: □ W h a t’s the longest river in the w orld? (not o f the w orld) □ We had a nice room . It w as one o f the best in the hotel, (not o f the hotel) We also use in for organisatio n s and gro ups o f people (a class / a com pany etc.): □ W ho is the youngest stu d en t in the class? (not o f the class) F or a period of tim e, we norm ally use of: □ W h at w as the happiest day o f y our life? □ Y esterday w as the h o ttest day o f the year. We often use th e present perfect (I have done) after a superlative (see also U nit 8A): □ W h a t’s the m ost im p o rta n t decision y o u ’ve ever had to make? □ T h a t w as the best holiday I’ve had for a long time.. Comparison (cheaper / more expensive etc.) -» Units 105-107. Elder -* Unit 106E.

(224) Exercises. Unit 108. 108.1 Com plete th e senten ces. Use a superlative (-e s t or m o s t ...) + a preposition (o f or in). 1 It's a very good room . I t LS ..^£..k&st.X00ro U1 the hotel. 2 It’s a very cheap restau ran t. It’s ..................................................................................................... the tow n. 3 It w as a very happv day. It w a s ........................................................................................................m y life. 4 She’s a very intelligent student. S h e ............................................................................................... the class. 5 It’s a very valuable painting. I t the gallery. 6 Spring is a very busv tim e to r me. I r ............................................................................................. the year. In the follow ing sen ten ces use one o f + a superlative + a preposition. It's a very good room . I t. L. * . . . 0 K. i e . . o f. the hotel.. rhe w orld. 8 H e’s a very rich m an. H e’s o n e .................................................... 9 It’s a very big castle. I t ........................................................................................................................... Britain. 10 She's a very Rood player. S h e ............................................................................................ the team . 11 It w as a very bad experience. I t ..................................................................................................... my life. 12 H e’s a very dangerous crim inal. H e ....................................................................................... the country. 108.2 Com plete th e sentences. Use a superlative (-e st or m ost ...) or a com parative (-e r or m ore ...). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. We staved a t hotel in the tow n, (cheap) O u r hotel w a s than all the o thers inthe tow n, (cheap) T he U nited States is very large, bur C an ad a i s ................................................................ (large) W h a t’s ............................................................... co u n trv in the w orld? (small) I w asn ’t feeling well yesterday, but I feel a b i t .................................................................today, (good) It w as an aw ful day. It w a s day of my life, (bad) W h a t i s .................................................................sp o rt in your country? (popular) Everest i s m ountain in the w orld. It i s .................................................. than any o th er m ou n tain , (high) We had a g reat holiday. It w as one o f .................................................................holidays w e’ve ever had. (enjoyable) I prefer this chair ro the orher one. I t 's ................................................................... (com fortable) W h a t’s ............................................................... w ay o f getting from here to the station? (quick) Sue a n d Kevin have got three d a u g h te rs...................................................... is 14 years old. (old). 108.3 W hat do you say in th ese situ atio n s? Use a superlative + ever. Use th e words in brackets (in the correct form ). 1 Y You've ou've just been to the cinem a. T he film w as extrem ely boring. You tell your friend: (boring / film / see) T h a t 's Ve...evw...seeM„ 2 Y our friend has just told vou a joke, w hich you think is very funny. You say: (tunny / joke / hear) T h a t 's ........................................................... .................................................................... 3 Y ou’re d rinking coffee w ith a friend. It’s really good coffee. You say: (good / coffee / taste) T h is................................................................................................................................... 4 You are talking to a friend a b o u t M ary. M ary is very generous. You tell your friend a b o u t her: (generous / person / meet) She........................................................................................................................... 5 You have just run ten kilom etres. You’ve never run further th an this. You say to your friend: ( f a r / r u n ) T h a t ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 You decided to give up your job. N o w you think this w as a bad m istake. You say to your friend: (bad / m istake / m ake) I t .................................................................................................................................... Your friend m eets a lot of people, som e of them fam ous. You ask your friend: (fam ous / person / meet?) W h o ..................................................................................................................... ?. 217.

(225) Unit. 109. Word order 1: verb + object; place and time Verb + object T he verb and the object norm ally go together. We do not usually put o th er w ords between them :. verb + object I Did you Liz often. very m uch, (not 1 like very m uch my job) vesterdav?. my job your friends tennis.. like see plays. Study these exam ples. T he verb and the object go together each time: □ D o you. eat. m eat. every day?. (not D o you eat every day m eat?) □ Everybody. enjoyed. the p arty. very m uch.. (not enjoyed very m uch the party) □ O u r guide. spoke. English. fluently.. (not spoke fluently English) □ I lost all my m oney and I also (not I lost also my passport). lost. □ A t the end o f the street y o u ’ll. see. my passp o rt .. a su perm arket. on your left.. (not see on y our left a superm arket) Place and time Usually the verb and the place (where?) go together: go hom e live in a city w alk to w ork etc. If the verb has an object, the place com es after rhe verb + object: take som ebody hom e m eet a friend in the street. Time (when? / how often? / how long?) usually goes after place: place Ben w alks Sam h as been We arrived. + to w ork in C an ad a at the airp o rt. time every m orning. (not every m orning to w ork) since April. early.. Study these exam ples. Time goes after place: r. □ I’m going. 1. to Paris. □ T hey have lived. in. □ D o n ’t be late. M ake. o n M o n d ay . (not I’m going on M onday to Paris) the sam e house sure y o u 're. □ Sarah gave me a lift hom e □ You really sh o u ld n ’t go. for a long tim e .. here. by 8 o ’clock .. after the p arty to bed. .. so late .. It is often possible to put tim e a t the beginning of the sentence: □ O n M o n d ay I’m going to Paris. □ Every m orning Ben w alks to w ork. Some tim e w ords (for exam ple, alw ays/never/often I usually go w ith the verb in the m iddle o f the sentence. See U nit n o .. 218. Word order in questions -* Units 49-50. Adjective order -» Unit 99. Word order 2 -» Unit 110.

(226) Exercises. Unit 109. 109.1 Is the word order right or wrong? Correct the sentences where necessary.. 1 2 J 4 5 6. Everybody enjoyed the p arty very m uch.................................. ................................................................ Ben w alks every m o rn in g CO w o rk . Joe d o esn ’t like very m uch football................................... ........................................................................ I drink three o r four cups of coffee every m o rn in g ............................................................................... I ate quickly my breakfast and w ent out......................... ................................................. ...................... Are you going to invite to the party a lot o f people? ........................................................................ 1 phoned Tom im m ediately after hearing the new s............................................................................... 8 Did you go late to bed last night?...................................... ........................................................................ 9 Did you learn a lot o f things a t school today?....................................................................................... 10 I m et on mv w ay hom e a friend o f m ine. ........................................................................ 109.2 Put the parts of the sentence in the correct order.. 1 (the parrv / very m uch / everybody enjoyed) 2 3 4 5 6. ...6Ịjjoiịẹ^i..tì,Ịe ..p a rty ...very....twdi.:... (we w on / easilv / the gam e) ...................................................................................................................... (quietly / the d o o r / 1 closed) ..................................................................................................................... (D iane / quire well / speaks / G erm an) ................................................................................................... (Sam / all the tim e / T V / w atches) .......................................................................................................... (again / please d o n 't ask / th a t question) (football / every w eekend / does Kevin play?). 8 (some m oney / 1 borro w ed / from a friend o f mine). 109.3. Com plete th e sentences. Put th e p arts in th e correct order. 1 (for a lone tim e / have lived / in rhe sam e house) T h e v H ave Uved, vn thfc sa m e h o u se -for X long tone 2 (to the su p erm ark et / every Friday / go) I 1 .................................... 3 (hom e / did vou com e / so late) W hy ...... .......................... ............................... 4 (her children / takes / every day / to school) S a r a h ................................................................................................... 5 (been / recently / to the cinem a) I h a v e n 't............................................................................................. 6 (at the to p o f the page / y o u r nam e / w rite) . P le a s e .................................................................................................. (her nam e / after a few m inutes / rem em bered) I ......... .......... ............................................................................. 8 (around the to w n / all m orning / w alked) W e .............................. ......I.................. ................................................................................ 9 (on Saturday night / d id n 't see you / a t the party) I ..................... „.. . 1 1 1 1 ................. 10 (some interesting books / found / in the library) We ............I.. . ...... I . .................... 11 {her um brella / last night / in a restau ran t / left) J a c k ie .................................................................................................. 12 lopposite rhe p ark / a new hotel / are building) T h e y ..................................................................................................... 219.

(227) Unit. 110 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb Some □ □ □. adverbs (for exam ple, alw ays, also, probably) go w ith the verb in the m iddle o f a sentence: Helen alw ays drives ro w ork. We w ere feeling very tired and we w ere also hungry. T he concert will p ro b ab ly be cancelled.. Study these rules for the position o f adverbs in the m iddle of a sentence. (They are only general rules, so there are exceptions.) (1). If the verb is one w o rd (drives/fell/cooked etc.), the adverb usually goes before the verb:. Helen I. adverb. verb. always alm ost. drives fell. to w ork. as I w as.going dow n rhe stairs.. □ I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. (not cooked also) □ Lucy hardly ever w atches television and rarely reads new spapers. □ ‘Shall I give you my address?’ ‘N o , I already have it.’ N o te th a t these adverbs (alw ays/often/also etc.) go before have to ... : □ Joe never phones me. I alw ays have to phone him . (not I have alw ays to phone) (2) But adverbs go after am /is/are/w as/w ere: □ We w ere feeling very tired and vve w ere also hungry. □ W hy are you alw ays late? You’re never on time. □ T he traffic isn’t usually as bad as it w as this m orning. (3). If the verb is tw o o r m ore w ords (for exam ple, can rem em ber / doesn’t eat / will be cancelled), the adverb usually goes after the first verb (can/doesn’t/will etc.):. I C lare The concert □ □ □ □. verb Í. adverb. can d oesn’t Are you will. rem em ber never often . eat definitely going probably be. verb 2 her nam e. m eat. aw ay next week? cancelled.. You have alw ays been very kind to me. Jack c a n ’t cook. H e c a n ’t even boil an egg. D o you still w o rk for the sam e com pany? T he house w as only built a year ago and it’s already falling dow n.. N o te th a t p robably goes before a negative (isn’t/w o n ’t etc.). So we say: □ I p robably w o n ’t see you. or 1 will probably n o t see you. (/70/ I w o n ’t probably) We also use all and both in these positions: □ We all felt ill a fte r the meal. (not we felt all ill) D M y p arents are b o th teachers, (not my parents both are teachers) □ Sarah and [ane have b o th applied for the job. □ We are all going o u t this evening. Som etim es we use is/will/did etc. instead o f repeating p a rt o f a sentence (see U nit 51). N o te the position o f alw ays/never etc. in these sentences: □ H e alw ays says he w o n ’t be late, but he alw ays is. (= he is alw ays late) □ I’ve never done it and I never will. (= I will never do it) We norm ally p u t alw ays/never etc. before the verb in sentences like these.. 220. Word order 1 -» Unit 109.

(228) Exercises 110.1. Are the underlined words in the right position or not? Correct the sentences where necessary.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 110.2. Unit 110. H elen drives alw ays ro w ork............................................... ........................................................................... I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. ộ.!ík.................................................................. I have usually a show er in the m orning...................................................................................................... We soon found the solution to the problem .............................................................................................. Steve gets hardly ever angrv............................................................................................................................ I did som e shopping and 1 w ent also to the b a n k .................................................................................... Jan e has alw ays to hurry in the m orning........................ ........................................................................... We ail w ere tired, so we all fell asleep......................................................................................................... She alw ays says she'll phone me, b u t she never does............................................................................... Rewrite th e sen ten ces to include th e word in brackets. 1 C lare d o esn 't eat m eat, (often) ... 2 a We w ere on holiday in Spain, (all) ...................................................... b We w ere staying a t the sam e hotel, (all) ........................................... c We enjoyed ourselves, (all) .................................................................... 3 C atherine is very generous, (alw ays) ........................................................ 4 I d o n 't have to w ork on Saturdays, (usually) ........................................ 5 D o vou w atch TV in the evenings? (always) ......................................... 6 M artin is learning French, and he is learning Italian, (also) M artin is learning French a n d h e ................................................................. 7 a T he new hotel is very expensive, (probably) ................................... b It costs a lot to stay there, (probably) ................................................ 8 a I can help you. (probably) ..................................................................... b I can 'r help vou. (probablv) .................................................................... 110.3. Com plete th e sentences. Use th e words in brackets in th e correct order. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. I ĩ^ữ...XiSĩíM...ĩSĩ!íSĩ!ẾSf...... her nam e, (rem em ber / never / can) I ........................................................................... su g ar in coffee, (take / usually) I ........................................................................... hungry w hen I get hom e from w ork, (am / usually) A: W here's Joe? B: H e ............................................................................. hom e early, (gone / has / probably) M ark and D ia n e in M anchester, (both / w ere / born) Liz is a good pianisr. S h e ............................................................................. very well, (sing / also / can) O u r c a t ............................................................................. under the bed. (often / sleeps) They live in the sam e street as me, but Ỉ to them . (never / have / spoken) We a long tim e for the bus. (have / alw ays / to w ait) M y eyesight isn’t very good. I ............................................................................. w ith glasses. (read / can / only) I ............................................................................. early tom orrow , (probably / leaving / will / be) I'm afraid I ............................................................................. able CO com e to the parry. (probably / be / w o n ’t) It's difficult to co n tact Sue. S h e ............................................................................. a t hom e w hen I phone her. (is / hardly ever) We in rhe sam e place. We haven’t moved. (still / are / living) If w e h a d n ’t taken the sam e tra in , w e ............................................................................. each other. (never / m et / w ould / have) A: Are you tired? B: Yes, I ............................................................................. a t this tim e o f day. (am / always). 221.

(229) Unit. 111. Still, yet and already Any more any longer. I. I no longer. Still We use still to say th a t a situation o r action is continuing. It h a sn ’t changed o r stopped: □ It’s ten o ’clock and Joe is still in bed. □ W hen I w ent to bed, C hris w as still w orking. □ D o you still w an t to go aw ay o r have you changed your mind? Still usually goes in the m iddle of the sentence w ith the verb (see U nit 110). Any m ore / any longer / no longer. We use n o t ... any m ore o r not ... any longer to say th a t a situation has changed. Any m ore an any longer go a t the end o f a sentence: □ Lucy d o esn ’t w ork here any m ore (or any longer). She left last m onth. (not Lucy d o esn ’t still w o rk here.) □ We used to be good friends, b u t we a re n ’t any m ore [or any longer). You can also use no longer. N o longer goes in the m iddle o f the sentence: □ Lucy no longer w orks here. N o te th a t we d o n o t norm ally use no m ore in this way: □ We are n o longer friends. (not We are no m ore friends.) C om pare still and not ... any m ore: □ Sally still w orks here, but Lucy d o esn’t w ork here any m ore. Yet Yet = until now. We use yet m ainly in negative sentences (H e isn’t here yet) and questions (Is he here yet?). Yet show s th a t the speaker is expecting som ething to happen. Yet usually goes a t the end o f a sentence: □ It’s 10 o ’clock and Joe isn’t here yet. □ H ave you m et y our new neighbours yet? □ ‘W here are you going for y our holidays?’ ‘We d o n ’t know yet.’ We often use yet w ith the present perfect (H ave you m et ... yet?’). See U nit 7C. C om pare yet and still: □ M ike lost his job six m onths ago and is still unem ployed. M ike lost his job six m onths ago and h asn ’t found an o th er job yet. □ Is it still raining? H as it stopped raining yet? Still is also possible in negative sentences (before the negative): □ She said she w ould be here an h o u r ago and she still h a sn ’t com e. T his is sim ilar to ‘she h a sn ’t com e yet'. But still ... n o t show s a stronger feeling o f surprise or im patience. C om pare: □ I w ro te to him last w eek. H e h a sn ’t replied yet. (but I expect he will reply soon) □ I w ro te to him m onths ago and he still hasn’t replied, (he should have replied before now ) Already We use already to say th a t som ething happened sooner than expected. A lready usually goes in th e m iddle of a sentence (see U nit 110): □ ‘W h at tim e is Sue leaving?’ ‘She has already left.’ (= sooner th a n you expected) □ Shall I tell Joe w h a t happened o r does he already know? □ I’ve only just had lunch and I’m already hungry.. 222. Present perfect + already/yet -* Unit 7C. Word order -» Unit 110.

(230) Exercises. Unit 111. 111.1 Compare what Paul said a few years ago with what he says now. Some things are the same as before and some things have changed. Write sentences with still and any more.. / 1 travel a lot. I I w o rk in a shop. ^ 1 I w rite poem s. I w a n t to be a teacher. I’m inrerested in politics. Paul a few I’m single. years ago \^1 go fishing a lor. 1 (travel) 2 Ish o p ). Í travel a lot. I w ork in a hospital. I gave up w riting poem s. I w an t to be a teacher. I’m not interested in politics. I’m single. I haven't been fishing for years . J. Paul now. He 5fall t r a v e ls a. to t............ tie d o e s n ’t h)Ork ir\ X shop.. 5 (politics). ................................ 6 (single) 7 (fishing) 8 (beard). 3 (poem s) H e ................................................... 4 (teacher) ............................................................. Now write three sentences about Paul using no longer. 9 He. no Longer work s in q. shop................... J 1. 10. ...... 1.............................. 12 II. 111.2 For each sentence (with still) write a sentence wit'h a similar meaning using not ... yet + one of the following verbs:. decide 1 2 3 4 5 6. find. finish. go. sto p. It’s still raining. G ary is still here. T hey 're still repairing the road. The children are still asleep. Is Ann still looking for a place to live? I’m still w ondering w h a t to do. The plane is still w aiting on the runw ay.. take off. w ake up. .............................. T hey. . . ... .................................. 111.3 Put in still, yet, already or any more in the underlined sentence (or part of the sentence). Study the examples carefully.. M ike losr his job a year ago and he is unem ployed ......h&...is...5.tiU.unerr!ployed.. Shall I tell Joe w h at happened or does he k n o w ? ...... I'm hungry. Is dinner read y ? J.s....di4™.er....ne#^...iiei?................................................. 9 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16. I w as hungry earlier, b u t I’m not h u n g ry ................. C an we w a it a few m inutes? I d o n ’t w a n t to go o u t..................................................... Jenny used to w o rk at the a irp o rt, but she d o esn 't w ork th e re .................................. I used to live in A m sterdam . I have a lot of friends th ere............................................ ‘Shall I introduce you to Jo e?’ ‘T h ere’s no need. We’ve m et.’ .............................. D o you live in the sam e place o r have you m oved? .................................................... W ould you like to eat w ith us o r have you e a te n ? ....................................................... ‘W here’s Jo h n ? ’ ‘H e ’s n o t here. H e ’ll be here so o n .’ ................................................ Tim said he’d be here a t 8.30. It's 9 o ’clock now and he isn’t here.......................... Do you w a n t to join the club o r are you a m em ber? ................................................. It happened a long tim e ago, but I can rem em ber it very clearly.............................. I've p u t on weight. These Trousers d o n ’t fit m e............................................. -................ ‘Have you finished w ith the p a p e r?’ ‘N o , I’m reading it.’. 223.

(231) Even Study this exam ple situation: T ina loves w atching television. She has a TV set in every room of the house even the b ath ro o m . We use even to say th a t som ething is unusual o r surprising. It is n o t usual to have a TV set in the b ath ro o m . Some m ore exam ples: □ These p h o to g rap h s are really aw ful. Even I take better p h o tographs th an these. (and I’m certainly n o t a good photographer) □ H e alw ays w ears a co at - even in h o t w eather. □ N o b o d y w ould help her - not even her best friend. or N o t even her best friend w ould help her. Very often we use even w ith th e verb in the m iddle o f a sentence (see U nit 110): □ Sue has travelled all over the w orld. She has even been to the A ntarctic. (It’s especially unusual to go to the A ntarctic, so she m ust have travelled a lot.) □ They are very rich. They even have rheir o w n private jet. Study □ □ □. these exam ples w ith n o t even: I c a n ’t cook. I c a n ’t even boil an egg. (and boiling an egg is very easy) They w eren ’t very friendly to us. They d id n ’t even sav hello. Jenny is very fit. She’s just run five miles and she’s n o t even o u t o f breath.. You can use even + comparative (cheaper / m ore expensive ere.): □ I g o t up very early, b u t Jack got up even earlier. □ I knew 1 d id n ’t have m uch money, b u t I’ve got even less th an I thought. □ We w ere surprised to get a letter from her. We w ere even m ore surprised w hen she came to see us a few days later. Even though / even w hen / even if You can use even though / even w hen / even if + subject + verb: □ Even th o u g h she c a n ’t drive, she has bought a car. subject + verb. □ H e never shouts, even w hen he’s angry. □ I’ll p ro b ab ly see you tom o rro w . But even if I d o n ’t see you tom orrow , w e’re sure to see each o th e r before the w eekend. You can n o t use even in this w ay (+ subject + verb). We say: □ Even th o u g h she c a n ’t drive, she has bought a car. (not Even she can ’t drive) □ I c a n ’t reach the shelf even if I stan d on a chair, (not even I stand) C om pare even if and if: □ W e’re going to the beach tom orrow . It doesn’t m atter w h a t the w eather is like. W e’re going even if it’s raining. □ We w a n t to go to the beach tom orrow , b u t we w o n ’t go if it’s raining.. If and when -* Unit 25D. Though I even though -* Unit 113E.

(232) Unit 112. Exercises 112.1. Julie, Sarah and Amanda are three friends who went on holiday together. Use the information given about them to complete the sentences using even or not even. Julie is usually happy is usually on time likes getting up early is very interested in art 1 2 3 4 5 6. Sarah isn’t very keen on art is usually miserable usually hates hotels hasn’t got a camera. Amanda is alm ost always late is a keen photographer loves staying in hotels isn’t very good at getting up. They stayed at a hotel. Everybody liked i t , ..... Thev arranged to meet. They all arrived on tim e ,........................... They w ent to an art gallery. Nobody enjoyed i t , ............................. Yesterday thev had to get up early. They all managed to do this, Thev were together yesterday. They were all in a good m o o d ,.... None ot them took any p h o to g rap h s,................................................. 112.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in brackets. 1 Sue has been all over the world, (the Antarctic) ...... 2 We painted the whole room, (the floor) W e ........................................................................................... 3 Rachel has met lots of famous people, (the prime minister) S h e ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 You could hear the noise from a long way away, (from the next street) Y o u ...................................... .................................................................................................................. ........... In the following sentences you have to use not ... even. 5 6 7 8. They didn’t say anything to us. (hello) Jh^....4i4ỉỈL.&vẹyL5(Wị...Ịi.cUo,.......................................... I can't remember anything about her. (her name) I .............................................................................. There isn't anything to do in this town, (a cinema) ............................................................................. He didn't tell anybody where he was going, (his wife). 9I don't know anyone in our street, (the people next door). 112.3 Complete the sentences using even + comparative. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Ir was very hot yesterday, but today it’s ........................................................................ The church is 500 years old, but the house next to it i s ..................................................................... T h at’s a very good idea, bur I’ve got a n ............................................................................................. one The first question was very difficult ro answer. The second one w a s ............................................... I did very badly in the exam, but most of my friends d i d ................................................................... N either of us was hungry. I ate very little and my friend a t e .............................................................. 112.4 Put in if, even, even if or even though. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. she can't drive, she has bought a car. The bus leaves in five minutes, but we can still catch i t ............................................... we run. The bus leaves in tw o minutes. We w on’t catch it n o w ............................................... wc run. His Spanish isn’t very good - ..................................................after three years in Spain. His Spanish isn’t very g o o d .................................................. he’s lived in Spain for three years. ................................................ with the heating on, it was very cold in the house. I couldn’t sle e p ................................................ I was very tired. I w on’t forgive them for w hat they d i d , ..................................................they apologise. ................................................ I hadn’t eaten anything for 24 hours, I w asn’t hungry.. Additional exercise 32 (page 321). 225.

(233) Unit. 113. Although I though In spite of. I even though Idespite. Study this example situation: Last vear Paul and Joanne had a holiday by the sea. Ir rained a lot, but they enjoyed themselves. You can say: Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= It rained a lot, but they ...) or In spite of ! . . , . . . ‘ . : the rain, they enioved themselves. Despite After although we use a subject + verb:' □ Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. □ I didn’t get the job although I had the necessary qualifications. Com pare the meaning of although and because: □ We went out although it was raining. □ We didn’t go out because it was raining. After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing: □ In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. □ I didn’t get the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications. □ She w asn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work. □ In spite of w hat I said yesterday, I still love you. Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite of, but despite (w ithout of): □ She w asn’t well, bur despite this she went to work, (not despite of this) You can say in spite o f the fact (that) ... and despite the fact (that) ... : ..... . . , [ in spite of the fact (that) 1 , , , , . □ I didn t get the job I J • Jj f J, I * " ac* t ‘ie necessary qualifications. Com pare in spite of and because of: □ We went out in spite of the rain, (or ... despite the rain.) □ We didn’t go out because of the rain. C om pare although and in spite of / despite: □ Although the traffic was bad, we arrived on time. (not In spite of the traffic was bad) In spite of the traffic, □ I couldn’t sleep. although I was very tired. despite being very tired.. (not despite I was tired). Sometimes we use though instead of although: □ I didn’t get the job though I had the necessary qualifications. In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence: □ The house isn’t very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden) □ I see them every day. I've never spoken to them though. (= but I’ve never spoken to them) Even though (but not ‘even’ alone) is a stronger form of although: □ Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep. (not Even I was really tired ...). 226. Even -» Unit 112.

(234) Unit 113. Exercises 113.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box. I didn’t speak the language I had never seen her before it was quite cold I’d mer her twice before 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. -he-ha s- a very im porra nt-jekwe don't like them very much the hearing was on we’ve known each other a long time ...y£P9.rfc<yit..job. , he isn't particularly well-paid. , I recognised her from a photograph She w asn’t wearing a c o a t ..................................... .................................................................................... We thought we’d better invite them ro the p a r ty .................................................................................. , I managed to make myself understood the room w asn’t warm I didn’t recognise h e r ................................................................................................................................... We’re not very good frie n d s....................................................................................................................... 113.2 Complete the sentences with although I in spite o f I because I because of. 1 ? a b 3 a b 4 a b 5 a b. AlfcnougH it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. ................................................ all our careful plans, a lor of things went wrong. ................................................ we’d planned everything carefully, a lot of things w ent wrong. I went home e a rlv ........................................ .......I was feeling unwell. I went to work the next d a v ...................... .........................I was still feeling unwell. She onlv accepted the j o b ............................ ................... the salary, which was very high. She accepted the j o b .................................... ........... the salary, which was rather low. I managed ro get to s le e p ........................... ....................there was a lor of noise. I couldn't set to s le e p .................................. ............. the noise.. Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences: 6 a He passed the exam a lth o u g h .................... b He passed the exam b ecau se...................... T a I didn't eat anything a lth o u g h ................... b I didn't eat anything in spite o f ................. 113.3. Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences. 1 I couldn't sleep. I was very tired, (despite) 1 cou ld n 't s leep despii e being verij tired,..................................................... 2 They have very little money. They are happy, (in spite of) in s p ite .................. ...................................................................................................... 3 My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village, (although) 4 I enjoyed the film. The story was silly, (in spite of) 5 We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other, (despite) 6 I got very wet in the rain. I was only out for five minutes, (even though). 113.4. Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end. 1 2 3 4. The house isn’t very nice, (like / garden) ... It’s warm today, (very windy) ......................................................................... We didn’t like the food, (ate) .......................................................................... Liz is very nice, (don't like / husband) I ........................................................ -» Additional exercise 32 (page 321). 227.

(235) Unit. 114. In case Study this example situation: Your car should have a spare wheel because it is possible you will have a puncture. Your car should have a spare wheel in case vou have a puncture. In case you have a puncture = because it is possible vou will have a puncture.. Some more examples of in case: □ I’ll leave my mobile phone switched on in case Jane calls. (= because it is possible she will call) □ I’ll draw a map for you in case you have difficulty finding our house. (= because it is possible you will have difficulty) □ I’ll remind them about the meeting in case they’ve forgotten. (= because it is possible they have forgotten) We use just in case for a smaller possibility: □ I don’t think it will rain, but I'll take an umbrella just in case. (= just in case it rains) Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future (see Unit 25): □ I’ll leave my phone switched on in case Jane calls, (not in case Jane will call) In case is not the same as if. We use in case to say w hy somebody does (or doesn’t do) something. You do something now in case something happens later. Compare: in case □ We’ll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; we’ll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we’ll already have the food if he comes.) □ I’ll give you my phone num ber in case you need to contact me. □ You should insure your bike in case it is stolen.. if □ We’ll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes. we’ll buy some more food; if he doesn't come, we w on’t buy any more food.) □ You can phone me at the hotel if vou need to contact me. □ You should inform the police if your bike is stolen.. You can use in case + past to say why somebody did something: □ 1 left my phone switched on in case Jane called. (= because it was possible that Jane would call) □ 1 drew a map for Sarah in case she had difficulty finding the house. □ We rang the doorbell again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time. In case of is not the same as in case. In case of ... = if there is ... (especially on notices etc.) □ In case o f fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fire) □ In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency). 228. If. Units 25, 38-40.

(236) Exercises 114.1. Unit 114. Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. You think she should take: ^om e d^eeelate. a map. an anorak. a camera. some water. You think she should take these things because: it’s possible she’ll get lost perhaps she’ll be thirsty she might w ant to take some photographs. mavbe it will rain. What do you say to Barbara? Write sentences with in case.. 1. Tak e some chocolate w ith tjou in Cfl-Sfc ỊjOu ge t h u ngrtj .. 2 Take. 114.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case. 1 It's possible that M ary will need to contact you, so you give her your phone number. ........................................ You say: Here’s my phone n u m b e r 2 A friend of yours is going away for a long time. M aybe you w on’t see her again before she goes, so vou decide ro say goodbye now. You say: I'll say goodbye n o w ....................... ............................................................................................. 3 You are shopping in a superm arket with a friend. You think you have everything you need, but perhaps you’ve forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask her to check it. ? You say: Can y o u ................................................................................................................ 4 You are giving a friend some advice about using a computer. You think he should back up (= copy) his files because rhe com puter might crash (and he would lose all his data). You say: You should back u p ...................................................................................................................... 114.3 Write sentences with in case. 1 There was a possibility that Jane would call. So I left my phone switched on. I le f t mij phone, switc h e d on In co s e Jan e, c a lle d ....................................................................... 2 M ike thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down. He wrote d o w n ................................................................................................................................................ 3 I thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them. I p h o n e d ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 I sent an email to Liz, but she didn’t reply. So I sent another email because perhaps she hadn’t received the first one. I s e n t....................................................................... ........................................................................................... 5 I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address. I s a v e .................................................................................................................................................................. 114.4 Put in in case or if. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I’ll draw a map for y o u you have difficulty finding our house. You should tell the p o lic e.ìẩ you have any inform ation about the crime. 1 hope you’ll come to London sometime.................................you come, you can stay with us. This letter is for Susan. Can vou give it to h e r ................................you see her? Write your name and address on your b a g ................................you lose it. Go to the lost property office ...........................you lose your bag. The burglar alarm will r i n s ................................somebody tries to break into the house. 8 You should lock your bike to so m eth in g................................somebody tries to steal it. 9 I was advised to get in su ran ce.............................. I needed medical treatm ent while I was abroad.. -» Additional exercise 32 (page 321). 229.

(237) Unit. 115. Unless. As long as. Provided/providing. Unless Study this example situation: The club is for members only. You can’t go in unless you are a member. This means: You can’t go in except i f you are a member, You can go in only i f you are a member.. or. Unless = except if.. Some more examples of unless: □ I’ll see you tom orrow unless I have to work late. (= except if I have to work late) □ There are no buses to the beach. Unless you have a car, it’s difficult to get there. (= except if you have a car) □ ‘Shall I tell Liz what happened?’ ‘N ot unless she asks you.’ (= only if she asks you) □ Sally hates complaining. She w ouldn’t complain about something unless it was really bad. (= except if it was really bad) □ We can take a taxi to the restaurant - unless you’d prefer to walk. (= except if you’d prefer to walk) Instead of unless it is often possible to say if ... not: □ Unless wc leave now, w e’ll be late, or If we don’t leave now, we'll ... As long as etc. as long as or so long as provided (that) or providing (that). All these expressions mean ‘if’ or ‘on condition that'.. For example: as long as you promise not to drive too fast. so long as (= you can borrow my car, but you must promise nor to drive too fast - this is a condition). □ You can borrow my car I. □ Travelling by car is convenient I Prov|^ ec^. I you have somewhere to park.. (= but only if you have somewhere to park) □ Providing (that) the room is clean, I don't mind which hotel we stay at. Provided (that) (= the room must be clean - otherwise I don’t mind) When you are talking about the future, do not use will after unless / as long as / so long as / provided / providing. Use a present tense (see Unit 25): □ I’m not going out unless it stops raining. (not unless it will stop) □ Providing the weather is good, we’re going to have a picnic, (not providing it willbe good). 230. If — Units 25, 38-40.

(238) Exercises 115.1. Unit 115. Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence. 1 You m ust try a bit harder or you w on’t pass the exam. Y ou w o n 't PO.SS t h e e x a m u n l e s s tj o u t r i} 0. b i i h a r d e r . ........................... 2 Listen carefully or you w on't know w hat ro do. You w on’t know w hat to d o ................................................................................. 3 She must apologise to me or I'll never speak to her again. 4 You have to speak verv slowly or he w on't be able to understand you. 5 Business must improve soon, or the company will have to close.. 115.2 Write sentences with unless. 1 The club isn’t open to everyone. You are allowed in only if you’re a member. You a ren 't allowed, in th e, d ub unless Ị)ou’re- a. membe r ....................................................... 2 I don't w ant to go to the party alone. I'm going only if you go too. I'm nor g o in g ................................................................................................................................................ 3 D on't worry abour rhe do?. It will attack you only if you move suddenly. The d o g ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Ben isn't very talkative. He'll speak to you only if you ask him something. B e n .............................................. .................................................................................................................. 5 Today is a public holiday. The doctor will see you only if it’s an emergency. The d o c to r .................................................................................................................................................... 115.3. Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10. You can borrow my car unless / as long as you promise not to drive too fast,(as long as is correct) I'm playing tennis tom orrow unless / providing it rains. I'm playing tennis tom orrow unless / providing it doesn’t rain. I don't mind if you come home late unless / as long as you come in quietly. I'm iioins; now unless / provided you want me to stay. I don't watch TV unless / as long as I've ^ot nothing else to do. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool unless / provided they are with an adult. Unless /provided they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool. We can sit here in the corner unless / as long as you'd rather sit over there bythe window. A: O ur holiday cost a lot of money. B: Did it? Well, that doesn't m arter unless / as long as vou enjoyed yourselves.. 115.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6. We’ll be late u n le ss ..................................................................................................... I like hot weather as Ions; a s .................................................................................................................... It takes Kate about 20 minutes to drive to work p ro v id ed .............................................................. I don't mind walking home as long a s .................................................................................................. I like to walk to work in the morning u n le ss ...................................................................................... We can meet tom orrow u n le ss................................................................................................................ You can borrow the money pro v id in g ................................................................................................... 8 You w on’t achieve anything u n less......................................................................................................... Additional exercise 32 (page 321). 231.

(239) Unit. 116. As (As I walked along the street... As I was hungry ...). I. As = at the same time as You can use as when two things happen at the same time: □ We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away. (We waved and she drove away at the same rime) □ I watched her as she opened the letter. □ As I walked along the street, I looked in the shop windows. □ Can you turn off the light as you go out, please? O r you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (in the middle of doing something else): □ Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus. □ We met Paul as we were leaving the hotel. For the past continuous (was getting / were going etc.), see Unit 6. You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment): □ Just as I sat down, the phone rang. □ I had to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting. We also use as when tw o things happen together in a longer period of time: □ As the day went on, the weather got worse. the day w ent on □ I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it. the weather got worse Com pare as and when: We use as only if two things happen at the same time. □ As we walked home, we talked about w hat we would have for dinner. (= at the same time). Use when (not as) if one thins happens after another. c When we got home, we started cooking the dinner. (not As we got home). As = because As also means ‘because’: □ As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat. (= because I was hungry) □ As it was a public holiday last Thursday, most of the shops were shut. (= because it was a public holiday) □ As we have plenty of time before our flight, let’s go and have a coffee. □ Yesterday we watched television all evening as we didn’t have anything better to do. □ As I don’t often watch television any more. I've decided to give my TV set to a friend of mine. You can also use since in this way: □ Since we have plenty of time, let’s go and have a coffee. Com pare as and when:. 232. □ I couldn’t contact David as he was away on holiday and he doesn’t have a mobile phone. (= because he was away). □ David’s passport was stolen when he was away on holiday. (= during the time he was away). □ As they lived near us, we used to see them quite often. (= because they lived near us). □ When they lived near us, we used to see them quite often. (= at the time thev lived near us). As ... as —►Unit 107. Like and as -» Unit 11 7. As if —»• Unit 118.

(240) Exercises 116.1. Unit 116. (Section A) Use as to join sentences from the boxes.. 1 we nil waved goodbye to Liz 2 3 4 5. 1. we all smiled I burnt myself the crowd cheered a dog ran out in front of the car We-. c d l w a v e d g o o d b y e to. we were driving along the road I was taking a hot dish out of the oven -she-dfeve-awaywe posed for the photograph the rwo teams ran onto the field. Liz a s sh e drove, ftw euj.. 2 4 ....................................................................................................... 5 ............................................................................................. 116.2 (Section B) Join sentences from the boxes. Begin each sentence with as. ] 2 3 4 5 1. 4t was a public holiday it was a nice dav we didn't w ant to wake anybody up rhe door was open none of us had a watch. I went in we came in very quietly most ot the shops were shut we didn’t know w hat time it was we went for a walk by the sea. As it was q. public holuUt}. most 0-f the shops were shut.. 4 ...................................................................... 5 ...................................................................... 116.3. What does as mean in these sentences? 1 2 3 4 5 6. As they live near me, I see them quite often. Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus. As I was tired, I went ro bed early. Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit rhe car behind. As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired. We decided to so out to ear as we had no food at home. As we don't use the car very often, w e’ve decided to sell it.. because. at the same tim e as. ................ 7.... /. 116.4 In some of these sentences, you need when (notas).-Correct the sentences wherenecessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Julia got married as she was 22. As the day went on, the weather got worse. He dropped the glass as he was taking it out of the cupboard. My camera was stolen as I was asleep on the beach. As I left school, I went to work in a shop. The train slowed down as it approached the station. I used to live near the sea as I was a child.. when sh e was OK.. 2,2.... 116.5 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 2 3 4. I saw you a s ...................................................... Ir started to rain just a s .................................. As I didn’t have enough money for a taxi, Just as I took the p h o to g ra p h ,...................... -» Additional exercise 32 (page 321). 233.

(241) Unit. 117. Like and as Like = ‘similar to ’, ‘the same as’. You cannot use as in this way: □ W hat a beautiful house! It’s like a palace, (not as a palace) □ ‘W hat does Sandra do?’ ‘She’s a teacher, like me.’ (not as me) □ Be careful! The floor has been polished. It’s like walking on ice. (nut as walking) □ It’s raining again. I hate weather like this. (not as this) In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun (like me / like this) or -ing (like walking). You can also say like (somebody/something) doing something’: □ ‘W hat’s that noise?’ i t sounds like a baby crying.’ Sometimes like = for example: □ Some sports, like motor-racing, can be dangerous. You can also use such as (= for example): □ Some sports, such as motor-racing, can be dangerous. As = in the same way as, or in the same condition as. We use as before subject + verb: □ I didn’t move anything. I left everything as it was. □ You should have done it as I showed you. Like is also possible in informal spoken English: □ I left everything like it was. Com pare as and like: □ You should have done it as I showed you. (or like I showed you) □ You should have done it like this, [not as this) Note that we say as usual / as always: □ You’re late as usual. □ As always, Nick was the first to complain. Sometimes as (+ subject + verb) has other meanings. For example, after do: □ You can do as you like. (= do what you like) □ They did as they promised. (= They did w hat they promised.) We also say as you know / as I said / as she expected / as I thought etc. : □ As you know, it’s Emma’s birthday next week. (= you know this already) □ Andy failed his driving test, as he expected. (= he expected this before) Like is not usual in these expressions, except with say (like I said): □ As I said yesterday, I’m sure we can solve the problem, or Like I said yesterday ... As can also be a preposition, but the meaning is different from like. Compare: □ Sue Casey is the manager of a company. As the manager, she has ro make many im portant decisions. (As the manager = in her position as the manager.). M ary Stone is the assistant manager. Like the manager (Sue Casey), she also has to make im portant decisions. (Like the manager = similar to the manager). As (preposition) = in the position of, in rhe form of etc. : □ A few years ago I worked as a taxi driver, (not like a taxi driver) □ We haven’t got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop. □ M any words, for example ‘w ork' and ‘rain’, can be used as verbs or nouns. □ London is fine as a place to visit, but I w ouldn’t like to live there. □ The news of the tragedy came as a great shock.. 234. A s ... as - * Unit 107. As (= at the same time as I because)-* Unit 116. As if —* Unit 118.

(242) Unit 117. Exercises. 117.1 In some of these sentences, you need like (not as). Correct the sentences where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. It’s raining again. Ỉ hate w eather as this........................................................................................ Andy failed his driving test, as he expected. .J0Es.................................................. Do you think Caroline looks as her mother?..................... ............. ............................................ Tim gets on my nerves. I can't stand people as him.................................................................... Why didn’t you do it as I told you to do it?................................................................................. Brian is a student, as most of his friends............................ .......................................................... You never listen. Talking to you is as talking to the .......................................................... wall. As I said yesterday, I’m thinking of changing my job................................................................. Tom's idea seems a good one. Let’s do as he suggests................................................................ I'll phone vou tom orrow as usual, OK? .......................................................... Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was as a bomb .......................................................... exploding. She’s a very good swimmer. She swims as a fish.. 8 9 10 11 12. -... 117.2 Complete the sentences using like or as + the following: a beginner a child 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 117.3. blocks of ice a church. a palace winter. a birthday present a tourist guide. ................................................................................. This house is beautiful. I t 's M y feet are really cold. They’r e ............................................................................................................... . I've been playing rennis for years, bur I still p la y .................................................................................... M arion once had a part-tim e j o b .....................................................................-......................................... I w onder what that building with the tow er is. It lo o k s ........................................................................ M y brorher gave me this w a tc h .................................................................................... a long rime ago. It’s very cold for rhe middle of summer. It’s ............................................................................................. He’s 22 years old, but he sometimes b eh av es............................................................................................ Put in like or as. Sometimes either word is possible. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. We heard a n o is e !^.S: a baby crying. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could s p e a k .................. you. Don'r take my advice if you don’t w ant to. You can d o ....................you like. You waste too much time doing th in g s ....................sitting in cafes all day. I wish I had a c a r .................. yours. You don't need to change your clothes. You can go o u t ..................you are. My neighbour's house is full of lots of interesting things. It’s ....................a museum. We saw Kevin last night. He was very ch e erfu l,.................. always. Sally has been w o rk in g ..................a waitress for the last tw o months. While we were on holiday, we spent most of our time doing energetic th in g s ...................sailing, water skiing and swimming. 11 You’re different from the other people I know. I don’t know a n y o n e .................. you. 12 We do n ’t need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of th e m ..................a study. 13 The news that Sue and Gary were getting married c a m e .................. a complete surprise to me. 14...................... her father, Catherine has a very good voice. 15 Atthe moment I’ve got a tem porary job in a bookshop. It’s O K ................... a tem porary job, but I wouldn’t like to do it permanently. 16...................... you can imagine, we were very tired after such a long journey. 17 This tea is awful. It ta s te s ..................water. 18 I think 1 prefer this room .................. it was, before we decorated it.. 235.

(243) As if. I as. though. I like. You can use as if or as though to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels: □ T hat house looks as if it’s going to fall down. □ Helen sounded as if she had a cold, didn't she? □ I’ve just come back from holiday, but I feel very tired. I don’t feel as if I’ve just had a holiday. You can use as though in all these examples: □ I do n’t feel as though I’ve just had a holiday. In informal spoken English you can also use like: □ T hat house looks like it’s going to fall down. Compare: □ You look tired, (look + adjective) You look as if you haven’t slept, (look as if + subject + verb) You can say It looks as if ... / It sounds as if ... : □ Sandra is very late, isn’t she? It looks ( 11 so^nds as lf tlieY’re . . . . . . V having a party next door. as if she isn r coming. v □ We took an umbrella because it looked as if it was going to rain. □ Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party. You can also use as though or like: □ It looks as though she isn’t coming, It looks like she isn’t coming.. or. You can use as if or as though with other verbs to say how somebody does something: □ He ran as if he was running for his life. o After the interruption, the speaker went on talking as if nothing had happened. □ When I told them my plan, they looked at me as though I was mad. In informal spoken English, you can also use like in these examples. After as if (or as though), we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example: □ I don’t like Tim. He talks as if he knew everything. The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (as if he knew) because the idea is not real: Tim does not know everything. We use the past in the same way in if sentences and after wish (see Unit 39). Some more examples: □ She’s always asking me to do things for her - as if I didn’t have enough to do already. (I do have enough to do) □ Gary’s only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn’t an old man) When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was: □ Why do you talk about him as if he were (or was) an old man? □ They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I’m not their son). If I was/were -» Unit 39C. Look/sound etc. + adjective -» Unit 99C. Like and as - * Unit 117.

(244) Exercises. Unit 118. 118.1 W hat do you say in these situations? Use look/sound/feel + as if .... Use the words in brackets to make your sentence. 1 You meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face, (be / a fight) You say to himYou look đ-S i/f tjOuV e been in <K ■fiqHfc....................... ~.................................. 2 Christine comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified, (see / a ghost) You say to her: W hat's the matter? Y o u ................................................................................................. 3 Joe is on holiday. He's talking ro you on the phone and sounds very happy, (enjoy / yourself) You sav to him: Y o u ................................................................................................................................... 4 You have just run one kilometre. You are absolutely exhausted, (run / a m arathon) You say to a friend: I .................................................................................................................................. 118.2 Make sentences beginning It looks as if ... / It sounds as if ... . you should see a doctor it’s going to rain. there's been an accident she isn’eeemtftg-. they are having an argument we’ll have to walk. 1 Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You savIt looks QJb \£ sH& Isn’t- cowing......................................................................................... 2 The sky is full of black clouds. You say: I t ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 You hear rwo people shouting at each other next door. You say: .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 You see an ambulance, some policemen and tw o damaged cars at the side of the road. You say: .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 You and a triend have just missed the last bus home. You sav: ............................................................................................................................................. ........... 6 Dave isn’t feeling well. He tells you all about it. You say: .......................................................................................................................................................... 118.3 Complete the sentences with as if. Choose from the box, putting the verbs in the correct form. she / enjov / it ■he-/ need / a goeể-restI / not / exist. I / go / be sick she / hurt / her leg she / not / w ant / come. he / not / eat / for a week he / mean / w hat he / say. 1 M ark looks very tired. He lo o k s ...................................................... 2 I don't think Paul was joking. He lo o k e d ............................................................................................... 3 W hat's the m aưer with Liz? She’s w a lk in g ............................................................................................... 4 Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly. He a t e ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Caroline had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didn’t lo o k ................................................................................................................................................. 6 I've just eaten too many chocolates. N ow I don’t fee! well. I fe e l . 7 I phoned Liz and invited her to the party, but she wasn’t very enthusiastic about it. She so u n d e d ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 I went into the office, but nobodv spoke to me or looked at me. Everybody ignored m e .................................................................................................................................... 118.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if. 1Brian is a terrible driver. He d riv e s the only driver on the road. 2 I'm 20 years old, so please don'r ralk to m e .....................................I ........................................ a child. 3 Steve has never met Nicola, but he talks about h e r ..................................................... his best friend. 4 It was a long time ago th at we first met, but I remember i t ................................................ yesterday.. 237.

(245) Unit. 119. For, during and while For and during We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on: for two hours for a week for ages □ □ □ □. We watched television for two hours last night. Diane is going away for a week in September. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for ages. Are you going away for the weekend?. We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long): during th e film during o u r h o lid a y during th e n ig h t □ I fell asleep during the film. □ Wc met some really nice people during our holiday. □ The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night. With ‘time w ords’ (for example: the morning / the afternoon / the summer), vou can usuallv sav in or during: □ It must have rained in the night, (or during the night) □ I’ll phone you sometime during the afternoon, (or in the afternoon I You cannot use during to say how long something goes on: □ It rained for three days w ithout stopping. (not during three days) Com pare during and for: □ I fell asleep during the film. I was asleep for half an hour. During and while Compare: We use during + noun: □ I fell asleep during the film.. We use while + subject + verb: G I fell asleep while I was watching TV.. noun — l. '— subject + verb —. □ We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.. □ We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.. □ Robert suddenly began to feci ill during the exam.. c Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the exam.. Some □ □ □. more examples of while: We saw Clare while wc were waiting tor the bus. While you were out, there was a phone call for vou. Chris read a book while I watched television.. W hen you are talking about the future, use the present (not will) after while: □ I’ll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there. (not while I will be there) □ W hat are you going to do while you are waiting? (not while you will be waiting) See also Unit 25.. 238. For and since - * Unit 12A. While + -ing -* Unit 68B.

(246) Exercises. Unit 119. 119.1 Put in for or during. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. It ra in e d fp.r three days w ithout stopping. I fell a sle e p rhe film. 1 went to the theatre last night. I met S u e ................................the interval. M artin hasn’t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in B razil................................four years. Production at the factory was seriously affec te d ................................the strike. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat an y th in g ................................three days. 1 waited for y o u .............................. half an hour and decided that you weren’t coming. Sarah was very angry with me. She didn't speak to m e ................................a week. We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go o u t the week. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of w o r k .............................. six months. I need a change. I think I’ll go a w a y ................................a few days. The president gave a long speech. She s p o k e tw o hours. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to e a t ............................the journey. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to e a t ............................eight hours.. 119.2 Put in during or while. 1 We met a lot of interesting p e o p le w.h.y£„... we were on holiday. 2 We met a lot of interesting p e o p le AurÌMẠ our holiday. 3 I met M ik e ................................I was shopping. 4 .............................. I was on holiday, I didn't read any newspapers or watch TV. 5 .............................. our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries. 6 The phone rang three tim e s................................we were having dinner. 7 The phone rang three tim e s................................the night. 8 I had been away for manv years.................................. that time, many things had changed. 9 W hat did they say about m e ................................ I was out of the room? 10 I went our tor dinner last nisht. Unfortunately I began to feel i l l ................................the meal and had ro go home. 11 Please don’t interrupt m e I’m speaking. 12 There were many in terru p tio n s.............................. the presidents speech. 13 Can you lay the ta b le ................................I get the dinner ready? 14 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to e a t ................................we were travelling. 119.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 I fell asleep w h ile I w as waJbử\'vnq television....................................................................................... 2 I fell asleep d u rin g Ề Ì & . . . ......................... :......................................................................................... 3 I hurt my arm w h ile ........................................................................................................... 4 Can you wait here w h ile .................................................................................. -............................................ 5 M ost of the students looked bored d u rin g ................................................................................................ 6 I was asked a lot of questions during ....................................................................................................... 7 Don’t open the car door w h ile ..................................................................................................................... 8 The lights suddenly went our w h ile ............................................................................................................. 9 It started to rain d u rin g .................................................................................................................................. 10 Ir started to rain w h ile .............. -. Additional exercise 33 (page 321). 239.

(247) Unit. 120. By and until. By the time. By (+ a time) = not later than: □ I sent the letter to them today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before M onday, not later than Monday) □ We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock. (= at or before 5 o ’clock, nor later than 5 o ’clock) □ W here’s Sarah? she should be here by now. (= now or before now - so she should have already arrived). This milk has to be used by 14 August.. We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues: □ ‘Shall we go now?’ ‘N o, let’s wait until (or till) it stops raining. I stayed in bed until halt past ten. □ I couldn’t get up this morning. I 1 didn’t get up until halt past ten. Com pare until and by: Something continues until a time in rhe future: □ David will be away until Monday. (so he’ll be back on Monday) □ I’ll be working until 11.30. (so I’ll stop working at 11.30). Something happens by a time in the future: □ David will be back by Monday. (= he'll be back not later than M ondav □ I’ll have finished my w ork by 11.30. (= I'll finish my work not later than 11.30.). You can say ‘by the time something happens'. Study these examples: □ It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed. (= the bank will close between now and the time we get there) □ (from a postcard) O ur holiday ends tom orrow. So by the time you receive this postcard. I’ll be back home. (= I will arrive home between tom orrow and the rime you receive this postcard) □ Hurry up! By the time wc get to the cinema, the film will already have started. You can say ‘by the time something happened' (for the past): □ Karen’s car broke down on the way to the parry last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left. (= it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time) □ I had a lot of w ork to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished. (= it took me a long time to do the work, and ! became more and more tired during this time) □ We went to the cinema last night. It rook us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. Also by then or by that time: □ Karen finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the guests had left.. 240. Will be doing and will have done -* Unit 24. By (other uses) -* Units -2B 60B, 128.

(248) Exercises. Unit 120. 120.1 Make sentences with by. 1 We have to be home not later than 5 o'clock. We- halve t o be Home bij 5 o'clock........................................................................................................... 2 I have to be at the airport nor later than 8.30. I have to be at the a ir p o r t......................................................................................... ..................................... 3 Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party. Let me k n o w ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Please make sure that you're here not later than 2 o ’clock. Please make sure t h a t ........................................................................................... 5 If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime. If we leave n o w ,............................................................................................................................................... 120.2 Put in by or until. 1 Steve has gone away. He'll be a w a y w M Monday. 2 Sorry, but I must go. 1 have to be h o m e .............................. 5 o’clock. 3 I've been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide ................................Friday. 4 I think I'll w a it ...............................Thursday before making a decision. 5 It’s too late to 2,0 shopping. The shops are open o n ly .............................. 5.30. They’ll be closed ..............................now. 6 I'd better pay the phone bill. It has to be p a i d .............................. tomorrow. 7 D on't pay the bill today. W a it................................tomorrow. 8 A: Have you finished redecorating your house? B: N ot yet. We hope to fin ish .............................. the end of rhe week. 9 A: I’m going out now. I’ll be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here? B: I do n ’t think so. I’ll probably have gone o u t .............................. then. 10 I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a frie n d .......................... then. 11 I've gor a lot of work to do ................................ the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed. 12 If you w ant to take part in the com petition, you have to a p p ly ............................... 3 April. 120.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until. 1 2 3 4 5 6. David is away at the momenr. He'll be a w a y .............................................................. David is away at the moment. He'll be back .................................................................... I'm just going out. I w on’t be very long. Wait h e r e ................................................................................. I'm going out to buy a few things. It’s 4.30 now. I won’t be long. I’ll be b a c k ..................................... It vou want to apply for the job, your application must be received.................................................. Last night [ watched T V ............................................................................................................................. .. 120.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By th e tim e . . . . 1 I was invited to a party, but I got there much later than I intended. By to . 5 most of the other guests had left. 2 I intended to catch a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station. ............................................................................................................................. , my train had already left. 3 I wanted to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished much later than expected. ......................................................................................................................, it was too late to go shopping. 4 I saw two men who looked as ifthev were trying to steal a car. I called the police, but it was some time before thev arrived. .......................... , the tw o men had disappeared. 5 We climbed a m ountain and ittook us a very long time to getto the top. There wasn't much time to enjoy the view. we had to come down again. Additional exercise 33 (page 321). 241.

(249) Unit. 121. At/on/in (time) Com pare at, on and in: □ They arrived at 5 o ’clock. □ They arrived on Friday. □ They arrived in October. / They arrived in 1968. We use: at for the time of dav at five o ’clock at 11.45 on for days and dates on Friday / on Fridays. at midnight on 16 May 1999. at iunchtimc. at sunset etc.. on Christmas Day. in for longer periods (for example: manths/years/seasons) in O ctober in 1988 in the 18th century in (the) winter in the 1990s in the Middle Ages. on my birthday. in the past in (the) future. We use at in these expressions: at at at at at. □ □ □ □ □. night the weekend / at weekends Christmas the mom ent / at present the same time. I don't like going out at night. Will you be here at the weekend? Do you give each other presents at Christmas? M r Benn is busy at the moment / at present. Emilv and I arrived at the same time.. We say: in the morning(s) in the afternoon(s) in the evcning(s). blit. □ I’ll see you in the morning. □ Do you work in the evenings?. on Friday morning! s) on Sunday afternoon!si on M onday evening!s) etc. □ I'll sec you on Friday morning. □ Do you work on Saturday evenings?. We do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every: □ I’ll see you next Friday. (not on next Friday) □ They got married last M arch. In spoken English we often leave out on before days (Sunday/Monday etc.). So you can say: □ I’ll see you on Friday, or I’ll see you Friday. □ 1 do n’t go out on M onday mornings, or I don’t go out M onday mornings. In a few minutes / in six m onths etc. □ The train will be leaving in a few minutes. (= a few minutes from now) □ Andy has gone away. H e’ll be back in a week. (= a week from now) □ She’ll be here in a moment. (= a mom ent from now) You can also say ‘in six m onths’ time’, ‘in a week’s tim e’ etc. : □ They’re getting married in six m onths’ time, or ... in six months. We also use in ... to say how long it takes to do something: □ I learnt to drive in four weeks. (= it took me four weeks to learn). 242. On/in time, at/in the end -» Unit 122 In/at/on (position) -> Units 123-125 In/at/on (other uses) -» Unit 127 American English - * Appendix 7.

(250) Unit 121. Exercises 121.1 Complete the sentences. Use at, on or in + the following: the evening the moment Saturdays 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. about 20 minutes 21 July 1969 the Middle Ages. 1492 the 1920s 11 seconds. the same time night. ........................................... Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to A m eric a If the sky is clear, you can see the s t a r s ............................................................................................... After working hard during the day, I like to re la x ........................................................................... Neil Arm strong was the first man to walk on the m o o n ................................................................ It's difficult ro listen if evervone is sp eak in g ....................................................................................... Jazz became popular in rhe United S ta te s .......................................................................................... . I'm just noing out to the shop. I'll be b a c k ........................................................................................ ion the phone) 'Can I speak to Dan?’ i 'm afraid he's not h e r e ................................................ M any of Europe's great cathedrals were b u ilt................................................................................... Ben is a very fast runner. He can run 100 m e tre s............................................................................ Liz works from M onday to Friday. Sometimes she also w o r k s ..................................................... 121.2 Put in at, on or in. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ]~ 18. M ozarr was born in S alzburg M?. 1756. I haven't seen Kate for a few days. I last saw h e r ................ Tuesday. The price o i electricirv is ooinq u p ............... 'October. ................ weekends, we often so for long walks in the country. I’ve been invited to a w e d d in g .............. 14 February. Jonathan is 63. He'll be retiring from his j o b ................ two years’ time. I'm busy just now, bur I'll be with y o u ...............a moment. Jenny’s brother is an engineer, bur he doesn't have a j o b ............... the moment. There are usually a lot of p a rtie s ...............New Year’s Eve. I don't like d riv in g ................ night. My car is being repaired at the garage. Ir will be re a d y ............... two hours. The telephone and the doorbell r a n g ..............the same time. M ary and David always ÍÍO out for d in n e r their wedding anniversary. Ir was a shorr book and easy ro read. I read i t a day. .............. Saturday night I went to b e d ................ midnight. We travelled overnight to Paris and a rriv e d ................ 5 o ’c lo c k ................ the morning. The course b eg in s................ 7 January and ends som etim e...............April. I might not be at h o m e ................Tuesday morning, bur I’ll be th e r e ...............the afternoon.. 121.3 Which is correct: a, b, or both of them ? 1 2 3 4. a a a a. 5 a 6 7 8 9 10. a a a a a. I’ll see you on Friday. I’ll see you on next Fridav. Paul got married in April. They never go out on Sunday evenings. We often have a short holiday on Christmas. W hat are you doing the weekend? Will you be here on Tuesday? We were ill at the same time. Sue got married at 18 M ay 1996. He left school last June.. -» Additional exercise 33 (page 321). b b b b b b b b b b. I’ll see you Friday. I’ll see you next Friday. Paul got married April. They never go out Sunday evenings. We often have a short holiday at Christmas. W hat are you doing at the weekend? Will you be here Tuesday? We were ill in the same time. Sue got married on 18 May 1996. He left school in last June.. 243.

(251) Unit 122. On time and in time At the end and in the end A. On time and in time On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on time, it happens at the time which was planned: □ The 11.45 train left on time. (= it left at 11.45) □ ‘I’ll meet you at 7.30.’ ‘OK, but please be on time.’ (= don’t be late, be there a t 7.30) □ The conference was well-organised. Everything began and finished on time. The opposite of on time is late: □ Be on time. D on’t be late. In time (for something / to do something) = soon enough: □ Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner) □ I’ve sent Emma a birthday presenr. 1 hope it arrives in time (for her birthday). (= on or before her birthday) □ I’m in a hurry. I w ant to be home in time to see the game on television. (= soon enough to see the game) The opposite of in time is too late: □ I got home too late to see the game on television. You can say just in time (= almost too late): □ We got to the station just in time for our train. □ A child ran into the road in front of rhe car - I managed to stop just in time.. B. At the end and in the end At the end (of something) = at the time when something ends. For example: at the end of the month at the end of the film. at the end of January at the end of the course. at the end of the game at the end of the concert. □ I’m going away at the end of January / at the end of the month. □ At the end of the concert, there was great applause. □ The players shook hands at the end of the game. You cannot say ‘in the end of of the concert’.. So you cannot say ‘in the end of January’ or ‘in the end. The opposite of at the end (of ...) is at the beginning (of ...): □ I’m going away at the beginning of January, (not in the beginning) in the end = finally. We use in the end when we say what the final result of a situation was: □ We had a lot of problems with our car. We sold it in the end. (= finally we sold it) □ He got more and more angrv. In the end he just walked out of the room. □ Alan couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn’t go anywhere in the end. (not at the end) The opposite of in the end is usually at first: □ At first we didn’t get on very well, but in the end we became good friends.. 244. At/on/in (time) -» Unit 121.

(252) Exercises 122.1. Unit 122. Complete the sentences with on tim e or in tim e. 1 2 3 4 5. ..... The bus was late this morning, but it’s u su a lly The film was supposed to start at 8.30, but it didn’t b e g in ....................................... I like to ger u p ...........................to have a big breakfast before going to work. We w ant to start the m eetin g , so please don’t be late. I've just washed this shirt. I w ant to wear it this evening, so I hope it will be dry. 6 The train service isn't very good. The trains are ra re ly ....................................... I nearly missed my flight this morning. I so t to the airport j u s t ....................................... 8 I nearly forgot that it was Joe's birthday. Fortunately I rem em bered....................................... 9 Why are you n e v e r...................................... ? You always keep everybody waiting. 122.2 Read the situations and make sentences using just in time. 1 A child ran into the road in front of your car. You saw the child at the last moment, (manage / stop) Lm <M ^e4...to..Stop4wsfc.m...twei..................................................................... 2 You were walking home. Just after you got home, it started ro rain very heavily. (get / home) I ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Tim was going to sit on the chair you had just painted. You said, ‘D on’t sit on that chair!’, so he didn't, (s to p /h im ) I ................................................................................................................... 4 You and a friend went to the cinema. You were late and you thought you would miss the beginning OÍ the film. But the film began just as you sat down in the cinema. (eet / cinema / beginning of the film) We ..................................................................................................... 122.3 Complete the sentences using at the end + the following: the course 1 2 3 4 5. the game. the interview. the month. the race. The players shook h a n d s ................................................................... I usually get p a i d ...................................................................................................................................... The students had a p a r ty .................................................................................................... ................... Two of the runners co llap sed ................................................................................................................ To my surprise, I was offered the j o b ................................................................................................... 122.4 Write sentences with In the end. Use the verb in brackets. 1 We had a lot of problems with our car. (sell) M...th&....?ỉĩí&....w&...ẵ8!íi...ịèí................................. 2 Judv got more and more ted up with her job. Iresign) .......................... -.......................................................................................................................... 3 I tried to learn Germ an, but I found it too difficult. (give up) .................................................................................................................................................... 4 We couldn’t decide whether ro go to the party or not. (not / go) ................................................................................................................................................... 122.5 Put in a t or in. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. I'm going a w a y the end of the month. Ir took me a long time to find a job......................the end I got a job in a hotel. Are you going a w a y ....................the beginning of August o r .................... the end? I couldn’t decide w hat to buy Laura for her birthday. 1 didn’t buy her a n y th in g .................. the end. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave u p ....................the end and walked home. I’ll be moving to a new a d d re ss....................the end of September. We had a few problems at first, b u t the end everything was OK. I’m going a w a y .................. the end of this week. A: I didn’t know w hat to do. B: Yes, you were in a difficult position. W hat did vou d o ....................the end?. 245.

(253) Unit. 123. In/at/on (position) 1 In in a room in a building in a box □ □ □ □ □. in a garden in a town/country in the city centre. in a pool in the sea in a river. There’s no-one in the room / in the building / in the garden. W hat have you got in your hand / in your mouth? When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice. I have a friend who lives in a small village in the m ountains. There were some people swimming in the pool / in the sea / in the river.. At at the bus stop at the door at the window at the roundabout □ □ □ □. at reception. Do you know that man standing at the door / at the window? Turn left at the traffic lights / at the church / at the roundabout. We have to get off the bus at the next stop. When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception. (= at the reception desk). On on the ceiling. on the wall □ □ □ □ □. I sat on the floor / on the ground / on the grass / on the beach / on a chair. There’s a dirty mark on the wall / on the ceiling / on your nose / on your shirt. Have you seen the notice on the notice board / on the door? You’ll find details of TV programmes on page seven (of the newspaper). The hotel is on a small island in the middle of the lake.. Com pare in and at: □ There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowded. Go along this road, then turn left at the shop. □ I’ll meet you in the hotel lobby. I’ll meet you at the entrance to the hotel. Com pare in and on: □ There is some w ater in the bottle. There is a label on the bottle.. on the bottle-. C om pare at and on: □ There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is? There is a notice on the door. It says ‘Do not disturb’.. 246. In/at/on (position) 2-3 -» Units 124-125. A. ■in the bottle.

(254) Exercises. Unit 123. 123.1 Answer the questions about the pictures. Use in, a t or on with the words below the pictures.. 1 W here’s the label? ... 2 W here’s the flv? .................................................................................... •> 3 W here is the car waiting? .................................................................. 4 a W here’s the notice? ....... .............................................. b W here’s the kev? ............................................................................ s Where are the shelves? ....................................................................... 6 Where's the Eiffel Tower? ................................................................. n a W here’s the man standing? .......................................................... b W here’s the bird? ........................................................................... 8 Where are the children plaving? ...................................................... 123.2 Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + the following: the window my guitar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 123.3. vour coffee the river. the mountains the island. that tree the next garage. Look at those people swimming................................ One of the s trin g s ........................................................ is broken. There’s something wrong with the car. We’d better s t o p ......................................................... Would you like s u g a r...................................................... ? The leav e s........................................................are a beautiful colour. Last year we had a wonderful skiing h o lid a y ......................................................... There’s nobody liv in g ...........................................................It’s uninhabited. He spends most ot rhe day sirtin g ................... ■...................................and looking outside.. Complete the sentences with in, a t or on. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. There was a long queue of p e o p le the bus stop. Nicola was wearing a silver r i n g ....................her little finger. There was an ac c id e n t....................the crossroads this morning. I w asn’t sure whether I had come to the right office. There was no n a m e ....................the door. There are some beautiful tre e s the park. You’ll find the sports re s u lts....................the back page of the newspaper. I w ouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sittin g a desk. My brother liv es....................a small village..................... the south-west of England. The man the police are looking for has a s c a r his right check. The headquarters of the com pany a r e .................... Milan. I like that picture h an g in g the w a ll the kitchen. If you come here by bus, get o f f ....................the stop after the traffic lights.. -» Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 247.

(255) In/at/on (position) 2 We say that somebody/something is: in in in in. a line / in a row / in a queue in bed the sky / in the world in the country / in the countryside an office / in a departm ent in a photograph / in a picture a book / in a (news)paper / in a magazine / in a letter □ □ □ □ □ □. on on on on. When I go to the cinema, I like to sit in the front row. James isn’t up yet. H e’s still in bed. It was a lovely day. There w asn’t a cloud in the sky. I’ve just started working in the sales departm ent. W ho is the wom an in that photograph? Have you seen this picture in today’s paper?. in a row-. the left / on the right on the left-hand side / right-hand side the ground floor / on the first floor / on the second floor etc. a map / on a menu / on a list a farm o □ o □. In Britain we drive on the left, (or ... on the left-hand side.) O ur flat is on the second floor of the building, H ere’s a shopping list. D on’t buy anything th at’s not on the list. Have you ever worked on a farm?. We say that a place is on a river / on a road / on the coast: □ Budapest is on the (river) Danube. □ Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.. BUDAPEST. Also on the way: □ We stopped at a small village on the wav to London. at the top (of) / at the bottom (of) / at the end (of) □ Write your name at the top of the page. □ Jane’s house is at the other end of the street.. ^. I DANUBE. top (of. at the bottom in the front / in the back of a car □ I was sitting in the back (of the car) when we crashed. at the □ □ □. front / at the back of a building / theatre / group of people etc. The garden is at the back of the house. Let’s sit at the front (of the cinema); We were at the back, so we couldn’t see very well.. on the front / on the back of a letter / piece of paper etc. □ I wrote the date on the back of the photograph.. at the back. at the front. in the corner of a room D The television is in the corner of the room. at the corner or on the corner of a street □ There is a post box at/on the corner of the street. in the corner. in the world -» Unit 108E. In/at/on (position) -» Units 123, 125. at/on the corner. American English -» Appendix 7.

(256) Exercises. Unit 124. 124.1 Answer the questions about the pictures. Use in, a t or on with the words below the pictures.. 1 Where does Sue work? ... 2 Sue lives in this building. W here’s her flat exactly? ........................................ 3 Where is the wom an standing? ............................................................................ 4 Where is the man standing? .................................................................................. 5 W here’s the cat? ....................................................................................................... 6 W here’s the dog? ..................................................................................................... Liz is in this group of people. W here is she? .................................................... 8 Where's the post office? ......................................................................................... 9 Garv is at the cinema. Where is he sitting? ...................................................... 10 Where does Kate work? ........................................................................................ 124.2 Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + the following: the west coast the front row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. the world the right. the back of the class the back of this card. sky the way to work. It was a lovely day. There w asn’t a c lo u d ..... In most countries people d riv e ................ ..................................................... W hat is the tallest b u ild in g .......................................................................? I usually buy a n ew sp a p er.......................................................................in the morning. San Francisco i s of the United States. We went to the theatre last night. We had s e a ts ................................... -.................................. I couldn’t hear the teacher. She spoke quietly and I was sittin g ........................................................... I don’t have vour address. Could you write i t ....................................................................................... ?. 124.3 Complete the sentences with in, a t or on. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. Write your n a m e .M ....the top of the page. Is your s is te r................ this photograph? I don’t recognise her. I didn’t feel very well when I woke up, so I s ta y e d .................. bed. We normally use the front entrance to the building, but.t here’s another o n e ..............the back. Is there anything interesting ....................the paper today? There was a list of names, bur my name w asn’t ....................the list. ....................the end of the street, there is a path leading to the river. I love to look up at the s t a r s ....................the sky at night. When I’m a passenger in a car, I prefer to s i t ....................the front. It’s a very small village. You probably w on’t find i t ...................your map. Joe w o rk s the furniture departm ent of a large store. Paris i s ....................the river Seine. I don’t like cities. I’dmuch prefer to liv e .................... the country. My office i n .................the top floor. It’s ......................the left as you come out of the lift.. -* Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 249.

(257) Unit. 125. In/at/on (position) 3 In hospital / at home etc. We say th at somebody is in hospital / in prison / in jail: □ A nn’s m other is in hospital. We say that somebody is at home / at work / at school / at university / at college: □ I’ll be at work until 5.30, but I’ll be at home all evening. □ Julia is studying chemistry at university. Also at sea (= on a voyage). Com pare at sea and in the sea: □ It was a long voyage. We were at sea for 30 days. □ I love swimming in the sea. At a party / at a concert etc. We say th at somebody is at an event (at a party / at a conference etc.): □ Were there many people at the party / at the meeting / at the wedding? □ I saw Steve at a football match / at a concert on Saturday. In and at for buildings You can often use in or at with buildings. For example, you can eat in a restaurant or at a restaurant; you can buy something in a superm arket or at a supermarket. Weusually say at when we say where an event takes place (for example: a concert, a film,a party, ameeting): □ We went to a concert at the Royal Festival Hall. □ The meeting took place at the com pany’s head office in Frankfurt. We say at the station I at the airport: □ D on’t meet me at the station. I can get a taxi. We say at som ebody’s house: □ I was at Sue’s house last night, or I was at Sue’s last night. Also at the doctor’s, at the hairdresser’s etc. We use in when we are thinking about the building itself. Compare: □ We had dinner at the hotel. All the rooms in the hotel have air conditioning, (not at rhe hotel) □ I was at Sue’s (house) last night. Ir’s always cold in Sue’s house. The hearing doesn't work very well, (not at Sue’s house) In and at for tow ns etc. We normally use in with cities, towns and villages: □ Sam’s parents live in N ottingham , (not at Nottingham ) □ The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris, (not at Paris) But you can use at or in when you think of the place as a point or station on a journey: □ Does this train stop at (or in) Nottingham ? (= at N ottingham station) □ We stopped at (or in) a small village on the way to London. O n a bus / in a car etc. We usually say on a bus / on a train / on a plane / on a ship but □ The bus was very full. There were too many people on it. □ M ary arrived in a taxi. We say on a bike (= bicycle) / on a m otorbike / on a horse: □ Jane passed me on her bike.. 250. At school I in hospital etc. -» Unit 74 By car / by bike etc. -» Unit 128B. in a car / in a taxi:. In/at/on (position) -* Units 123-24. To/at/in/into -» Unit 126.

(258) Exercises 125.1. Unit 125. Complete the sentences about the pictures. Use in, a t or on with the words below the pictures. MARTIN.. (a train). DAVE. (a conference). KARE\. (hospital). GARY. (the hairdresser's) 1 2 3 4. (New York). (his bike). You can hire a c a r ... Dave i s .................................................... Karen i s ................................................... M artin i s ....................... -......................... . . . .. (the Savoy Theatre). 5 Judy i s ....................... 6 I saw G a r y ... ........... 7 We spent afew days 8 We went to ashow .... 125.2 Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + the following: sea the plane 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 125.3. hospital school. a taxi prison. th cstatio n the airport. the cinema the sports centre. My train arrives at 11.30. Can you meet m e ? We walked to the restaurant, but we w ent h o m e ................................................... I"d like to see a film. W hat’s o n ..................................................this week? Some people a r e for crimes that they did not commit. ‘W hat does your sister do? Has she got a job?' ‘N o, she’s s till....................................... I play b ask etb all on Friday evenings. A friend of mine was injured in an accident a few days ago. She’s s till.......................... O ur flight was delayed. We had to w a it ................................................ for four hours. I enjoyed rhe flight, bur the f o o d ..................................................w asn’t very nice. Bill works on ships. He i s ................................................ most of the time.. Complete these sentences with in, at or on. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. We w ent to a c o n c e rt &L.. the Royal Festival Hall. It was a very slow train. It sto p p e d ....................every station. My parents liv e ..................a small village about 50 miles from London. I haven’t seen Kate for some time. I last saw h e r ....................David’s wedding. We s ta y e d .................a very nice hotel when we w e re .....................Amsterdam. There were fifty ro o m s .................the hotel. I do n ’t know where my umbrella is. Perhaps 1 left i t the bus. I w asn’t in when you phoned. I w a s ....................my sister’s house. There must be so m eb o d v ....................the house. The lights are on. The e x h ib itio n .................. the M useum of M odern Art finished on Saturday. Shall we tra v e l.................. vour car or mine? W hat are you d o in g home? I expected you to b e .................... work. "Did you like the film?’ ‘Yes. but it was too h o t .................. the cinem a.’ Paul liv e s.................. Birmingham. H e’s a s tu d e n t.................. Birmingham University.. Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 251.

(259) Unit. 126. To/at/in/into We say go/come/travel (etc.) to a place or event. For example: go to China go back to Italy return to London welcome (somebody) to (a. go to bed go to the bank go to a concert place). come to my house be taken to hospital be sent to prison drive to the airport. TO. □ When are your friends going back to Italy? (not going back in Italy) □ Three people were injured in the accident and taken to hospital. □ Welcome to our country! (not Welcome in) In the same way we say ‘a journey to / a trip to / a visit to / on my way to □ Did you enjoy your trip to Paris / your visit to the zoo?. etc. :. Com pare to (for m ovement) and in/at (for position): □ They are going to France, but They live in France. □ Can you come to the party? but I’ll see you at the party. Been to We say ‘been to (a place)’: □ I’ve been to Italy four times, but I’ve never been to Rome. □ Amanda has never been to a football match in her life. Get and arrive We say get to (a place): □ W hat time did they get to London / to work / to the party? But we say arrive in ... or arrive at ... (not arrive to). We say arrive in a town or country: □ They arrived in London / in Spain a week ago. For other places (buildings etc.) or events, we say arrive at: □ When did they arrive at the hotel / at the airport / at the party? Hom e We say: go home / come home / get home / arrive home / on the way home etc. (no preposition). We do not say ‘to hom e’: □ I’m tired. Let’s go home now. (not go to home) □ I met Linda on my way home, (not my way to home) Into Go into, get into ... etc. = enter (a room / a building / a car etc.): □ I opened the door, went into the room and sat down. □ A bird flew into the kitchen through the window. With some verbs (especially go/get/put) we often use in (instead of into): □ She got in the car and drove away, (or She got into the car ...) □ I read the letter and put it back in the envelope. The opposite of into is out of: □ She got out of the car and went into a shop. We usually say 'get on/off a bus I a train / a plane’ (not usually get into/out of): □ She got on the bus and I never saw her again.. 252. Been to -> Units 7-8 In/at/on (position) Into and in -* Unit 138A. Units 123-125. At home -► Unit 125A. INTO.

(260) Exercises. Unit 126. 126.1 Put in to/at/in/into where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.. 14 15 16 17. .. Three people were ta k e n to hospital after the accident. I met Kate on my w a y home, {no preposition) We left our lu ggage............. the station and went to find something to eat. station or shall we walk? Shall we take a t a x i .............the I have to g o the bank today to change some money. The river Rhine flo w s.................. the N orth Sea. 'H ave you got your cam era?' ‘N o, I left i t ....................hom e.’ Have you ever b e e n ..................China? I had lost my key, but I managed to c lim b ....................the house through a window. We got stuck in a traffic jam on our w a v ..........the airport. were waiting for our plane. We had lu n c h t he airport while vve W elcom e.................. the hotel. We hope you enjoy your stay here. We drove along the main road for about a kilometre and then ru rn e d ....................a narrow side street. Did you enjoy your v is it.................. the zoo? I'm tired. As soon as I g e t ....................home, I’m g o in g ..................... bed. Marcel is French. He has just re tu rn e d ....................France after tw o y e a rs .................... Brazil. Carl was b o r n C hicago, but his family m o v e d ..........................................New Yorkwhen hewas three. He still liv e s ....................New York. .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13. 126.2 Have you been to these places? If so, how many times? Choose three of the places and write a sentence using been to. Athens Australia Ireland Paris Rome Sweden Tokyo the United States 1 [example answers) I’ve- never been t o Australia.. / I’ve bee n to lrelg.net once . 2. II. -Z—ZZZZZZZZZ—z— _ IIIIIIIJIIIIIIIIJIIII.il IIIIIII. 3 4 .................................... .. ........................... ............................. ..................... ...... .............. .......................... 126.3 Put in to /at/in where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6. W hat time does this train g e t M London? W hat time does this train a r riv e .................. London? W hat time did you g e t .................. home last night? W hat time do you usually a r riv e ..................work in the morning? When we g o t ....................the cinema, there was a long queue outside. I a rriv e d .................. home feeling very tired.. 126.4 Write sentences using got + into I ou t of I on' I off. 1 You were walking home. A friend passed you in her car. She saw you, stopped and offered you a lift. She opened the door. W hat did you do? I.ẬOt , j #t o. ow; ................................................ 2 You were waiting for the bus. At last your bus came. The doors opened. W hat did you do then? I ............................................................................ ................................................................................... 3 You drove home in your car. You stopped outside your house and parked the car. W hat did you do then? .................................................................................................................................................... 4 You were travelling bv train to Manchester. When the train got to Manchester, w hat did you do? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 You needed a taxi. After a few minutes a taxi stopped for you. You opened the door. W hat did you do then? .................................................................................................................................................... 6 You were travelling by air. At the end of your flight,your plane landed at the airport and stopped. The doors were opened, you took your bag and stood up. W hat did you do then?. Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 253.

(261) In/at/on (other uses) Expressions with in in the rain / in the sun (= sunshine) / in the shade / in the dark / in bad weather etc. □ We sat in the shade. It was too hot to sit in the sun. □ D on’t go out in the rain. Wait until it stops. (write) in ink / in biro / in pencil □ W hen you do the exam, you’re not allowed to write in pencil. Also (write) in words / in figures / in BLOCK CAPITALS etc. □ Please write your name in block capitals. □ Write the story in your own words. (= don’t copy somebody else) (be/fall) in love (with somebody) □ Have you ever been in love with anybody? in (my) opinion □ In my opinion, the film w asn’t very good. At the age of ... etc. We say ‘at the age of 16 / at 120 miles an hour / at 100 degr □ Tracy left school at 16. or ... at the age of 16. □ The train was travelling at 120 miles an hour. □ Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.. On holiday / on a tour etc. We say: (be/go) on holiday / on business / on a trip / on a tour / on a cruise etc. □ I’m going on holiday next week. □ Emma’s away on business at the moment. □ One day I’d like to go on a world tòur. You can also say 'go to a place for a holiday / for my holiday(s)’: □ Steve has gone to France for a holiday. O ther expressions with on on television / on the radio □ I didn’t watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio. on the phone/telephone □ I’ve never met her, but I’ve spoken to her on the phone a few times. (be/go) on strike □ There are no trains todav. The drivers are on strike. (be/go) on a diet □ I’ve put on a lot of weight. I’ll have to go on a diet. (be) on fire □ Look! T hat car is on fire. on the whole (= in general) □ Sometimes I have problems at work, but on the whole I enjoy my job. on purpose (= intentionally) □ I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to annoy you. I didn’t do it on purpose. In/at/on (time) -* Unit 121. In/at/on (position) -* Units 123-125.

(262) Unit 127. Exercises 127.1. Complete the sentences using in + the following: block capitals pencil. cold weather th*i o in rvrc Irmil. love the shade. my opinion. ..... Wait until it stops. D on't ỈỊO o u t M att likes ro keep warm , so he doesn’t go out m u c h ................................................... If you w r ite .................................................and make a mistake, you can rub it out and correct it. They fe ll.................................................almost immediately and were married in a few weeks. Please write your address clearly, p referably ..................... It's too hot in rhe sun. I'm soing to s i t ................................................... Amanda thought the restaurant was OK, b u t .................................................. it wasn’t very good.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 127.2 Complete the sentences using on + the following: business purpose. a diet strike. television. holiday a tour. the phone the whole. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Look! That car i s 9.*l.xkS: ! Somebody call the fire brigade. Workers at the factory have s o n e ..................................................for better pay and conditions. Soon after we arrived, we were ta k e n of the city. I feel lazy this evening. Is there anything w orth w a tc h in g ................................................ ? I'm sorry. Itwas an accident. I didn't do i t ................................................... Richard has put on a lot of weight recently. I think he should g o ................................................... Janes job involves a lor ot travelling. She often has to go a w a y ........................................-......... A: I’m g o in ^ ..................................................next week. B: W here are you going? Somewhere nice? 9 A: Is Sarah here? B: Yes, bur s h e 's ................................................ at the moment. She w on’t be long. 10 A: How was your exam? B: Well, there were some difficult questions, b u t ................................................ it was OK. 127.3 Complete the sentences with on, in, at or for. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1“ 18. Water b o ils ...Qầ 100 degrees Celsius. When I was 14, I w e n t .............. a rrip to France organised by my school. There was panic when people realised that the building w a s .................. fire. Julia’s grandm other died re cen tly ..................rhe age of 79. Can you turn the li^hr on, please? I don'r w ant ro s i t the dark. We didn’t g o holiday last year. We stayed at home. I'm going to S w itzerland ....................a short holiday next month. I w on’t be here next week. I'll b e ..................holiday. Technology has developed great speed. Alan got m a rrie d .................. 17, which is rather young to get married. I heard an interesting p ro g ram m e.................the radio this morning. .................. my opinion, violent films should not be s h o w n ....................television. I wouldn’t like to g o ..................a cruise. 1 think I'd get bored. I m ustn’t eat too much. I'm supposed to b e ....................a diet. I w ouldn’t like his job. He spends most of his time ta lk in g .................. the phone. The earth travels round the s u n .................. 107,000 kilometres an hour. "Did you enjoy your holiday?* “N ot every minute, b u t ...................the whole, yes.’ When you write a cheque, you have ro write the a m o u n t.................. words and figures.. -» Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 255.

(263) Unit. 128. By We use by in many expressions to say how we do something. For example, you can: send something by post contact somebody by phone / by email / by fax do something by hand pay by cheque / by credit card □ Can I pay by credit card? □ You can contact me by phone, by fax or by email. But we say pay cash or pay in cash (not by cash). We also say by mistake / by accident / by chance: □ We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by chance. But we say ‘do something on purpose’ (= you mean to do it): □ I didn’t do it on purpose. It was an accident. Note that we say by chance, by cheque etc. (not by the chance / by a cheque). In these expressions we use by + noun w ithout the or a. In the same way we use by ... to say how somebody travels: by car / by train / by plane / by boat / by ship / by bus / by bike etc. by road / by rail / by air / by sea / by underground □ Joanne usually goes to work by bus. □ Do you prefer to travel by air or by train? But we say on foot: □ Did you come here by car or on foot? You cannot use by if you say my car / the train / a taxi etc. We use by + noun w ithout ‘a/the/m y’ etc. We say: by car but in my car (not by my car) by train but on the train (not by the train) We use in for cars and taxis: □ They didn’t come in their car. They came in a taxi. We use on for bicycles and public transport (buses, trains etc.): □ We travelled on the 6.45 train. We say that ‘something is done by somebody/something’ {passive): □ Have you ever been bitten by a dog? □ The programme was watched by millions of people. Com pare by and with: □ The door must have been opened with a key. (not by a key) (= somebody used a key to open it) □ The door must have been opened by somebody with a key. We say ‘a play by Shakespeare’ / ‘a painting by R em brandt’ / ‘a novel by Tolstoy’ etc. : □ Have you read anything by Ernest Hemingway? By also means ‘beside’: □ Come and sit by me. (= beside me) □ ‘W here’s the light switch?’ ‘Bv the door.' Note the following use of by: □ Clare’s salary has just gone up from £2,000 a m onth to £2,200. So it has increased by £200 / by ten per cent. □ Carl and Mike had a race over 200 metres. Carl won by about three metres.. 256. Passive + by -* Unit 42B. By + -ing —» Unit 60B. By myself -» Unit 83C. switch. f new salary. £2,200. increased by £200 old s a l a r y. £2,000. By (time) -» Unit 120.

(264) Unit 128. Exercises 128.1 Complete the sentences using by + the following: chance1 2 3 4 5. credit card. hand. mistake. satellite. W'e hadn’t arranged to meet. We m e t ..... I didn’t intend to take your umbrella. I took i t ................................................... Don’t put the sweater in rhe washing machine. It has to be w a sh e d ................................... I do n ’t need cash. 1 can pay the b ill................................................... The two cities were co n n e cted ..................................................for a television programme.. 128.2 Put in by, in or on. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. Joanne usually goes to w o r k by bus. I saw Jane this morning. She w a s ....................the bus. How did you get here? Did you c o m e ....................train? I decided not to g o ....................car. I w e n t....................my bike instead. I didn't teel like walking home, so I came h o m e a taxi. Sorrv w e’re late. We missed the bus, so we had to c o m e .................. foot. How long does it take to cross the A tlan tic ....................ship?. 128.3 Write three sentences like the examples. Write about a song, a painting, a film, a book etc.. 1 2. War and. P eace IS g. book bi) Tolstoy................................................................................... Romeo oond, Ju liet is g. pUiij bn S hakespeare...................................................................... 3. 4 5. ...................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 128.4 Put in by, in, on or with. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Have you ever been b itte n a dog? The plane was badly d am ag e d .................. lightning. We managed to put the fire o u t ..................a fire extinguisher. Who is that man s ta n d in g ....................the window? These photographs were ta k e n .................. a friend of mine. I do n ’t mind £ o in g ....................car, but I don’t want to g o .................... your car. There was a small ta b le .................. the b e d a lamp and ac lo c k ......................it.. 128.5 All these sentences have a mistake. Correct them. 1 2 3 4. Did you come here bv Kate’s car or yours?............................. ................................................... I d o n 't like travelling on bus............................................................................................................ These photographs were taken by a very good cam era............................................................ 1 know this music is from Beethoven, but I can't................... ....................... ........................... remember w hat it’s called. 5 I couldn’t pay by cash - I didn't have any money on me......................................................... 6 We lost the game only because of a mistake of one of .................................................... our players.. 128.6 Complete the sentences using by. 1 Clare’s salary was £2,000 a m onth. N ow it is £2,200. Her salary Has increased, bij & 0 0 a. month....................................................................... 2 M y daily newspaper used to cost 60 pence. From today it costs 70 pence. The price has gone u p ............................ 3 There was an election. Helen won. She got 25 votes and N orm an got 23. Helen w o n .......................................................................................................................................... 4 I went to Kate’s house to see her, but she had gone out five minutes before I arrived. I m issed .......................................... -................................................................................................... Additional exercise 34 (page 322). 257.

(265) Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.) N oun + for ... a cheque FOR (a sum of money) □ They sent me a cheque for £150. a demand / a need FOR ... □ The com pany closed down because there w asn’t enough demand for its product. □ There’s no excuse for behaviour like that. There’s no need for it. a reason FOR ... □ The train was late, but nobody knew the reason for the delay, (not reason of) N oun + of ... an advantage / a disadvantage OF ... □ The advantage of living alone is that you can do w hat you like. but there is an advantage in (or to) doing something □ There are many advantages in living alone, (or ... to living alone) a cause OF ... □ The cause of the explosion is unknown. a photograph / a picture / a map / a plan / a drawing (etc.) OF ... □ Rachel showed me some photographs of her family. □ I had a map of the tow n, so I was able to find my way around. N oun + in ... an increase / a decrease / a rise / a fall IN (prices etc.) □ There has been an increase in the num ber of road accidents recently. □ Last year was a bad one for the company. There was a big fall in sales. N oun + to ... damage T O ... □ The accident was my fault, so I had to pay tor the damage to the other car. an invitation T O ... (a party / a wedding etc.) □ Did you get an invitation to the party? a solution T O (a problem) / a key T O (a doorl / an answer T O (a question) / a reply T O (a letter) / a reaction T O ... □ 1 hope we’ll find a solution to the problem, {not a solution of the problem) □ I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion, an attitude T O ... (or TOWARDS ...) □ His attitude to his job is very negative,. or. His attitude towards his job .... N oun + with ... / between ... a relationship / a connection / contact W ITH ... c Do you have a good relationship with your parents? □ The police w ant to question a man in connection with the robbery. but a relationship / a connection / contact / a difference BETWEEN two things or people □ The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes. □ There are some differences between British and American English..

(266) Unit 129. Exercises 129.1 Complete the second sentence so th at it has the same meaning as the first. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. W hat caused the explosion? W hat was the c a u s e ............................................ We're rrving ro solve the problem. We’re trying to find a so lu tio n ................................................. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good re latio n sh ip ....................................................... The cost of living has gone up a lot. There has been a big in crease..................................................................................................................... I don't know how to answer your question. I can’t think of an a n sw e r..................................................................................................................... ...... I do n 't think that a new road is necessary. I do n ’t think there is any n e e d ................................................................................................................... I think that working at home has many advantages. I think that there are many ad v an tag es................................................................................................... The num ber of people w ithout jobs fell last month. Last month there was a f a ll ........................................................................................................................ Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more. There is no d e m a n d ...................................................................................................................................... In w hat way is your job different from mine? W hat is the difference.................................................................................................................................. 129.2 Complete the sentences using the following nouns + the correct preposition: cause key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. connection m ap. contact pictures. damage reason. invitation reply. On the wall there were some pictures and a the world. Thank you for t h e ..................................................your party next week. Since she left home tw o years ago, Sophie has had litrle .................................................. her family. I can’t open this door. Have you got a ..................................................the other door? T h e ..................................................the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown. I emailed Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a .................................................. my message. The nvo companies are completely independent. There is n o ..................................................them. Jane showed me some o l d ..................................................the city as it looked 100 years ago. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don’t know h e r ..................................................doing this. Ir w asn’t a bad accident. T h e the car w asn’t serious.. 129.3 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. There are some differences......................British and American English. Money isn’t the s o lu tio n every problem. There has been an in crease....................the am ount of traffic using this road. When I opened the envelope, 1 was delighted to find a c h e q u e ....................£500. The ad v a n ta g e....................having a car is th at you don’t have to rely on public transport. There are many ad v an tag es................. being able to speak a foreign language. Everything can be explained. There’s a re a s o n .....everything. When Paul left home, his a ttitu d e ..................his parents seemed to change. Ben and I used to be good friends, but I don’t have much c o n ta c t....................him now. There has been a sharp r i s e ................. property prices in the past few years. W hat was Emma’s re a c tio n ................. the news? If I give you the camera, can you take a p h o to g ra p h .................... me? The company has rejected the workers’ d e m a n d s....................ar i s e ......................pay. W hat was the a n s w e r....................question 3 in the test? The fact that Jane was offered a job has no co n n e ctio n ....................the fact that she is a friend of the managing director.. —►Additional exercise 35 (page 322). 259.

(267) Adjective + preposition 1 It was nice of you to ... nice / kind / good / generous / polite / stupid / silly etc. OF somebody (to do som ethin?' □ Thank you. It was very kind of you to help me. □ It is stupid of me to go out w ithout a coat in such cold weather. but (be) nice / kind / good / generous / polite / rude / friendly / cruel etc. T O somebodv □ They have always been very nice to me. (not with me) □ Why were you so unfriendly to Lucy? Adjective + about / with angry / annoyed / furious. ABOUT something W ITH someBodv FOR doins something. □ It’s stupid to get angry about things that don't matter. □ Are you annoyed with me for being late? excited / worried / upset / nervous / happy etc. ABOUT a situation □ Are you excited about going away next week? □ Lisa is upset about not being invited to the party. delighted / pleased / satisfied / happy / disappointed W'lTH something you receive, or the result of something □ I was delighted with the present you gave me. □ Were you happy with your exam results? Adjective + at / by / with surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished AT / BY something □ Everybody was surprised AT (or BY) the news. □ I hope you weren’t shocked BY (or AT) w hat I said, impressed W ITH / BY somebody/something □ I’m very impressed with (or by) her English. It’s very good, fed up / bored W ITH something □ I don’t enjoy my job any more. I'm fed up with it. / I'm bored with it. Sorry about / for sorry ABOUT a situation or som ethin? that happened □ I’m sorry about the mess. I'll clear it up later. □ We’re all sorry about Julie losing her job. sorry FOR / ABOUT something you did □ Alex is very sorry for w hat he said, for sorry about what he said) □ I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday, (or sorry about shouting) You can also say i ’m sorry I (did something)': □ I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday. feel / be sorry FOR somebody who is in a bad situation □ I feel sorry for M att. H e’s had a lot of bad luck, (not I feel sorry about M att). Preposition + -ing -» Unit 60 Adjective + to ... -* Unit 65 Adjective + preposition 2 -* Unit 131. Sorry to ... I sorry f o r ... -» Unit 6GC.

(268) Unit 130. Exercises 130.1. Write sentences using nice o f ... , kind of ... etc. 1 2 3. 1 wenr out in the cold w ithout a coatT^N Sue offered to drive me to the airport. I needed money and Tom gave me some.. 4. They didn’t invite us to their party.. 5 6. Can I help you with your luggage?' Kevin didn’t rhank me for the present.. 7. They've had an argum ent and now they refuse to speak to each other.. "N /7silly) yow(nice) T hat w a s .................................. ..... her. (generous) T h a t ................................. (not verv nice) T h a t .......................... (verv kind) ........................................... ....you. (nor very polite) ................................. (a bit childish) ..................................... 130.2 Complete the sentences using the following adjectives + the correct preposition: annoyed. annoyed. astonished. bored. e x tk e ề. impressed. kind. sorry. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Are y o u t going away next week? Thank you for all your help. You've been v e r y ...................................... me. I w ouldn't like to be in her position. I fe e l.................................... her. W hat have I done wrong? Why are y o u ................................me? Why do you always get s o .................................... things that d o n ’t matter? I w asn’t v e r y ......................................the service in the restaurant. We had to wait ages before our food arrived. 7 Ben isn't very happy at college. He says he’s .................................... the course he’s doing. 8 I had never seen so many people before. I w a s .................................... the crowds. 130.3. Put in the correct preposition.. 1I was d elig h ted witH the present you gave me. 2 It was very n ic e ....................you to do my shopping for me. Thank you very much. j Why are you always so r u d e ....................your parents? C an’t you be n ic e .................... them? 4 It was ca reless.................. you to leave the door unlocked when you went out. 5 They didn't reply to our letter, which w asn’t very p o lite ....................them. 6 We always have the same food every day. I’m fed u p ....................it. I can’t understand people who are c r u e l....................animals. We enjoyed our holiday, but we were a bit d isap p o in ted .................. rhe hotel. 9 I was su rp rise d ..................... the way he behaved. It was completely our of character. 10 I’ve been trying to learn Spanish, but I’m not very satisfied ..................my progress. 11 Linda doesn’t look very well. I'm w o rrie d .................... her. 12 Are you a n g r y ....................w hat happened? 13 I’m s o r r y ....................what I did. I hope you’re not a n g r y .................. me. 14 The people next door are fu rio u s...................u s .....................making so much noise last night. 15 Jill starts her new job next week. She’s quite e x c ite d .................... it. 16 I’m s o r r y ....................the smell of paint in this room. I’ve just decorated it. r I was sh o c k e d .................. w hat I saw. I’d never seen anything like it before. 18 The man we interviewed for the job was intelligent, but we weren't very im pressed .................. his appearance. 19 Are you still u p s e t....................w hat I said to you yesterday? 20 He said he was s o r r y ....................rhe situation, but there was nothing he could do. 21 I felt s o r r y ....................rhe children when we went on holiday. It rained every day and they had to spend most of the time indoors. Additional exercise 35 (page 322}. 261.

(269) Adjective + preposition 2 Adjective + of (1) afraid / frightened / terrified / scared OF ... □ ‘Are you afraid of spiders?’ ‘Yes, I'm terrified of rhem.’ fond / proud / ashamed / jealous / envious OF ... □ Why are you always so jealous of other people? suspicious / critical / tolerant OF ... □ He didn’t trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions. Adjective + of (2) aware / conscious OF ... □ ‘Did you know he was m arried?'. ‘N o, I w asn't aw are of that.’. capable / incapable OF ... □ I’m sure you are capable of passing the examination, full / short OF ... □ The letter I wrote was full of mistakes, (not full with) □ I’m a bit short of money. Can you lend me some? typical OF ... □ He’s late again. It’s typical of him to keep everybodv waiting, tired / sick OF ... □ Come on, let’s go! I'm tired of waiting. (= I've had enough of waiting.) certain / sure OF or ABOUT ... □ I think she's arriving this evening, but I'm nor sure of that,. o r ... sure about that.. Adjective + at / to / from / in / on / with / for good / bad / brilliant / better / hopeless etc. AT ... o I’m not very good at repairing things, {not good inrepairing rhinos) married / engaged T O ... □ Linda is married to an American. (not married with) but Linda is married with three children. (= she is married and has three children! similar T O ... □ Your writing is similar to mine, different FROM or different T O ... □ The film was different from w hat I'd expected, (or different to w hat Fd expected.) interested IN ... □ Are you interested in art? keen O N ... □ We stayed at home because Chris w asn't very keen on going out. dependent ON ... (but independent OF ...) □ I don’t w ant to be dependent on anybody, crowded W ITH (people etc.) □ The streets were crowded with tourists. (but full of tourists) famous FOR ... □ The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures, responsible FOR ... □ Who was responsible for all that noise last night? Preposition + -ing -* Unit GO Afraid of/to ... -> Unit 66A American English -» Appendix 7. Adjective + preposition 1 —» Unit 130.

(270) Unit 131. Exercises 131.1 Complete the second sentence so th at it has the same meaning as the first. 1 There were lots of tourists in the streets. •> There was a lot of furniture in the room. Ỏ I don’t like sport very much. 4 We d on’t have enough rime. 5 I'm not a very good tennis player. 6 Catherine’s husband is Russian. *7 I don’t trust Robert. 8 My problem is not the same as yours.. The streets were crowded ............................................ The room was full ......................................................... I’m not verv keen ........................................................... We’re a bit s h o r t ............................................................ I’m not verv good ......................................................... Catherine is m a rrie d ..................................................... I’m suspicious................................................................. Mv problem is d iffe re n t................................................ 131.2 Complete the sentences using the following adjectives + the correct preposition: afraid. different. interested. proud. responsible. similar. sure. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I think she’s arriving this evening, bur I'm n o t sure...of that. Your camera i s .................................................. mine, but it isn’t exactly the same. D on’t worry. I'll look after you. There's nothing to b e ................................................... I never watch the news on television. I'm n o t ..................................................the news. The editor is the person who i s ................................................ whar appears in a newspaper. Sarah is a keen gardener. She's v e r y ................................................ her garden and loves showing it to visitors. 7 I was surprised when 1 met Lisa for the first time. She w a s ................................................ w hat I expected.. 131.3 Put in the correct preposition. The letter I wrote was f u ll ?.f.....mistakes. \ l v home town is nor an especially interesting place. It’s not fa m o u s.................. anything. Kate is very f o n d her vounger brother. I don't like going up ladders. I'm s c a re d ....................heights. You look bored. You don't seem in terested .....................w hat I’m saying. Did you know that Liz is en g a g ed ....................a friend of mine? I’m not a sh a m e d ....................w hat I did. In fact I’m quite p r o u d ...................it. I suggested th at we should all go out for a meal, but nobody else was k e e n ................. the idea. These days everybody is a w a re the dangers of smoking. The station platform was c ro w d e d .................. people waiting for the train. Sue is much more successful than I am. Sometimes I feel a bit je a lo u s...................... her. I'm ti r e d .................. doing the same thing every day. I need a change. Do you know anyone who mighr be interested .................. buying an old car? We’ve got plentv to eat. The fridge is full ................food. She is a very honest person. I don't think she is c a p a b le .................. telling a lie. Helen works hard and she's extremely g o o d ....................her job. I'm not surprised he changed his mind at the last moment. T h at’s ty p ic a l.................... him. M ark has no money of his own. H e’s totally d ep e n d en t.................his parents. We’re s h o r t ... staff in our office at the moment. We need more people to do the work. .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1" 18 19. 131.4 Write sentences about yourself. Are you good at these things or not? Use the following: good 1 2 3 4. quite good. not very good. hopeless. (repairing things) 3».: ...... ............... .......... (telling jokes) ................................................................................................................................................... (mathematics) .................................................................................................................................................. (remembering names) ..................................................................................................................................... Additional exercise 35 (page 322). 263.

(271) Unit. 132. Verb + preposition 1. to and at. Verb + to talk / speak T O somebody (with is also possible but less usual) □ W ho was that man you were talking to? listen T O ... □ We spent the evening listening to music. (not listening music) write (a letter) T O ... □ 1 wrote to the hotel complaining about the poor service we had received, apologise T O somebody (for ...) □ They apologised to me for w hat happened, {not They apologised me) explain something T O somebody □ Can you explain this word to me? (not explain me this word) explain / describe (to somebody) what/how/why ... □ I explained to them why I was worried, {not I explained them) □ Let me describe to you w hat I saw. (not Let me describe vou) ^. We do not use to with these verbs: phone / telephone / call somebody □ Did you phone your father yesterday? {not phone to your farher) answer somebody/something □ He refused to answer my question, (not answer to my question) ask somebody □ Can I ask you a question? (not ask to vou) thank somebody (for something) □ He thanked me for helping him. (not He thanked to me). 3. Verb + at look / stare / glance AT , have a look / take a look AT ... □ Why are you looking at me like that? laugh AT ... □ I look stupid with this haircut. Everybody will laugh at me. aim / point (something) AT ... , shoot / fire (a e;un) AT ... □ Don’t point that knife at me. It's dangerous. □ We saw someone with a gun shooting at birds, but he didn't hit any.. J. Some verbs can be followed by at or to, with a difference of meaning. For example: shout AT somebody (when you are angry) □ He got very angry and started shouting at me. shout T O somebody (so that they can hear you) □ He shouted to me from the orher side of the street. throw something AT somebody/something (in order to hit them) □ Somebody threw an egg at the minister. throw something T O somebody (for somebody to catch) □ Lisa shouted ‘Catch!’ and threw the keys to me from the window.. 264. Verb + preposition 2-4 -* Units 133-136 Ask for -» Unit 133C Apologise for / thank somebody for —» Unit 135B Other verbs + to —» Unit 136D American English -» Appendix 7.

(272) Unit 132. Exercises 132.1. You ask somebody to explain things th at you don't understand. Write questions beginning Can you explain ... ?. 1 (I don’t understand this word.) Con LjOu &xpUÚT word, to m&?.......................................................................................... 2 (I don’t understand w hat you mean.) C a n tjou e x pla in. t o m e w H a t tjou nneAn ? ................................................................................................ 3 (I don't understand this question.) Can you e x p la in ............................................................. ..................................................................... 4 (I don’t understand the problem.) C an ...................... 5 (I do n ’t understand how this machine works.) 6 (I don't understand w hat I have ro do.). 132.2 Put in to where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. I know who she is, but I’ve never spoken .....to.her. Why didn’t you a n s w e r .7......... my letter? I like to lis te n ....................the radio while I’m having breakfast. We'd better p h o n e ......................the restaurant to reserveatable. "Did Mike ap o lo g ise you?’ ‘Yes, he said he was very sorry.’ 1 e x p la in e d ......... everybody the reasons for mydecision. I th a n k e d everybody for all the help they had given me. Ask me what you like, and I’ll try and a n s w e r....................your questions. Mike describ ed ....................me exactly w hat happened. Karen w on’t be able to help you, so there's no poinr in a sk in g .................. her.. 132.3 Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct preposition: glance laagth listen point speak throw throw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I look stupid with this haircut. Everybody w ill me. I don't understand this. Can y o u i t to me? Sue and Kevin had an argument and now they’re n o t ..................................................one another. Be careful with those scissors! D on’t .............................. th e m ......................me! I my watch to see w hat the time was. P lease..................................................me! I’ve got something im portant to tell you. D o n 't...............................s to n e s ...................the birds! It’s cruel. It you don't w ant that sandwich...............................i t the birds. They’ll eat it.. 132.4 Put in to or at. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. I w r o te ĨP. the hotel complaining about the poor service we had received. L o o k ....................these flowers. Aren’t they pretty? Please do n ’t s h o u t....................me! Try to calm down. I saw Sue as I was cycling along the road. I sh o u te d ....................her, but she didn’t hear me. D on’t lis te n .................. w hat he says. He doesn’t know w hat he’s talking about. W hat’s so funny? W hat are you lau g h in g .................. ? Do you think I could have a lo o k your magazine, please? I’m a bit lonely. I need somebody to t a l k ..................... She was so angry she threw a b o o k the wall. The woman sitring opposite me on the train kept s ta rin g .................... me. Can I s p e a k .................. you a moment? There’s something 1 w ant to ask you.. Additional exercise 36 (page 323). 265.

(273) Verb + preposition 2. about/for/of/after. Verb + about talk / read / know ABOUT ... , tell somebodv ABOUT ... □ We talked about a lot o f things at the meeting. have a discussion ABOUT something, but discuss something (no preposition) □ We had a discussion about whar we should do. □ We discussed a lot of things at the meeting. (not discussed about) do something ABOUT something = do som ething to improve a bad situation □ If you’re worried about the problem, you should do something about it. Care about, care for and take care of care ABOUT somebody/something = think that som ebody/som ething is important □ He’s very selfish. He doesn’t care about other people. We say ‘care what/where/how etc. {without about) □ You can do w hat you like. I don’t care w hat vou do. care FOR somebody/something (1) = like something (usually in questions and negative sentences) □ Would you carc for a cup of coffee? (= Would you like ... ?) □ I don’t care for very hot vvearher. (= I don't like ...) (2) = look after som ebody □ Alan is 85 and lives alone. He needs somebody to care for him. take care OF ... = look after D Have a nice holiday. Take care of vourself! (= look after vourselfl Verb + for ask (somebody) FOR ... □ I w rote to the company asking them for more inform ation about the job. but ‘I asked him the way to ‘She asked me my nam e' (no preposition) apply (TO a person, a company etc.) FOR a job etc. □ I think you’d be good at this job. Why don’t you apply for it? wait FOR ... □ Don’t wait for me. I'll join you later. □ I’m not going out yet. I'm waiting for the rain ro stop, search (a person / a place / a bag etc.) FOR ... □ I’ve searched the house for my keys, but I still can't find them. leave (a place) FOR another place □ I haven’t seen her since she left (home) for the office this morning. (not left to the office) Look for and look after look FOR ... = search for, try to find □ I’ve lost my keys. Can you help me to look for them? look AFTER ... = take care o f □ Alan is 85 and lives alone. He needs somebody to look after him. (not look for) □ You can borrow this book, but you must promise to look after it.. Verbs + about/of (think/hear etc.) -* Unit 134. Other verbs + for — Unit 135B.

(274) Exercises. Unit 133. 133.1 Put in the correct preposition. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1i. I’m not going out vet. I'm waiting ....for............... the rain to stop. 1 couldn't find the street I was looking for, so I stopped someone to a s k ....................directions. I’ve a p p lie d .................. a job at the factory. I don’t know if I’ll get it. I’ve a p p lie d .................. three colleges. I hope one of them accepts me. I’ve searched everyw here................... John, but I haven’t been able to find him. I don’t w ant to t a l k .................. w hat happened last night. Let’s forget it. I don’t wanr to d iscu ss..................w hat happened last night. Let’s forget it. We had an interesting discussion.................. the problem, but we didn’t reach a decision. We d iscussed.................. the problem, but we didn't reach a decision. I don't w ant to go out vet. I'm w a itin g .............. the post to arrive. Ken and Sonia are rouring Italy. They're in Rome a t the moment, bur tom orrow rhey leave ....................Venice. 12 The roof of the house is in very bad condition. I think we ought to do so m eth in g ....................it. 13 We w a ite d .................. Steve for half an hour, but he never came. 14 Tom orrow morning I have to catch a plane. I'm leaving my h o u s e ....................the airport at 7.30. 133.2 Complete the sentences with the following verbs (in the correct form) + preposition: apply. ask. do. leave. look. search. talk. wait. 1 2 3 4 5. Police a r e seArching for rhe man who escaped from prison. We’re s till................................................ a reply to our letter. We haven’t heard anything yet. I think Ben likes his job, but he doesn’t .................................................. it much. When r d finished my meal, I ................................the w a ite r the bill. Cathv is unemployed. She h a s ................................................ several jobs, but she hasn’t had any luck. 6 If something is wrong, why don't y o u .............................. so m eth in g ......................it? 7 Linda's car is very old, but it’s in excellent condition. S h e it very well. 8 Diane is from Boston, but now she lives in Paris. S h e ..................... B o sto n ...................... Paris when she was 19.. 133.3 Put in the correct preposition after care, if no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. He's very selfish. He doesn’t c a r e other people. Are you hungry? Would you c a r e ....................something to eat? She doesn't c a r e ....................the exam. She doesn't care whether she passes or fails. Please let me borrow your camera. I promise I’ll take good c a r e ................... it. ‘Do you like this coat?’ ‘N ot really. I don’t c a r e .................. rhe colour.’ Don’t worry about the shopping. I’ll take c a r e ..................that. I w ant to have a good holiday. 1 don't c a r e ..................the cost. I w ant to have a good holidav. I don’t c a r e .................. how much it costs.. 133.4 Complete the sentences with look for or look after. Use the correct form of look (looks/ looked/looking). 1 2 3 4 5 6. I k?.ok;eiL.fpr my keys, but I couldn’t find them anywhere. Kate i s -......................................... a job. I hope she finds one soon. W h o ..................................................you when you were ill? I’m ..................................................Elizabeth. Have you seen her? The car park was full, so we had t o ..................................................somewhere else to park. A babysitter is somebody w h o .....................................................other people’schildren.. - * Additional exercise 36 (page 323). 267.

(275) Unit. 134. Verb + preposition 3. about and of. dream ABOUT ... (when you are asleep) □ I dream t about you lasr nighr. dream OF/ABOUT being something / doing something = imagine □ Do you dream of/about being rich and famous? (I) w ouldn’t dream OF doing something = I w ould never do it □ ‘D on’t tell anyone w hat I said.’ ‘N o, I w ouldn’t dream of it.' (= I would never do it). hear ABOUT ... = be told about something □ Did you hear about w hat happened at the club on Saturday night? hear OF ... = know that somebody/sọm ething exists □ ‘W ho is Tom H art?’ ‘I have no idea. I’ve never heard of him ’, (not heard from him I hear FROM ... = receive a letter; phone call or message from som ebody □ ‘Have you heard from Jane recently?’ ‘Yes, she phoned a few days ago.’. think ABOUT ... and think OF ... When you think ABOUT something, you consider it, you concentrate your mind on it: □ I’ve thought about w hat you said and I’ve decided to take your advice. □ ‘Will you lend me the money?’ ‘I’ll think about it.’ When you think OF something, the idea comes to your mind: □ He told me his name, but 1 can’t think of it now. (not think about it) □ T h at’s a good idea. Why didn’t I think of that? (not think about that) We also use think of when we ask or give an opinion: □ ‘W hat did you think of the film?’ 'I didn’t think much of it.’ (=I didn’t like it much) The difference is sometimes very small and you can use of or about: □ When I’m alone, I often think of ior about) you. You can say think of or think about doing something (for possible future actions): □ My sister is thinking of (or about) going to Canada. (= she is considering it). remind somebody ABOUT ... = tell som ebody not to forget □ I’m glad you reminded me about the meeting. I’d completely forgotten about it. remind somebody OF ... = cause som ebody to remember □ This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child. □ Look at this photograph of Richard. Who does he remind you of?. complain (TO somebody) ABOUT ... = say that you are not satisfied □ We complained to the manager of the restaurant about the food. complain OF a pain, an illness etc. = say that you have a pain etc. □ We called the doctor because George was complaining of a pain in his stomach.. warn somebody ABOUT a person or thing which is bad, dangerous, unusual etc. □ I knew he was a strange person. I had been warned about him. (not warned of him I □ Vicky warned me about the traffic. She said it would be bad. warn somebody A B O U T/O F a danger, something bad which might happen later □ Scientists have warned us about/of the effects of global warming.. 268. Remind/warn somebody to ... -» Unit 55B.

(276) Exercises. Unit 134. 134.1 Put in the correct preposition. Did you h e a r w hat happened at the party on Saturday? ‘I had a strange dream last night.’ ‘Did you? W hat did you d re a m .................... ?’ O ur neighbours co m p lain ed .................. u s ....................the noise we made last night. Kevin was co m plaining .................. pains in his chest, so he went to the doctor. I love this music. It reminds m e ....................a warm day in spring. He loves his job. He th in k s ....................his job all the rime, he d re a m s it, he talks it and I’m fed up with h e a rin g .........................................it. 7 I tried to remember the name of the book, but I couldn't t h i n k ....................it. 8 Jackie warned m e ..................the water. She said it w asn’t safe to drink. 9 We warned our ch ild re n ....................the dangers of playing in the street. .. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 134.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct preposition: complain dream hear remind remind -th ink think warn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. T h at’s a good idea. W hy didn't I thyik.. of..... that? Bill is never satisfied. He is a lw a y s ..................................................something. I can’t make a decision yet. I need time t o ..................................................vour proposal. Before you go into the house, I m u s t.............................. y o u the dog. He is very aggressive sometimes, so be careful. She’s not a well-known singer. N ot many people h a v e ..................................................her. A: You w ouldn’t go away w ithout telling me, would you? B: O f course not. I w ouldn’t .................................................. it. 1 would have forgotten my appointment if Jane hadn’t ............................... m e ...................it. Do you see that man over there? Does h e .............................. y o u anybody you know?. 134.3 Complete the sentences using hear or heard + the correct preposition (about/of/from ). 1 2 3 4. I’ve never h m . à .o t , ,, Tom H art. Who is he? 'Did y o u the accident last night?’ ‘Yes, Vicky told me.’ Jill used to phone quite often, but I h a v e n 't..................................................her for a long time now. A: Have y o u ..................................................a writer called William Hudson? B: N o, I don'r think so. W hat sort of writer is he? 5 Thank you for your letter. It was good t o ................................................you again. 6 ‘Do you w ant t o our holiday?’ ‘N ot now. Tell me later.’ 7 [ live in a small town in the north o f England. You’ve probably n e v e r...........................................it.. 134.4 Complete the sentences using think about or think of. Sometimes both about and o f are possible. Use the correct form of think (think/thinking/thought). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. You look serious. W hat are y o u ? I like to have time to make decisions. I like t o ..................................................things carefully. I don’t know what to get Sarah for her birthday. Can y o u ................................................ anything? A: I’ve finished reading the book you lent me. B: Have you? W hat did y o u it? Did you like it? We’r e ............................................... going out for a meal this evening. Would you liketo come? I don’t really want to go out with Tom tonight. I’ll have t o .................................................. an excuse. When I was offered the job, I didn’t accept immediately. I went away and ................................................ it for a while. In the end I decided to take the job. I don’t .................................... m u c h ................................this coffee. It’s like water. Carol is very homesick. She's a lw a y s ..................................................her family back home.. Additional exercise 36 (page 323). 269.

(277) Unit. 135. Verb + preposition 4. of/for/from/on. Verb + of accuse / suspect somebody OF ... □ Sue accused me of being selfish. □ Some students were suspected of cheating in the exam. approve / disapprove OF ... □ His parents don’t approve of w hat he does, but they can’t stop him. die OF (or FROM ) an illness etc. □ 'W hat did he die of?’ ‘A heart attack.’ consist O F ... □ We had an enorm ous meal. It consisted of seven courses. Verb + for pay (somebody) FOR ... □ I didn’t have enough money to pay for the meal, (not pav the meal) but pay a bill / a fine / tax / rent / a sum of money etc. (no preposition) □ I didn’t have enough money to pay the rent. thank / forgive somebody FOR ... □ I’ll never forgive them for whar they did. apologise (to somebody) FOR ... □ When I realised I was wrong, I apologised (to them) for my mistake. blame somebody/something FOR , somebody is to blame FOR ... □ Everybody blamed me for the accident. □ Everybody said that I was to blame for the accident, blame (a problem etc.) O N ... □ Everybody blamed the accident on me. Verb + from suffer FROM an illness etc. o The num ber of people suffering from heart disease has increased. protect somebody/something FROM (or AGAINST) ... □ Sun block protects the skin from the sun. (or ... against the sun.) Verb + on depend / rely O N ... □ ‘W hat time will you be home?’ ‘I don’t know. It depends on the traffic. □ You can rely on Jill. She always keeps her promises. You can use depend + when/where/how etc. with or w ithout on: □ ‘Are you going to buy it?’ ‘It depends how much it is.’ (or It depends on how much) live O N money/food □ M ichael’s salary is very low. It isn’t enough to live on. congratulate / compliment somebody O N ... □ I congratulated her O N her success in the exam.. 270. Verb + preposition + -ing -* Unit 62. Other verbs + for —» Unit 133. Other verbs + on -* Unit 136E.

(278) Unit 135. Exercises 135.1 Complete the second sentence so th at it means the same as the first.. 1 Sue said I was selfish. Sue accused m e .............................................. 2 The misunderstanding was my fault, so I apologised. I ap o lo g ised .................................................................................................................................. 3 Jane won the tournam ent, so I congratulated her. I congratulated J a n e ................................................................................................................... 4 He has enemies, but he has a bodyguard to protect him. He has a bodyguard to protect him .................................................................................... 5 There are eleven players in a football team. A football team co n sists............................................................................................................ 6 Sandra eats only bread and eggs. She liv e s........................................................................... 135.2 Complete the second sentence using for or on. These sentences all have blame. 1 Liz said that w hat happened was Joe’s fault. Liz blamed J o e ... 2 You always say everything is my fault. You always blame m e ................................................................................................................ 3 Do you think the economic crisis is the fault ot the government? Do you blame the governm ent.................................................................................................................. ? 4 I think the increase in violent crime is the fault of television. I blame the increase in violenr c rim e .............................................................................. ............................ Now rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using to blame for. 5 (3* Do you think the g o v ernm ent............... ? 6 |4» I think t h a t ................................................................................................................................................... 135.3 Complete the sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct preposition: accuse. apologise. approve^. congratulate. depend. live. pay. 1 His parents don’t what he does, but they can’t stop him. 2 When you went to rhc theatre with Paul, w h o ................................................ the rickets? 3 It’s not very pleasant when you a r e .................................................something you didn’t do. 4 A : Are you going to the beach tom orrow? B: I hope so. I t ..................................................the weather. 5 Things are very cheap there. You c a n .................................................very little money. 6 When I saw David, I ................................................ h im ................................... passing his driving test. 7 You were very rude to Liz. D on't you think you s h o u ld ...................................her? 135.4 Put in the correct preposition. If no prepositron is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. Some students were su sp ected of..... cheating in the exam. Sally is often not well. She su ffe rs.................. very bad headaches. You know that you can re ly ....................me if you ever need any help. It is terrible th at some people are d y in g ....................hunger while others eat too much. Are you going to ap o lo g ise.................. w hat you did? The accident was my fault, so I had to p a y the repairs. I didn’t have enough money to p a y the bill. I complimented h e r .................. her English. She spoke very fluently and her pronunciation was excellent. She hasn’t got a job. She d e p e n d s.................. her parents for money. I don’t know whether I’ll go out tonight. It d e p e n d s....................how I feel. They wore warm clothes to protect them selves.................. the cold. The apartm ent c o n sists.................. three room s, a kitchen and bathroom .. Additional exercise 36 (page 323). 271.

(279) Unit. 136. Verb + preposition 5. in/into/with/to/on. Verb + in believe IN ... □ Do you believe in God? (= Do you believe that God exists?) □ I believe in saying what I think. (= I believe it is right to say what I think) but ‘believe something’ (= believe it is true), ‘believe somebody’ (= believe they are telling the truth) □ The story can’t be true. I don’t believe it. (not believe in it) specialise IN ... □ Helen is a lawyer. She specialises in com pany law. succeed IN ... □ I hope you succeed in finding the job you want. Verb + into break IN T O ... □ O ur house was broken into a few days ago, but nothing was stolen, crash / drive / bum p / run IN T O ... □ He lost control of rhe car and crashed into a wall, divide / cut / split something IN T O two or more parts □ The book is divided into three parts. translate a book etc. FROM one language IN T O another □ Ernest Hemingway’s books have been translated into many languages. Verb + with collide W ITH ... □ There was an accident rhis morning. A bus collided with a car. fill something W ITH ... (but full o f ... - see Unit 131 B> □ Take this saucepan and fill it with water, provide / supply somebody W ITH ... □ The school provides all its students with books. Verb + to happen T O ... □ W hat happened to that gold watch you used to have?. (= where is itnow?). invite somebody T O a party / a wedding etc. □ They only invited a few people to their wedding, prefer one thing/person T O another □ I prefer tea to coffee Verb + on concentrate O N ... □ D on’t look out of the window. C oncentrate on your work. insist O N ... □ I wanted to go alone, but some friends o i mine insisted on coming with me. spend (money) O N ... □ How much do you spend on food each week? 272. Verb + preposition + -ing -* Unit 62. Other verbs + to -» Unit 132. Other verbs + on - * Unit 135D.

(280) Exercises 136.1. Unit 136. Complete the second sentence so th at it means the same as the first. 1 There was a collision between a bus and a car. A bus c o llid ed .c&r........................................................................ 2 I don’t mind big cities, but I prefer small towns. I p re fe r -................................. 3 I got all the information 1 needed from Jane. Jane provided m e -.................................................................................. 4 This morning 1 bought a pair of shoes, which cost £70. This morning I s p e n t...................................................................................... 136.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct preposition: believe concentrate divide drive fill happen 4nsist invite succeed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. I wanted to go alone, but S u e .... coming with me. I haven’t seen M ike for ages.I wonder w hat h a s ........................................................him. We’ve b e e n .............................................. the party, but unfortunately we can’t go. It’s a very large house. It’s ..................................................four flats. I don’t ..................................................ghosts. I think people only imagine that they see them. Steve gave me an empty bucket and told me t o .............................. i t ......................water. I was driving along when the car infront of me stopped suddenly. Unfortunately I couldn’t stop in time a n d ............................................... the back of it. 8 D on’t try and do r\vo things together. one thing at a time. 9 It wasn't easy, but in the end w e ................................................ finding a solution to the problem.. 136.3 Put in the correct preposition. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. The school provides all its stu d e n ts books. A strange thing h a p p e n e d me a few days ago. M ark decided to give up sport so that he could c o n c en trate....................his studies. ] don’t believe working very hard. It’s not worth it. My present job isn’t wonderful, but I prefer i t ....................w hat I did before. I hope vou succeed.................. getting w hat you want. As I was coming out of the room, I co llid ed ....................somebody who was coming in. There was an awful noise as the car c ra s h e d a tree. Patrick is a phorographer. He specialises....................sports photography. Do you spend much m o n e y ....................clothes? The country is d iv id ed ....................six regions. I prefer travelling by t r a i n ....................driving. It’s much more pleasant. I was amazed when Joe walked into rhe room. I couldn’t believe.................... it. Somebody b r o k e ....................my car and stole the radio. I was quite cold, but Tom in sisted ..................having the window open. Some words are difficult to tra n s la te .................. one lan g u ag e......................another. W hat h a p p e n e d ..................the money I lent you? W hat did you spend i t .................... ? The teacher decided to split the c la s s ..................four groups. I filled the tank, but unfortunately I filled i t ....................the wrong kind of petrol.. 136.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use a preposition. 1 2 3 4 5. I wanted to go out alone, but my friend in siste d ........................................ I spend a lot of m o n e v ............................................................................................................................... I saw the accident. The car c ra sh e d ....................................................................................................... Chris prefers b ask e tb a ll............................................................................................................................. Shakespeare’s plays have been tra n s la te d ............................................................................................... Additional exercise 36 {page 323). 273.

(281) Unit. 137. Phrasal verbs 1. Introduction. We often use verbs with the following words: in out. on off. up down. round through. awav back. about along. over forward. by. So you can say look out / get on / take off / run away etc. These are phrasal verbs. We often use on/off/out etc. with verbs of movement. For example: get on drive off come back turn round. □ □ □ □. The bus was full. We couldn’t get on. A woman got into the car and drove off. Sally is leaving tom orrow and coming back on Saturday, When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.. But often the second word (on/off/out'etc.) gives a special meaning ro the verb. For example: break down look out take off get on get by. □ Sorry I’m late. The car broke down. (= the engine stopped working) □ Look out! There’s a car coming. (= be careful) □ It was my first flight. I was nervous as the plane took off. (= went into the airl □ How was the exam? How did you get on? (= How did you do?) □ My French isn’t very good, but it’s enough to get by. (= manage). For more phrasal verbs, see Units 138-145. Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition. For example: phrasal verb run away keep up look up look forward. preposition from with at to. □ □ □ □. Why did you run away from me? You’re walking too fast. I can’t keep up with you. We looked up at the plane as it flew above us. Are you looking forward to your holiday?. Sometimes a phrasal verb has an object. Usually there are two possible positions for the object. So you can say: I turned on the light.. or. object. I turned the light on. object. If the object is a pronoun (it/them/me/him etc.), only one position is possible: I turned it on. [not I turned on it) Some more examples: _ .. fill in this form? □ Could you ,. , . , till this form in? but They gave me a form and told me to fill it in. (not fill in it) throw away this postcard, throw this postcard away. I w ant to keep this postcard, so don’t throw it away, (not throw away it). □ D on’t but. take off my shoes, take my shoes off. These shoes are uncomfortable. I’m going to take them off. (not take off them). □ I’m going to but. wake up the baby, wake the baby up. The baby is asleep. D on’t wake her up. (not wake up her). □ D on’t but. 274. Phrasal verbs 2-9 -» Units 138-145. American English -» Appendix 7.

(282) Unit 137. Exercises 137.1. Complete each sentence using a verb from A (in the correct form) + a word from B. You can use a word more than once. B A away by down on out round up fly get go look sit speak 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 137.2. ..... The bus was full. We c o u ld n 't I’ve been standing for the last two hours. I’m going r o .......................................... for a bit. A cat tried to catch the bird, but i t ............................................just in time. We were trapped in the building. We c o u ld n 't............................................. I can’t hear you very well. Can v o u Í a little? ‘Do you speak Germ an?’ ‘N ot very well, but I c a n .............................................’ House prices are very high. T h e y 'v e ............................................a lot in the last few years. I thought there was somebodv behind me, but when I .......................................... , there was nobody there.. Complete the sentences using a word from A and a word from B. You can use a word more than once. A B away back forward in up at through to with 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. You're walking too fast. I can’t keep you. My holidays are nearly over. N ext week I’ll b e ............................................work. We w e n t.......................................... the top floỏr of the building to admire the view. Are you lo o k in g .......................................... the party next week? There was a bank robberv last week. The robbers g o t ............................................£50,000. I love ro lo o k ............................................ the stars in the sky at night. I was sitting in the kitchen when suddenly a bird fle w ............................................ the open window.. 137.3 Complete the sentences using the following verbs + it/them /m e: fill in 1 2 3 4 5 6. get out. give back. switch on. take off. wake up. They gave me a form and told me t o ..... I'm going to bed now. Can y o u ........................................................................................ a t 6.30? I've got something in my eye and I can’t ..................................................................................... I do n 't like it when people borrow things and d o n ’t ................................................................ I want to use the kettle. H ow do Í ........................................................................................... ? My shoes are d im -. I'd b e tte r..................................................... before going into the house.. 137.4 Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use anoun (this newspaper etc.) or a pronoun (it/them etc.) + the word in brackets (away/up etc.). 1 D on’t th r o w .. tt.ewsp c y ? J w ant to keep it. (away) 2 ‘Do you w ant this postcard?’ ‘N o, you can th r o w ’ (away) 3 I borrowed these books from the library. I have to t a k e ....................................................... tomorrow, (back) 4 We can t u r n Nobody is watching it. (off) 5 A: How did the vase get broken? B: I’m afraid I k n o c k e d while I was cleaning, (over) 6 Shh! My mother is asleep. I don’t w ant to w a k e ................................................ (up) 7 It’s quite cold. You should p u t ......................................................... if you’re going out. (on) 8 Ir was only a small fire. I was able to p u t ......................................................... quire easily, (out) 9 A: Is this hotel more expensive than when we stayed here last year? B: Yes, they’ve p u t .......................................................... (up) 10 It’s a bit dark in this room. Shall I t u r n ....................................................... ? (on) - * Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 275.

(283) Unit. 138. Phrasal verbs 2. in/out. Com pare in and out: in = into a room , a building, a car etc. □ How did the thieves get in? □ Here’s a key, so you can let yourself in. □ Sally walked up to the edge of the pool and dived in. (= into the water) □ I’ve got a new flat. I’m moving in on Friday. □ As soon as I got to the airport, I checked in.. out = out of a room, building, a car etc. □ He just srood up and walked out. □ I had no key, so 1 was locked out. □ She swam up and down the pool, and then climbed out. □ Tim opened the window and looked out. □ (at a hotel) W hat time do we have ro check out?. In the same way you can say go in, come in, walk in, break in etc.. In rhe same way you can say go out, get out, move out, let somebody out etc.. Com pare in and into: □ I’m moving in next week. □ I’m moving into my new flat on Friday.. Com pare out and out of: □ He walked out. □ He walked out of the room.. O ther verbs + in drop in / call in = visit som ebody for a short tim e w ithout arranging to do this □ I dropped in to see Chris on my way home. join in = take part in an activity that is already going on □ We’re playing a game. Why don’t you join in? plug in an electrical machine = connect it to the electricity supply □ The fridge isn’t working because you haven’t plugged it in. fill in a form, a questionnaire etc. = write the necessary information on a form □ Please fill in the application form and send it to us by 28 February. You can also say fill out a form. take somebody in = deceive som ebody □ The man said he was a policeman and I believed him. I was completely taken in. O ther verbs + out eat out = eat at a restaurant, not at hom e □ There w asn’t anything to eat at home, so we decided to eat out. drop out of college / university / a course / a race = stop before you have completely finished a course/race etc. □ Gary went to university but dropped out after a vear. get out of something that vou arranged to do = avoid doing it □ I promised I’d go ro the wedding. I don't w ant ro go, but I can’t get out of itnow. cut something out (of a newspaper etc.) □ There was a beautiful picture in the magazine, so I cut it out and kept it. leave something out = om it it, not include it □ In the sentence ‘She said that she was ill*, you can leave out the word ‘th at’. cross something out / rub something out □ Some of the names on the list had been crossed out.. 276. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) - * Unit 137. More verbs + out - * Unit 139. Sữr<ứr. cross out.

(284) Exercises. Unit 138. 138.1 Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. H ere’s a key so that vou c a n yourself in. Liz doesn’t like cooking, so s h e .............................. out a lot. Eve isn’t living in this flat anv more. S h e out a few weeks ago. If you’re in our part of tow n, you m u s t.............................. in and see us. When I ................................in at the airport, I was told my flight would be delayed. There were some advertisements in the paper that I wanted to keep, so I .............................. them out. I wanted to iron some clothes, bur there was nowhere t o ................................the iron in. I h a te in questionnaires. Steve was upset because he'd b e e n ................................out of the team. Be careful! The w ater’s not very deep here, so d o n 't ................................in. If you write in pencil and you make a mistake, you c a n ................................it out. Paul started doing a Spanish course, but h e .............................. out after a few weeks.. 138.2 Complete the sentences with in, into, out or out of. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I’ve got a new flat. I’m m o v in g ky on Friday. We ch e ck ed ..........................the hotel as soon as we arrived. As soon as we arrived at che hotel, we ch e ck ed ........................... The car stopped and the driver g o t ........................... Thieves b ro k e ........................ the house while we were away. Why did Sarah d r o p ........................ college? Did she fail her exams?. 138.3 Complete each sentence using a verb + in or out (of]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Sally walked to the edge of the pool ..in antj swam to the other end. N ot all the runners finished the race. Three of th e m ................................................... I went to see Joe and Sue in their new house. T h e y ..................................................last week. I’ve told you everything you need to know. I don’t think I’v e ................................................ anything. Some people in the crowd started singing. Then a few more p e o p le ......................................... ...... and soon everybody was singing. We go to restaurants a lot. We lik e ................................................... D on't b e ................................................ by him. If I were you, I wouldn’t believe anything he says. I ................................................ to see Laura a few days ago. She was fine. A: Can we meet tom orrow morning at ten? B: Probably. I'm supposed to go to another meeting, but I think I can it.. 138.4 Complete the sentences. Use the word in brackets inthe correct form. 1 A: The fridge isn’t working. B: T h at’s because you h a v e n 't ..... (plug) 2 A: W hat do I have to do with these forms? B:....... ...........................................and send them to this address, (fill) 3 A: I’ve made a mistake on this form. B: T h at’s all right. J u s t .................................................and correct it. (cross) 4 A: Did you believe the story they told you? B: Yes, I’m afraid they com pletely .................................................. (take) 5 A: Have you been to that new club in Bridge Street? B: We wanted to go there a few nights ago, but the doorm an w ouldn’t ......................................... because we weren’t members, (let). Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 277.

(285) Unit Phrasal verbs 3. 139 A. out = not burning, not shining go out put out a fire / a cigarette / a light turn out a light blow out a candle. out □ Suddenly all the lights in the building went out. □ We managed to put the fire out. □ I turned the lights out before leaving. □ We don’t need the candle. You can blow it out.. work out work out = do physical exercises □ Rachel works out at the gym three times a week, work out = develop, progress □ Good luck for the future. I hope everything works out well for you. □ A: Why did James leave the company? B: Things didn’t w ork out. (= things didn't work out well) w ork out (for mathematical calculations) □ The total bill for three people is £84.60. T hat works out at £28.20 each, w ork something out = calculate, think about a problem and find the answer □ 345 X 76? I need to do this on paper. I can’t work it out in my head. O ther verbs + out carry out an order / an experiment / a survey / an investigation / a plan etc. □ Soldiers are expected to carry out orders. □ An investigation into the accident will be carried out as soon as possible, fall out (with somebody) = stop being friends □ They used to be very good friends. I'm surprised ro hear that they have fallen out. □ David fell out with his father and left home. find out that/whar/when ... etc., find out about something = get information □ The police never found out who committed the murder. □ I’ve just found out that it’s Helen's birthday todav. □ 1 called the tourist office to find out about hotels in the town, give/hand things out = give to each person □ At the end of the lecture, the speaker gave out inform ation sheets to the audience, point something out (to somebody) = draw attention to something □ As we drove through the city, our guide pointed out all the sights. □ 1 didn’t realise I’d made a mistake until somebody pointed it out to me. run out (of something) □ We ran out of petrol on the motorway. (= we used all our petrol) sort something out = find a solution to, put in order □ There are a few problems we need to sort out. □ All these papers are mixed up. I'll have to sort them out. turn out to be ... / turn out good/nice etc. / turn out t h a r ... □ Nobodv believed Paul at first, but he turned out to be right. (= it became clear in rhe end that he was right) □ The weather w asn’t so good in the morning, but it turned out nice later. □ I thought they knew each other, but it turned out that they’d never met. try out a machine, a system, a new idea etc. = test it to see i f it is OK □ The company is trying out a new com puter system at the moment.. 278. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) -* Unit 137. More verbs + out - * Unit 138.

(286) Unit 139. Exercises 139.1 Which words can go together? Choose from the box. a mess a mistake a candle a cigarette a Kght1 rurn our ... a. hqht •> point out ■> j blow out . 4 carry out. ............. ............. .............. a new product. an order. 5 put o u t ..... 6 trv o u t ...... 7 sort o u t ..... 139.2 Complete each sentence using a verb + out. 1 2 j 4 5 6 8 9 10. 11 12 13 14. The companv i s a new com puter system at the moment. Steve is very fit. He does a lot of sport a n d .................................................. regularly. The road will be closed for tw o days next week while building work i s .......................................... We didn't manage to discuss everything at the meeting. W e ..................................................of time. You have t o ................................................ the problem yourself. I can’t do it for you. I phoned the station t o ..................................................w hat time the train arrived. The new drug will b e ..................................................on a small group of patients. I thought the tw o books were the same until a friend of m in e ..................................................the difference. Thev £ot married a few years ago but it d i d n 't .................................................., and they separated. There was a power cut and all the lig h ts ................................................... We thoughr she was American at first, but s h e .................................................. to be Swedish. Sometimes i t ................................................ cheaper to eat in a restaurant than to cook at home. [ haven't applied for the job yet. I w ant r o .................................................. more about the com pany first. It took the fire brigade two hours t o ..................................... ..................................................the fire.. 139.3 For each picture, complete the sentence using a verb + out.. 1. -------------------------------------------------------. - —. They've. 2. run ou t of petrol. r'rzi A Ỉ. L im. qncj mo r e /. oV. JOE. They’ve 139.4. ^. earlier. The man with rhe beard is ......................................... leaflets.. ( Í <teri t /iKe^v / ”Tdoo t l|K t" \ \ h e r aọy m arey. / C*. now. The weather has. ]. US A. m. One of Joe’s jobs in the office i s ................................................... Lisa is trying to h o w ............... ...... Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb + out. 1 A: Shall I leave the light on? B: No, you c a n .................................................. 2 A: This recipe looks interesting. B: Yes, let’s ................................................................................ . 3 A: How much money do I owe vou exactly? B: Just a moment. I’ll have t o ............................................... 4 A: W hat happened about your problem with your bank? B: It’s OK now. 1 went to see them and w e .......................... Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 279.

(287) Unit. 140. Phrasal verbs 4. on/off(1). On and off for lights, machines etc. We say:. the light is on / put the light on / leave the light on etc. turn the light on/off or switch the light on/off. □ Shall I leave the lights on or turn them off? □ ‘Is the heating on?’ ‘No, I switched it off.’ □ We need some boiling water, so I'll put the kettle on. Also put on some music / a CD / a video etc. □ I haven’t listened to this CD yet. Shall I put it on? On and off for events etc. go on = happen □ W hat’s all that noise? W har’s going on? (= w hars happening) call something off = cancel it □ The open air concert had to be called off because of the weather, put something off, put off doing something = delay it □ The wedding has been put o ff until January. □ We can’t put off making a decision. We have to decide now. On and off for clothes etc. put on clothes, glasses, make-up, a seat belt etc. □ My hands were cold, so I put my gloves on. Also put on weight = get heavier □ I’ve put on rwo kilograms in the last month. try on clothes (to see if they fit) □ I tried on a jacket in the shop, but it didn’t fit me very well, take off clothes, glasses etc. □ It was warm , so I took o ff my jacket. O ff = away from a person or place be off (to a place) □ Tom orrow I’m off to Paris / I’m off on holiday. (= I’m going to Paris / I’m going on holiday) walk off / run off / drive off / ride off / go off (similar to walk away / run away etc.) □ Diane got on her bike and rode off. □ M ark left home at the age of eighteen and went off ro Canada, set off = start a journey □ We set off very early to avoid the traffic. (= We left early) take off = leave the ground (for planes) □ After a long delay the plane finally took off. see somebody off = go with them to the airport/station to say goodbye □ Helen was going awav. We went to the station with her to see her off.. 280. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) —» Unit 137. More verbs + on/off —*■Unit 141.

(288) Unit 140. Exercises 140.1. Complete the sentences using put on + the following: a CD 1 2 3 4 5. the heating. the kettle. the. the oven. It was getting dark, so I ................................. It was getting cold, so I .................................................................... I wanted to bake a cake, so I ...................................... I wanted to make some tea, so I ..................................................... I wanted to listen to some music, so I ........................................... 140.2 Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb + on or o ff. 1 It was warm , so I took ...off..... my jacket. 2 Whar are all these people doing? W hat’s .................................................. ? 3 The w eather was too bad for the plane t o .................................................. , so the flight was delayed. 4 I didn’t w ant to be disturbed, so I .................................................. my mobile phone. 5 Rachel got into her car a n d ..................................................at high speed. 6 Tim h a s ..................................................weight since I last saw him. He used to be quite thin. 7 A: W hat time are vou leaving tom orrow? B: I’m nor sure yet, but I'd like t o ..................................................as early as possible. 8 D o n 't ............................................... until tom orrow w hat you can do today. 9 There was going ro be a strike by bus drivers, but now they have been offered more money and the strike has b e e n ......................................... ......... 10 Are you cold? Shall I set vou a sweater t o .............................................. ? 11 When 1 go away, I prefer to be alone at the station or airport. I don’t likeitwhen people come t o .............................. m e ...................... 140.3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.. Her hands were cold, so s h e .pwt..|?er...gloves..on.. The p la n e. at 10.55.. MARI A. M a r ia ................................... but it was too big for her.. The m a tc h ...................... because of the weather.. M ark’s parents went to the airport to. He took his sunglasses out of his pocket and. Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 323 -2 5). 281.

(289) Phrasal verbs 5. on/off (2). Verb + on = continue doing something drive on / walk on / play on = continue walking/driving/playing etc. □ Shall we stop at this petrol station or shall we drive on to the next one? go on = continue □ The party went on until 4 o ’clock in the morning. go on / carry on (doing something) = continue (doing something) □ We can’t go on spending money like this. We’ll have nothing left soon. □ ] don’t w ant to carry on working here. I’m going to look for another job. Also go on with / carry on with something □ D on’t let me disturb you. Please carry on with w hat you’re doing, keep on doing something = do it continuously or repeatedly □ He keeps on criticising me. I’m fed up with it! Get on get on = progress □ H ow are you getting on in your new job? (= How is it going?) get on (with somebody) = have a good relationship □ Joanne and Karen don’t get on. They’re always arguing. □ Richard gets on well with his neighbours. They’re all very friendly. get on with something = continue doing something you bare to do, usually after an interruption □ I must get on with my work. I have a lot to do. Verb + off doze off / drop off / nod off = fall asleep □ The lecture w asn’t very interesting. In fact I dropped off in the middle of it. finish something off = do the last part o f something □ A: Have you finished painting the kitchen? B: Nearly. I’ll finish it off Tomorrow. go off = explode □ A bomb went off in the city centre, but fortunately nobody was hurt. Also an alarm can go off = ring □ Did you hear the alarm go off? put somebody off (doing something) = cause som ebody not to w ant something or to something □ We wanted to go to the exhibition, but we were put off by the long queue. □ W hat put you off applying for the job? Was the salary too low? rip somebody off = cheat som ebody (informal) □ Did you really pay £1,000 for th at painting? I think you were ripped off. (= you paid too much) show off = try to impress people w ith your ability, your knowledge etc. □ Look at that boy on the bike riding with no hands. H e’s just showing off. tell somebody off = speak angrily to som ebody because they did something wrong □ Clare’s m other told her off for wearing dirty shoes in the house. Go on I carry on -* Unit 53B Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) -» Unit 137 More verbs + on/off -* Unit 140.

(290) Exercises. Unit 141. 141.1 Change the underlined words. Keep the same meaning, but use a verb + on or off. 1 Did you hear the bomb explode? Did you hear the b o m b Ĩ9....9.Ỉ.f..... ? 2 The meeting continued longer than I expected. The m eetin g .............................................. longer than I expected. 3 We didn’t stop to rest. We continued walking. We didn’t stop to rest. W e ................................................... 4 I fell asleep while I was watching TV. I ................................................ while I was watching TV. 5 Gary doesn’t w ant to retire.He w ants to continue working. Gan- doesn’t w ant to retire. He wants t o .................................................working. 6 The fire alarm rang in the middle of the night. The fire a la r m ..................................................in the middle of the night. 7 M artin phones me continuously. It’s very annoying. M a r tin .................................................... It’s very annoying. 141.2 Complete each sentence using a verb + on or off. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. We c a n 't 3.Ọ....6K! spending money like this. We’ll have nothing left soon. I was standing by the car when suddenly the a la r m ................................................... I’m not ready to go home yet. I have a few things t o ................................................... ‘Shall I stop the car here?’ ‘N o , ................... :............................... ’ Bill paid too much for the car he bought. I think he w a s ................................................... ‘Is Emma enjoying her course at university?’ ‘Yes, she’s ..................................................very well.’ I was very tired at work today. I n e a rly ..................................................at my desk a couple of times. Ben w a s .................................................. by his boss for being late for work repeatedly. 1 really like working with my colleagues. We a l l really well together. There was a very loud noise. Ir sounded like a b o m b ................................................... I ................................................ making the same mistake. It’s very frustrating. I've just had a coffee break, and now I m u s t..................................................with my work. Peter is always trying to impress people. H e’s a lw a y s................................................... We decided not to go into the museum. We w e re ............................................by the cost of tickets.. 141.3 Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + on or off. Sometimes you will need other words as well: carry. finish. -get. get. get. go. rip. tell. 1 A: H o w gettung OKI in your new job? B: Fine, thanks. It’s going very well. 2 A: Have you written the letter you had to write? B: I’ve started it. I'll .............................................................. in the morning. 3 A: We took a taxi to the airport. It cost £40. B: £40! Norm ally it costs about £20. Y o u ............................................................... 4 A: Why were you late for work this morning? B: I overslept. My alarm clock didn’t ..................................................... ........ 5 A: H o w ................................................. in your interview? Do you think you’ll get the job? B: I hope so. The interview was OK. 6 A: Did you stop playing tennis when it started to rain? B: No, w e ...............................................................The rain w asn’t very heavy. 7 A: Some children at the next table in the restaurant were behaving very badly. B: Why didn’t their p a re n ts ............................................................. ? 8 A: Why does Paul w ant to leave his job? B: H e ..............................................................His boss. —* Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 283.

(291) Phrasal verbs 6. up/down. Com pare up and down: put something up (on a wall etc.) □ 1 put some pictures up on the wall.. take something down (from a wall etc.) □ I didn’t like the picture, so I took it down.. pick something up □ There was a letter on the floor. I picked it up and looked at it.. put something down □ I stopped writing and put down my pen.. stand up □ Alan stood up and walked out.. sit down / bend down / lie down □ I bent down to tie my shoelace,. turn something up □ I can’t hear the TV. Can you turn it up a bit?. turn something down □ The oven is too hot. Turn it down to 150 degrees.. Knock down etc. knock down a building / blow something down / cut something down etc. □ Some old houses were knocked down to make way for rhe new shopping centre. □ Why did you cut down the tree in your garden? Also be knocked down (by a car etc.) □ A man was knocked down by a car and taken to hospital. Down = getting less slow down = go more slowly □ You’re driving too fast. Slow down. calm (somebody) down = become calmer, m ake som ebody calmer o Calm down. There’s no point in getting angry. cut down (on something) = eat, drink or do something less often □ I’m trying to cut down on coffee. I drink far too much of it. O ther verbs + down break down = stop w orking (for machines, cars, relationships etc.) □ The car broke down and I had to phone for help. □ Their marriage broke down after only a few months. close down / shut down = stop doing business □ There used to be a shop at the end of the street; it closed down a few years ago. let somebody down = disappoint som ebody because you didn't do w hat they hoped □ You can always rely on Pete. He'll never let you down. turn somebody/something down = refuse an application, an offer etc. □ I applied for several jobs, but I was turned down for each one. □ Rachel was offered the job, but she decided to turn it down. write something down = write something on paper because you m ay need the information later □ I can’t remember Tim’s address. I wrote it down, but I can’t find it.. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) - * Unit 137. More verbs + up -» Units 143-144.

(292) Unit 142. Exercises. 142.1 Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + up or down: calm 1 2 3 4 5 6. let. put. take. turn. turn. I don’r like this picture on the wall. I’m going t o tak.è_íề..Ẩ0W!3........................................................ The music is too loud. Can y o u ................................................................................................................ ? David was very angrv. I tried t o ........................................................................-.......... -...................... • I've bought some new currains. Can you help m e ............................................................................... ? I promised I would help Anna. 1 don’t w ant t o ....................................................................................... I was offered the job, but I decided I didn't w ant it. So I ....................................................................... 142.2 For each picture, complete the sentences using a verb + up or down. In most sentences you will need other words as well.. 1 2 3 4 5 é 7 8 142.3. There used to be a tree next to the house, but w e ..... There used to be some shelves on the wall, but I ......................................................... The ceiling was so low, he couldn’t ........................................................ straight. She couldn’t hear the radio very well, so s h e ......................................................... While they were waiting for the bus, th e y ...................................................................... on the ground. A few tre e s ........................................................ in the storm last week. Sarah gave me her phone number. I ...................................................... on a piece of paper. Liz dropped her keys, so s h e .....................................................a n d .......................................................... Complete each sentence using a verb (in the correct form) + down. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. I stopped writing a n d my pen. 1 was really angry. It took me a long time to ............................................................. The t r a i n ........................................................... as it approached the station. Sarah applied to study medicine at university, but s h e ............................................................... O ur car is very reliable. It has n e v e r ....................................................... I need to spend less money. I’m going t o ............................................................ on things I don’t really need. I didn’t play very well. I felt that I h a d ..............................................the other players in the team. The s h o p ........................................................... because it was losing money. This is a very ugly building. M any people would like it t o ..................................... ......................... I can’t understand why v o u .............................................................. the chance of working abroad for a year. It would have been a great experience for you. A: Did you see the accident? W hat happened exactly? B: A m a n ............................................................ by a car as he was crossing the road. Peter got married when he was 20, but unfortunately the m arria g e ................................................ a few years later.. -» Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 285.

(293) Unit. 143. Phrasal verbs 7. up (1). go up / come up / walk up (to ...) = approach □ A man came up to me in the street and asked me for money. catch up (with somebody), catch somebody up = m ove faster than som ebody in front o f you so that you reach them □ I’m not ready to go yet. You go on and I'll catch up with you / I’ll catch you up. keep up (with somebody) = continue at the same speed or level □ You’re walking too fast. I can’t keep up (with you). □ You’re doing well. Keep it up!. set up an organisation, a company, a business, a system, a website etc. = start it □ The government has set up a committee to investigate the problem, take up a hobby, a sport, an activity etc. = start doing it □ Laura took up photography a few years ago. She takes really good pictures, fix up a meeting etc. = arrange it □ We’ve fixed up a meeting for next Monday.. grow up = become an adult □ Sarah was born in Ireland but grew up in England, bring up a child = raise, look after a child □ Her parents died when she was a child and she was brought up by her grandparents.. clean up / clear up I tidy up something = make it clean, tidy etc. □ Look at this mess! W ho’s going to tidy up? (or tidy it up) wash up = wash the plates, dishes etc. after a meal □ I hate washing up. (or I hate doing the washing-up. I. end up somewhere, end up doing something etc. □ There was a fight in the street and three men ended up in hospital. (= th at’s w hat happened to these men in the end) □ I couldn’t find a hotel and ended up sleeping on a bench at the station. (= that's w hat happened to me in the end) give up = stop trying, give something up = stop doing it □ D on’t give up. Keep trying! □ Sue got bored with her job and decided to give it up.. (= stop doing it). make up something / be made up of somethin® □ Children under 16 make up half the population of the city. (= half the population are children under 16) □ Air is made up mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (= Air consists o f ...) take up space or time = use space or time □ M ost of the space in the room was taken up by a large table, turn up / show up = arrive, appear □ We arranged to meet Dave last night, but he didn’t turn up. use something up = use all o f it so that nothing is left □ I’m going to take a few more photographs. I w ant to use up the rest of the film.. 286. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) -» Unit 137. More verbs + up - * Units 142, 144.

(294) Unit 143. Exercises. 143.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use three words each time, including a verb from Section A.. A man .........SflUwejMLto..........me in rhe street and asked me the wav to the station.. S u e ............................................................... the front door of the house and rang the doorbell. 4 TASYA „ - ,a . J. Tom was a long way behind the other runners, but he managed to ........................................ them.. |. |. /. fa v. PAUL^ Ị. Tanya was running too fast for Paul. He couldn’t ......................................... her.. 143.2 Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + up: end 1 2 3 4 5 6 ” 8 9 10 11. give. give. grow. make. take. take. turn. use. wash. I couldn't find a hotel a n d L.wp sleeping on a bench at the station. I’m feeling very tired now. I’v e ..................................................all my energy. After dinner I ................................................ and put the dishes away. People often ask children what they w ant to be when th e y ................................................... We invited Tim to the partv, but he didn’t ................................................... Two years ago M a r k ..................................................his studies to be a professional footballer. A: Do you do any sports? B: N ot at the moment, but I’m thinking o f .................................................. tennis. You don'r have enough determ ination. Y o u .................................................. too easily. Karen travelled a lot for a few years a n d ................................................ in Canada, where she still lives. I do a lot of gardening. I t ................................................ most of my free time. There are two universities in the cirv, and stu d e n ts 20 per cent of the population.. 143.3 Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs + up (with any other necessary words): bring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. catch. fix. g ive. go. keep * keep. make. set. tidy. Sue got bored with her job and decided t o ..<}.—&•••&•—•£..... I'm not ready vet. You go on and I 'l l with you. The room is in a mess. I'd b e tte r................................................. We expect to go away on holiday sometime inJuly, but wehaven’t ............................... yet. Stephen is having problems at school. He can’t ..................................................the rest of the class. Although I .................................................. in the country, I have always preferred cities. O ur team started the game well, but we couldn’t , and in the end we lost. I saw M ike at the party, so I .............................................................. him and said hello. When I was on holiday, I joined a tour group. The g r o u p ............................................................. two Americans, three Germans, five Italians and myself. Helen has her own internet website. A friend of hers helped her t o .................................................... - * Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 2 3 -2 5 ). 287.

(295) Phrasal verbs 8. up (2). bring up a topic etc. = introduce it in a conversation □ I don’t w ant to hear any more about this matter. Please don't bring it up again, come up = be introduced in a conversation □ Some interesting matters came up in our discussion yesterday, come up with an idea, a suggestion etc. = produce an idea □ Sarah is very creative. She’s alvvavs coming up with new ideas, make something up = invent something that is not true □ W hat Kevin told you about himself w asn’t true. He made it all up.. cheer up = be happier, cheer somebody up = m ake som ebody feel happier □ You look so sad! Cheer up! □ Helen is depressed at the moment. W har can we do to cheer her up? save up for something / to do something = save m oney to buy something □ Dan is saving up for a trip round the world, clear up = become bright (for weather) □ It was raining when I got up, but it cleared up during the morning.. blow up = explode, blow something up = destroy it w ith a bom b etc. □ The engine caughr fire and blew up. □ The bridge was blown up during the war. tear something up = tear it into pieces □ I didn’t read the letter. I just tore it up and threw it away. beat somebody up = hit someone repeatedly so that they are badly hurt □ A friend of mine was attacked and beaten up a few davs ago. He was badlv hurt and had to go to hospital.. break up / split up (with somebody) = separate □ I’m surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have split up. They seemed very happv together when I last saw them. do up a coat, a shoelace, buttons etc. = fasten, tie etc. □ It’s quite cold. Do up your coat before you go out. do up a building, a room etc. = repair and im prove it □ The kitchen looks great now that it has been done up. look something up in a dictionary/encvclopaedia etc. □ If you don’t know the meaning of a word, vou can look it up in a dictionary, put up with something = tolerate it □ We live on a busy road, so we have to put up with a lot of noise from the traffic, hold up a person, a plan etc. = delay □ D on’t wait for me. I don’t w ant to hold you up. □ Plans to build a new factorv have been held up because of the com pany’s financial problems. mix up people/things, get people/things mixed up = you think one isthe other □ The rwo brothers look very similar. M any people mix them up. (or ... get them mixed up) Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) -* Unit 137. More verbs + up - * Units 142-143.

(296) Unit 144. Exercises 144.1. Which goes with which? 1 2 3 4 5. I’m going to tear up Jane came up with Paul is always making up I think you should do up I do n ’t think you should bring up I’m saving up for 7 We had to put up with. 6 144.2. A a new camera B a lot of bad weather your jacket D an interesting suggestion E excuses F the letter G that subject. c. 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. You will need two or three words each time.. 2 l.ISDA. th is m o r n in g. 144.3. now. The weather was horrible this morning, it’s cteargd.. up. now.. Linda was late because she was .................................................. in the traffic.. They bought an old house and . ...................... It’s really nice now.. Pete was really depressed. We took him out ........................................... for a meal t o. Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb (in the correct form) + up. Sometimes you will need other words as well. 1 Some interesting m a tte rs in our discussion yesterday. 2 The s h i p ...........................................and sank. The cause of the explosion was never discovered. 3 Two men have been arrested after a man w a s ................................outside arestaurant last night. The injured man was taken to hospital. 4 i s Robert still going our with Tina?’ ‘No, they’v e ................................................... ’ 5 I put my shoes on a n d .................................................. the shoelaces. 6 The weather is horrible this morning, isn’t it? I hope i t ................................................ later. I wanted to phone Chris, but I dialled Laura’s num ber by mistake. I got their phone numbers. 144.4. Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb + up. Sometimes you will need other words as well. 1 2 3 4 5. D on’t w ait for me. I don't w ant t o ..... 1 don’t know what this word means. I’ll have t o ................................................... There’s nothing we can do about the problem. We’ll just have t o .................................................. it. ‘Was that story true?’ ‘N o, I ................-............... ’ Ĩ think we should follow Tom’s suggestion. Nobody h a s .................................................. a better plan. é I hate this photograph. I’m going t o ................................................... 7 I’m trying to spend less money at the moment. I’m a trip to Australia.. Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 289.

(297) Unit. 145. Phrasal verbs 9. away/back. Com pare away and back: away = away from home □ We’re going away on holiday today.. back = back home □ We’ll be back in three weeks,. away = away from a place, a person ere. □ The wom an got into her car and drove away. □ J tried to rake a picture of the bird, but it flew away. □ I dropped the ticket and it blew away in the wind. □ The police searched the house and took away a computer.. back = back to a place, a person etc. □ A: I’m going out now. B: W hat time will you be back? □ After eating a t a restaurant, we walked back to our hotel. □ I’ve still got Jane’s keys. I forgot to give rhem back to her. □ When you’ve finished with that book, can you put it back on the shelf?. In the same way you can say: walk away, run away, look away etc.. In the same way you can say: go back, come back, get back, take something back etc.. O ther verbs + away get away = escape, leave w ith difficulty □ We tried to catch the thief, but he managed to get away. get away with something = do something wrong w ithout being caught □ I parked in a no-parking zone, but I got away with it. keep away (from ...) = don't go near □ Keep away from the edge of the pool. You might fall in. give something away = give it to som ebody else because you don't w ant it any more a ‘Did you sell your old com puter?’ ‘N o, I gave it away.' put something away = put it in the place where it is kept, usually out o f sight □ When the children had finished playing with their toys, they put them away, throw something away = pu t it in the rubbish □ 1 kept the letter, but I threw away the envelope. O ther verbs + back wave back / smile back / shout back / write back / hit somebodv back □ I waved to her and she waved back, call/phone/ring (somebody) back = return a phone call □ I can’t talk to you now. I’ll call you back in ten minutes, get back to somebody = reply to them by phone etc. □ I sent him an email, but he never got back to me. look back (on something) = think about w hat happened in the past □ My first job was in a travel agencv. I didn't like it vervmuch at rhe time but, looking back on it, I learnt a lot and it was a very usefulexperience. pay back money, pay somebody back □ If you borrow money, you have to pay it back. □ Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back next week.. 290. Phrasal verbs 1 (Introduction) -* Unit 137.

(298) Unit 145. Exercises 145.1 Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6. The woman got into her car a n d away. Here's the monev vou need..........................................me back when you can. Don’t .................................... that box away. It could be useful. Jane doesn't do anything at work. I don’t know how s h e away with it. I'm going out now. I 'l l ......................................back at about 10.30. You should think more about the future; don’t .................................... back all the time. Garv is very generous. He won some money in the lottery a n d .................................... it all away. 8 I 'l l ...................................... back to you as soon as I have rhe inform ation you need.. 145.2 Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb + away or back. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I was away all day yesterday. I JJP.k.Mi-k very late. I haven’t seen our neighbours for a while. I think they m u s t............................................................... i ‘m soing out now." ‘OK. W hat time will y o u ............................................................ ?’ A man was trying to break into a car. When he saw me, h e ............................................................... I smiled at him, but he didn’t ................................................... If you cheat in the exam, you m ig h t with it. But you might get caught. 7 Be careful! That's an electric fence..................................................................from it.. 145.3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.. SUE. She waved to him and he. It was windv. I dropped a twenty-pound note and it. wcLyect baxk. 5. ELLIE. Sue opened the letter, read it and ......................................in the envelope.. BEN. o. £ He tried to talk to her, but she j u s t ................................... 145.4. EUie threw the ball to Ben and h e .................................... His shoes were worn out, so h e ........................................ Complete the sentences. Use the verb in brackets + away or back. 1. A:. Do you still have my keys?. B: No. D on’t you remember? I. Mir!?. to you yesterday? (give) Do you w ant t h i s m a g a z i n e ? B: No, I’ve finished with it. You c a n ................................................................ (throw) 3 A: How are your new jeans? Do they fityou OK? B: No, I’m going t o ...........................................................................t o t h e s h o p , ( t a k e ) 4 A: Here’s the money vou asked me to lend you. B: Thanks. I’l l .................................................... as soon as I can. (pay) 5 A: W hat happened to all the books you used to have? B: I d i d n ’ t w a n t t h e m a n y m o r e , s o I .............................................................................. ( g iv e ) 6 A: Did y o u p h o n e Sarah? B: She w asn’t there. I left a message asking her t o ............................................................... (call) 2. A:. - * Additional exercises 37-41 (pages 3 23 -2 5). 291.

(299) Regular and irregular verbs 1.1. Regular verbs If a verb is regular, rhe past simple and past participle end in -ed. For example: infinitive past simple past participle. clean. finish. use. paint. stop. carry. cleaned. finished. used. painted. stopped. carried. For spelling rules, see Appendix 6. For the past simple (I cleaned / they finished / she carried etc.), see Unit 5. We use the past participle to make the perfect tenses and all the passive forms. Perfect tenses (have/has/had cleaned): □ I have cleaned the windows, {present perfect - see Units 7-8) □ They were still working. They hadn’t finished, (past perfect - see Unit 15) Passive (is cleaned / was cleaned etc.): □ He was carried out of the room, (past simple passive) I y 42 44 □ This gate has just been painted. (present perfect passive) j 1.2. Irregular verbs When the past simple and past participle do not end in -ed (for example, I saw / 1 have seen), the verb is irregular. With some irregular verbs, all three forms {infinitive, past simple and past participle) are the same. For example, hit: □ D on’t hit me. (infinitive) □ Somebody hit me as I came into the room, (past simple) □ I’ve never hit anybody in my life, (past participle - present perfect) □ George was hit on the head by a stone, (past participle - passive) With other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle (but different from the infinitive). For example, tell -» told: □ Can you tell me w hat to do? (infinitive) □ She told me to come back the next day. (past simple) o Have you told anybody about your new job? (past participle - present perfectI □ I was told to come back the next day. (past participle - passive) With other irregular verbs, all three forms are different. For example, wake -» woke/woken: □ I’ll wake you up. (infinitive) □ I woke up in the middle of the night, (past simple) □ The baby has woken up. (past participle - present perfect) □ I was woken up by a loud noise, (past participle - passive). 1.3. The following verbs can be regular or irregular: burn dream lean learn. -* —* —» -*. burned dreamed leaned learned. or or or or. burnt dream t [dremt]* leant [lent]'' learnt. smell spell spill spoil. —*■ -» -* -*. smelled spelled spilled spoiled. or or or or. smelt spelt spilt spoilt. pronunciation. So you can say: □ I leant out of the window, or I leaned out of the window. □ The dinner has been spoiled, or The dinner has been spoilt. In British English the irregular form (burnt/learnt etc.) is more usual. For American English, see Appendix 7.. 292.

(300) Appendix 1. 1.4. List of irregular verbs. infinitive be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring broadcast build burst buy catch choose come cost creep cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead leave lend let lie. past simple was/were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought broadcast built burst bought caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led left lent let lay. past participle been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burst bought caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led left lent let lain. infinitive light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide speak spend spit split spread spring stand Steal stick sting stink strike swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear weep win write. past simple lit lost made meant met paid put read [red]* rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid spoke spent spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck swore swept swam swung took raughr tore told thought threw understood woke wore wept won wrote. past participle lit lost made meant met paid put read [red]* ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown/showed shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid spoken spent spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn wept won written * pronunciation. 293.

(301) Present and past tenses simple. continuous. present. I do present simple (-* Units 2 -4 ) □ Ann often plays tennis. □ I work in a bank, but I don’t enjoy it much. □ Do you like parties? □ It doesn’t rain so much in summer.. I am doing present continuous (-» Units 1, 3 -4 ) □ 'W here’s Ann?’ ‘She’s playing tennis.' □ Please don’t disturb me now. I’m working. □ Hello. Are vou enjoying the partv? □ It isn’t raining at the moment.. present perfect. I have done present perfect simple (-* Units 7 -8 , 10-14) □ Ann has played tennis. J have been doing present perfect continuous (-» Units 9-11) □ Ann is tired. She has been playing tennis. □ You’re out of breath. Have you been running? □ How long have you been learning English? □ It’s still raining. It has been raining all day. □ I haven’t been feeling well recently. Perhaps I should go to the doctor.. m any. times.. □ I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere? □ H ow long have you and Chris known each other? □ A : Is i t s t i l l r a i n i n g ? B: N o, it has stopped. □ The house is dirty. I haven’t cleaned it for weeks. past. I did past simple (-» Units 5 -6 , 13-14) □ Ann played tennis yesterday afternoon. □ I lost my key a few days ago. □ There was a film on TV last night, bur we didn’t watch it. □ W hat did you do when you finished work yesterday?. past perfect. I had done past perfect (-* Unit 15) □ It w asn’t her first game of tennis. She had played many times before. □ They couldn’t get into the house because they had lost the key. □ The house was dirty because I hadn’t cleaned it for weeks. For the passive, see Units 4 2 -4 4 .. 294. I was doing past continuous (-* Unit 6) □ I saw Ann at the sports centre yesterday. She was playing tennis. □ I dropped my key when I was trying to open the door. □ The television was on, but we weren’t watching it. □ W hat were you doing at this time yesterday? I had been doing past perfect continuous (-» Unit 16) □ Ann was tired yesterday evening because she had been playing tennis in the afternoon. □ George decided to go to the doctor because he hadn’t been feeling well..

(302) ĩhe future 3.1. List o f future forms: □ □ □ □ □ □ □. 3.2. I’m leaving t o m o r r o w . My train leaves at 9.30. I’m going to leave t o m o r r o w . I’ll leave t o m o r r o w . I’ll be leaving t o m o r r o w . I’ll have left by this time tom orrow. I hope to see you before I leave tomorrow.. present continuous present simple (be) going to will future continuous future perfect present simf?le. H Unit 19A) (— Unit 19B) ( - Units 20, 23) (-* Units 21-23) (— Unit 24) (-* Unit 24) ( - Unit 25). Future actions We use the present continuous (I’m doing) tor arrangements: □ I’m leaving tom orrow. I’ve got my plane ticket, (already planned and arranged) □ ‘When are they getting m arried?’ ‘On 24 July.’ We use the present simple (I leave / it leaves etc.) for timetables, programmes etc. : □ M y train leaves at 11.30. (according to the timetable) □ W hat time does the film begin? We use (be) going to ... to say w hat somebody has already decided to do: □ I’ve decided not to stay here any longer. I’m going to leave tomorrow, (or I'm leaving tomorrow.) □ ‘Your shoes are dirty.’ 'Yes, I know. I’m going to clean them .' We use will (’11) when we decide or agree to do something at the time of speaking: □ A : I don’t w ant you to stay here any longer. B: OK. I’ll leave tomorrow. (B decides this at the time of speaking) □ T hat bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. □ I w on’t tell anybody w hat happened. I promise, (won’t = will not). 3.3. Future happenings and situations M ost often we use will to talk about future happenings (‘something will happen’) or situations (‘something will be’): □ I don't think John is happy at work. I think he’ll leave soon. □ This time nexr year I’ll be in Japan. Where will you be? We use (be) going to when the situation now shows w hat is going to happen in the future: □ Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain, (you can see the clouds now). 3.4. Future continuous and future perfect Will be (do)ing = will be in the middle of (doing something): □ This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea. We also use will be -ing for future actions (see Unit 24C): □ W hat time will you be leaving tom orrow? We use will have (done) to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future: □ I w on’t be here this time tom orrow. I’ll have already left.. 3.5. We use the present (not will) after when/if/while/before etc. (see Unit 25): □ I hope to see you before I leave tom orrow, (not before I will leave) □ When you are in London again, come and see us. (not When you will be) □ If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late.. 295.

(303) /. Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) This appendix is a sum m ary of modal verbs. For more inform ation, see Units 2 1 -4 1 . 4.1. Com pare can/could etc. for actions: can could can or may. □ □ □ □. a w ill/w on’t □ □ □ would □. I can go out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me) 1 can’t go out tonight. I could go out tonight, but I'm not very keen. I couldn’t go out last night. (= I w asn’t able) Can May 1 go out tonight? (= do YOU allow me) 1 think I’ll go our tonight. I promise I w on’t go out. . I would go out tonight, but I have roo much to do. I promised I w ouldn’t go out.. shall should or ought to. □ Shall 1 go out tonight? (do you think it is a good idea?) should □ I go our tonight. (= it would be a good thing to do) ought to. must. □ I must go our tonight. (= it is necessary) □ I m ustn’t go out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out) □ I needn’t go out tonight. (= it is not necessary). needn’t. Com pare could have ... / would have ... ere. : could would should or . ought to needn’t 4.2. □ I could have gone out last night, hut I decided to stay at home. □ I would have gone out last night, but I had too much to do. „ , [ should I , , . . ,, □ 1{ . \ nave gone out last nisnt. I m sorrv I didn t. [ ought to J □ I needn’t have gone out last night. (= I went out, but it was not necessary). We use will/would/may etc. to say whether something is possible, impossible, probable, certain etc. Compare: will would. □ ‘W hat time will she be here?’ ‘She'll be here soon.' □ She would be here now, but she’s been delaved.. should or ought to. □ She. should 1 ought to j. may or might or could. □ She. may might could. must can’t. □ She must be here. I saw her come in. □ She can’t possibly be here. I know tor certain that she’s away on holidav.. soon. |_ 1 expect she will be here soonl. be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here!. Com pare would have ... / should have ... etc. : will would should or ought to may or might or could must can’t. 296. □ She will have arrived by now. (= before now) □ She would have arrived earlier, but she was delayed. should □ I wonder where she is. She have arrived by now. ought to may might have arrived. I m not sure. (= it’s possible that she has arrived) could □ She must have arrived bv now. (= I’m sure - there is no other possibility! □ She can’t possibly have arrived yet. It’s much too early. (= it’s impossible) □ She.

(304) I you've I. Short forms (I'm 5.1. didn't etc.). In spoken English we usually say I’m / you’ve / didn’t etc. (short forms or contractions) rather than I am / you have / did not etc. We also use these short forms in informal writing (for example, a letter or message to a friend). When we write short forms, we use an apostrophe (’) for the missing letter(s): I’m = 1 am you’ve = you have didn’t = did not. 5.2. List of short forms: ’m = am ’s = is or has ’re = are ’vé = have Ml = will ’d = would or had. I’m he’s I’ve I’ll I’d. he’ll he’d. she’s. she’ll she’d. it’s vou’rc vou’ve vou’ll you’d. we’re we’ve w e’ll we’d. they’re they’ve they’ll they’d. ’s can be is or has: □ She’s ill. (= She is ill.) □ She’s gone away. (= She has gone) but let’s = let us: □ Let’s go now. (= Let us go) ’d can be would or had: □ I’d see a doctor it I were you. (= I would see) □ I’d n e v e r s e e n h e r b e f o r e . (= I had n e v e r s e e n ) We use some of these short forms (especially’s) after question words (who/what etc.) and after that/there/here: w ho’s w hat’s where’s how ’s th at’s there’s here’s w ho’ll there’ll w ho’d □ W ho’s that wom an over there? (= who is) □ W hat’s happened? (= what has) □ Do vou think there’ll be many people at the party? (= there will) We also use short forms (especially’s) after a noun: □ Catherine’s going out tonight. (= Catherine is) □ My best friend’s just got married. (= M y best friend has) You cannot u s e ’m / ’s / ’re / ’ve / ’II / ’d at the end of a sentence (because the verb is stressed in this position): □ ‘Are you tired?’ ‘Yes, I am .’ (not Yes, I’m.) □ Do you know where she is? (not Do you know where she’s?) 5.3. Negative short forms isn’t aren’t w asn’t weren’t. (= (= (= (=. is not) are not) was not) were not). can’t w on’t shan’t. (= cannot) (= will not) (= shall not). don’t doesn’t didn’t. (= do not) (= does not) (= did not). haven’t hasn’t hadn’t. (= have not) (= has not) (= had not). couldn’t w ouldn’t shouldn’t. (= could not) (= would not) (= should not). m ustn’t needn’t daren’t. (= m ust not) (= need not) (= dare not). Negative short forms for is and are can be: he isn’t / she isn’t / it isn’t or he’s not / she’s not / it’s not you aren’t / we aren’t / they aren’t o r you’re not / we’re not / they’re not.

(305) Spelling 6.1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the following endings: noun + -s/-es (plural) verb + -s/-es (after he/shc/it) verb + -ing verb + -ed adjective + -er (comparative) adjective + -est (superlative) adjective + -ly (adverb). books works working worked cheaper cheapest cheaply. ideas enjoys enjoying enjoyed quicker quickest quickly. matches washes washing washed brighter brightest brightly. When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below. 6.2. N ouns and verbs + -s/-es The ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x: bus/buses miss/misses wash/washes match/matches search/searches box/boxes N ote also: potato/potatoes do/does. 6.3. romato/tomaroes go/goes. Words ending in -y (baby, carry, easy etc.) If a word ends in a consonant* + y (-by/-rv/-sy/-vy etc.) y changes to ie before the ending -s: baby/babies story/stories hurry/hurries study/studies. country/countries apply/applies. secretary/secretaries rry/tries. y changes to i before the ending -ed: hurry/hurried study/studied. applv/applied. try/tried. y changes to i before the endings -er and -est: easy/easier/easiest heavy/heavier/heaviest. lucky/luckier/luckiest. y changes to i before the ending -ly: easy/easily heavy/heavilv. tem porary/tem porarily. y does not change before -ing: hurrying studying applying. trving. y does not change if the word ends in a rowel* + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy): play/plays/played monkey/monkeys enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed An exception is: day/daily ... N ote also: pay/paid lay/laid 6.4. say/said. Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie) If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing: die/dying lie/lying tie/tying. * a c i o u are vow el letters. The o ther letters |b c d f g etc.) arc consonant letters.. buy/buys.

(306) Appendix 6 6.5. Words ending in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.). Verbs If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing: hope/hoping smile/smiling dance/dancing confuse/confusing Exceptions are be/being and verbs ending in -ee:. see/seeing. ->. agree/agreeing. If a verb ends in -e. we add -d tor the past (of regular verbs): hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused Adjectives and adverbs If an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -St for rhe com parative and superlative: wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest It an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverb: polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely If an adjective ends in -le (simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. : simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably 6.6. Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, wct/wetter/wettest etc.) Sometimes a word ends in vow el + consonant. For example: stop plan rub big wet thin prefer regret Before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p —» pp, n -* nn etc. For example: stop plan rub big wet thin. p n b g r n. — pp —» nn —> bb — gg -> tt —» nn. stopping planning rubbing bigger wetter thinner. stopped planned rubbed biggest wettest thinnest. If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only i f the final syllable is stressed: preFER / preferring / preferred perM IT / permitting / permitted reGRET / regretting / regretted beGIN / beginning If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant: / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed HAPpen / happening / happened reM EM ber / remembering / remembered. Visit. In British English, verbs ending in -I have -11- before -ing and -ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not: Travel / travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled For American spelling, see Appendix 7. Note that we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in tw o consonants (-rt, -Ip, -ng etc.): start / starting / started help / helping / helped long / longer / longest we do not double the final consonant if rhere are tw o vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed etc.): boil / boiling / boiled need / needing / needed explain / explaining / explained cheap / cheaper / cheapest loud / louder / loudest quiet / quieter / quietest we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of words y and w are not consonants.) stay / staying / stayed grow / growing new / newer / newest. 299.

(307) American English There are a few gramm atical differences between British English and American English: Unit. BRITISH. AMERICAN. 7A-B and 13A. The present perfect is used for an action in the past with a result now: □ I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it?. The present perfect OR past simple can be used: □ I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it? or I lost my key. Did you see it? r II • , 1 She’s gone out. □ Sally isn t here. ", She went out. The present perfect OR past simple can be used: „ , I’ve just had lunch. □ I m not hungry. " . , ,7 1 I just had lunch. o A: W hat time is M ark leaving? He has already left. He already left, c Have you finished your work yet? or Did you finish your work yet?. □ Sally isn’t here. She’s gone out. The present perfect is used with just, already and yet: □ I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch. □ A: W hat time is M ark leaving? B: He has already left. □ Have you finished your work yet? 17C. British speakers usually say: have a bath have a shower have a break have a holiday. American speakers say: take a bath take a shower take a break take a vacation. 21D and 22D. Will or shall can be used with I/we: □ I will/shall be late this evening. Shall I ... ? and shall we ... ? are used to ask for advice etc. : □ Which way shall we go?. Shall is unusual: □ I will be late this evening. Should I ... ? and should we ... ? are more usual ro ask for advice etc. : c Which way should we go?. 28. British speakers use can’t to say they believe something is not probable: □ Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t have got my message.. American speakers use must not in this situation: □ Sue hasn’t contacted me. She must not have gotten my message.. 32. You can use needn’t or don’t need to: □ We needn’t hurry. or We don’t need to hurry.. N eedn’t is unusual. The usual form is don’t need to: □ We don’t need to hurry.. 34A-B. After demand, insist etc. you can use should: □ I demanded that he should apologise. □ We insisted that something should b e done about the problem.. The subjunctive is normally used. Should is unusual after demand, insist etc. : □ I demanded that he apologize. * c We insisted that something b e done about the problem.. 51B. British speakers generally use Have you? / Isn’t she? etc. □ A: Liz isn’t feeling well. B: Isn’t she? W hat’s w rong with her?. American speakers generallv use You have? / She isn’t? etc. : □ A: Liz isn’t feeling well. B: She isn’t? w h a t ’s w ro n g w ith her?. 70B. Accommodation is usually uncountable: □ There isn’t enough accomm odation.. Accommodation can be countable: □ There aren’t enough accommodations.. * M any verbs ending in -isc in British English (apologise/organise/specialise etc.) arc spelt with -ize (apologize/organize/specializc etc.) in American English..

(308) Appendix 7. Unit. BRITISH. AMERICAN. 74 B. to/in hospital (without the): □ Three people were injured and taken to hospital.. to/in the hospital: □ Three people were injured and taken to the hospital.. 79C. Nouns like governmcnt/team/family etc. can have a singular or plural verb: □ The team is/are plaving well.. These nouns normally take a singular verb in American English: □ The team is playing well.. 121B. at the weekend / at weekends: □ Will you be here at the weekend?. on the weekend / on weekends: □ Will you be here on the weekend?. 124D. at the front / at the back (of a group etc.): □ Let’s sit at the front (of rhe cinema).. in the front / in the back (of a group etc.): □ Let’s sit in the front (of the movie theater).. 131C. different from or different to: □ Ir was different from/to what I’d expected.. different from or different than: □ It was different from/than w hat I'd expected.. 132 A. write to somebody: □ Please write to me soon.. write (to) somebody (with or w ithout to): □ Please write (to) me soon.. 137A. British speakers use both round and around: c He turned round, or He turned around.. American speakers use around (not usually ‘round’) □ He turned around.. 137C. British speakers use both fill in and fill out: □ Can YOU fill in this form? or Can you fill out this form?. American speakers use fill out: □ Can you fill out this form?. 141B. get on = progress □ How are you getting on in vour new job? get on (with somebody): c Richard gets on well with his new neighbours.. American speakers do not use get on in this way. get along (with somebody): □ Richard gets along well with his new neighbors.. do up a room etc. : □ The kitchen looks great now that it has been done up.. do over a room etc. : □ The kitchen looks great now that it has been done over.. 144D. Appendix BRITISH 1.3. 6.6. AMERICAN. The verbs in this section (burn, spell etc.) can be regular or irregular (burned or burnt, spelled or spelt etc.).. The verbs in this section are normally regular (burned, spelled etc.).. The past participle of get is got: □ Your English has got much better. (= has become much better) Have got is also an alternative to have: □ I’ve got two brothers. (= I have two brothers.). The past participle of get is gotten: □ Your English has gotten much better.. British spelling: travel -» travelling / travelled cancel —> cancelling / cancelled. American spelling: travel —» traveling / traveled cancel —* canceling / canceled. Have got = have (as in British English): □ I’ve got rwo brothers.. 301.

(309) Additional exercises These exercises are divided into the following sections: Present and past (Units 1-6) Present and past (Units 1-14) Present and past (Units 1-17) Past continuous and used to (Units 6, 18) The future (Units 19-25) Past, present and future (Units 1-25) M odal verbs (can/must/would etc.) (Units 26-36) if (conditional) (Units 25, 3 8 -4 0 ) Passive (Units 4 2 -4 5 ) Reported speech (Units 4 7 -4 8 , 50) -ing and infinitive (Units 53-66) a/an and the (Units 69-78) Pronouns and determiners (Units 82-91) Adjectives and adverbs (Units 98-108) Conjunctions (Units 25, 38, 112-118) Prepositions (time) (Units 12, 119-122) Prepositions (position etc.) (Units 123-128) Noun/adjective + preposition (Units 129-131) Verb + preposition (Units 132-136) Phrasal verbs (Units 137-145). Present and past. Exercise 1 Exercises 2 - 4 Exercises 5-8 Exercise 9 Exercises 10-13 Exercises 14-15 Exercises 16-18 Exercises 19-21 Exercises 22-24 Exercise 25 Exercises 26-28 Exercise 29 Exercise 30 Exercise 31 Exercise 32 Exercise 33 Exercise 34 Exercise 35 Exercise 36 Exercises 37-41. Units 1-6, Appendix 2. Put the verb into the correct form: present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing), past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. 12. 302. We can go out now. I t (not / rain) any more. C a th e rin e (wait) for me when I (arrive). I ............................................. (get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat. W h a t...............................................(you / do) in your spare time? Do you have any hobbies? The weather was horrible when w e ................................................ (arrive). It was cold and it ...................................... (rain) hard. Louise u su a lly ................................................. (phone) me on Fridays, but she ................................................ (not / phone) last Friday. A: When I last saw you, y o u .................................................. (think) of moving to a new flat. B: T hat’s right, but in the end I ..................................................(decide) to stay where I was. W h y ................................................ (you / look) at me like that? W hat's the m atter? It’s usually dry here at this time of the year. I t .................................................. Inot / rain) much. The p h o n e ..................................................(ringl three rimes while w e ................................................ (have) dinner last night. Linda was busy when w e (go) to see her vesterdav. She had an exam today and s h e (prepare) for it. W e ................................................ (not / want) to disturb her, so vve (not / stay) very long. When I f ir s t (tell) Tom the news, h e .............................................. (not / believe) me. H e .............................................. (think) that I ................................................(joke)..

(310) Additional exercises. Units 1-14, Appendix 2. P resent and p ast 2. Which is correct? 1 Everything is going well. We 4i4f&-hftve-/ haven’t had any problems so far. Ihaven’t had is correct) 1 Lisa didn'r go / hasn't gone to work yesterday. She w asn’t feeling well. 3 Look! T hat man over there wears / is wearing the same sweater as you. 4 Your son is much taller than when I last saw him. He grew / has grown a lot. 5 I still don't know w hat ro do. I didn't decide / haven't decided yet. 6 I wonder why Jim is / is being so nice to me today. He isn’t usually likethat. 7 Jane had a book open in front of her, but she didn't read / w asn’treading it. 8 1 w asn't very busy. [ didn't have / wasn't having much ro do. 9 It begins / It's beginning to get dark. Shall I turn on the light? 10 After leaving school, Tim got / has got a job in a factory. 11 When Sue heard the news, she w asn’t / hasn’t been very pleased. 12 This is a nice restaurant, isn’t it? Is this the first time you are / you’ve been here? 13 I need a new job. I'm doing / I’ve been doing the same job for too long. 14 ‘Anna has gone out.’ ‘Oh, has she? W hat time did she go / has she gone?’ 15 ‘You look tired.' ‘Yes, I’ve plaved / I’ve been plaving basketball.’ 16 W here are you coming / do you come from ? Are you American? 17 I'd like to see Tina again. It’s a long time since I saw her / that I didn’t see her. 18 Robert and M aria have been married since 20 years / for 20 years.. 3. Complete each question using a suitable verb. 1 A: B: 2 A: B: 3 A: B: 4 A:. I'm looking for Paul Ha.ve„yoti...56C£! him? Yes, he was here a mom ent ago. W hy . to bed so early last night? I was feeling very tired. W h e re. ?. Just to the post box. I want ro post these letters. I’ll be back in a few minutes. ........................................................................ television every evening? B: N o, o n l y i f t h e r e 's s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l o n . 5 A : Your house is very beautiful. H ow lo n g .......................................................................... here? B: Nearly t e n y e a r s . 6 A : How w a s y o u r h o l i d a y ? ......................................................................................... a n i c e t im e ? B: Yes, thanks. It was great. A : ........................................................................ Julie recently? B: Yes, I met her a f e w d a y s a g o . 8 A : Can you describe the wom an you saw? W h a t......................................................................... ? B: A r e d s w e a t e r a n d b l a c k j e a n s . 9 A : I’m s o r r y t o k e e p y o u w a i t i n g .............................................................................................. l o n g ? B: N o, only about ten minutes. 10 A : How lo n g .......................................................................... you to get to work in the morning? B: Usually about 45 minutes. It depends on the t r a f f i c . 11 A: ........................................................................ with that magazine yet? B: N o, I’m still reading it. I w on’t b e long. 12 A: ........................................................................ to the United States? B: No, n e v e r , b u t I w e n t t o C anada a f e w y e a r s ago.. 303.

(311) Additional exercises 4. Use your own ideas to complete B's sentences. 1. A: B:. 2. A:. 3. A:. B:. B:. 4. A:. 5. A:. B:. B:. 6. A:. 7. A:. B:. B:. 8. A:. 9. A:. B:. B:. W hat’s the new restaurant like? Is it good? I’ve no idea.......I’ve never b een ................................................. ................................................there. How well do you know Bill? Very well. W e ............................................................................................. since we were children. Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, it was really good. It’s the best h o lid a y ....................... Is David still here? No, I’m afraid he isn’t ................................................................................about ten minutes ago. I like your suit. I haven’t seen it before. It’s new. It’s the first tim e ......................................................... How did you cut your knee? I slipped and fell when ............................................................. ..............................................tennis. Do you ever go swimming? N o t these days. I h a v e n 't......................................................... How often do you go to the cinema? Very rarely. It’s nearly a y e a r .................................................. ................................ro the cinema. I’ve bought some new shoes. Do you like them? Yes, they’re very nice. W h e re ................................................... Present and past 5. Units 1-17, 110, Appendix 2. Put the verb into the correct form: past simple (I did), past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1 SARAH. Yesterday afternoon S a ra h w ent.... (go) to the station to meet Paul. When she ................................. (get) there, P a u l................................................................................. (already / wait) for her. His t r a i n ................................................ (arrive) early.. When I got home, B ill..................................................(lie) on the sofa. The television was on, but h e (not / watch) it. H e .................................................. (fall) asleep a n d (snore) loudly.I ....................................................(turn) the television off and just then h e .................................................. (wake) up.. 304.

(312) Additional exercises. Last night I (just / go) to bed a n d ..................................... -........ (read) a book when suddenly I .................................................(hear) a noise.I .................................. (get) up to see w hat it was, but I (not / see) anything, so I .................................................. (go) back to bed.. ỊCHECKin | (^w vieres my passport?. a ir p o r t. Lisa had to go to New York last week, but she a lm o s t (miss) the plane. S h e ................................................. (stand) in the queue at the check-in desk when she su d d en ly .................................................. (realise) that s h e (leave) her passport at home. Fortunately she lives near the airport, so s h e .......................................... (have) time to take a taxi home to get it. S h e .................................................. (get) back to rhe airport just in rime tor her flight. sorry, buir^). (^HeUo^). t. Q. O f A&. r. I wM mm I .................................................. (meet) Peter and Lucy yesterday as I ................................................ (walk) through the park. T h e y .................................................. (be) to the Sports Centre where th e y (play) tennis.T h e y .................................................. (go) to a café a n d .................................................. (invite) me to join them, but 1 ................................................ (arrange) to meet another friend a n d ................................................ (not / have) time. 6. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect (I have done), present perfect continuous (I have been doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1 Amanda is sitting on the ground. She’s out of breath. (she / run) SH& h a s been r u m ing ■....................................................................................................... 2 W here’s my bag? I left it under this chair. (somebody / take / it) ................................................................................................................................. 3 We were a l l surprised when Jenny a n d Andy got married last year. (they / only / know / each other / a few weeks) 4 It’s still raining. I wish it would stop. (it / rain / all day) -........... 5 Suddenly I woke up. I was confused and didn’t know where I was. (I / dream) ............................................................ -...... -................................................................................ 305.

(313) Additional exercises 6 I w asn’t hungry at lunchtime, so I didn’t have anything to eat. (I / have / a big breakfast) .......................................................................... 7 Every year R obert and Tina spend a few days at the same hotel by the sea. (they / go / there for years) .................. ................................................................. 8 I’ve got a headache. (I / have / it / since I got up) ............................................................ ....................... 9 N ext week Gary is going to run in a m arathon. (he / train / very hard for it) .............................. P u t th e v e r b in t o th e c o r r e c t fo r m . J u lia a n d K e v in a r e o ld fr ie n d s . T h e y m e e t b y c h a n c e a t a r a il s t a t io n . J U L IA :. ( 1) .........................................................................( 1 1 n o t / se e ). H e llo , K e v in .. y o u fo r ages. H o w K E V IN :. I ’ m f in e . H o w. a re y o u ?. ab o ut you?. ( 2 ) .........................................................................( y o u J U L IA :. So, (3 ). (y o u / g o) so m e w h e re o r. ( 4 ) .........................................................................( y o u K E V IN :. / l o o k ) w e ll.. Y e s , I’ m v e ry w e ll th a n k s .. / m e e t) s o m e b o d y o f f a. ( 5 ) ......................... .............................................. (I / g o ) t o L o n d o n. J U L IA :. O h.. K E V IN :. Q u it e o fte n , ye s. A n d y o u ? W h e r e ( 7 ). (6 ). J U L IA :. N o w h e re .. t r a in ?. f o r a b u s i n e s s m e e t in g .. ( y o u / o f t e n / g o ) a w a y o n b u s in e s s ? (y o u / g o )?. (8 ). (I / m e e t ) a f r i e n d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y. h e r t r a in ( 9 ). (b e ) d e la y e d -. ( 1 0 ) .........................................................................(I / w a i t ) h e r e f o r n e a r l y a n h o u r . K E V IN :. H o w a r e y o u r c h ild r e n ?. JU LIA :. T h e y ’ r e a l l f in e , t h a n k s . T h e y o u n g e s t ( 1 1 ). ( ju s t / s ta r t). s c h o o l. K E V IN :. H ow. (1 2 ). (sh e / g e t) o n ?. ( 1 3 ) .........................................................................( s h e / l i k e ) it ? JU L IA :. Y e s , (14). K E V IN :. ( 1 5 ) ........................................................................( y o u / w o r k ) a t t h e m o m e n t ? W h e n. ( s h e / t h i n k ) i t ’s g r e a t .. ( 1 6 ) .............. - .......................................................... I la s t. ( s p e a k ) t o y o u , | 1 7 | ..................................................................... ( y o u / w o r k ) in a t r a v e l a g e n c y . J U L IA :. T h a t ’s r i g h t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e c o m p a n y. (181 ............... (g o ) o u t. o f b u s in e s s a c o u p le o f m o n t h s a f t e r ( 1 9 ). (I / s t a r t ). w o r k t h e r e , s o ( 2 0 ) ........................................................................... (I / lo s e ) m y j o b . K E V IN :. A n d (2 1 ). JU U A :. N o t a p e rm a n e n t jo b .. ( y o u / n o t / h a v e ) a j o b s in c e th e n ? ( 2 2 ) ........................................................................... (I / h a v e ) a f e w t e m p o r a r y. jo b s . B y th e w a y , (2 3 ). ( y o u / s e e ) J o e r e c e n t ly ?. K E V IN : J o e ? H e ’s i n C a n a d a . J U L IA :. R e a lly ? H o w. K E V IN :. A b o u t a year now .. l o n g ( 2 4 ) ............................. (2 5 ). (I / s e e ) h i m a f e w d a y s b e f o r e. ( 2 6 ) .............................................................. .....( h e / g o ) . u n e m p lo y e d f o r m o n t h s , s o l u c k s o m e w h e r e e ls e .. (h e / b e ) in C a n a d a ?. ( 2 ~ | ......................................... (h e / be). 128) .........................................................................( h e / d e c i d e ) t o t r y h is. ( 2 9 ) ...................................... (h e / r e a lly / lo o k f o r w a r d ). t o g o in g . J U L IA :. S o , w h a t ( 3 0 ) ........................................................................... ( h e / d o ) t h e r e ?. K E V IN :. I ’ v e n o id e a .. ( 3 1 ) ...........................................................................(I / n o t / h e a r ) f r o m h i m s i n c e. ( 3 2 ) .........................................................................( h e / le a v e ) . A n y w a y , I m u s t g o a n d c a t c h m y t r a in . I t w a s r e a lly n ic e t o se e y o u a g a in .. 306. J U L IA :. Y o u to o . B y e . H a v e a g o o d t r ip .. K E V IN :. T h a n k s . Bye..

(314) Additional exercises 8. Put the verb into the most suitable form. 1 W h o .......................................................... (invent) the bicycle? 2 ‘Do you still have a headache?’ ‘N o , ..................................................(it / go). I’m all right now.’ 3 I was the last to leave the office yesterday evening. Everybody e ls e ................................................ (go) home when I ................................................ (leave). 4 W h a t...........................................................(you / do) last weekend? ..................................................... (you / go) away? 5 I like your car. H ow lo n g (you / have) it? 6 It’s a pity the trip was cancelled. I .........................................................(look) forward to it. 7 Jane is an experienced teacher. (she / teach) for 15 years. 8 (I / buy) a new jacket last week, b u t ................................................... (I / not / wear) it yet. 9 A few days a g o .................................(I / see) a man at a party whose fa c e.................................... (be) very familiar. At first I couldn't think w h e re .......................................................... (I / see) him before. Then suddenly............................................. (I / remember) w h o ............................................... (it / be). 10 (you / hear) of Agatha Christie? ........... ................................. (she / be) a w riter w h o ............................................. (die) in 1976 (she / write) more than 70 detective novels...................................................(you / read) any of them? 11 A: W h a t............................................................ (this word / mean)? B: I’ve no idea................................................................... (I / never / see) it before. Look it up in the dictionary. 12 A: .............................................................. (you / get) to the theatre in time for the play last night? B: No, we were late. By the time we got th e re ,..................................................................................... (it / already / begin). 13 I went to Sarah’s room a n d (knock) on the door, but there ............................................................ (be) no answer. E ith e r............................................................. (she / go) out o r .............................................................. (she / not / want) to see anyone. 14 Patrick asked me how to use the photocopier. (he / never / use) it before, s o ...........................................................(he / not / know) w hat to do. 15 L iz ................................................(go) for a swim after work yesterday. .............................................. (she / need) some exercise b ec au se (she / sit) in an office all day in front of a computer.. Past continuous and used to. Units 6, 18. Complete the sentences using the past continuous (was/were -ing) or used to .... Use the verb in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. I haven’t been CO the cinema for ages now. We ....w.sea...to.JO.a lot. (go) Ann didn’t see me wave to her. S h e wa-s Lpokuig in the other direction, (look) I ..............................................a lot but, I don’t use my car very much these days, (drive) I asked the taxi driver to slow down. S h e ................................................... too fast, (drive) Rosemary and Jonathan met for the first time when th e y in the same bank, (work) When I was a child, I a lot of bad dreams, (have) I wonder w hat Joe is doing these days. H e in Spain when I last heard from him. (live) ‘Where were you yesterday afternoon?’ ‘I ............................................. volleyball.’ (play) ‘Do you do any sports?’ ‘N o t these days, but I ...................................volleyball.’ (play) George looked verv nice at the party. H e ..................................................a very sm art suit, (wear). 307.

(315) Additional exercises. The future 10. Units 19-25, Appendix 3. W hat do you say to your friend in these situations? Use the words given in brackets. Use the present continuous (I am doing), going to or will (I'll). 1 You have made all your holiday arrangements. Your destination is Jamaica. FRIEND: Have you decided where to go for your holiday yet? YOU- I’m gomg to Jdtrocucdi. (I / go) 2 You have made an appointm ent with the dentist for Friday morning. FRIEND: Shall we meet on Friday morning? YOU: I can’t on Friday. ........................................................................................................... (I / so) 3 You and some friends are planning a holiday in Britain. You have decided to hire a car, but you haven’t arranged this yet. FRIEND: How do you plan to travel round Britain? By train? YOU: N o, (we / hire) 4 Your friend has tw o young children. She wants to go out tom orrow evening. You offer to look after the children. FRIEND: I w ant to go out tom orrow evening, but I haven’t got a babysitter. YOU: T h at’s no problem ............................................................................................. (I / look after) 5 You have already arranged to have lunch with Sue tomorrow. FRIEND: Are you free at lunchtime tom orrow? YOU: N o , ........................................................................................................................... (have lunch) 6 You are in a restaurant. You and your friend are looking at the menu. Maybe vour friend has decided w hat to have. You ask her/him. YOU: W h a t ...............................-..................................................................................... ? (you / have) FRIEND: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind. 7 You and a friend are reading. It’s getting a bit dark and your friend ishaving trouble reading. You decide to turn on the light. FRIEND: It’s getting a bit dark, isn’t it? It’s difficult to read. YOU: Yes.............................................................................................................................. ( I /r u r n o n ) 8 You and a friend are reading. It’s getting a bit dark and you decide to turn on the light. You stand up and walk tow ards the light switch. FRIEND: W hat are you doing? YOU: ...................................................................................................................... ............. ...... (I / turn on). 11. Put the verb into the most suitable form. Use a present tense (simple or continuous), will (I’ll) or shall. Conversation 1 (in the m orning) JENNY: (1) ốí£...yS!W...<'lomg (you / do) anything tom orrow evening, Helen? HELEN: No, why? JENNY: Well, do you fancy going to the cinema? Strangers on a Plane is on. I wanr to see it, but I don’t want to go alone. HELEN: OK, (2).............................................................. (I / come) with you. W hat time (3)............................................................ (we / meet)? JENNY: Well, the film (4)............................................................ (heiiinl at 8.45, so (J)..........................................................(I / meet) you at about 8.30 outside the cinema, OK? HELEN: Fine. (6)............................................................ (I / see) Tina later this evening. (7)............................................. ............... (I / ask) her if she wants to come too? JENNY: Yes, do that. (8)............................................................ 11 / see vou Tomorrow then. Bve.. 308.

(316) Additional exercises Conversation 2 (later the same day) HELEN: Jenny and I ( 9 i ............................................................ (go) to the cinema tom orrow night to see Strangers on a Plane. Why don’t you come too? TINA: I’d love to come. W hat time (10).............................................................. (the film I begin)? HELEN: 8.45. TINA: (111.............................................................. (you / meet) outside the cinema? HELEN: Yes, at 8.30. Is th at OK for you? TINA: Yes, (12) (I / be) there at 8.30. 12. Put the verb into the most suitable form. Sometimes there is more than one possibility. 1 A has decided to learn a language. I’ve decided to try and learn a foreign language. B: Have you? Which language 1 11 (you / learn)? A : Spanish. B: (2)............................................................ (you / do) a course? A: Yes, (31 .............................................................. (it / start) next week. B: That's great. I'm sure (4)............................................................ (you / enjoy) it. A: I hope so. But I think (SI............................................................ (it / be) quite difficult. A:. 2 A wants to kn o w about B's holiday plans. A: B: A: B:. I hear 111 ............................................................. .(you / go) on holiday soon. T h at’s right. (21 ............................................................ (we / go) to Finland. I hope (31........................................... (you / have) a nice time. Thanks. <4|......................................... (I / send) you a postcard and (5).......................................... (I / get) in touch with you when (6) (I / get) back.. 3 A invites B to a party. A: 111 ............................................................ (I / have) a parry next Saturday. Can you come? B: On Saturday? I'm not sure. Some friends of mine (2)....................................................(come) to stay with me next week, bur I think (3)............................................................ (they / go) by Saturday. But if (41 (they / be) still here, (51............................................................ (I / not / be) able to come to the party. A: OK. Well, tell me as soon as 16) (you / know). B: Right. (“I .............................................................. (I / phone) you during the week. 4 A and B are tw o secret agents arranging a meeting. They are talking on the phone. A: Well, w hat time |1 )............................................................ (we / meet)? B: Come to the café by the station at 4 o’clock. (2)............................................................ (I / wait) for you when (3)........................................................... (you / arrive). 14)........................................ ....................(I / sit) by the window and (5)............................................................(I / wear) a bright green sweater. A: OK? (6).............................................................(Agent 307 / come) too? B: No, she can’t be rhere. A: Oh. (7)............................................................ (I / bring) the documents? B: Yes. (8)............................................................ (I / explain) everything when (9).................... ....................................... (I / see) you. And don’t be late. A: OK. (10).............................................................. (I / try) to be on time.. 309.

(317) Additional exercises 13. Put the verb into the correct form. Choose from the following: present continuous (I am doing) present simple (I do) going to (I’m going to do) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. will (Ml) / w on’t will be doing shall. I feel a bit hungry. I t h in k ..............................................................(I / have) something to eat. Why are you putting on your coat? ............................................................ (you / go) somewhere? W hat tim e ..............................................................(I / phone) you this evening? About 7.30? Look! T hat plane is flying towards the airport (it / land). We must do something soon, b e fo re ................................... ........................ (it / be) too late. I’m sorry you’ve decided to leave the company................................................................ (I / miss) you w h e n ..............................................................(you / go). (I / give) you my address? I f ........................................................... (1 / give) you my a d d re ss, ..............:......................................(you / send) me a postcard? Are you still watching thar programme? W hat tim e ..............................................................(it / end)? (I / go) to London next weekend for a wedding. My s is te r..................................................................(get) married. I’m not ready yet..................................................... (I / tell) you w h e n ............................................... (I / be) ready. I p ro m ise {I / not / be) very long. A : Where are you going? B: To the hairdresser’s. (I / have) my hair cut. She was very rude to me. I refuse to speak to her again u n til........................................................... (she / apologise). I w onder w h e re (we / live) ten years from now? W hat do you plan to do w h e n .............................................................. (you / finish) your course at college?. Past, present and future 14. 310. Use your own ideas to complete B's sentences. 1 A: How did the accident happen? B: I too fast and couldn’t stop in time. 2 A: Is th at a new camera? B: No, I .................................................................. it a long time. 3 A: Is th at a new computer? B: Yes, I ................................................................... it a few weeks ago. 4 A: I can’t talk to you right now. You can see I'm very busy. B: OK. I ................................................................... back in about half an hour. 5 A: This is a nice restaurant. Do you come here often? B: N o, it’s the first time I .................................................................. here. 6 A: Do you do any sport? B: No, I -......................................................... football, but I gave it up. 7 A: I’m sorry I’m late. B: T h at’s OK. I ................................................................... long. 8 A : When you went to the u s last year, was it your first visit? B: No, I .................................................................. there twice before. 9 A: Do you have any plans for the weekend? B: Yes, I .................................................................. to a party on Saturday night. 10 A: Do you know w hat Steve’s doing these days? B: No, I him tor ages. 11 A: Will you still be here by the time I get back? B: N o, I .................................................................. by then.. Units 1-25.

(318) Additional exercises 15. Robert is travelling in North America. He sends an email to a friend in Winnipeg (Canada). Put the verb into the most suitable form. . USA. ỊD. Minneapolis Kansas City. 0 B. (I). i.y e .J u s t. o r r ly e d. (I / j u s t / a r r iv e ) in M in n e a p o lis .. (2 ) .............................................................................. (I / tr a v e l) f o r m o r e th a n a m o n th n o w , a n d ( 3 ) ..........................................................(I / b e g in ) t o t h in k a b o u t c o m in g h o m e . E v e r y th in g ( 4 ). (I / s e e ) s o f a r ( 5 ) ................................................... (b e ). r e a lly in te r e s tin g , a n d ( 6 ). (I / m e e t) s o m e r e a lly k in d p e o p le .. ( 7 ) ............................................................(I / le a v e ) K a n s a s C ity a w e e k a g o .. ( 8 ) .............................................. ................ (I / s ta y ) th e r e w ith E m ily , th e a u n t o f a fr ie n d fr o m c o lle g e . S h e w a s r e a lly h e lp fu l a n d h o s p ita b le a n d a lth o u g h ( 9 ) .................................................................................(I / p la n ) t o s ta y o n ly a c o u p le o f d a y s , ( 10 ). (I / e n d u p ) s ta y in g m o r e th a n a w e e k .. ( I I ) ................................................(I / e n jo y ) th e jo u r n e y fr o m K a n s a s C ity t o h e re . ( 12) ............................................. (I / ta k e ) th e G r e y h o u n d b u s a n d ( 1 3 ) ......................................................................... ( m e e t) s o m e re a lly in te r e s tin g p e o p le - e v e r y b o d y w a s r e a lly frie n d ly . S o n o w I'm h e r e , a n d ( 1 4 ) ................................... (I / s ta y ) h e r e f o r a f e w d a y s b e fo r e ( 1 5 ) ................................. (I / c o n tin u e ) u p to C a n a d a . I'm n o t s u r e e x a c t ly w h e n ( 16) ....................................................................... (I / g e t) to W in n ip e g - it d e p e n d s w h a t h a p p e n s w h ile ( 1 7 ). (I / b e ) h e r e . B u t. (1 8 ). (I / k n o w ) m y s e lf.. (I / le t) y o u k n o w a s s o o n a s ( 1 9 ). (20 ). (I / s ta y ) w ith a f a m ily h e r e - t h e y ’re f r ie n d s o f s o m e p e o p le. I k n o w a t h o m e . T o m o r r o w (21 ) know w ho y e t, b u t. ( w e / v is it) s o m e p e o p le th e y. (22 ) ......................................................................... ( b u ild ) a h o u s e in th e m o u n ta in s . It is n ’t fin is h e d. (2 3 ). (it / b e ) in te r e s tin g t o s e e w h a t it’s lik e .. A n y w a y , t h a t ’s a ll f o r n o w .. ( 2 4 ) .......................................................................(I / b e ) in to u c h a g a in s o o n .. R o b e rt. Units 26-36, Appendix 4. Modal verbs (can/must/would etc.) 16. Which alternatives are correct? Sometimes only one alternative is correct, and sometimes two of the alternatives are possible. 1 ‘W hat time will you be home tonight?’ i ’m not sure. I A . . . o r late.’ A may be B might be can be (both A and B are correct) 2 I can’t find the theatre tickets. T h e y .....................................our of my pocket. A must have fallen B should have fallen c had to fall 3 Somebody ran in front of the car as I was driving. Fortunately I ................................... just in time. A could stop could have stopped managed to stop 4 We’ve got plenty of time. W e .....................................yet. A m ustn’t leave B needn't leave don’t need to leave 5 I .....................................our but I didn’t feel like it, so I stayed at home. A could go B could have gone must have gone. c. B. c. c. c. 311.

(319) Additional exercises 6 I’m sorry I ......................................come to vour partv last week. A couldn’t come B couldn’t have come w asn’t able to come 7 ‘W hat do you think of my theory?’ i ’m not sure. Y o u ...................................... right.’ A could be B must be might be 8 I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I .................................... , and so I went. A m ust go B must have gone c had to go 9 ‘Do you know where Liz is?’ ‘No. I suppose s h e ...................................... shopping.’ A should have gone B may have gone could have gone 10 At first they didn’t believe me when I told them w hat had happened, but in the end I .................................... them that I was telling the truth. A was able to convince B managed to convince could convince 11 I promised I’d phone Gary this evening. I ....................................... A m ustn’t forget B needn’t forget don’t have ro forget 12 Why did you leave w ithout me? Y o u ...............................for me. A must have waited B had to wait should have waited 13 Lisa phoned me and suggested...................................... lunch together. A we have B we should have to have 14 You look nice in that jacket, but you hardly ever wear it........................................ it more often. A You’d better wear B You should wear You ought to wear 15 Shall I buy a car? W hat’s your advice? W h a t.................................... ? A will you do B would you do c shall you do. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. 17. Make sentences from the words in brackets. 1 D on’t phone them now. (they might / have / lunch) Thetj migh t b e h a v in g lu n c h .......................................................................................................... 2 I ate too much. Now I feel sick. (I shouldn’t / eat / so much) I should n 't hav e e&fcen so much .......................................... ......................................................... 3 I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me. (he must / forget) 4 Why did you go home so early? (you needn’t / go / home so early) 5 You’ve signed the contract, (it / can’t / change / now) 6 ‘W hat’s Linda doing?’. i ’m not sure.’ (she may / watch / television). 7 Laura was standing outside the cinema, (she must / wait / for somebody) 8 He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed, (he couldn’t / do / it) 9 Why weren’t you here earlier? (you ought / be / here earlier) 10 Why didn’t you ask me to help you? (I would / help / you) 11 I’m surprised you weren’t told that the road was dangerous, (vou should / warn / about it) 12 Gary was in a strange mood yesterday, (he might not / feel / very well). 312.

(320) Additional exercises 18. Complete B's sentences using can/could/m ight/m ust/should/w ould + the verb in brackets. In some sentences you need to use have: m ust have ... I should have ... etc. In some sentences you need the negative (can't/couldn't etc.). 1. A:. 2. A:. B:. B:. 3 A: B:. 4. A: B:. 5 A: B: 6. A: B:. 7 A: B:. 8. A:. B: 9. A:. B: A:. 10. A:. B:. I'm hungry. Bur you’ve just had lunch. Y o u hungry already, (be) I haven’t seen our neighbours for ages. No. T h e y ĨT!W5.t...^.A:ye gonẹr away, (go) W hat’s the weather like? Is it raining? N ot a t the moment, but i t ................... .........................................later, (rain) Where has Julia gone? I’m not sure. S h e .............................................................. to the bank, (go) I didn’t see you at M ichael’s party last week. N o, I had to work that night, so I ................................................................. (go) I saw you at Michael's party last week. N o, y o u me. I didn’t go to M ichael’s party, (see) W hat time will we get to Sue’s house? Well, i t t a k e s a b o u t o n e a n d a h a l f h o u r s , s o i f w e le a v e a t 3 o ’ c l o c k , w e ...........................................................................t h e r e b y 4.30. ( g e t) When w a s the last t i m e y o u s a w Bill? Years ago. I .............................................................. him if I saw him now. (recognise) Did you hear the explosion? W hat explosion? There w a s a loud explosion about an hour ago. Y o u ....................................................it. (hear) We weren’t sure which w a y t o g o . In the end we turned right. You went the wrong way. Y o u .............................................................. left, (turn). if (conditional) 19. Units 25. 38-40. Put the verb into the correct form. 1 If y o u f a m b . a wallet in the street, w hat would you do with it? (find) 2 I must hurry. My friend will be annoyed if I ...JL.ttis. on time, (not / be) 3 I didn’t realise that Gary was in hospital. If I he was in hospital, I would have gone to visit him. (know) 4 If the p h o n e , can you answer it? (ring) 5 I can’t decide w hat to do. W hat would you do if y o u ............................................in my position? (be) 6 A : W hat shall we do tom orrow? B: Well, if i t ............................................a nice day, we can go to the beach, (be) 7 A : Let’s go to the beach. B: No, it’s too cold. If i t .......................................... warmer, I w ouldn’t mind going, (be) 8 A : Did you go to the beach yesterday? B: No, it was too cold. If i t warmer, we might have gone, (be) 9 If y o u ...........................................enough money to go anywhere in the world, where would you go? (have) 10 I’m glad we had a map. I’m sure we would have got lost if w e ............................................ one. (not / have) 11 The accident was your fault. If y o u ............................................more carefully, it w ouldn’t have happened, (drive) 12 A: Why do you read newspapers? B: Well, if 1 newspapers, I w ouldn’t know w hat was happening in the world, (n o t/re a d ). 313.

(321) Additional exercises 20. Complete the sentences. 1 Liz is tired all the time. She shouldn't go ro bed so lare. If Liz d id n ’t go to bed, so Lotte, sHe would n 't be- tired, all th e time...................... 2 It’s rather late. I don’t think Sarah will come to see us now. I’d be surprised if S a ra h ................................................................................................................. 3 I’m sorry I disturbed you. I didn’t know you were busy. If I’d known you were busy, I ....................................................................................................... 4 I don’t w ant them to be upset, so I’ve decided not ro tell them w hat happened. They’d ............................................................ i f ............................................................................... 5 The dog attacked you, but only because you frightened it. If .z .......... ’........ .....1.......... ........ ....... ....................................................... 6 Unfortunately I didn’t have an umbrella and so I got verv wet in the rain. I ........ ....... ........................... ............. ......... ............................................... . ............. ....................... 7 M artin failed his driving test last week. He was very nervous and th at’s why he failed. If h e ...................................................................................................................................................... 21. Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I’d go out this evening i f ................................................................................................................ I’d have gone out last night i f ...................................................................................................... If you hadn’t reminded m e ,........................................................................................................... We w ouldn’t have been late i f ...................................................................................................... If I’d been able to get tic k e ts,.................................... ................................................................. W ho would you phone i f ............................................................................................................... Cities would be nicer places i f ...................................................................................................... If there was no television,.............................................................................................................. Passive 22. Put the verb into the most suitable passive form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 314. Units 42-45. There’s somebody behind us. 1 think w e (follow). A mystery is something t h a t (can’t / explain). We didn’t play football yesterday. The m a tc h .............................................................. (cancel). The telev ision ............................................................ (repair). It's working again now. In the middle of the village there is a church w h ic h ............................................................. (restoreI at the moment. The work is almost finished. The tow er is the oldest part of the church. I t .............................................................. (believe) to be over 600 years old. If I didn’t do my job properly, I (would / sack). A:I left a newspaper on the desk last night and it isn’t there now. B: I t ............................................................ (m ig h t/ throw) away. I learnt to swim when I was very young. I ..............................................................(teach) by my mother. A fte r.............................................................. (arrest), I was taken to the police station. ‘.............................................................. (you / ever / arrest)?’ ‘N o, never.’ Two p e o p le .................................................. (report) t o ......................... :......................................(injurel in an explosion at a factory in Birmingham early this morning..

(322) Additional exercises 23. Put the verb into the correct form, active or passive. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 24. This house is quite old. I r (build) over 100 years ago. My grandfather was a builder. H e (build) this house many years ago. ‘Is your car still for sale?’ ‘N o, I ........................................................... (sell) it.’ A: Is the house at the end of the street still for sale? B: No, i t ............................................................ (sell). Sometimes m istak es.............................................................. (make). It’s inevitable. I wouldn’t leave your car unlocked. I t ..............................................................(might / steal). My bag has disappeared. I t .............................................. (must/ steal). I can’t find my hat. S om ebody.............................................................. (must / take) it by mistake. It's a serious problem. I don't know how i t .............................................................. (can / solve). We didn’t leave early enough. W e ........................................................... (should / leave) earlier. Nearly every time I travel by plane, my flig h t.............................................................. (delay). A new b rid g e ............................................................ (build) across the river. Work started last year and the b rid g e............................................................ (expect) to open next year.. Read these newspaper reports and put the verbs into the m ost suitable form. 1. Castle Fire. I. ROAD DELAYS. W inton Castle I I ... (damage) in a fire last night. The fire, which (2i........................................... (discover) at about 9 o ’clock, spread very quickly. Nobody (3) (injure), but tw o people had ro |4 ).........................................(rescue) from an upstairs room. A num ber of paintings (5).............................................................................. ................... (believe / destroy). It (61.................. (not / know) how the fire started.. SHOP ROBBERY. Ị. i. Repair work starred yesterday on the Paxham -Longw orth road. The road (1 ) ...........................................................(resurface) and there will be long delays. Drivers (21 ................................................. (ask) to use an alternative route if possible. The work (3).................................................(expect) to last tw o weeks. N ext Sunday the road |4 | (close), and traffic (5)............................................(divert).. A c c id e n t I. In Paxham yesterday a shop assistant A wom an (I ) (take) to (force) to hand hospital after her car collided with a lorry over £500 after 12) ................................................ near Norstock yesterday. She (threaten) by a man with a knife. The man *(21......................................................(allow) home escaped in a car which (3 1 ......................................... later after treatm ent. The road ...................................... (steal) earlier in the day. (3> (block) for an The car (4).............................................................. hour after the accident,and traffic had to (later / find) in a car park where it (5)............. (4) (divert). A police (abandon) by the inspector said afterwards: ‘The woman was rhief. A man (6)..................................................... lucky. She could (5)..................................... -....... (arrest) in connection with the robbery and (kill).’. 111. (? ). ............................................................. (still / question) by the police.. 315.

(323) Additional exercises. Units 47-48, 50. Reported speech 25. Complete the sentences using reported speech. 1. Paul has gone out. I don't k nov j ^ when he'll be back. Do you want to leave a message?/. Can I speak to Paul, please? J. I'll try again later. ^. A woman phoned at lunchtime yesterday and a s k e d . 1 told ................................................................... a n d .............................................................................. 1 asked , ................................................................................................... ............................ but she s a i d .......................................................................... later. But she never did.. We have no record of any reservation in your name.. Do you have any rooms free anyway?. I went to London recently, but my visit didn’t begin well. I had reserved a hotel room, but when I got to the hotel they t o l d .......................................................................................................... When I a s k e d ....................................................................................................... they s a i d ....................................................................... .. b u t .................................................................. There was nothing I could do. 1 just had to look for somewhere else to stay. Why are you visiting the country? ' j ^ How long do you intend to stay? ^ Where will you be staying during your visit? f. C. m. After getting off the plane, we had to queue for an hour to get through immigration. Finallv it was our turn. The immigration official asked u s .............................................................................. , and wet o l d ......................................................... ........................................... Then he wanted to k n o w ................................................................................... and He seemed satisfied with our answers, checked our passports and wished us a pleasant stay.. 'II phone you from the airport when I arrive.. Don't come to the airport. I'll take the bus. SLE. A: B:. W hat time is Sue arriving this afternoon? About three. She s a i d .................................... Aren’t you g o i n g to meer h e r ? B: N o, she s a i d ..................................................... A:. 316. . She said.

(324) Additional exercises. ^. ^ What's your job? ^. ®. 2^. jL . y. ^. y°uf own business! ^. ( ^ w much do you earn? ^ J. A few days ago a man phoned from a m arketing com pany and started asking me questions. He wanted to k n o w ................................................................. and a s k e d ................................................. I don’t like people phoning and asking questions like that, so I t o l d and I put the phone down.. now. 6. f I'll be at the. _. e a rlie r. r Phone me if there's. ^ restaurant at 1. 2 0 .y. problem.. I know where (he restaurant is.. LOLISE. SARAH. PAUL. Louise and Sarah are in a restaurant waiting for Paul. LO U IS E : I wonder where Paul is . He s a i d ......................................................................................... S A R A H : M aybe h e ’s g o t l o s t . L O U IS E : I don’t think so. He s a i d ....................................................................................................... And I t o l d .................................................................................................................................. ( I'm not hungry. ). / (X; JO E : JA N E : JO E : JA N E :. fM. Ẩ. ioi. z. \ 1 ^ onlt. _. buy any/). ^ a n a n as' so ^ on,t. Is there anything to eat? You just s a i d ........................................................................... Well, I am now. r d love a banana. A banana? But you said ........................ .................-................... You t o l d ............................................................................ -ing and infinitive 26. L. .. Units 53-66. Put the verb into the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. H ow old were you when you le a rn t to.-.dri/Ve > (drive) I don’t m in d walking home, but I’d r a th e r 9&k~. a taxi, (walk, get) I can’t make a decision. Ỉ k e e p my mind, (change) He had made his decision and re fu sed ..................................................his mind, (change) Why did you change your decision? W hat made y o u your mind? (change) It was a really good holiday. I really en jo y ed ................................................ by the sea again, (be) Did I really tell you I was unhappy? I don’t rem em ber.................................................. that, (say) ‘R em em ber.................................................Tom tomorrow.' ‘OK. I w on’t forget.' (phone) The w ater here is not verv good. I’d avoid ...............................................it if I were you. (drink). 317.

(325) Additional exercises 10 I p re te n d ed interested in the conversation, but really it was very boring, (be) 11 I got up and looked out of the w in d o w ..................................................w hat the weather was like, (see) 12 I have a friend who claim s............................................... able to speak five languages, (be) ...... ........................... 13 I lik e ............................................... carefully about things b e fo re a decision, (think, make) 14 I had a flat in the centre of tow n but I didn’t lik e ..................................................there, so I decided ................................................ (live, move) ...................................... a footballer. He had to s t o p ............................................. 15 Steve u s e d because of an injury, (be, play) 16 A fte r................................................ by the police, the man a d m itte d ................................................. the car but d e n ie d at 100 miles an hour, (stop, steal, drive) 17 A : How do you make this m ach in e.................................................. ? (work) A: Pm not sure. T r y that button and see what happens, (press) 27. Make sentences from the words in brackets. 1 I can’t find the tickets. (I / seem / lose / them) I seem to Hftye lo s t th em ........................................................ 2 I haven’t got far to go. (it / not / worth / take / a taxi) It ’s not worth taking a. fcd-x t . ..................................................................................................... 3 I’m feeling a bit tired. (I / not / fancy / go / out) 4 Tim isn’t very reliable, (he / tend / forget / things) 5 I’ve got a lot of luggage, (you / mind / help / me?) 6 There’s nobody at home, (everybody / seem / go our) 7 We don’t like our flat, (we / think / move) 8 The vase was very valuable. (I / afraid / touch / it) 9 Bill never carries money with him. (he / afraid / robbed) 10 I w ouldn’t go to see the film, (it / not / w orth / see) 11 I’m very tired after that long walk. (I / not / used / walk / so far) 12 Sue is on holiday. I received a postcard from her yesterday, (she / seem / enjoy / herself) 13 Dave had lots of photographs he’d taken while on holiday, (he / insist / show / them to me I 14 I don’t w ant to do the shopping. (I’d rather / somebody else / do / it). 318.

(326) Additional exercises 28. Complete the second sentence so th at the meaning is similar to the first. 1 I was surprised I passed the exam. I didn’t e x p e c t te MSS ...tHe. exam........................................................................................................ 2 Did you manage to solve the problem? Did you su cceed w.-SQtytng.-tHe problem............................................................................................? 3 I don’t read newspapers any more. I've given u p ................................................................................................................................................. 4 I’d prefer not to go out tonight. I’d r a th e r........................... ....................................................................................................................... . . 5 He can’t walk very well. He has difficulty.................................................................................................... ..................................... 6 Shall I phone you this evening? Do you w a n t .............................................................................................................................................. ? 7 N obody saw me come in. 1 came in w ith o u t....................................................................................................................................... 8 Thev said I was a cheat. I was a c cu sed ............................................................................................................................................... 9 It will be good to see them again. I'm looking fo rw a rd ......................................................................................................... ......................... 10 W hat do you think I should do? W hat do you advise m e ................................... ? 11 It's a pity I couldn't go out with you. I'd like .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 I'm sorrv that I didn't take your advice. I re g re t............................................................................................................................................................ a/an and the 29. U n its 6 9 - 7 8. Put in a/an or the where necessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence is already complete. 1 I don't usually like staying a t ~ hotels, but last summer we spent a few days a t very nice hotel b y sea. 2 tennis is my favourite sport. I play once or tw ic e week if I can, but I’m not very good player. 3 I w on't be home f o r dinner this evening. I’m meeting some friends a f te r work and we're going t o cinema. people 4 ............ unemployment is increasing at the mom ent and it’s getting difficult t o r to f in d w ork. 5 There w a s accident as 1 was g o in g home last night. Two people were taken to hospital. I th in k most accidents are caused b y people driving too fast. 6 Carol i s economist. She used to work i n investment departm ent o f ............ Llovds Bank. Now she works f o r American bank i n United States. 7 A: W hat’s name o f hotel where you’re staying? B: Imperial. It's i n Queen Street in city centre. It’s n e a r station. 8 I have two brothers..................older one is training to b e pilot w i t h British Airways..................younger one is still a t school. When he leav es school, he w ants to go t o university to s tu d y law.. 319.

(327) Additional exercises. Units 82-91. Pronouns and determiners 30. Which alternatives are correct? Sometimes only one alternative is correct, and sometimes two alternatives are possible. 1 I don’t rem em b er Ò. about the accident. (A is correct) A anything B something nothing 2 Chris and i have k n o w n ...................................... for quire a long time. A us B each other ourselves 3 ‘How often do the buses run?’ ‘...................................... twenty minutes.’ A All B Each Every 4 I shouted for help, b u t ......................................came. A nobody B no-one anybody 5 Last night wewent out with some friends o f .......................................... us B our ours 6 Ir didn’t take us a long time to get here..........................................traffic. A It w asn’t much B There w asn’t much c It w asn’t a lot 7 Can I h a v e ......................................milk in my coffee, please? A a little B any some 8 Sometimes I find it difficult t o ....................................... A concentrate B concentrate me concentrare myself 9 There’s .................................... on at the cinema that I w ant to see, so there's no point in going. A something B anything c nothing 10 I d r in k ......................................water every day. A much B a lot o f lots of 11 ...................................... in the city centre are open on Sundav. A M ost of shops B M ost of the shops The most of the shops 12 There were about twenty people in rhe photo. I didn't recognise......................................of them. A any B none either 13 I’ve been w a itin g for Sarah to phone. A all morning B the whole morning c all the morning 14 I can’t afford to buy anything in this shop so expensive. A All is B Everything is All are. c. c. c. c. A. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. Adjectives and adverbs 31. Units 98-108. There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Correct the sentences where necessary. Write ’OK’ if the sentence is already correct. 1 The building was total destroyed in the fire................................. .......................................................... 2 I didn’t like the book. It was such a stupid story........................ Qrk.................................................. 3 The city is very polluted. It’s the more polluted place............... ..................................................... ..... I’ve ever been to. 4 I was disappointing that I didn’t get the job. I was well........................................................... qualified and the interview went well. 5 It’s warm today, but there's quite a strong wind......................... .......... ............................................... 6 Joe works hardly, but he doesn't get paid very much................ ........................................................... 7 The com pany’s offices are in a modern large building.......................................................................... 8 Dan is a very fast runner. I wish I could run a s fast as him................................................................. 9 I missed the three last days of the course because I was ill.................................................................. 10 You don’t look happy. W hat’s the matter?................................... ............................................................ 320.

(328) Additional exercises 11 12 13 14 15. The weather has been unusual cold for the time of the year. The w ater in the pool was too dirtv to swim in it. 1 got im patient because we had rơ wait so long rime. Is this box big enough or do you need a bigger one? This m orning i gor up more early than usual.. Units 25, 38, 112-118. Conjunctions 32. Which is correct? 1 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. I'll try to be on time, but don'r worry if /-Vrheft-I'm late, (if is correct) D on't throw that bag away. It / When you don't w ant it, I’ll have it. Please report to reception if / when you arrive at the hotel. We’ve arranged to play tennis tom orrow, but we w on't play if / when it’s raining. Jennifer is in her final year at school. She still doesn’t know whar she’s going to do if / when she leaves. W hat would you do if / when you lost vour keys? I hope I'll be able to come to the party, bur I’ll let you know if / unless I can’t. I don't w ant to be disturbed, so don't phone me if / unless it’s something im portant. Please sign the contract if / unless vou're happy with the conditions. I like travelling by ship as long as / unless rhe sea is not rough. You might not remember the name of the hotel, so write it down if / in case you forget it. It's not cold now, but take your coat with you it / in case it gets cold later. Take your coat with you and then you can put it on if / in case it gets cold later. They always have the television on, even if / if nobody is watching it. Even / Although we played very well, we losr rhe march. Despite / Although we've known each other a long time, we’re not particularly close friends. ‘When did you leave school?' ‘As / When Ỉ was 17.' I think Ann will be very pleased as / when she hears the news.. Units 12, 119-122. Prepositions (time) 33. Put in one of the following: 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. at. on. in. during. for. since. by. until. Jack has gone away. H e’ll be b a c k yi a week. We're having a p a r ty .................. Saturday. Can you come? I've got an interview next week. I t 's .................. 9 .3 0 ....................Tuesday morning. Sue isn’t usually h e r e .................. weekends. She goes away. The train service is very good. The trains are nearly a lw a y s.................. time. Ir was a confusing situation. M any things were h ap p e n in g ....................the same time. I couldn’t decide whether or not ro buy the sweater. ..................the end I decided to leave it. The road is busy all the time, e v e n ....................night. I met a lot of nice p e o p le .................. my stay in New York. I saw H e le n ................... Friday, but I haven’t seen h e r .................. then. Brian has been doing the same j o b .................... five years. Lisa’s birthday i s .................. the end of M arch. I’m not sure exactly which day it is. We have some friends staving with u s .................. the moment. They’re staying..................... Friday. If you’re interested in applying for the job, your application must be received....................Friday. I'm just going out. I w on't be long - I’ll be b a c k .................. ten minutes.. 321.

(329) Additional exercises. Prepositions (position and other uses) 34. Put in the missing preposition. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25. r d love to be able to visit every c o u n try ....................rhe world. Jessica White is my favourite author. Have you read a n y th in g ....................her? i s there a bank near here?' ‘Yes, there's o n e .................. the end of this road.' Tim is away at the moment. He’s ....................holidav. We liv e .................. the country, a long way from the nearest town. I’ve got a s t a i n ....................my jacket. I'll have to have it cleaned. We w e n t.................. a p a r ry ....................Linda's house on Saturday. Boston i s ..................the east coast of the United States. Look at the leav es....................that tree. They’re a beautiful colour. 'H ave you ever b e e n ....................Tokyo?’ ‘N o, I’ve never b e e n ...................Japan.' M ozart d ie d ....................Vienna in 1791 the age of 35. ‘Are y o u .................. this photograph?’ 'Yes, that's m e ,......................the left.' We w e n t.................. the theatre last night. We had s e a ts ......................the front row. 'W here’s the light switch?’ i t ’s ....................rhe.w a ll .....................the door.' It was late when we a rriv e d ..................the hotel. I couldn’t decide what to eat. There was n o th in g ....................the menu that I liked. We liv e .................. a rower block. O ur flat i s ......................the fifteenth floor. A: W hat did you think of the film? B: Some parts were a bit stupid, b u t ....................the whole I enjoyed it. ‘When you paid the hotel bill, did you pay cash?’ ‘N o, I p a i d ..................credit card.* ‘How did you get here? the bus?’ ‘N o...................... car.' A: I wonder whar’s .................. television this evening. Have you got a newspaper? B: Yes, the TV programmes a r e ....................the back page. Helen works for a telecommunications company. She w o rk s the custom er services departm ent. Anna spent tw o years w o rk in g ■ London before re tu rn in g ....................Italy. ‘Did you enjoy your t r i p ....................the beach?’ 'Yes, it was great.’ N ext summer we’re g o in g a trip to Canada.. Noun/adjective + preposition 35. Units 129-131. Put in the missing preposition. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 322. U n its 1 2 3 - 1 2 8. The plan has been changed, but nobody seems to know the re a s o n ....................this. D on’t ask me to decide. I’m not very g o o d ....................m aking decisions. Some people say that Sue is unfriendly, but she's.a lways very n ic e .................... me. W har do you think is the best s o lu tio n the problem? There has been a big in cre ase the price of land recently. He lives a rather lonely life. He doesn't have much c o n ta c t other people. Paul is a keen photographer. He likes taking p ic tu re s.................. people. Michael got m a rrie d ....................a wom an he met when he was studying at college. H e’s very brave. H e’s nor a f ra id .................. anything. I’m su rp rised ....................the am ount of traffic today. I didn’t think it would be so busv. Thank you for lending me the guidebook. It was f u ll.................. useful information. Please come in and sit down. I’m s o r r v the mess..

(330) Additional exercises. Verb + preposition 36. U n its 1 3 2 - 1 3 6. Complete each sentence with a preposition where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20. She works quite hard. You can’t accuse h e r .................... being lazy. W ho’s going to lo o k ....................your children while you’re at work? The problem is becoming serious. We have to d iscu ss....................it. The problem is becoming serious. We have to do som ething................... it. I prefer this c h a ir the other one. It’s more comfortable. I m ust p h o n e .................. the office to tell them I w on’t be at w ork today. The river divides the c ity .................. two parts. ‘W hat do you t h i n k ....................your new boss?’ ‘She’s all right, I suppose.’ Can somebody please e x p la in ....................me w hat I have to do? I said hello to her, hut she didn’t a n s w e r....................me. ‘Do you like staying at hotels?’ i t d e p e n d s....................the hotel.’ ‘Have you ever been to Borla?' ‘N o, I’ve never h e a rd ....................it. W here is it?’ You remind m e somebody I knew a long time ago. You look just like her. This is wonderful news! I can’t believe....................it. George is not an idealist - he believes.................. being practical. W hat's funny? W hat are you lau g h in g 1............? W hat have you done with all the money you had? W hat did you spend i t .................. ? If Kevin a s k s .................. y o u ......................money, don’t give him any. I ap o lo g ised ..................S a ra h ..................... keeping her waiting so long. Lisa was very helpful. I th a n k e d ...................h e r ..................... everything she’d done.. Units 137-145. Phrasal verbs 37. A says something and B replies. Which goes with which?. aV\ I've made-a mistake on this form. I'm too warm with mv coat on. This jacket looks nice. My phone number is 576920. This room is in a mess. W hat’s 45 euros in dollars? How did you find the mistake? I’m not sure whether to accept their offer or not. 9 I need a place to stav when I’m in London. 10 It’s a subject he doesn't like to talk about. i l l I don’t know what this word means. , 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. ill /if b c d e f g h i j k .. V. Don’t worry. I’ll tidy it up. No problem. I can fix it up. Kate pointed it out. T hat’s OK. Just cross it out and corfec-t-kYes, why don’t you try it on? OK, I w on’t bring it up. Just a moment. I’ll write it down. Why don’t you take it off then? You can look it up. I think you should turn it down. Give me a moment to work it our.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. J. 323.

(331) Additional exercises 38. Only one alternative is correct. Which is it? 1 Nobody believed Paul ar first but h e $ to be right. (B is correct) A came out B turned out worked out D carried out. c. 2 H ere’s some good news. It w ill........................... A turn you up B put you up blow you up. c. I) cheer you up. 3 I was annoyed with the way the children were behaving, so I ........................... A told them up B told them off told them out D told them over. c. 4 The club committee i s A set up B made up. of the president, the secretary and seven other members. D made out. c set out. 5 You were going to apply for the job, and then you decided not to. So w h a t ........................ ? A put you off B put you out turned you off D turned you away. c. 6 I had no idea that he was lying to me. I was com pletely ........................... A taken in B taken down taken off D taken over. c. 7 Barbara started a course at college, but s h e ........................ after six months. A went out B fell out turned our D dropped out. c. 8 You can’t predict everything. Often things don’t ..........................as you expect. A make out B break out w ork out D get out. c. 9 Why are all these people here? W hat’s ........................ ? A going o f f B getting off going on D getting on. c. 10 It’s a very busy airport. There are p la n e s ........................ or landing every few minutes. A going up B taking off getting up D driving off. c. 11 The traffic was moving slowly because a bus h a d ..........................and was blocking the road. A broken down B fallen down fallen over D broken up. c. 12 How are y o u A keeping on 39. in your new job? Are you enjoving it? B going on carrying on D getting on. c. Complete the sentences. Use two words each time. 1 K eep the edge of the pool. You might fall in. 2 I didn’t notice that the two pictures were different until Liz pointed i t ......................................me. 3 I asked Dan if he had any suggestions about what we should do, but he didn't come ................ anything. 4 I’m glad Sarah is coming to the party. I'm really looking ......................................seeing her again. 5 Things are changing all the time. It’s difficult to k e e p ......................................all these changes. 6 Unfortunately I r a n .................................... film, so I couldn’t take any more photographs. 7 D on’t let me interrupt you. C a rr y .................................... your work. 8 Steve was very happy in his job until he fe ll...................................... his boss. After that, it was impossible for them to work together, and Steve decided to leave. 9 I’ve had enough of being treated like this. I’m not going to p u t ................................... it anv more. 10 I didn’t enjoy the trip very much at the time, but when I lo o k .................................... it now, I realise it was a good experience and I’m glad I went on it. 11 The wedding was supposed to be a secret, so how did you fin d ...................................... it? Did Jenny tell you? 12 There is a very nice atm osphere in the office where I work. Everybody gets ......................................everybody else.. 324.

(332) Additional exercises 40. Complete each sentence using a phrasal verb th at means the same as the words in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. 41. The football match had to b e because of the weather, (cancelled) The story Kate told w asn’t true. S h e IBMi&JifcJiP. (invented it) A b o m b ................ '.......................... near the station, but no-one was injured, (exploded) George fin allv .......................................... nearly an hour late, (arrived) Here’s an application form. Can y o u and sign it, please? (complete it) A num ber of buildings are going to b e ............................................to make way for the new road, (demolished) I’m having a few problems with my com puter which need to b e ............................................as soon as possible, (put right) Be positive! You must n e v e r.......................................... ! (stop trying) I was very tired a n d ............................................ in front of the television, (fell asleep) After eight years together, they’ve decided t o ............................................. (separate) The noise is terrible. I can’t .......................................... any longer, (tolerate it) We don’t have a lot of money, but we have enough t o ............................................. (manage) I’m sorry I'm late. The m eetin g .......................................... later than I expected, (continued) We need to make a decision todav at the latest. We can’t any longer. (delav it). Complete the sentences. Use one word each time. 1 You're driving roo fast. P lease 5lpw down. 2 It was only a small fire and I managed t o ...................................... it out with a bucket of water. 3 The house is emptv at the moment, but I think the new tenants a r e ...................................... in next week. 4 I’v e .................................... on weight. My clothes don’t fit any more. 5 Their house is really nice now. They’v e .................................... it up really well. 6 I was talking to the woman sitting next to me on the plane, and i t ......................................out that she works for the same com pany as my brother. 7 ‘Do you know w hat happened?’ ‘N ot yet, but I’m going t o .....................................ou t.’ 8 There's no need to get angry........................................ down! 9 If you're going on a long walk, plan your route carefully before y o u ......................................off. 10 Sarah has just phoned to say that she’ll be late. She’s b e e n ......................................up. 11 You've written my name wrong. It’s M artin, not M arin - y o u .................................... out the T. 12 Three days at £45 a day - t h a t ...................................out at £135. 13 We had a really interesting discussion, bur Jane didn’t ...................................... in. She just listened. 14 Jonathan is pretty fit. H e ................................. . out in the gym every day. 15 Come and see us more often. You m u s t.................................... in any time you like. 16 We are still discussing the contract. There are still a couple of things t o .................................... out. 17 M v alarm clock ......................................off in the middle of the night a n d .................................... me up.. 325.

(333) Study guide This guide is to help you decide which units you need to study. The sentences in the guide are grouped together (Present and past, Articles and nouns etc.) in the same way as the units in the Contents (pa«es iii-vi). Each sentence can be completed using one or more of the alternatives (A, B, etc.). There are between two and five alternatives each time. IN SOME SENTENCES M ORE THAN ONE ALTERNATIVE IS POSSIBLE. If you do n ’t know or if you are not sure which alternatives are correct, then you probably need ro studv the unit(s) in the list on the right. You will also find the correct sentence inthis unit. (If two or three units are listed, you will find the correct sentence in the first one.) There is a key to this study guide on page 372.. c. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT Present and past 1.1. At first I didn’t like my job, b u t ......................................to enjoy it now. A I’m beginning B 1 begin. 1.2. I d on’t understand this sentence. W h a t...................................... ? A does mean this word B does this word mean c means this word. 1.3. R o b e rt......................................away tw o or three times a year. B is usually going usually goes. c. A is going usually 1.4. H o w .............. A you are feeling. 1.5. It was a boring weekend..........................................anything. A 1 didn’t B I don’t do 1 didn’t do. 1.6. M a t t ......................................while we were having dinner. A phoned B was phoning c has phoned. 2 , 3 , 110. D goes usually. now? Better than before? B do you feel c are vou feeling. c. Present perfect and past 2.1. Jim is on holiday. H e ......................................to Italy. A is gone B has gone has been. c. 2.2. Everything is going well. W e ............................... any problems so far. A didn’t have B don't have haven’t had. c. 2.3. Sarah has lost her passport again. It’s the second time t h i s ....................................... A has happened B happens happened D is happening. c. 2.4 2.5. You’re out of breath......................................... ? A Are you running B Have you run. c Have you been running. W here’s rhe book I gave you? W h a t...................................... with it? A have you done B have you been doing are you doing. c. 326. .. 2.6. ‘......................................... each other tor a long time?’ ‘Yes, since we were at school.' 11 10 A Do you know B Have you known Have you been knowing. 2.7. Sally has been working h e r e ........................................ A for six m onths B since six months six months ago. c. c.

(334) Study guide. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT 2.8. It’s nvo y e a rs .............................Joe. A that I don't see B thar I haven’t seen D since I last saw. 2.9. It A stopped. 2.10. My m o th e r...................................... in Scotland. A grew up B has grown up had grown up. 2.11. .................................... a lot of sweets when you were a child? A Have you eaten B Had you eaten c Did you ear. 2.12. Ian ..............................in Scotland for ren years. Now he lives in London. A lived B has lived c has been living. 2.13. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. H e ......................... before. A hasn’t flown B didn’t fly c hadn’t flown D w asn’t flying. 2.14. Cathv was sitting in an arm chair resting. She was rired because ......................................very hard. A she was working B she’s been working she’d been working. c since I didn’t see. raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. B has stopped c was stopped. c. c. 2.15. ....................................a car when vou were living in London? A Had you B Were you having Have you had D Did you have. 2.16. I .................................... tennis a lot, but I don’t play very often now. A was playing B was used to plav c used to play. c. Future 3.1 3.2. I’m tired A I go. to bed now. Goodnight. B I'm going. ......................................tom orrow, so we can go out somewhere. A I'm not working B I don’t work I w on’t work. c. 3.3. T hat bag looks heavy..........................................you with it. A I'm helping B I help c I'll help. 3.4. I think the w e a th e r...................................... be nice this afternoon. A will B shall is going to. c. 3.5. 'Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Yes, I know. ................................. her rhis evening.’ A I visit B I'm going to visit I’ll visit. 3.6. We’re late. The film ...................................... by the time we get to the cinema. A will already start B will be already started c will already have started. 3.7. D on’t w o rry ......................................late tonight. A if I’m B when I’m c when I’ll be D if I’ll be. c. 327.

(335) Study guide. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT. STUDY _ UNIT. Modals 4.1. The fire spread through the building very quickly, bur fortunately everybody A was able to escape. 26. c could escape. B managed to escape. 4.2. I’m so tired I .................................... for a week. A can sleep B could sleep B could have slept. 27. 4.3. The s to r y ....................................be true, but I don’t think it is. A might B can could D may. 27, 29. 4.4. Why did you stay at a hotel when vou were in Paris? You .................................... with Julia. A can stay B could stay could have stayed. 27. i ’ve lost one of my gloves.' ‘Y o u .................................... it somewhere.’ A m ust drop B must have dropped must be dropping D must have been dropping. 28. i was surprised that Kate w asn't at the meeting yesterday.' ‘She .................................... about it.’ A might not know B may not know might not have known D may not have known W har was the problem? W h v ....................................leave earlv? A had you to B did you have to must you D you had to. 29. We’ve got plenty of time. W e .................................... hurrv. A do n ’t need to B m ustn’t needn't. 32. 4.9. You missed a great party last night. Y o u ................................. Whv didn't vou? A musr have come B should have come ought ro have come D had to come. 33. 4.10. J a n e .................................... a car with the money r d won in the lotterv. A suggested th at I buy B suggested th at I should buy suggested me to buy D suggested that I bought. 34. 4.11. You’re always at home. Y o u .................................... out more often. A should go B had better go c had better to go. 35. 4.12. It’s late. It’s tim e .................................... home. A we go B we must go we should go. c. c. 4.5. c. 4.6. c. 4.7 4.8. c. c. c. 31. c. 4.13. c. 35 D we went. E to go. .................................... a bit longer, but I reallv have to go now. A I’d stay B I’ll stav c I can stay D rd have stayed. 36. If and wish 5.1. I’m not tired enough to go to bed. If I .................................... to bed now, I w ouldn’t sleep. A go B went c had gone D would go. 38. 5.2. If I were r ic h ,.................................... a vacht. A I’ll have B I can have I’d have. 39. 5.3. c. D 1 had. I wish I .................................... have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do. A don’t B didn’t w ouldn't D w on’t. c. 39. 41.

(336) Study guide. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT 5.4. STUDY UNIT. The view was wonderful. I f .................................... a camera with me, I would have taken some photographs. A I had B I would have I would have had D I’d had. 40. The weather is horrible. I wish i t .................................... raining. A would stop B stopped stops D will stop. 41. 6.1. W e .................................... bv a loud noise during the night. A woke up B are woken up were woken up D were waking up. 42. 6.2. A new superm arket is going t o ....................................next year. A build B be built be building D building. 43. 6.3. There’s somebody walking behind us. I t h in k ....................................... A we are following B we are being following we are followed D we are being followed. 43. 6.4. ‘W h e re .................................... ?’ ‘In London.’ A were you born B are vou born have you been born D did you bom. 44. There was a fight at the partv, but n o b o d v ....................................... A was hurt B got hurt hurt. 44. J a n e ....................................to phone me last night, but she didn't. A supposed B is supposed was supposed. 45. W h e re .................................... ? Which hairdresser did vou go to? A did you cut your hair B have you cut your hair did you have cut your hair D did you have your hair cut. 46. c. 5.5. c. Passive. c. c. c. G. 6.5. c. 6.6. c. 6.7. c. Reported speech 7.1. Paul left the room suddenly. He said h e .................................... to go. A had B has have. 4 8 , 47. Hello, Joe. I didn't expect to see you today. Sonia said you. 48 , 47. c. 7.2. A are 7.3. B were. c was. D should be. A n n .................................... and left. A said goodbye to me B said me goodbye. c told me goodbye. 48. Questions and auxiliary verbs. 8.1. ‘W hat tim e .................................... ?’ ‘At 8.30.’ A begins the film B does begin the film. 8.2. ‘Do you know w h e re .................................... ?’ ‘N o, he didn’t say.’ A Tom has gone B has Tom gone has gone Tom. 50. 8.3. The police officer stopped us and asked us w h e re ....................................... A were we going B are we going we are going D we were going. 50. 49. c does the film begin. c. c.

(337) Study guide. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT 8.4. ‘Do you think it will rain?’ ‘...................................... * A I hope not. B I don’t hope. I don’t hope so. ‘You don’t know where Karen i s , .................................... ?’ ‘Sorry, I have no idea. A do n ’t you B do you is she D are you. c. 8.5. c. -ing and the infinitive 9.1 9.2. You can’t stop m e A doing B do. c. B to do. w hat I want. that I do. I m ust go now. I p ro m ised ...................................... late. A not being B not to be to not be D I w ouldn’t be. c. 9.3. 54 , 36. Do you w a n t .................................... with you or do you w ant to go alone? A me coming B me to come that I come D that I will come. c. 9.4. I know I locked the door. I clearly rem em b er...................................... it. A locking B to lock to have locked. 9.5. She tried to be serious, but she couldn’t h e lp ....................................... A laughing B to laugh that she laughed D laugh. c. c. 9.6. Paul lives in Berlin now. He lik e s .......................................there. A living B to live. 9.7. It’s not my favourite job, but I lik e .......................................the kitchen as often as possible. A cleaning B clean to clean D that I clean. c. 9.8 9.9. I’m tired. I’d r a th e r A not going B not to go. our this evening, if you don't mind. D not go. c don’t go. ‘Shall I stay here?’ i ’d r a th e r ......................................with us.' A you come B you to come vou came D you would come. c. 9.10. Are you looking fo rw a rd ....................................... on holiday? A going B to go to going D that you go. 9.11. When Lisa came to Britain, she had to get u s e d ....................................... on the left. A driving B to driving to drive. 9.12 9.13. c. c. I’m th in k in g ......................................a house. Do vou think that’s a good idea? A to buy B of to buy of buying. c. I had n o ......................................a place to live. In fact it was surprisingly easy. B difficulty finding c trouble to find D trouble finding. A difficulty to find 9.14. A friend of mine p h o n e d ....................................... me to a party. A for invite B to invite for inviting D for to invite. c. 9.15. Jim doesn’t speak very clearly. ..................................... A It is difficult to understand him. B He is difficult to understand. He is difficult to understand him.. c. 330. 60 , 62. 62 . 66.

(338) Study guide. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT. 9 .16. The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were a f r a id .................. A of falling B from falling to fall D to falling. c. 9 .1 7. I didn’t hear y o u .................................... in. You must have been very quiet. A come B to come came. c. 9 .18. ......................................a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. B After finding Having found D We found A Finding. c. Articles and nouns 10.1. It w asn't vour fault. It w a s ....................................... A accident B an accident some accident. c. 10.2. W here are you going to put all y o u r ...................................... ? A furniture B furnitures. 10.3. ‘Where are you going?’ ‘I'm going to b u y ................................... A a bread B some bread a loaf of bread. 10.4. Sandra i s ...................................... She works at a large hospital. A nurse B a nurse the nurse. c. c. 10.5. Helen works six d a y s ......................................week. A in B for a D the. 10.6. There are millions of stars i n ....................................... A space B a space the space. 71 , 72. c. c. 10.7. Everv d a v .................................... begins at 9 and finishes at 3. A school B a school the school. c. 10.8. ....................................a problem in m ost big cities. B The crime is The crimes are A Crime is. c. 10.9. 10.10. W h e n .................... invented? A was telephone B were telephones D was the telephone. c were rhe Telephones. Have you been t o .................................... ? A Canada or United States B the C anada or the United States Canada or the United States D the C anada or United States. c 10.11. On our first day in Moscow, we v isite d ....................................... A Kremlin B a Kremlin the Kremlin. 10.12. W hat tim e A is the news. 10.13. c. on television? B are the news is news. c. 79 , 70. D is the new. It took us quite a long time to get here. It w a s ...................................... journey. A three hour B a three-hours a three-hour. c. 10.14. This isn’t my book. I t 's ....................................... A my sister B my sister's from my sister E of my sister’s. c. D of my sister. 331.

(339) Study guide. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT. STUDY UNIT. Pronouns and determiners. 11.1. W hat time shall w e .................................... tom orrow? A meet B meet us c meet ourselves. 82. 11.2. I’m going to a wedding on Saturday. .................................... is getting married. A A friend of me B A friend of mine c One my friends. 83. 11.3. They live on a busy road........................................a lot of noise from the traffic. A It must be B It must have c There must have D There must be. 84. 11.4. H e’s lazy. He never d o e s .................................... work. A some B any c no. 85. 11.5. ‘W hat would you like to eat?’ - whatever you have.’ A Something B Anything. 85. ‘I don’t m ind........................................ c Nothing. 11.6. We couldn’t buy anything b ec au se.................................... of the shops were open. A all B no-one c none D nothing. 86. 11.7. We went shopping and s p e n t.................................... monev. A a lot of B much c lots of D many. 87. 11.8. ....................................don’t visit this part of the town. A The most tourists B M ost of tourists c M ost tourists. 88. 11.9. I asked two people the way to the station, b u t .................................... of them could help me. A none B either c both D neither. 89. 11.10. ....................................enjoyed the partv. It was great. A Everybody B All c All of us D Everybody of us. 90. 11.11. The bus service is excellent. There’s a b u s .................................... ten minutes. A each B every c all. 90 , 91. Relative clauses. 12.1. I don’t like s to rie s .................................... have unhappv endings. A that B they c which D who. 92. 12.2. I didn’t believe them at first, but in fact everything.................................... was true. A rhey said B that they said c w hat they said. 93. 12.3. W hat’s the name of the m a n .................................... ? A you borrowed his car B which car you borrowed c whose car you borrowed D his car you borrowed. 94. 12.4. Colin told me about his new j o b , .................................... very much. A that he’s enjoying B which he’s enjoying c he’s enjoying D he’s enjoying it. 95. 12.5. Sarah couldn’t meet u s , .................................... was a pity. A th at B it c whar D which. 96. 12.6. George showed me some p ic tu re s.................................... by his father. A painting B painted c that were painted D they were painted. 97 , 92.

(340) Study guide. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT Adjectives and adverbs 13.1. Jane doesn't enjov her job any more. She’s ...................................... because everv day she does exactly the same thing. A boring B bored. 13.2. Lisa was carrying a .................................... bag. A black small plastic B small and black plastic D plastic small black. 13.3. 13.4. M aria’s English is excellent. She sp e a k s .... A perfectly English B English perfectly D English perfect. c small black plastic. c perfect English. H e .................................... to find a job, but he had no luck. B tried hardly c hardly tried. A tried hard 13.5. I haven't seen her f o r ......................................, I’ve forgotten w hat she looks like. A so long B so long time a such long time D such a long time. c. 13.6. We haven't g o r .................................... on holiday at the moment. A money enough to go B enough money to go monev enough for going D enough money for going. c 13.7. 13.8. Sally is doing OK at the moment. She has . A a quite good job B quire a good job. c a pretty good job. The exam was fairly easv - ...................................... Ỉ expected. A more easy that B more easy than easier than. c. 13.9. The more electricity you use, A your bill will be higher the higher your bill will be. D easier as. B will be higher your bill D higher your bill will be. c. 13.10. Patrick is a fast runner. I can't run as fast a s ....................................... A he B him he can. 13.11. The film was really boring. It w a s .................................... I’ve ever seen. A most boring film B the more boring film the film more boring D the most boring film. 13.12. Ben likes walking................................... A Every morning he walks to work, He walks every morning to work.. c. c. c 13.13. B He walks to work every morning. D He every morning walks to work.. Joe never phones me............................. A Always I have to phone him. B [ always have to phone him. I have always to phone him. D I have to phone always him.. c. 13.14. L u c y ........................................ She left last month. A still doesn't work here B doesn’t still work here c no more works here D doesn’t work here any more.. 13.15 A Even. she can't drive, she has bought a car. B Even when Even if D Even though. 112, 113. c. 333.

(341) Study guide. STUDY. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT. UNIT Conjunctions and prepositions 14.1 14.2. I couldn’t s le e p ....................................... very tired. A although I was B despite I was c despite of being You should insure your b ik e ...................................... stolen. A in case it will be B if it will be c in case it is. 113. D in spite of beine 114. D if it is. 14.3. The club is for members only. Y o u ......................................you’re a member. A can’t go in if B can go in only it c can’t go in unless D can go in unless. 115. 14.4. Yesterday we watched television all ev en in g ......................................we didn't have anything better to do. A when B as while D since. 116. ‘W har’s that noise?’ ‘It s o u n d s ......................................a baby crying.’ A as B like as if D as though. 117. 118. c. 14.5. c. 14.6. They are very kind to me. They treat m e A like I’m B as if I’m c as if I was. their own son.. 118. D as it I were. 14.7. I’ll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom .................................... there. A while I’ll be B while I’m c during my visit D during I'm. 119. 14.8. David is away at the moment. I don't know exactly when he’s coining back, but I’m sure he’ll be b a c k ......................................Monday. A by B until. 120. Prepositions 15.1. 15.2. Goodbye! I’ll see you A at Friday morning D Friday morning. B on Friday morning. c in Friday morning. I’m going a w a y .....................................the end ot Januarv. A at B on in. 122. c. 15.3. When we were in Italy, we spent a few d a y s .................................... Venice. A at B to in. c. 123 , 125. 15.4. O ur flat i s ....................................... the second floor of the building. A at B on in D to. 124. 15.5. I saw S tev e....................................... a concert on Saturday. A at B on c in D to. 125. 15.6. When did th e y ......................................the hotel? A arrive to B arrive at arrive in D get to. c. c. 15.7 15.8. I’m g o in g A at B on. c in. 15.9. 126. E get in. holiday next week. I'll be away for rwo weeks. D for. We trav e lle d ....................................... 6.45 train, which arrived at 8.30. A in the B on the by the D by. c. ‘Have you read a n y th in g ................... Ernest Hemingway?’ did he write?’ A of B from by. c. 334. 121. 127. 128. ‘No, w hat sort of books 128.

(342) Study guide. STUDY UNIT. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT. 15.10. The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage ......................................the other car. A of B for ro D on E at. c. 15.11. I like them very much. They have always been very n ic e ............... A of B for ro D with. 15.12. I'm not verv g o o d .................................... repairing things. A at B for in D about. 15.13. I don’t understand this sentence. Can y o u .................................... ? A explain ro me this word B explain me this word explain this word to me. me.. c. c. c 15.14. If you’re worried about the problem, you should do something it. A tor B about against D with. c. 15.15. 15.16. ‘Who is Tom H art?' A about B from. i have no idea. I’ve never heard .................. after D of. him .’. c. ‘W har rime will you be home?' ‘I don't know. It d e p e n d s.......... A of B tor from D on. the traffic.’ I. c. 15.17. I prefer t e a ......................................coffee. A to B than against D over. 136 , 59. c. Phrasal verbs 16.1. These shoes are uncom fortable. I’m going to A take off B take them oft take off them. c. 16.2. We’re playing a game. Why don't you A join in B come in get in. c. 16.3. D break in. Nobody believed Paul at first, but h e ......................................to be right. A worked out B came our found out D turned out. c. 16.4. We can’t ......................................making a decision. We have to decide now. A put away B put over pur off D put out. c. 16.5. ‘Have you finished painting the kitchen?’ 'Nearly. I’l l .................................... tom orrow .’ A finish it up B finish it over finish it off. c. 16.6. You can always rely on Pete. H e’ll n e v e r....................................... A put you up B let you down take you over D see you off. c. 16 . ". Children tinder 16 ......................................half the population of the city. A make up B put up take up D bring up. c. 16.8. I’m surprised to hear that Sue and Paul h a v e .................................. They seemed very happy together when I last saw them. A broken up B ended up finished up D split up. c. 16.9. I parked in a no-parking zone, but I ...................................... it. A came up with B got away with made off with. c. D got on with. 335.

(343) Key to Exercises In so m e o f th e ex e r c ise s y o u h a v e to use y o u r o w n id ea s to w rite se n te n c e s. E x a m p le a n sw e r s are g iv en in th e Key. If p o ss ib le , c h eck y o u r a n sw e rs w ith so m e b o d y w h o sp e a k s E n g lish w e ll.. UNIT 1 1.1. 2 3 4 5 6 7. ’m looking / am looking ’s getting / is getting ’rc staying / are staying is losing ’s starting / is starting ’re making / are making ... ’m trying / am trying 8 ’s happening / is happening. 1.2 3 ’m not listening / am not listening 4 ’s having / is having 5 ’m not eating / am not eating 6 ’s learning / is learning 7 aren’t speaking / ’re not speaking / are not speaking 8 ’m getting / am getting 9 isn’t working / ’s not working / is not working. 1.3 1 What’s I What is he studying Is he enjoying 2 are you getting on things are getting he isn’t enjoying / he’s not enjoying he’s beginning / he is beginning. 1.4 2 3 4 5. is changing ’s getting / is getting is rising is beginning. UNIT 2 2.1 2 3 4 5 6 7. drink opens causes live take connects. 2.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. do the banks close don’t use does Martin come do you do takes ... does it take does this word mean doesn’t do. 2.3 3 rises 4 make 5 don’t eat. 336. 6 7 8 9. doesn't believe translates don'r tell flows. 2.4 2 Does your sister play tennis? 3 Which newspaper do you read? 4 What does your brother do? 5 How often do vou go to the cinema? 6 Where do vour grandparents live?. 2.5 2 3 4 5. I promise 1 insist I apologise I recommend. 4 You’re alwavs forgetting vour glasses.. UNIT 4 4.1 2 3 4 5. Do you believe OK It tastes I think. 4.2 2 What are you doing? I’m thinking. 3 Who does this umbrella belong to? 4 The dinner smells good. 5 Is anybody sitting there? 6 These gloves don't fit me.. 4.3. UNIT 3 3.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. is trying are thev talking OK It’s getting / It is getting OK I’m coming / 1 am coming are vou getting He always gets OK. 3.2 3 s waiting / is waiting 4 Arc you listening 5 Do you listen 6 flows 7 s flowing / is flowing 8 grow ... aren't growing / 're not growing / are not growing 9 ’s improving / is improving 10 ’s staying / is staying ... stays 11 ’m starting / am starting 12 'm learning / am learning . . . ’s reaching / is teaching 13 finish ... ‘m working / am working 14 live ... do your parents live 15 s looking / is looking . . . ’s staying / is staving 16 does your brother do ... isn’t working / 's not working / is not working 17 enjoy . . . 'm not enjoying / am not enjoving. 3.3 2 It’s always breaking down. 3 I’m always making the same mistake. / . . . that mistake.. 2 3 4 5 6. 'm using / am using need does he want is he looking believes don't remember / do not remember or can’t remember 8 'm thinking / am thinking 9 think ... don't use 10 consists. 4.4 2 s being / is being 3 ’s / is 4 are you being 5 Is he. UNIT 5 5.1 2 had 3 She walked to work 4 It took her (about) half an hour 5 She started work 6 She didn't have (any) lunch. / ... eat (any! lunch. 7 She finished work 8 She was tired when she got home. 9 She cooked 10 She didn't go 11 She went to bed 12 She slept. 5.2 2 3 4 5 6. taught sold fell ... hurt threw ... caughr spent ... bought ... cost.

(344) Key to Exercises 5.3. 7.2. 2 did you travel / did you go 3 did it take (you} / were you there 4 did you stay 5 Was the weather good/nice? or Did you have good/nice weather? 6 Did you go to / Did you see / Did you visit. 2 Yes, I’ve just seen her. / Yes, I have just seen her. 3 He’s already left. / He has already left. 4 I haven’t read it yet. 5 N o, she’s already seen the film. / N o, she has already seen ... 6 Yes, they’ve just arrived. / Yes, they have just arrived. 7 We haven’t told him yet.. 5.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. didn’t disturb left didn't sleep flew didn't cost didn't have were. UNIT 6 6.1 Example answers: 3 I was working. 4 I was in bed asleep. 5 I was getting ready to go out. 6 I was watching TV at home.. 7.3 2 he's just gone out / he has just gone out 3 I haven’t finished yet. 4 I've already done it. / 1 have already done it. 5 Have you found a place to live yet? 6 1 haven’t decided yet. 7 she’s just come back / she has just come back. 7.4 2 3 4 5. been gone gone been. 6.2 Example answers: 1 was having a shower 3 were waiting for the bus 4 was reading the paper 5 was watching it. 6.3 1 didn't see ... was looking 2 m e t... were going ... was going ... had ... were waiting / waited 3 was cycling ... stepped ... was going ... managed ... didn't hit. 6.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. were you doing Did vou go were you driving ... happened took ... wasn’t looking didn't know saw ... was trying was walking ... heard ... was following ... started 9 wanted 10 dropped ... was doing ... didn’t break. UNIT 7 2 She’s broken her leg. / She has broken ... 3 The bus fare has gone up. A Her English has improved. 5 He's grown a beard. / He has grown ... 6 The letter has arrived. The temperature has fallen.. 8.4 2 Have you played tennis before? N o, this is the first time I’ve played tennis. 3 Have you ridden a horse before? / Have you been on a horse before? No, this is the first time I’ve ridden a horse. / ... I’ve been on a horse. 4 Have you been to London before? N o, this is the first time I’ve been to London.. UNIT 9 9.1 2 ’s been watching television / has been watching television 3 ’vé been playing tennis / have been playing tennis 4 ’s been running / has been running. 9.2. UNIT 8 8.1 2 Have you ever been to California? 3 Have you ever run (in) a marathon? 4 Have you ever spoken to a • famous person? 5 Whar’s the most beautiful place you’ve ever visited?. 8.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 10. 11. haven’t seen haven’t eaten I haven’t played (it) I’ve had / 1 have had I haven’t read I’ve never been / 1 haven’t been ’s been / has been I've never tried / I haven’t tried or I’ve never eaten / I haven’t earen it’s happened / it has happened or that’s happened / that has happened I‘ve never seen / I haven’t seen. 8.3 7.1. 6 haven’t won many/any games this season. 2 haven’t read one / haven’t read a newspaper 3 it’s made a loss / it has made a loss / it hasn’t made a profit 4 she hasn’t worked hard this term 5 it hasn’t snowed (much) this winter. 2 Have you been waiting long? 3 What have you been doing? 4 H ow long have you been working there? 5 How long have you been selling computers?. 9.3 2 ’vé been waiting / have been waiting 3 ’vé been learning Spanish / have been learning Spanish 4 She’s been working there / She has been working there 5 They’ve been going there / They have been going there. 9.4 2 I’ve been looking / I have been looking 3 are you looking 4 She’s been teaching / She has been teaching 5 I’ve been thinking / 1 have been thinking 6 he's working / he is working 7 she’s been working / she has been working. UNIT 10 10.1 2 She’s been travelling for three months. / She has been travelling ... She’s visited six countries so far. / She has visited .... 337.

(345) Key to Exercises 3 He's won the national championships four times. / He has won ... He’s been playing tennis since he was ten. / He has been playing ... 4 They’ve made five films since they left college. / They have made ... They’ve been making films since they left college. / They have been making .... 10.2 2 Have you been waiting long? 3 Have you caught any fish? 4 How many people have you invited? 5 How long have you been teaching? 6 How many books have you written? How long have you been writing books? 7 How long have you been saving? How much money have you saved?. 10.3 2 Somebody’s broken / Somebody has broken 3 Have you been working 4 Have you ever worked 5 has she gone 6 He’s appeared / He has appeared 7 1 haven’t been waiting 8 it’s stopped / it has stopped 9 I’ve lost / I have lo s t ... Have you seen 10 I’ve been reading / 1 have been reading ... 1 haven’t finished 11 I’ve read /1 have read. UNIT 11 11.1 3 have been married 4 OK 5 It’s been raining / It has been raining 6 have you been living 7 has been working 8 OK 9 I haven’t drunk 10 have you had. 11.2 2 How long have you been teaching English? / How long have you taught ... 3 How long have you known Caroline? 4 How long has your brother been in Australia?. 338. 5 How long have you had that jacket? 6 How long has Joe been working at the airport? / How long has Joe worked ... 7 How long have you been learning to drive? 8 Have you always lived in Chicago? 11.3 3 ’s been / has been 4 ’vé been waiting / have been waiting 5 ’vé known / have known 6 haven’t plaved 7 ’s been watching / has been watching 8 haven’t watched 9 ’vé had / have had 10 hasn’t been 1 1 ’vé been feeling / have been feeling or ’vé felt / have felt 12 ’s lived / has lived or '$ been living / has been living 13 haven’t been 14 ’vé always wanted / have always wanted. UNIT 12 12.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. since for for since for since since for. 12.2 2 How long has Kate been learning Japanese? When did Kate start learning Japanese? 3 How long have you known Simon? When did you first meet Simon? / When did you and Simon first meet? 4 How long have Rebecca and David been married? When did Rebecca and David get married? / When did Rebecca and David marry?. 12.3 3 4 5 6. He has been ill since Sunday. He has been ill for a few days. She got married a year ago. I’ve had a headache since I woke up. 7 She went to Italy three weeks ago. 8 I’ve been working in a hotel for six months. / I’ve worked in a hotel for six months.. 12.4 2 3 4. 6. 7. 8. N o, I haven't seen Sarah/hcr for about a month. N o, I haven't been to the cinema for a Iona time. N o, I haven’t eaten in a restaurant for ages. / N o, I haven’t been to a restaurant for ages. N o, it’s about a month since 1 (last) saw Sarah/her. / N o, it's been about a month since ... N o, it’s a long time since I (last) went to the cinema. / No, it’s been a long time since ... N o, it’s ages since 1 (last) ate in a restaurant. / N o, it’s been ages since ... or ... since I went to a restaurant.. UNIT 13 13.1 2 3 4 5 6. has gone forgot went had has broken. 13.2 3 ’vé forgotten / have forgotten 4 arrested 5 's improved / has improved 6 ’vé finished / have finished “/7 applied 8 was 9 ’s been / has been 10 broke or ’s broken / has broken ... did (that) happen ... fell 13.3 3 did Shakespeare write 4 OK 5 OK 6 The Chinese invented 7 were vou born 8 OK 9 Albert Einstein was ... who developed. UNIT 14 14.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. OK 1 bought Where were vou Lucv left school OK OK OK When was this book published?. > 14.2 2 The weather has been cold recently. 3 It was cold last week..

(346) Key to Exercises 4 I didn't read a newspaper yesterday. 5 I haven't read a newspaper today. 6 Emily has earned a lot of money this year. 7 She didn't earn so much last year. 8 Have you had a holiday recently? 14.3 t g o t ... was ... went 3 Have you finished or Did you finish 4 wasn't / was not 5 worked 6 s lived / has lived 7 Did you go ... was ... was 8 died ... never met 9 ’vé never met / have never met 10 "s gone / has gone or went ... did he go 11 have you lived / have you been living ... did you live ... did vou live 14.4 Example answers: 2 I haven't bought anything today. 3 1 didn't watch TV yesterday. 4 1 went out with some friends yesterday evening. 5 I haven't been to the cinema recently. 6 I've read a lot of hooks recently.. UNIT 15 15.1 2 It had changed a lot. Ĩ She’d arranged to do something else. / She had arranged ... 4 The film had already begun. 5 I hadn't seen him for five years. 6 She'd just had breakfast. / She had just had .... 15.2 2 I’d never seen her before. / I had never seen ... 3 He’d never played (tennis) before. / He had never played 4 We'd never been there before. / We had never been .... 15.3 1 called the police 2 there was ... had gone 3 He'd just come back from / He had just come back from He looked. 4 got a phone call was 'd sent her / had sent her ’d never replied to them / had never replied to them. She doesn’t have any money. 7 I haven’t got enough energy. / I don't have enough energy. 8 They didn’t have a camera.. 15.4. 2 3 4 5 6 7. 2 3 4 5. went had gone broke saw ... had broken ... stopped. UNIT 16 16.1 2 They’d been playing football. / They had been playing ... 3 rd been looking forward to it. / I had been looking forward 4 She'd been dreaming. / She had been dreaming. 5 He’d been watching a film. / He had been watching .... 16.2 2 I’d been waiting for 20 minutes when I (suddenly) realised that I was in the wrong restaurant, or ... that I had come to the wrong restaurant. 3 At the time the factory closed down, Sarah had been working there for five years. 4 The orchestra had been playing for about ten minutes when a man in the audience started shouting. 5 Example answer: I’d been walking along the road for about ten minutes when a car suddenly stopped just behind me.. 17.2 Have you got / Do you have Did you have Have you got / Do you have Have you got / Do you have did you have Did you have. 17.3 Example answers: 2 I haven’t got a bike (now). I had a bike (ten years ago). 3 I’ve got a mobile phone (now). I didn’t have a mobile phone (ten years ago). 4 I haven’t got a dog (now). I didn’t have a dog (ten years ago). 5 I’ve got a guitar (now). i had a guitar (ten years ago). 6 I haven’t got long hair (now). I didn’t have long hair (ten years ago). 7 I've got a driving licence (now). I didn’t have a driving licence (ten years ago).. 17.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. has a break had a party have a look ’s having / is having a nice time had a chat Did you have difficulty had a baby was having a shower Did you have a good flight?. 16.3 3 was walking 4 ’d been running / had been running 5 were eating 6 ’d been eating / had been eating 7 was looking 8 was waiting . . . ’d been waiting / had been waiting 9 "d had / had had 10 'd been travelling / had been travelling. UNIT 17 17.1 3 I haven’t got a ladder. / 1 don’t have a ladder. 4 We didn’r have enough time. 5 He didn’t have a map. 6 She hasn’t got any money. /. UNIT 18 18.1 2 used to have/ride 3 used to live 4 used to eat/like/love 5 used to be 6 used to take 7 used to be 8 did you use to go. 18.2 3 -6 He used to go to bed early. He didn’t use to go out in the evening. He used to run three miles every morning. He didn’t use to spend much money. / ... a lot o f money.. 339.

(347) Key to Exercises 18.3 2-10 She used to have lots of friends, but she doesn’t know many people these days. She used to be very lazy, bur she works very hard these days. She didn’t use to like cheese, but she eats lots of cheese now. She used to he a hotel receptionist, but she works in a bookshop now. She used to play the piano, but she hasn’t played the piano for years. She never used to read newspapers, but she reads a newspaper every day now. She didn’t use to drink tea, but she likes it now. She used to have a dog, but it died two years ago. She used to go to a lot of parties, hut she hasn’t been to a party for ages.. UNIT 19 19.1 2 3 4 5 6. How long are you going for? When are you leaving? Are you going alone? Are you travelling by car? Where are you staying?. 19.2 2 I’m working late. / I’m working till 9 o ’clock. 3 I’m going to the theatre. 4 I’m meeting Julia.. 19.3 Example answers: 2 I’m working tomorrow morning. 3 I’m not doing anything tomorrow evening. 4 I’m playing football next Sunday. 5 I'm going to a parry this evening.. 19.4 3 ’re having / are having 4 finishes 5 ’m not going / am not going . . . ’m staying / am staying 6 Are you doing 7 ’re going / are going ... starts 8 ’m leaving / am leaving 9 ’re meeting / are meeting 10 does this train get 11 ’m going / am going ... Are you coming 12 does it end 13 'm not using / am not using. 340. 14 ’s coming / is coming . . . ’s travelling / is travelling ... arrives. UNIT 20 201.1 2 What are you going to wear? 3 Where are you going to put it? 4 Who are you going to invite? 20I.2 7 I’m going to take it back. 3 I’m not going to accept it. 4 I’m going to phone her tonight. 5 I’m going to complain. 20I.3 ■> He's going to be late. 3 The boat is going to sink. 4 They’re going to run out of petrol. 20I.4 2 was going to buv 3 were going to play 4 was going to phone 5 was going to give up 6 were going to have. UNIT 21 21 .1 2 I’ll 3 I'll 4 I’ll 5 I'll 6 I’ll 7 I’ll 8 I'll 9 I'll. UNIT 22 22 .1 2 I’m going 3 will get 4 is coming 5 we’re going 6 It won’t hurt 22 .2 2 will look 'II like / will like ’II get / will get will live 6 ’II meet / will meet 7 ’II come / will come 8 will be. 22.3 2 3 4 5 6. won't M l/will won’t ’II/w ill won't. 22 .4 Example answers: 1 I’ll he in bed. .? I'll he at work. 4 I'll probably he at home. 5 I don't know where I'll he this time next year.. 22.5 turn / I'll switch / I’ll put go do show / I'll teach have send give / I'll bring stay / I'll wait. 21 .2 2 I'll go to bed. 3 1 think I'll walk. 4 I’ll play tennis (todayI. 5 I don’t think I'll go swimming. 21 .3 3 I'll meet 4 I’ll lend 5 I’m having 6 I won’t forget 7 docs your train leave 8 won't tell 9 Are you doing 10 Will vou come 21 A 2 Shall 1 buy it? 3 What shall 1 give/buv/get Helen (for her birthday)? 4 Where shall we go (on holiday)? 5 Shall we go by car or (shall we) walk? / ... or (shall we go) on foot? 6 What time shall 1 phone (you)?. 2 Do you think it will rain? 3 When do you think it will end? 4 How much do you think it will cost? 5 Do you think they'll get married? / . . . they will get married? 6 What time do you think you'll be back? / ... you will he back? 7 What do vou think will happen?. UNIT 23 23.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. I'll lend I'll get I'm going to wash are you going to paint I'm going to buv I’ll show I’ll have HI do it’s going to fall He's going to have ... he's going to do. 23.2 2 3 4 5 6. I'm going to take ... I'll join you'll find I’m not going to applv You'll wake I’ll take ... we'll leave ... Liz is going to take.

(348) Key to Exercises UNIT 24 24.1 2 3 4 5 6. b is true a and c are true h and d are true c and d are true c is true. 24.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Vi'e’ll have finished we'll be playing I'll be working the meeting will have ended he'll have spent you'll still be doing she'll have travelled I'll be staying Will vou be seeing. 27.4. 8 if. UNIT 26 26.1 3 4 5 6 7. can be able to been able to can be able to. 26.2 Example answers: 2 I used to be able to run fast. 3 I’d like to be able to play the piano. 4 I’ve never been able to get up early.. 26.3. UNIT 25 25.1 2 goes 3 ’II tell / will tell ... come 4 see ... won't recognise / will not recognise 5 Will you be ... ’m/am 6 ’s/is 7 'II wait / will w a it... 're/are 8 ’II be / will be ... gets 9 is 10 phones ... "m/am. 25.2 2 I'll give you my address when I find somewhere to live, or ... when I’ve found somewhere to live. 3 I'll come straight back home after I do the shopping, or ... after I’ve done the shopping. 4 Let's go home before it gets dark. 5 I w on’t speak to her until she apologises, or ... until she has apologised.. 25.3 2 you go / you leave 3 you decide or you’ve decided / you have decided 4 you're in New York / you go to New York 5 finish the new road / ’vé finished the new road / have finished the new road or build the new road / ’vé built the new road / have built the new road. 25.4 2 If. 3 When 4 if 5 If 6 when. 2 3 4 5 6. could run can wair couldn't cat can’t hear couldn’t sleep. 26.4 2 was able to finish it 3 were able to find it • 4 was able to get away couldn’t managed to could managed to could managed to couldn’t. UNIT 27 27.1 2 3 4 5. We could have fish. You could phone (her) now. You could give her a book. We could hang it in the kitchen.. 27.2 3 I could kill him! 4 O K - could have is also possible 5 I could stay here all day 6 if could be in the car (may/might are also possible) 7 OK 8 O K - could barrow is also possible 9 it could change later (may/might are also possible) could could could could could. wear have found get have been have come/gone. UNIT 28 28.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. must can’t must must can’t must must can’t. 28.2 3 4 5 6 7 8. be have been be go or have been be going have taken / have stolen / have moved 9 have been 10 be following 3 It must have been very expensive. 4 They must have gone away. 5 I must have left it in the restaurant last night. 6 He can’t have seen me. or He couldn’t have seen me. 7 He must have been waiting for somebody 8 She can’t have understood what I said, or she couldn’t have understood what I said. 9 I must have forgotten to lock it. 10 The neighbours must have been having a party. 11 The driver can’t have seen the red light, or The driver couldn’t have seen .... UNIT 29 29.1 2 3 4 5 6. 27.3 2 3 4 5 6. couldn’t couldn’t couldn’t couldn’t couldn’t. 28.3. 26.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 3 4 5 6 7. have come/gone apply have been have got/taken come. 7 8 9. She might be busy. She might be working. She might want to be alone. She might have been ill yesterday. She might have gone home early. She might have had to go home early. She might have been working yesterday. She might not want to see me.. 341.

(349) Key to Exercises 10 She might not be working today. 11 She might not have been feeling well yesterday. You can use may instead o f might M l all these sentences.. 29.2 2 3 4 5. be have been be waiting have. 29.3 2 a She might be watching TV in her room, b She might have gone out. 3 a It might be in the car. b You might have left it in the restaurant last night. 4 a He might have gone to bed early. b He might not have heard the doorbell, c He might have been in the shower. You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. 29.4 3 might not have received it 4 couldn’t have been an accident 5 couldn’t have tried 6 might not have been American. UNIT 30 30.1 2 3 4 5. I might buy a Mercedes. I might go to London. He might come on Saturday. I might hang it in the dining room. 6 She might go to university. You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. 30.2 2 might wake 3 might bite 4 might need 5 might slip 6 might break You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. 30.3 2 might be able to mcet/sce 3 might have to work 4 might have to go/leave You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. 30.4 2 I might not go out this evening. 3 We might not get tickets for the concert. 4 Sue might not he able to come out with us this evening.. 342. You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. 30.5 2 I might as well go to the concert. 3 We might as well paint the bathroom. 4 We might as well watch the film. You can use may instead o f might in all these sentences.. UNIT 31 31.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. We had to close She ha*j to leave do you have to be I have to hurry Does he have to travel do you have to go did you have to wait had to do. 31.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. have to make don’t have to do had to ask don’t have to pay didn’t have to go has to make will have to drive. 3 O K (have to is also correct) 4 He has to work. 5 I had to work late yesterday evening. 6 O K (have to is also correct) 7 She has had to wear glasses since she was very young. (For the present perfect (has had) w ith for and since, see Units. don’t have to mustn't don’t have to mustn't doesn’t have to mustn’t mustn’t don’t have to. UNIT 32 32.1 needn't needn’t needn’t needn’t needn't. 32.2 3 needn’t 4 must 5 mustn’t. 3 2 .3 2 She needn’t have bought (any) eggs3 You needn’t have shouted at me. 4 He needn’t have sold his car. 5 We needn’t have taken the camcorder (with us). 6 I needn’t have rushed (to the station).. 32.4 2 You needn’t have walked home. You could have taken a taxi. 3 You needn’t have staved at a hotel. You could have staved with us. 4 She needn’t have phoned me in the middle o f the night. She could have waited until the morning. 5 You needn’t have left without saying anything. You could have said goodbye.. UNIT 33 2 You should look for another job. 3 He shouldn't go to bed so late. 4 You should take a photograph. 5 She shouldn't use her car so much. 6 He should put some pictures on the walls.. 33.2. 11- 12 .). 31.4. 2 3 4 5 6. needn’t needn’t must ... mustn't needn’t ... must. 33.1. 31.3. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 6 7 8 9. come walk ask tell explain. 2 I don't think you should go out. / 1 think you should stay at home. 3 I think vou should applv for it. / ... for the job. 4 I don't think the government should increase taxes.. 33.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. should should should should should should should. come do have done win have won be have arrived. 3 3 .4 3 We should have reserved a table. 4 The shop should be open (now). / The shop should have opened by now. or It should ....

(350) Key to Exercises 5 She shouldn’t be doing 50. / She shouldn’t be driving so fast. / She should be driving more slowly. 6 I should have written down her address. / I should have written her address down, or I should have written it down. 7 The driver in front shouldn’t have stopped without warning. / ... shouldn’t have stopped so suddenly. 8 1 should have been looking where I was going. / I shouldn’t have been looking behind me.. UNIT 34 34.1 2 I should srav / I stay / I stayed a little longer 3 they should visit / they visit / they visited the museum after lunch 4 we should pay / we pay / we paid the rent by Friday 5 I should go / 1 go / 1 went away for a few days 3 4 .2 1 b c d 2 a b c. OK OK wrong OK wrong OK. 3 4 .3 2 should 3 should 4 should 5 should 6 should. say worry leave ask listen. 3 4 .4 1 If it should rain 3 If there should be 4 If anyone should ask 5 Should there be any problems 6 Should anyone ask (where I'm going). 34.5 2 I should keep 3 Ỉ should phone 4 I should buy. UNIT 35 35.1 2 3 4 5. You'd better put a plaster on it. We'd better reserve a table. You'd better not go to work. I'd better pay the phone bill (soon). 6 I'd better not go out (yet). VCe'd better take/get a taxi.. 3 would always help 4 would share 5 would always forget. 3 5 .2 3 'd better 4 should 5 should 6 ’d better 7 should 8 should 3 5 .3 1 b c d 2 a b e. UNIT 37 37.1. ’d/had close/shut hadn’t did was done thought. 3 5 .4 ■> It’s time 3 It’s rime 4 It’s time 5 It’s time made. 6 It’s time else.. I had a holiday. the train left. I/vve had a party. some changes were he tried something. UNIT 36 36.1 Example answers: 2 I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. 3 I’d love to learn to fly a plane. 4 It would be nice to have a big garden. 5 I’d like ro go to Mexico. 3 6 .2 2 ’d enjoy / would enjoy 3 ’d have enjoyed / would have enjoyed 4 would you do 5 'd have stopped / would have stopped 6 would have been 7 ’d be / would be 8 'd have passed / would have passed 9 would have. 36.3 2 3 4 5 6. e b f a d. 36 .4 2 He promised he’d phone. / ... he would phone. 3 You promised you wouldn’t tell her. 4 They promised they’d wait (for us). / ... they would wait.. 36.5 2 wouldn’t tell 3 wouldn’t speak 4 wouldn’t let. 36.6 2 would shake. 2 Can/Could I leave a message (for her)? or Can/Could you give her a message? 3 Can/Could you tell me how to get to the station? or ... the way to the station? or ... where the station is? 4 Can/Could I try on these trousers? or Can/Could I try these (trousers) on? 5 Can I give/offer you a lift? 3 7 .2 3 Do you think you could check this letter (for me)? / ... check my letter? 4 Do you mind if I leave work early? 5 Do you think you could turn the music down? / ... turn it down? 6 Is it OK if I close the window? 7 Do you think I could have a look at your newspaper?. 37.3 2 Can/Could/Would you show me? or Do you think you could show me? or ... do it for me? 3 Would you like to sit down? or Would you like a seat? or Can I offer you a seat? 4 Can/Could/Would you slow down? or Do you think you could ...? 5 Can/Could/May I/we have the bill, please? or Do you think I/we could have ... ? 6 Would you like to borrow it?. UNIT 38 38.1 3 4 J 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. ’d take / would take closed down wouldn’t get pressed did ’d be / would be didn’t come borrowed walked would understand. 3 8 .2 2 What would you do if you lost your passport? 3 What would you do if there was/were a fire in the building?. 343.

(351) Key to Exercises 4 What would you do if you were in a lift and it stopped between floors?. 38.3 2 If he took his driving test, he’d fail (it). / ... he would fail (it). 3 If we stayed at a hotel, it would cost too much. 4 If she applied for the job, she wouldn’t get it. 5 If we told them the truth, they wouldn’t believe us. 6 If we invited Bill, we’d have to invite his friends too. / ... we would have to .... 38.4 Example answers: 2 I’d be very angry if somebody broke into my house. 3 If I didn’t go to work tomorrow, I’d have a much nicer day than usual. 4 Would you go to the parry if you were invited? 5 If you bought some new clothes, you’d feel much better. 6 Would you mind if I didn’t go out with you this evening?. UNIT 39 39.1 3 4 5 6 7 8. ’d help / would help lived ’d live / would live would taste were/was wouldn’t w a it. . . ’d go / would go 9 didn’t go 10 weren’t ... wouldn’t be. 39.2 2 I’d buy it / I would buy it if it weren’t/wasn’t so expensive, or ... if it were/was cheaper. 3 We’d go out / We would go out more often if we could afford it. 4 If I didn’t have to work late, I could meet you tomorrow, or ... I’d meet / I would m eet... or ... I’d be able to meet ... 5 We could have lunch outside if it weren’t raining / wasn’t raining. 6 If I wanted his advice, I’d ask for it / I would ask for it.. 39.3 2 1 wish I had a mobile phone. 3 I wish Helen were/was here. 4 I wish it weren’t/wasn't (so) cold. 5 I wish I didn’t live in a big city. 6 I wish I could go to the party.. 344. 7 I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow. 8 I wish I knew something about cars. 9 1 wish I were feeling / was feeling better. 3 9 .4 Example answers: 1 1 wish I was at home. 2 I wish I had a big garden. 3 I wish I could tell jokes. 4 I wish I was taller.. UNIT 40. 6 I wish they’d phoned / I wish they had phoned first (to say they were coming), or I wish I’d known / 1 wish I had known thev were coming.. UNIT 41 41.1 2 3 4 5 6. hope wish wished hope wish ... hope. 40.1. 41.2. 2 If he’d missed / he had missed the train, he’d have missed / he would have missed his flight. 3 I’d have forgotten / I would have forgotten ... you hadn’t reminded 4 I’d had / I had had ... I’d have sent / I would have sent 5 we’d have enjoyed / we would have enjoyed ... the weather had been 6 It would have been ... I’d walked / 1 had walked 7 I were / I was 8 I’d been / I had been. 2 1 wish Jane/she would come. or ... would hurry up. 3 1 wish somebody would give me a job. 4 I wish the/that babv would stop crying. 5 I wish you would buy some new clothes, or I wish you would get some new clothes. 6 I wish vou wouldn't drive so fast. 7 I wish vou wouldn't leave the door open (all the time). 8 I wish people wouldn't drop litter in the street.. 4 0 .2 2 If the road hadn’t been icy, the accident wouldn’t have happened. 3 If I’d known / If I had known (that Joe'had to get up early), I’d have woken / I would have woken him up. 4 If Jane hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the car. or ... I couldn’t have bought the car. 5 If Karen hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she'd have been injured / she would have been injured (in the crash). 6 If you’d had / If you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now. 7 If I’d had / if I had had (some) money, I’d have got / I would have got a taxi.. 2 OK 3 I wish I had more free time. 4 I wish our flat was/were a bit bigger. 5 OK 6 OK 7 I wish everything wasn't/weren't so expensive.. 40.3 2 I wish I’d applied / 1 wish I had applied for it. or ... for the job. 3 I wish I’d learned / I wish 1 had learned to play a musical instrument (when 1 was younger). 4 I wish i hadn't painted it red. or ... the gate red. 5 I wish I’d brought / 1 wish 1 had brought my camera.. 41.3. 41.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. I knew I’d taken / I had taken I could come I wasn’t / 1 weren't they’d hurry / thev would hurry we didn’t have we could have stayed it wasn't / weren’t he'd decide / he would decide we hadn't gone. UNIT 42 42.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. is made was damaged . were invited are shown are held was written ... was translated were overtaken is surrounded.

(352) Key to Exercises 4 2 .2 2 When was television invented? 3 How are mountains formed? 4 When was Pluto discovered? 5 What is silver used for? 4 2 .3 3 covers 4 is covered 5 are locked 6 was posted ... arrived 7 sank ... was rescued 8 died ... were brought up 9 grew up 10 was stolen 11 disappeared 12 did Sue resign 13 was Bill sacked 14 is owned 15 called ... was injured ... wasn’t needed 16 were these phorographs taken ... Did you take 17 'm not bothered / am not bothered. 42.4 2 All flights were cancelled because of fog. 3 This road isn't used much. 4 I was accused of stealing money. 5 How are languages learned/learnt? 6 We were warned not to go out alone.. UNIT 43 43.1 2 3 4 5 6. it can't he broken it can be eaten it can’t be used it can't be seen it can be carried. 43.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. be made he spent have been be carried have been he woken have been. repaired caused up arrested. 4 3 .3 2 The meeting has heen postponed. 3 The computer is being used at the moment. 4 I didn't realise that our conversation was being recorded. 5 ... we found that the game had been cancelled. 6 A new ring road is being built round the city. A new hospital has been built near the airport.. 4 3 .4 3 It's been stolen! / It has been stolen! 4 Somebody has taken it. or ... taken my umbrella. 5 He’s been promoted. / He has been promoted. 6 It’s being redecorated. / It is being redecorated. 7 It’s working again. / It is working ag a in .... It’s been repaired. / It has been repaired. 8 The furniture had been moved. 9 He hasn’t been seen since then. 10 I haven't seen her for ages. 11 Have you ever been mugged?. UNIT 44 44.1 2 I was asked some difficult questions at the interview. 3 L.inda was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. 4 I wasn’t told about the meeting. 5 How much will you be paid for your work? 6 I think Tom should have been offered the job. 7 Have you been shown what to do? 4 4 .2 2 being 3 being 4 being 5 being 6 being. invited given knocked down treated stuck. 44.3 2 -6 Beethoven was born in 1770. Agatha Christie was born in 1890. Galileo was bom in 1564. Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869. Martin Luther King was born in 1929. Elvis Presley was born in 1935. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. 7 I was bom in ... 4 4 .4 1 got stung 3 get used 4 got stolen 5 get paid 6 got stopped “T get damaged 8 get asked. UNIT 45 45.1 2 The weather is expected to be good tomorrow. 3 The thieves are believed to have got in through a window in the roof. 4 Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods. 5 The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over a wall. 6 The man is alleged to have been driving at 110 miles an hour. 7 The building is reported to have been badly damaged by the fire. 8 a The company is said to be losing a lot of money, b The company is believed to have lost a lot o f money last year, c The company is expected to make a loss this year.. 45.2 2 He is supposed to know a lot of famous people. 3 He is supposed to be very rich. 4 He is supposed to have twelve children. 5 He is supposed to have been an actor when he was younger.. 45.3 2 You’re / You are supposed to be my friend. 3 I’m / I am supposed to be on a diet. 4 It was supposed to be a joke. 5 Or maybe it’s / it is supposed to be a flower. 6 You’re / You are supposed to be working.. 45.4 2 ’re / are supposed to start 3 was supposed to phone 4 aren’t / ’re not / are not supposed to block 5 was supposed to arrive. UNIT 46 46.1 1 2 3 4. b a a b. 46.2 2 To have my jacket cleaned. 3 To have my watch repaired. 4 To have my eyes tested.. 345.

(353) Key to Exercises 4 What would you do if you were in a lift and it stopped between floors? 3 8 .3 2 If he rook his driving test, he’d fail (it). / . . . he would fail (it). 3 If we stayed at a hotel, it would cost too much. 4 If she applied for the job, she wouldn’t get it. 5 If wc told them the truth, they wouldn’t believe us. 6 If we invited Bill, we’d have to invite his friends too. / . . . we would have to ... 3 8 .4 Example answers: 2 I’d be very angry if somebody broke into my house. 3 If 1 didn’t go to work tomorrow, I’d have a much nicer day than usual. 4 Would you go to the party if you were invited? 5 If you bought some new clothes, you’d feel much better. 6 Would you mind if 1 didn’t go out with you this evening?. UNIT 39 39.1 3 4 5 6 7 8. ’d help / would help lived ’d live / would live would taste were/was wouldn’t w a it. . . ’d go / would go 9 didn’t go 10 weren’t ... wouldn’t be. 39.2 2 I’d buy it / I would buy it if it weren’t/wasn’t so expensive. or ... if it were/was cheaper. 3 We’d go out / We would go out more often if wc could afford it. 4 If I didn’t have to work late, 1 could meet you tomorrow, or ... I’d meet / 1 would m eet... or ... I’d be able to m eet... 5 We could have lunch outside if it weren’t raining / wasn’t raining. 6 If I wanted his advice, I’d ask for it / I would ask for it. 3 9 .3 2 I wish 3 I wish 4 I wish cold. 5 Ĩ wish 6 I wish. 344. 1 had a mobile phone. Helen were/was here. it weren’t/wasn’t (so) I didn’t live in a big city. I could go to the party.. 7 I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. 8 I wish I knew something about cars. 9 I wish I were feeling / was feeling better. 3 9 .4 Example answers: 1 I wish I was at home. 2 I wish I had a big garden. 3 I wish I could tell jokes. 4 I wish I was taller.. UNIT 40 40.1 2 If hc’d'missed / he had missed the train, he’d have missed / he would have missed his flight. 3 I’d have forgotten / 1 would have forgotten ... you hadn't reminded 4 I’d had /1 had had ... I'd have sent / I would have sent 5 we’d have enjoyed / we would have enjoyed ... the weather had been 6 it would have been ... rd walked / 1 had walked 7 I were / I was 8 i’d been / I had been. 40.2 2 If the road hadn’t been icy, the accident wouldn’t have happened. 3 If I’d known / It I had known (that Joe had to get up early). I’d have woken / I would have woken him up. 4 If Jane hadn’t lent me the monev, I wouldn't have been able to buy the car. or ... I couldn’t have bought the car. 5 It Karen hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she'd have been injured / she would have been injured (in the crash). 6 If you’d had / If you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now. 7 If I’d had / If I had had (some) money, I’d have got / I would have got a taxi.. 40.3 2 1 wish I’d applied / 1 wish I had applied for it. or ... for the job. 3 I wish I’d learned / 1 wish I had learned to play a musical instrument (when I was younger). 4 1 wish 1 hadn’t painted it red. or ... the gate red. 5 I wish I'd brought / I wish I had brought my camera.. 6 I wish they'd phoned / I wish they had phoned first Ito say they were coming), or I wish rd known / I wish 1 had known they were coming.. UNIT 41 41.1 2 3 4 5 6. hope wish wished hope wish ... hope. 41.2 2 I wish Jane/she would come, or ... would hurry up. 3 I wish somebody would give me a job. 4 I wish the/thar baby would stop crying. 5 I wish you would buy some new clothes, or I wish vou would get some new clothes. 6 I wish you wouldn't drive so fast. 7 I wish you wouldn't leave the door open (all the time). 8 I wish people wouldn't drop litter in the street.. 41.3 2 OK 3 I wish I had more free time. 4 I wish our flat was/were a bit bigger. 5 OK 6 OK 7 I wish everything wasn't/weren't so expensive.. 41.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. I knew I'd taken /1 had taken I could come I wasn’t / 1 weren’t they’d hurry / thev would hurry we didn’t have we could have stayed it wasn’t / weren’t he'd decide / he would decide we hadn't gone. UNIT 42 42.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. is made was damaged were invited are shown are held was written ... was translated were overtaken is surrounded.

(354) Key to Exercises 4 2 .2 ? W’hen was television invented? 3 How are mountains formed? 4 When was Pluto discovered? 5 What is silver used for? 4 2 .3 3 covers 4 is covered 5 are locked 6 was posted ... arrived *7 sank ... was rescued 8 died ... were brought up 9 grew up 10 was stolen 11 disappeared 12 did Sue resign 13 was Bill sacked 14 is owned 15 called ... was injured ... wasn't needed 16 were these photographs taken ... Did you take 17 ‘m not bothered / am not bothered 4 2 .4 ? All flights were cancelled because of fog. 3 This road isn’t used much. 4 I was accused of stealing money. 5 How are languages learned/learnt? 6 We were warned not to go out alone.. UNIT 45. 43.4 3 It's been stolen! / It has been stolen! 4 Somebody has taken it. or ... taken my umbrella. 5 He’s been promoted. / He has been promoted. 6 It’s being redecorated. / It is being redecorated. 7 It’s working again. / It is working again. ... It’s been repaired. / It has been repaired. 8 The furniture had been moved. 9 He hasn’t been seen since then. 10 I haven't seen her for ages. 11 Have you ever been mugged?. UNIT 44 44.1 2 1 was asked some difficult questions at the interview. 3 Linda was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. 4 I wasn’t told about the meeting. 5 How much will you be paid for vour work? 6 I think Tom should have been offered the job. 7 Have you been shown what to do?. 44.2. UNIT 43 43.1 2 3 4 5 6. it can’t be broken it can be eaten it can't be used it can't be seen it can be carried. 43.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. be made be spent have been repaired be carried have been caused he woken up have been arrested. 43.3 2 The meeting has been postponed. 3 The computer is being used at the moment. 4 I didn't realise that our conversation was being recorded. 5 ... we found that the game had been cancelled. 6 A new ring road is being built round the city. A new hospital has been built near the airport.. 2 3 4 5 6. being being being being being. invited given knocked down treated stuck. 4 4 .3 2 -6 Beethoven was born in 1770. Agatha Christie was born in 1890. Galileo was born in 1564. Mahatma Gandhi \vas born in 1869. Martin Luther King was born in 1929. Elvis Presley was born in 1935. Leonardo da Vinci was horn in 1452. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. 7 I was born in ... 4 4 .4 2 got stung 3 get used 4 got stolen 5 get paid 6 got stopped “7 get damaged 8 get asked. 45.1 2 The weather is expected to be good tomorrow. 3 The thieves are believed to have got in through a window in the roof. 4 Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods. 5 The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over a wall. 6 The man is alleged to have been driving at 110 miles an hour. 7 The building is reported to have been badly damaged by the fire. 8 a The company is said to be losing a lot o f money, b The company is believed to have lost a lot o f money last year, c The company is expected to make a loss this year.. 45.2 2 He is supposed to know a lot of famous people. 3 He is supposed to be very rich. 4 He is supposed to have twelve children. 5 He is supposed to have been an actor when he was younger. 4 5 .3 2 You’re / You are supposed to be my friend. 3 I’m / 1 am supposed to be on a diet. 4 It was supposed to be a joke. 5 Or maybe it’s / it is supposed to be a flower. 6 You’re / You are supposed to be working. 4 5 .4 2 ’re / are supposed to start 3 was supposed to phone 4 aren’t / ’re not / arc not supposed to block 5 was supposed to arrive. UNIT 46 46.1 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b. 46.2 2 To have my jacket cleaned. 3 To have my watch repaired. 4 To have my eyes tested.. 345.

(355) Key to Exercises 4 6 .3 2 I had it cut. 3 They had it painted. 4 He had it built. 5 1 had them delivered.. 46 .4 2 have another key made 3 had your hair cut 4 Do you have a newspaper delivered 5 're having / are having a garage built 6 haven’t had the film developed 7 have it cleaned 8 have your ears pierced 9 ’ve had it repaired / have had it repaired or had it repaired 11 had her handbag stolen 12 had his car vandalised. UNIT 47 47.1 2 He said (that) his father wasn’t very well. 3 He said (that) Rachel and Mark were getting married next month. 4 He said (that) his sister had had a baby. 5 He said (that) he didn’t know vjVax ViĩmV. 'MAS AvÀ\Yị,.. 6 He said (that) he’d seen / he had seen Helen at a party in June and she’d seemed / she had seemed fine, or He said (that) he saw Helen ... and she seemed ... 7 He said (that) he hadn’t seen Diane recently. 8 He said (that) he wasn’t enjoying his job very much. 9 He said (that) I could come and stay at his place if I was ever in London. 10 He said (that) his car had been stolen a few days ago. or ... his car was stolen a few days ago. 11 He said (that) he wanted to go on holiday, but (he) couldn’t afford it. 12 He said (that) he’d tell / he would tell Chris he’d seen / he had seen me. or ... he saw me. 4 7 .2 Example answers: 1 she wasn’t coming / . . . she was going somewhere else / ... she was staying at home 3 she didn’t like him 4 you didn’t know anybody. 346. 5 she wouldn’t be here / ... she would be away / ... she was going away 6 you were staying ar home / ... you weren’t going out 7 you couldn’t speak (any) French 8 you went to the cinema last week / ... you had been/gone to the cinema last week. UNIT 48 48.1 2 But you said you didn’t like fish. 3 But you said you couldn’t drive. 4 But you said she had a verywell-paid job. 5 But you said you didn't have any brothers or sisters. 6 But you said you’d / you had never been to the United States. 7 But you said you were working tomorrow evening. 8 Bur you said she was a friend of yours. 4 8 .2 2 Tell 3 Say 4 saÁd 5 told 6 said 7 tell ... said 8 tell ... say 9 told 10 said 4 8 .3 2 her to slow down 3 her not COworry 4 asked Tom to give me a hand or ... to help me 5 asked me to open my bag 6 asked him to get a newspaper 7 told him to mind his own business 8 asked her to marry him 9 told her not to wait (for me) if I was late. UNIT 49 49.1 2 Were you born there? 3 Are you married? 4 How long have you been married? 5 Have you got (anv) children? or Do you have (any) children? 6 How old are they? 7 What do you do? 8 What does your wife do?. 4 9 .2 3 Who paid the bill? 4 What happened? 5 What did she/Diane say? 6 Who does it / this book belong to? 7 Who lives in that house? / Who lives there? 8 What did you fall over? 9 What fell on the floor? 10 What does it / this word mean? u Who did you borrow it / the money from? 12 What are you worried about? 4 9 .3 2 How is cheese made? 3 When was the computer invented? 4 Why isn’t Sue working today? 5 What time are your friends coming? 6 Why was the concert cancelled? *7 Where was your mother born? 8 Why didn’t you come to the party? 9 How did the accident happen? 10 Why doesn't this machine work? 4 9 .4 2 Don’t you like him? 3 \sn’t H good; 4 Haven't you got any? Don’t you have any?. or. UNIT 50 50.1 2 Could you tell me where the post office is? 3 I wonder what the time is. 4 1 want to know what this word means. 5 Do you know what time thev left? 6 I don’t know if/whether Sue is going out tonight. 7 Do you have any idea where Caroline lives? 8 I can’t remember where I parked the car. 9 Can you tell me if/whether rhere is a bank near here? 10 Tell me what you want. 11 I don’t know whv Kate didn't come to the party. 12 Do you know how much it costs to park here? 13 1 have no idea who that woman is. 14 Do you know if/whether Liz got my letter? 15 Can you tell me how far it is to the airport?.

(356) Key to Exercises 50.2 1 Do you know where she has gone? 2 I don’t suppose you know when she’ll be back / she will be back. 3 Do you happen to know if/whether she went out alone? 50.3 2 He asked me where I’d been. / ... where I had been. 3 He asked me how long I’d been back. / ... how long 1 had been back. 4 He asked me what I was doing now. 5 He asked me why I'd come back. / ... why I had come back, or ... why I came back. 6 He asked me where I was living. He asked me if/whether I was glad to be back. 8 He asked me if/whether I had any plans to go away again. 9 He asked me it/whether I could lend him some monev.. UNIT 51 51.1 2 doesn’t 3 was 4 will 5 am ... isn't or 'm not ... is 6 should 7 won’t 8 do 9 could 10 would ... could ... can’t 51.2 3 Do you? I don’t. 4 Didn't you? I did. 5 Haven’t you? I have. 6 Did vou? I didn't. 51.3 Example answers: 3 So did I. or Did you? What did you watch? 4 Neither will I. or Won’t you? Where will you be? 5 So do I. or Do you? What sort of books do you like? 6 So would I. or Would you? Where would you like to live? 7 Neither can I. or Can’t you? Why not?. 51.4 2 3 4 5 6. I hope so. I expect so. 1 don't think so. I'm afraid not. I’m afraid so. I suppose so.. 8 I hope not. 9 I think so.. UNIT 52 52.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. haven’t you were you does she isn’t he hasn’t she can’t you will he aren't there shall we is it aren’t I would you hasn’t she should I had he will vou. 53.2 2 3 4 5 6. playing tennis driving too fast going for a swim breaking the CD player waiting a few minutes. 53.3 2 travelling during the rush hour 3 painting the kitchen until next weekend 4 turning the radio down 5 not interrupting me all the time. 53.4 Example answers: 2 going out 3 sitting on the floor 4 having a picnic 5 laughing 6 breaking down. 52.2 2 It’s (very) expensive, isn’t it? 3 The course was great, wasn’t it? 4 You’ve had your hair cut, haven’t you? 5 She has a good voice, hasn’t she? or She’s got / She has g o t ... 6 It doesn’t look very good, does it? 7 This bridge isn’t very safe, is it?. 52.3 2 Joe, you couldn’t get (me) some stamps, could you? 3 Kate, you don’t know where Diane is, do you? or ... you haven’t seen Diane, have you? 4 Helen, you haven’t got a bicycle pump, have you? or ... you don’t have a bicycle pump, do you? 5 Ann, you couldn’t take me to the station, could you? or ... you couldn’t give me a lift to the station, could you? 6 Robert, you haven’t seen my keys, have you?. UNIT 54 54.1 2 3 4 5. to help him to carry her bag (for her) to meet at 8 o ’clock to tell him her name / to give him her name 6 not to tell anyone. 54.2 2 to get 3 to buy / to have / to rent / to hire 4 (how) to use / (how) to operate 5 to make 6 say or to say. 54.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. to go going waiting to go barking to call having missing to find. 54.4. UNIT 53 53.1 2 making 3 listening 4 applying 5 reading 6 living 7 using 8 forgetting 9 writing 10 being 11 trying 12 losing. 2 Tom appears to be worried about something. 3 You seem to know a lot o f people. 4 My English seems to be getting better. 5 That car appears to have broken down. 6 David tends to forget things. 7 They claim to have solved the problem.. 54.5 2 how to use 3 what to do 4 how to ride. 347.

(357) Key to Exercises 5 what to say / what to do 6 whether to go. UNIT 55 55.1 2 or do you want me to lend you some 3 or would you like me to shut it 4 or would you like me to show you 5 or do you want me to repeat it 6 or do you want me to wait 5 5 .2 2 to stay with them 3 him use her phone 4 him to be careful 5 her to give him a hand 5 5 .3 2 1 didn’t expect it to rain. 3 Let him do what he wants. 4 Tim’s glasses make him look older. 5 I want you to know the truth. 6 Remind me to phone my sister. 7 Sarah persuaded me to apply for the job. 8 My lawyer advised me not to say anything to the police. 9 I was warned not to believe everything he says. 10 Having a car enables you to get around more easily. 5 5 .4 2 to go 3 to do 4 cry 5 to study 6 eating 7 read 8 to make 9 think. UNIT 56 56.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. driving to go to go raining to win asking asking to answer breaking to pay losing or to lose to tell crying or to cry to get meeting ... to see. 5 6 .2 2 He can remember going to Paris when he was eight.. 348. 3 He can’t remember crying on his first day at school. 4 He can remember falling into the river. 5 He can’t remember saying he wanted to be a doctor, or He can’t remember wanting to be a doctor. 6 He can’t remember being bitten by a dog. 5 6 .3 1 b c d e 2 a b 3 a b c. lending to phone / to call to give leaving/putting saying to say to become working reading. UNIT 57 57.1 2 Try turning it the other way. 3 Have you tried moving the aerial? 4 Why don’t you try phoning his office? 5 Have you tried taking an aspirin?. 57.2 2 3 4 5. It needs painting. It needs cutting. They need tightening. It needs emptying.. 57.3 1 b c d e f 2 a b c d e 3 a b c d. 3 He likes taking photographs. or He likes to rake photographs. 4 1 didn’t like working there. 5 She likes studying medicine. 6 He doesn’t like being famous. 7 She doesn’t like taking risks, or She doesn’t like to take risks. 8 I like to know things in advance. 5 8 .3 2 to sit 3 waiting 4 going or to go 5 to get 6 being 7 to come / to go 8 living 9 to talk 10 to have / to know / to get / to hear / to be told 5 8 .4 2 I would like / I’d like to have seen the programme. 3 I would hate / I'd hate to have lost my watch. 4 Ĩ would love / I’d love to have met your parents. 5 I wouldn’t like to have been alone. 6 1 would prefer / rd prefer to have travelled by train, or I would have preferred to travel .... UNIT 59 knocking to put asking to reach to concentrate to go looking cleaning cutting You don’t need to iron It doesn’t need ironing overhearing get or to get smiling make ■ or to make. UNIT 58 58.1 Example answers: 2 I don’t mind playing cards. 3 1 don’t like being alone, or ... to be alone. 4 1 enjoy going to museums. 5 I love cooking, or I love to cook.. 58.2 2 She likes teaching biology.. 59.1 Example answers: 2 I prefer basketball to football. 3 1 prefer sending emails to phoning people. 4 I prefer going to the cinema to watching videos at home. 6 I prefer to send emails rather than phone people. 7 I prefer to go to the cinema rather than watch videos at home. 59.2 3 I’d rather listen to some music. 4 I’d prefer to eat at home. 5 I’d rather wait a few minutes. 6 I’d rather go for a swim. 7 I’d prefer to think about it for a while. 8 . I’d rather stand. 9 I’d prefer to go alone. 11 I’d prefer to go for a swim rather than plav tennis. 12 I’d rather eat at home than go to a restaurant. 13 I’d prefer to think about it for a while rather than decide now..

(358) Key to Exercises 14 I'd rather listen to some music than watch TV.. 59.3 2 (would you rather) I told her 3 would you rather I did it 4 would vou rather I phoned her. 59.4 2 3 4 5 6. stayed/remained/waited stay didn’t were didn’t. UNIT 60 60.1 2 3 4 5 6. applying for the job remembering names passing the exam being late eating at home, we went to a restaurant 7 having to queue or queuing 8 playing well. 60.2 2 3 4 5 6. by standing on a chair by turning a key by borrowing too much money by driving too fast by putting some pictures on the walls. 6 0 .3 2 paying/settling 3 going 4 using 5 going 6 being/travelling/sitting 7 asking/telling/consulting 8 doing/having 9 turning/going 10 taking. 60.4 2 I’m looking forward to seeing her/Diane. 3 I’m not looking forward to going to the dentist (tomorrow). 4 She’s looking forward to leaving school (next summer). 5 I'm looking forward to plaving tennis (tomorrow).. UNIT 61 61.1 1 When Juan first went to England, he wasn’t used to having dinner so early, but after some time he got used to it. N ow he finds it normal. He is used to eating / is used to having dinner at 6 o’clock.. 2 She wasn't used to working nights and it took her a few months to get used to it. Now, after a year, she’s quite happy. She is used to working nights. 61.2 2 N o, I’m used to sleeping on the floor. 3 I’m used to working long hours. 4 Yes, I’m not used to going to bed so late.. 61.3 2 They soon got used to her. / ... to the/their new teacher. 3 She had to get used to living in a much smaller house. 4 (example answers) They’ll have to get used to the weather. / ... to the food. / . . . to speaking a foreign language.. 61.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. drink eating having have go be being. UNIT 62 62.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. doing coming/going doing/trying buying/having hearing going having/using being watching inviting/asking. 6 2 .2 2 in solving 3 of living 4 of causing 5 (from) walking 6 for interrupting 7 of spending 8 from escaping 9 on carrying 10 to seeing 6 2 .3 2 on driving Ann to the station 3 on getting married 4 Sue for coming to see her 5 (to me) for not phoning earlier 6 me of being selfish. UNIT 63 63.1 2 There’s no point in working if you don’t need money. 3 There’s no point in trying to study if you feel tired. 4 There’s no point in hurrying if you’ve got plenty of time. 6 3 .2 2 asking Dave 3 in going out 4 phoning her/Liz 5 complaining (about what happened) 6 o f time reading newspapers 7 keeping 6 3 .3 2 remembering people’s names 3 difficulty getting a job 4 difficulty getting a ticket for the game 6 3 .4 2 reading 3 packing / getting ready 4 watching 5 going/climbing/walking 6 applying 7 getting / being 6 3 .5 2 went swimming 3 go skiing 4 goes riding 5 gone shopping. UNIT 64 64.1 2 I had to go to the bank to get some money. 3 I’m saving money to go to Canada. 4 1 went into hospital to have an operation. 5 I’m wearing two sweaters to keep warm. 6 I phoned the police to report that my car had been stolen.. 64.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. to read to walk / to go on foot to drink to put / to carry to discuss / to consider / to talk about to buy / to get to talk / to speak to wear / to put on to celebrate to help / to assist. 64.3 2 for 3 to. 349.

(359) Key to Exercises 4 5 6 7 8. to for to for for ... to. 6 4 .4 2 I wore warm clothes so thar I wouldn’t be cold. 3 I left Dave my phone number so that he could contact me. / ... would be able to contact me. 4 We whispered so that nobody else would hear our conversation. / . . . so that nobody else could hear ... / would be able to hear ... 5 Please arrive early so that we can start the meeting on time. / ... so that we’ll be able to sta rt... 6 Jennifer locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed. 7 I slowed down so that the car behind me could overtake. / ... would be able to overtake.. UNIT 65 65.1 2 This machine is easy to use. 3 The window was very difficult to open. 4 Some words are impossible to translate. 5 A car is expensive to maintain. 6 That chair isn’t safe to stand on. 6 5.2 2 It’s an easy mistake to make. 3 It’s a nice place to live, or ... a nice place to live in. 4 It was a good game to watch.. 65.3 2 It’s careless of you to make the same mistake again and again. 3 It was nice of them to invite me (to stay with them). / It was nice of Dan and Jenny to ... 4 It’s inconsiderate of them to make so much noise (at night). / It’s inconsiderate of the neighbours to .... 65.4 2 ’m/am glad to hear or was glad to hear 3 were surprised to see 4 ’m/am sorry to hear or was sorry to hear. 350. 6 5 .5 2 Paul was the last (person) to arrive.. 3 Fiona was the only student to pass (the exam). / ... the only one to pass (the exam). 4 1 was the second customer/person to complain. 5 Neil Armstrong was the first person/man to walk on the moon.. 65.6 2 're/are bound to be 3 V is sure to forget 4 Vis not likely to rain isn’t likely to rain 5 V is likely to be. 67.3 or. UNIT 66 . 66.1 3 I’m afraid of losing it. 4 I was afraid to tell her. 5 We were afraid of missing our train. 6 Wc were afraid to look. 7 I was afraid o f dropping it. 8 a I was afraidto eat it. b I was afraid of getting sick.. 66.2 2 3 4 5 6. in starting to read in getting to know in looking. 66.3 2 sorry to hear 3 sorry for saying / sorry about saying 4 sorry to disturb 5 sorry for losing / sorry about losing 6G.4 1 b c 2 a b 3 a b c d 4 a b c d. 3 We saw Clare earing in a restaurant. / . . . having a meal in a restaurant. 4 We heard Bill plaving his guitar. 5 We could smell the dinner burning. 6 We saw Linda jogging/ running.. to leave from leaving to solve in solving of/about going to go to go to going to buy to buy on buying of buying. UNIT 67 67.1 2 arrive 3 take ir / do it 4 it ring 5 him play / him playing 6 you lock it / you do it 7 her fall. 67.2 2 We saw Dave and Helen playing tennis.. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. tell crying riding say run ... climb explode crawling slam sleeping. UNIT 68 68.1 2 Diane was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 3 Sue opened the door carefullv trying not to make a noise. 4 Sarah went out saying she would be hack in an hour. 5 Linda was in London for two years working as a tourist guide. 6 Mary walked around the town looking at the sights and taking photographs.. 68.2 2 I fell asleep watching television. 3 A friend of mine slipped and fell getting off a bus. 4 I got very wet walking home in the rain. 5 Laura had an accident driving to work yesterday. 6 Two firefighters were overcome by smoke trying to put out the fire.. 68.3 2 Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 3 Having had dinner, they continued their journey. 4 Having done the shopping, I went for a cup o f coffee.. 68.4 2 Thinking they might he hungrv, I offered them something ro eat. 3 Being a foreigner, she needs a visa to work in this country. 4 N ot knowing his phone number, I wasn't able to contact him. 5 Having travelled a lot, Sarah knows a lot about other countries..

(360) Key to Exercises 6 N ot being able to speak the local language, I had trouble communicating. 7 Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.. UNIT 69 69.1 3 We went to a very nice restaurant... 4 OK 5 I use a toothbrush ... 6 ... if there’s a bank near here? 7 ... for an insurance company 8 OK 9 OK 10 ... we stayed in a big hotel. 11 ... Í hope we come to â petrol station soon. 12 ... I have â problem. 13 ... It’s a very interesting idea. 14 John has got an interview for a job tomorrow. 15 ... It’s a good game. 16 O K 17 Jane was wearing a beautiful necklace. 6 9.2 3 a key 4 a coat 5 sugar 6 a biscuit "7 electricity 8 an interview 9 blood 10 a question 11 a moment 12 a decision 6 9 .3 2 days 3 meat 4 a queue 5 letters 6 friends 7 people 8 air 9 patience 10 an umbrella 11 languages 12 space. UNIT 70 70.1 2 a a paper b paper 3 a a light b Light 4 a time b a wonderful time 5 a nice room 6 advice 7 nice weather 8 bad luck. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. job journey total chaos some doesn’t Your hair is ... it The damage. 70.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. information chairs furniture hair progress job work permission advice experience experiences. 70.3 2 I’ll like some information about places to see in the town. 3 Can you give me some advice about which courses to do? / ... courses I can do? 4 What time is the news on (TV)? 5 It’s a beautiful view, isn’t it? 6 What horrible/awful weather!. UNIT 71 71.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14. 15 16 17. It’s a vegetable. It’s a game. / It’s a board game. They’re musical instruments. It’s a (tall/high) building. Thev’re planets. It’s a flower. They’re rivers. They’re birds. He was a writer / a poet / a playwright / a dramatist. He was a scientist / a physicist. They were U.S. presidents / American presidents / presidents of the U.S. She was an actress / a film actress / a film star. They were singers. They were painters / artists.. 71.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. He’s a waiter. She’s a travel agent. He’s a surgeon. He’s a chef. She’s a journalist. He's a plumber. She’s an interpreter.. 71.3 4 5 6 7. a an - (Do you collect stamps?) a. 8 Some 9 - (Do you enjoy going to concerts?) 10 - (I’ve got sore feet.) 11 a 12 some 13 a ... a 14 —(Those are nice shoes.) 15 some 16 You need a visa to visit some countries 17 Jane is a teacher. Her parents were teachers too. 18 He’s a liar. He’s always telling lies.. UNIT 72 72.1 1 ... and a magazine. The newspaper is in my bag, but I can’t remember where 1 put the magazine. 2 I saw an accident this morning. A car crashed into a tree. The driver of the car wasn’t hurt, but the car was badly damaged. 3 ... a blue one and a grey one. The blue one belongs to my neighbours; I don’t know who the owner of the grey one is. 4 My friends live in an old house in a small village. There is a beautiful garden behind the house. I would like to have a garden like that.. 72.2 1 a b c 2 a b c 3 a b c 4 a b c 5 a b c. a the the a a the a the the an ... The the the the a a. 72.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. the dentist the door a mistake the bus station a problem the post office the floor the book a job in a bank a small flat in the city centre a supermarket at the end of the street. 351.

(361) Key to Exercises 72.4 Example answers: 3 About once a month. 4 Once or twice a year. 5 50 kilometres an hour. 6 About seven hours a night. 7 Two or three times a week. 8 About two hours a day.. UNIT 73 73.1 2 a nice holiday ... the best holiday 3 the nearest shop ... the end of this street 4 listen to the radio ... I haven’t got a radio 5 to travel in space ... go to the moon 6 go to the cinema ... on television 7 a nice day ... by the sea 8 for breakfast ... eat breakfast 9 where is Room 25 ... on the second floor 10 the most expensive hotel ... a cheaper hotel 73.2 2 the ground ... the sky 3 watching television 4 The television 5 the same time 6 had dinner 7 the information ... the top of page 15 8 the capital 7 3 .3 2 in a small village in the country 3 The moon goes round the earth every 2 7 days. 4 the same thing 5 a very hot day ... the hottest day of the year 6 usually have lunch ... eat a good breakfast 7 live in a foreign country ... learn the language 8 on the wrong platform 9 The next train ... from Platform 3 7 3 .4 2 the sea 3 question 8 4 the cinema 5 breakfast 6 the gate 7 Gate 21. UNIT 74 74.1 2 to school 3 at home. 352. 4 5 6 7 8. to in at in to. work hospital university bed prison. 74.2 1 c school d school e ... get home from school ... The school isn't very far. Í school g the school 2 a university b university c the university 3 a hospital b rhe hospital ... the hospital c hospital 4 a church b church c the church 5 a prison h the prison c prison 6 a bed b home c work d bed e work f work 7 a the sea b sea c the sea. UNIT 75 75.1 Example answers: 2 -5 I like cats. I don't like zoos. I don't mind fast food restaurants. I'm not interested in football.. 75.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. spiders meat the questions the people History lies the shops The water the grass patience. 75.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Apples the apples Women ... men tea The vegetables Life skiing the people. 1I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. people ... aggression All the books the beds war The First World War the Pyramids the history ot modem art the marriage Most people ... marriage ... family life ... socierv. UNIT 76 76.1 1 b the cheetah c the kanearoo (and the rabbit) 2 a the swan b the penguin c the owl 3 a the wheel b the laser c the telescope 4 a the rupee b the (Canadian) dollar c the .... 76.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. a the a the the a The. 76.3 2 3 4 5. the the the the. injured unemployed sick rich ... the poor. 76.4 2 a German Germans 3 a Frenchman/Frenchwoman the French 4 a Russian Russians 5 a Chinese the Chinese 6 a Brazilian Brazilians 7 an Englishman/Englishwoman the English 8 .... UNIT 77 77.1 2 rhc 3 the ... the 4 - (President Kennedv was assassinated in 1963.) 5 the 6 - (Do you know Professor Brown’s phone number?). 77.2 3 OK 4 the United States 5 The south o f England ... the north.

(362) Key to Exercises 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. OK the Channel the Middle East OK the Swiss Alps The UK The Seychelles ... the Indian Ocean 13 O K 14 The river Volga ... the Caspian Sea. 77.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. (in) South America the Nile Sweden the United States the Rockies the Mediterranean Australia the Pacific the Indian Ocean the Thames the Danube Thailand the Panama Canal the Amazon. UNIT 78 78.1 2 Turner’s in Carter Road 3 the Crown (Hotel) in Park Road 4 St Peter’s in Market Street 5 the City Museum in George Street 6 Blackstones in Forest Avenue Victoria Park at the end of Market Street 8 The China House in Carter Road or Mario’s Diner in George Street. 78.2 2 3 4 5 6. The Eiffel Tower Buckingham Palace The White House The Kremlin Broadway The Acropolis 8 Ganvick Airport. 78.3 2 Hyde Park 3 St James's Park 4 The Grand Hotel ... Baker Street 5 Dublin Airport 6 Liverpool University Harrison’s 8 the Ship Inn 9 The Statue of Liberty ... New York Harbour 10 the Science Museum 11 IBM ... British Telecom 12 The Classic 13 the Great Wall. 14 The Herald. 15 Cambridge University Press. UNIT 79 79.1 3 4 5 6. shorts a means means some scissors scissors 7 a series 8 series 9 species. a pair of. politics economics athletics physics gymnastics electronics don’t want was aren’t wasn’t does or isn’t rbey are are Do is. do. 3 ... wearing black jeans. 4 OK (Brazil is playing is also correct) 5 ... very nice people. 6 Ten pounds isn’t 7 ... buy some new pyjamas, or ... buy a new pair o f pyjamas. 8 O K (The committee hasn’t is tilso correct) 9 There was a police officer / a policeman / a policewoman ... 10 What are the police ... 11 These scissors aren’t .... UNIT 80 80.1. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 r. 20-pound 15-minute 60 minutes two-hour five courses two-year 500-year-old five days six miles six-mile. 81.1. 79.4. 3 4 5 6. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. UNIT 81. 79.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. room number seat belt credit card weather forecast newspaper editor shop window. 80.3 or. 79.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. 80.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. a computer magazine (your) holiday photographs milk chocolate a factory inspector a race horse a horse race a central London hotel (your) exam results the dining room carpet an oil company scandal car factory workers a road improvement scheme a five-day course a two-part question a seven-year-old girl. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. your friend’s umbrella OK Charles’s daughter Mary and Dan’s son OK yesterday’s newspaper OK OK Your children’s friends Our neighbours’ garden OK Bill’s hair Catherine’s party OK Mike’s parents’ car OK O K (the government’s economic policy is also correct). 81.2 2 3 4 5 6. a boy’s name children’s clothes a girls’ school a bird’s nest a women’s magazine. 81.3 2 Lasr week’s storm caused a lot of damage. 3 The town’s only cinema has closed down. 4 Britain's weather is very changeable. 5 The region’s main industry is tourism.. 81.4 2 twenty minutes’ walk 3 two weeks’ holiday / fourteen days’ holiday / a fortnight’s holiday 4 an/one hour's sleep. 353.

(363) Key to Exercises UNIT 82 82.1 2 3 4 5 6 7. hurt himself blame herself Put yourself enjoyed themselves burn yourself express myself. 82.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. me myself us yourself you ourselves themselves them. 82.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. feci dried myself concentrate defend yourself meeting relax wash. 82.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. themselves each other each other themselves each other ourselves each other introduced ourselves to each other. 8 2 .5 2 He cuts it himself. 3 N o, I’ll post/do it myself. 4 Linda told me herself. / Linda herself told me. / Linda did herself. 5 Why can’t you phone him yourself? / . . . do it yourself?. UNIT 83 83.1 2 We met a relative of yours. 3 Henry borrowed a book of mine. 4 Liz invited some friends of hers to her flat. 5 We had dinner with a neighbour of ours. 6 1 went on holiday with two friends of mine. 7 Is that man a friend of yours? 8 I met a friend of Jane’s at the party.. 354. 83Ì.2 2 his own opinions 3 her own business 4 its own (private) beach 5 our own words. 83 .3 2 your own fault 3 her own ideas 4 your own problems 5 his own decisions 8 3 .4 2 makes her own clothes 3 bake/make our own bread 4 writes his own songs 8 3 .5 2 mv own 3 myself 4 himself 5 themselves 6 herself 7 their OWJ1 8 yourself 9 our own 10 her own. UNIT 84 84.1 3 Is there ... there’s / there 4 there was ... It was 5 It was 6 There was 7 is it 8 It was 9 It’s / It is 10 there wasn’t 11 Is it ... it’s / it is 12 there was ... There was 13 It was 14 There wasn't 15 There was ... it wasn’t. 84.2 2 There is a lot of salt in the soup. 3 There was nothing in the box. 4 There was a lot o f violence in the film. / There was a lot of fighting ... 5 There were a lot o f people in the shops. 6 There is a lot to do in this town. / There is a lot happening in this town.. 84.3 2 There mav be 3 there will.be / there'll be or there are going to be 4 There’s going to be / There is going to be 5 There used to be 6 there should be 7 there wouldn't be. 7 there will be an opportunity 8 OK 9 there would be somebody ... but there wasn't anvbodv. 10 There has been no change. 11 O K. UNIT 85 85.1 2 some 3 any 4 any ... some 5 some 6 any 7 any 8 some 9 any 10 any 8 5 .2 2 somebody/someone 3 anvbody/anvone 4 anything 5 something 6 somebodv/someone ... anybody/anyone 7 something ... anybody/anyone 8 Anybody/Anyone 9 anybody/anyone 10 anywhere 11 somewhere 12 anywhere 13 anybody/anyone 14 something 15 anybody/anyone 16 something 17 anybody/anyone ... anything 8 5 .3 2 Any day 3 Anything 4 anvwhere 5 Any job or Anything 6 Any time 7 Anybody/Anyone 8 Any newspaper or Anv one. UNIT 86 86.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. no any None none No any any none no. 84.4. 86.2. 2 and there was a lot of snow 3 There used to be a church here 4 There must have been a reason. 5 OK 6 There's sure to be a car park somewhere.. 2 3 4 5 6 8. Nobody/No-one. None. Nowhere. None. Nothing. I wasn’t talking to anybody/anvone..

(364) Key to Exercises 9 10 11 12. I haven’t got any luggage. I'm not going anywhere. I didn’t make any mistakes. I didn’t pay anything.. 8 6 .3 2 nobody/no-one 3 Nowhere 4 anything 5 Nothing. 1 couldn’t find anything ... 6 Nothing 7 anywhere 8 Nobodv/No-one said anything. 8 6 .4 2 nobody 3 anyone 4 Anybody 5 Nothing 6 Anything 7 anything. UNIT 87 87.1 3 4 5 6 7. a lot of salt OK It cost a lot OK many people or a lot of people 8 I use the phone a lot 9 OK 10 a lot o f money 8 7.2 2 He"s got plenty of money. 3 There's plenty of room. 4 ... she still has plenty to learn 5 There are plenty of things to see. 6 There are plenty of hotels. 8 7 .3 2 little 3 many 4 much 5 few 6 little 7 manv 8 7 .4 3 a few dollars 4 OK 5 a little time 6 OK 7 only a few words 8 a few months. 87.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. a little a few few little a little little a few. UNIT 88 88.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. of -. of of - (of is also correct) -. 8 8 .2 3 o f my spare time 4 accidents 5 o f the buildings 6 of her friends 7 o f the population 8 birds 9 of the players 10 o f her opinions 11 European countries 12 (of) my dinner. 88.3 Example answers: 2 the time 3 my friends 4 (of) the questions • 5 the photos / the photographs / the pictures 6 (of) the money 8 8 .4 2 All of them 3 none o f us 4 some o f it 5 none o f them 6 None o f it 7 Some of them 8 all of ir. UNIT 89 89.1 2 3 4 5. Neither both Either Neither. 89.2 2 3 4 5. either both Neither of neither driver ... both / both the / both of the cars 6 both / both of. 8 9 .3 2 either o f them 3 both o f them 4 neither of us 5 neither of them. 89.4 3 Both Joe and Sam are on holiday. 4 Neither Joe nor Sam has (got) a car. 5 Brian neither watches TV nor reads newspapers.. 6 The film was both boring and long. 7 That man’s name is either Richard or Robert. 8 I've got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday. 9 We can leave either today or tomorrow. 8 9 .5 2 either 3 any 4 none 5 any 6 either 7 neither. UNIT 90 90.1 3 Everybody/Everyone 4 Everything 5 all 6 everybody/everyone 7 everything 8 All 9 everybody/everyone 10 All 11 everything/all 12 Every body/Everyone 13 All 14 everything 9 0 .2 2 The whole team played well. 3 He ate the whole box (of chocolates). 4 They searched the whole house. 5 The whole family play/plays tennis. 6 Ann/She worked the whole day. 7 It rained the whole week. 8 Ann worked all day. 9 It rained all week. 9 0 .3 2 every 3 every 4 every 5 every. four hours four years five minutes six months. 9 0 .4 2 every day 3 all day 4 The whole building 5 every time 6 all the time 7 all my luggage. UNIT 91 91 3 4 5 6 7 8. .1 Each Every Each every each every. 355.

(365) Key to Exercises 91.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. Every Each every every each every every each Every each. 91.3 2 Sonia and I had ten pounds each. / Sonia and 1 each had ten pounds. 3 Those postcards cost 80 pence each. / Those postcards are 80 pence each. 4 We paid £120 each. / We each paid £120.. 91.4 2 3 4 5. everyone every one Everyone every one. UNIT 92 92.1 2 A burglar is someone who breaks into a house to steal things. 3 A customer is someone who buys something from a shop. 4 A shoplifter is someone who steals from a shop. 5 A coward is someone who is not brave. 6 An atheist is someone who doesn’t believe in God. 7 A pessimist is someone who expects the worst to happen. 8 A tenant is someone who pays rent to live in a house or flat.. 92.2 2 The waitress who/that served us was impolite and impatient. 3 The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt. 4 The people who/that were arrested have now been released. 5 The bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.. 92.3 2 who/that runs away from home 3 that/which were on the wall 4 that/which cannot be explained 5 who/that stole my car. 356. 6 that/which gives you the meaning o f words 7 who/that invented the telephone 8 that/which can support life. 92.4 3 4 5 6 7. that/which sells who/that caused O K (who took is also correct) that/which is changing O K (which were is also correct) 8 that/which won. UNIT 93 93.1. •. 3 O K (the people who/that we met is also correct) 4 The people who work in the office 5 O K (the people who/that 1 work with is also correct) 6 O K (the money that/which I gave you is also correct) 7 the money that/which was on the table 8 O K (the worst film that/which you’ve ever seen is also correct) 9 the best thing that/which has ever happened to you. 93.2 2 you’re wearing or that/which you’re wearing 3 you’re going to see or that/which you’re going to see 4 I/we wanted to visit or that/which lAve wanted to visit 5 I/we invited to the party or who/whom/that we invited ... 6 you had to do or that/which you had to do 7 I/we hired or that/which 1/we hired 8 Tom had recommended to us or that/which Tom had recommended .... 93.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. we were invited to or that/which we were invited to I work with or who/that I work with you told me about or that/which you told me about we went to last night or that/which we went to ... I applied for or that/which I applied for you can relv on or who/that you can rely on I saw you with or who/that I saw you with. 93.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. - (that IS a/so correct) what that whar - (that is also correct) what - (that is also correct). UNIT 94 94.1 2 whose wife is an English teacher 3 who owns a restaurant 4 whose ambition is to climb Everest 5 who have just got married 6 whose parents used to work in a circus. 94.2 2 where I can buy some postcards 3 where I work 4 where Sue is staving 5 where I/we play football. 94.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. where who whose whom where whose whom. 94.4 Example answers: 2 I’ll never forget the time we got stuck in a lift. 3 The reason I didn'r write to you was that I didn't know vour address. 4 Unfortunately I wasn’t at home the evening you phoned. 5 The reason they don't have a car is that they don't need one. 6 1996 was the year Amanda got married.. UNIT 95 95.1 3 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is not very far away. 4 I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for a few days. 5 John, who/whom I've known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends. 6 Sheila, whose job involves a lot of Travelling, is away from home a lot. 7 The new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next monrh..

(366) Key to Exercises 8 Glasgow, where my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland. 9 A friend of mine, whose father is the manager of a company, helped me to get a job. 9 5 .2 3 The strike at the car factory, which began ten days ago, is now over. 4 I've found the book I was looking for this morning, or ... the book that/which Í was looking for. 5 The population o f London, which was once the largest city in the world, is now falling. 6 Few o f the people who/that applied for the job had the necessary qualifications. 7 Amy showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman.. 95.3 2 My office, which is on the second floor, is very small. 3 O K (The office that/which I'm using ... is also correct) 4 Ben's father, who used to be a teacher, now works for a TV company. 5 O K (The doctor who examined me ... is also correct) 6 The sun, which is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and light.. UNIT 96 96.1 2 of which he's very proud 3 with whom we went on holiday 4 to which only members of the family were invited. 96.2 2 most of which was useless 3 neither of which she has received 4 none of whom was suitable 5 one of which she hardly ever uses 6 half of which he gave to his parents both of whom arc teachers 8 only a few of whom I knew 9 Ithe ( sides of which were lined with trees 10 the aim of which is to save monev. 96.3 2 Jane doesn’t have a phone, which makes it difficult to contact her. 3 Neil has passed his exams, which is good news. 4 Our flight was delayed, which meant we had to wait three hours at the airport. 5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house, which was very kind of her. 6 The street I live in is very noisy at night, which makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. 7 Our car has broken down, which means we can’t go away tomorrow.. UNIT 97 97.1 2 the man sitting next to me on the plane 3 The taxi taking us to the airport 4 a path leading to the river 5 A factory employing 500 people 6 a brochure containing the information I needed 9 7 .2 2 damaged in the storm 3 Most of the suggestions made at the meeting 4 The paintings stolen from the museum 5 the man arrested by the police 9 7 .3 3 living 4 offering 5 called 6 blown 7 sitting ... reading 8 working ... studying. 97.4 3 There’s somebody coming. 4 There were a lot of people travelling. 5 There was nobody else staying there. 6 There was nothing written on it. 7 There’s a course beginning next Monday.. UNIT 98 98.1 2 a b 3 a b c. exhausting exhausted depressing depressed depressed. 4 a exciting b exciting c excited 9 8 .2 2 interested 3 exciting 4 embarrassing 5 embarrassed 6 amazed 7 astonishing 8 amused 9 terrifying ... shocked 10 bored ... boring 11 boring ... interesting 9 8 .3 2 bored 3 confusing 4 disgusting 5 interested 6 annoyed 7 boring 8 exhausted 9 excited 10 amusing 11 interesting. UNIT 99 99.1 2 an unusual gold ring 3 a beautiful old house 4 black leather gloves 5 an old American film 6 a long thin face 7 big black clouds 8 a lovely sunny day 9 an ugly yellow dress 10 a long wide avenue 11 a little old red car 12 a nice new green sweater 13 a small black metal box 14 a big fat black cat 15 a lovely little old village 16 beautiful long black hair 17 an interesting old French painting 1« an enormous red and yellow umbrella 9 9 .2 2 tastes/tasted awful 3 feel fine 4 smell nice 5 look wet 6 sounds/sounded interesting 9 9 .3 2 happy 3 happily 4 violent 5 terrible 6 properly 7 good 8 slow 9 9 .4 3 the last two days 4 the first two weeks of May. 357.

(367) Key to Exercises 5 the next few days 6 the first three questions (in the exam) 7 the next two years 8 the last three days o f our holiday. UNIT 100 100.1 2 3 4 5 6 7. badly easily patiently unexpectedly regularly perfectly ... slowly ... clearly. 100.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. selfishly terribly sudden colourfully colourful badly badly safe. 100.3 2 careful 3 continuously 4 happily 5 fluent 6 specially 7 complete 8 perfectly 9 nervous 10 financially or completely 10 0 .4 2 seriously ill 3 absolutely enormous 4 slightly damaged 5 unusually quiet 6 completely changed 7 unnecessarily long 8 badly planned. UNIT 101 101.1 2 good 3 well 4 good 5 well 6 well (good is also possible here) 7 well 8 good 9 well 10 good 11 well. 101.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. 358. well-known well-kept well-written well-informed well-dressed well-paid. 101.3. 102.3. 2 3 4 5 6. Example answers: 2 a She’s so friendly. b She’s such a nice person. 3 a It’s so lively. b It’s such an exciring place. 4 a It’s so exhausting. b It’s such a difficult job. 5 a I haven’t seen you tor so long. b I haven’t seen you for such a long time.. OK OK hard OK slowly. 101.4 2 3 4 5 6 7. hardly hardly hardly hardly hardly hardly. hear slept speak said changed recognised. 101.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. hardly any hardlv anything hardly anybody/anyone hardly ever Hardly anybody/anyone hardly anywhere hardly or hardly ever hardly any hardly anything ... hardly anywhere. UNIT 102 102.1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. so so such a so such such a such a so so ... such so such a such a. 102.2 3 I was so tired (that) I couldn't keep my eyes open. 4 We had such a good time on holiday (that) we didn't want to come home. 5 She speaks English so well (that) you would think it was her native language, or She speaks such good English (that) ... 6 I’ve got such a lot to do (that) 1 don’t know where to begin. or I’ve got so much to do (that) ... 7 The music was so loud (that) you could hear it from miles away. 8 I had such a big breakfast (that) I didn’t eat anything else for the rest of the day. 9 It was such horrible weather (that) we spent the whole day indoors. 10 I was so surprised (that) I didn’t know what to say.. UNIT 103 103.1 3 enough monev 4 enough milk 5 warm enough 6 enough room 7 well enough 8 enough time 9 enough qualifications 10 big enough 11 enough cups 1 0 3 .2 2 too busy to talk 3 too late to go 4 warm enough to sit 5 too shy to be 6 enough patience to be 7 too far away to hear 8 enough English to read 103.3 2 This coffee is too hot to drink. 3 The piano was too heavv to move. 4 These apples aren’t / are not ripe enough to eat. 5 The situation is too complicated to explain. 6 The wall was too high to climb over. 7 This sofa isn’t / is not big enough for three people (to sit on). 8 Some things are too small to see without a microscope.. UNIT 104 104.1 2 quite hungry 3 Quite good 4 quite often 5 quite noisy 6 quite surprised 7 quite late 8 quite old 1 0 4 .2 2 quite 3 quite 4 quite 5 quite 6 quite 7 quite. a a a a a a. good voice long way strong wind lot of traffic busy day nice time.

(368) Key to Exercises 104.3 Example answers: 2 rather long 3 rather disappointed 4 rather strange 5 rather impatient 10 4 .4 3 more than a little ... 4 completely 5 more than a little ... 6 more than a little ... 7 completely. 104.5 2 3 4 5 6 7. quite quite quite quite quite quite. safe impossible right different unnecessary sure. UNIT 105 105.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. stronger smaller more expensive warmer/hotter more interesting / more exciting nearer more difficult / more complicated better worse longer more quietlv more often further/farther happier / more cheerful. 105.2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12. more serious than thinner bitter more interested more important than simpler / more simple more crowded than more peaceful than more easily higher than. 105.3 2 It takes longer by train than bv car. 3 1 ran further/farther than Dave. 4 Joe did worse than Chris (in the test). 5 Mv friends arrived earlier than I expected. 6 The buses runmore often than the trains, or The buses run more frequently than ... or The buses are more frequent than .... 7 We were busier than usual (at work today), or We were busier at work today than usual.. UNIT 1 0 6 106.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. much bigger much more complicated than a bit cooler far more interesting than a bit more slowly a lot easier slightly older. 106.2 2 any sooner / any earlier 3 no higher than / no more expensive than 4 any further/farther 5 no worse than. 106.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. bigger and bigger heavier and heavier more and more nervous worse and worse • more and more expensive better and better more and more talkative. 106.4 2 the more 1 liked him or the more I got to like him 3 the more profit you (will) make or the higher your profit (will be) or the more your profit (will be) 4 the harder it is to concentrate 5 the more impatient she became. 106.5 2 older 3 older 4 older. or. eider. UNIT 1 0 7 107.1 2 My salary isn’t as high as yours. 3 You don’t know as much about cars as me. or ... as I do. 4 It isn’t as cold as it was yesterday. 5 1 don’t feel as tired as 1 did yesterday, or ... as I felr yesterday. 6 Our neighbours haven’t lived here as long as us. or ... as we have. 7 I wasn’t as nervous (before the interview) as I usually am. or ... as usual.. 4 The meal cost less than I expected. 5 1 don’t go out as much as I used to. or ... as often as 1 used to. 6 Karen used to have longer hair. 7 You don’t know them as well as me. or ... as I do. 8 There aren’t as many people at this meeting as at the last one. 107.3 2 as well as 3 as long as 4 as soon as 5 as often as 6 as quietly as 7 just as comfortable as 8 just as well-qualified as 9 just as bad as 1 0 7 .4 2 Your hair is the same colour as mine. 3 I arrived at the same time as you (did). 4 My birthday is the same day as Tom’s, or My birthday is the same as Tom s. 107.5 2 than him / than he does 3 as me / as I do 4 than us / than we were 5 than her / than she is 6 as them / as they have been. UNIT 108 108.1 2 It’s the cheapest restaurant in the town. 3 It was the happiest day of my life. 4 She’s the most intelligent student in the class. 5 It’s the most valuable painting in the gallery. 6 It’s the busiest time of the year. 8 He’s one of the richest men in the world. 9 It’s one o f the biggest castles in Britain. 10 She’s one of the best players in the team, (on the team is also possible) 11 It was one o f the worst experiences o f my life. 12 He’s one of the most dangerous criminals in the country.. 107.2 3 The station wasn't as far as I thought.. 359.

(369) Key to Exercises 10 8 .2 3 larger 4 the smallest 5 better 6 the worst 7 the most popular 8 ... the highest mountain in the world ... It is higher than ... 9 the most enjoyable 10 more comfortable 11 the quickest 12 The oldest or The eldest 1 0 8 .3 2 That’s the funniest joke I’ve ever heard. 3 This is the best coffee I’ve ever tasted. 4 She’s the most generous person I’ve ever met. 5 That’s the furthest/farthest I’ve ever run. 6 It’s the worst mistake I’ve ever made, or It was the w o rst... 7 Who’s the most famous person you’ve ever met?. UNIT 109 109.1 3 Joe doesn’t like football very much. 4 OK 5 I ate my breakfast quickly and 6 ... a lot of people to the party? 7 OK 8 Did you go to bed late last night? 9 OK 10 I met a friend of mine on my way home. 109.2 2 We won the game easily. 3 I closed the door quietly. 4 Diane speaks German quite well. 5 Sam watches TV all the time. 6 Please don’t ask that question again. 7 Does Kevin play football every weekend? 8 I borrowed some money from a friend of mine.. 360. 109.3 2 I go to the supermarket every Friday. 3 Why did you come home so late? 4 Sarah takes her children to school every day. 5 I haven’t been to the cinema recently. 6 Please write your name at the top of the page.. 7 i remembered her name after a few minutes. 8 Wc walked around the town all morning. 9 1 didn't see you at the party on Saturday night. 10 We found some interesting books in the library. 11 Jackie left her umbrella in a restaurant last night. 12 They are building a new hotel opposite the park.. UNIT 110 110.1 3 4 5 6. I usually have ... OK Steve hardly ever gets angry. ... and i also went to the bank. 7 Jane always has to hurry ... 8 We were all tired, so ... 9 OK 110.2 2 a We were all on holiday in Spain. b We were all staying at the same hotel, c We all enjoved ourselves. 3 Catherine is always very generous. 4 I don't usually have to work on Saturdays. 5 Do you always watch TV in the evenings? 6 ... he is also learning Italian. 7 a The new hotel is probably very expensive, b It probably costs a lot to stay there. 8 a 1 can probably help you. b I probably can't help you.. 110.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. usually take am usually has probably gone were both born can also sing often sleeps have never spoken always have to wait can only read will probably be leaving probably won’t be is hardly ever are still living would never have met always am. UNIT 111 111.1 3 He doesn’t write poems any more. 4 He still wants to be a teacher.. 5 He isn’t / He's not interested in politics any more. 6 He’s still single. 7 He doesn't go fishing any more. 8 He hasn't got a beard any more, or He doesn't have ... 10-12 He no longer writes poems. He is / He's no longer interested in politics. He no longer goes fishing. He's no longer got a beard. / He no longer has a beard.. 111.2 2 He hasn’t gone yet. 3 They haven’t finished (repairing the road) vet. 4 They haven’t woken up yet. 5 Has she found a place to live yet? 6 I haven’t decided (what to do) yet. 7 It hasn't taken off vet. 111.3 5 I don’t want to go out yet. 6 she doesn’t work there anv more 7 I still have a lot o f friends there, or I’ve still g o t ... 8 We’ve already met. 9 Do you still live in the same place 10 have vou already eaten 11 He’s not here yet. 12 he still isn’t here (he isn’t here yet is also possible) 13 are you already a member 14 1 can still remember it very clearly 15 These trousers don't fit me any more. 16 ‘Have you finished with the paper yet?’ ‘N o, I'm still reading it.’. UNIT 112 11 2.1 2 even Amanda 3 not even Julie 4 even Amanda 5 even Sarah 6 not even Amanda 11 2.2 2 We even painted the floor. 3 She’s even met the prime minister. 4 You could even hear it from the next street, or You could even hear the noise from ... 6 I can’t even remember her name. 7 There isn’t even a cinema..

(370) Key to Exercises 8 He didn’t even tell his wife (where he was going). 9 1 don’t even know the people next door. 112.3 2 even 3 even 4 even 5 even 6 even. older better more difficult worse less. 112.4 2 if 3 even if 4 even 5 even though 6 Even 7 even though 8 even if 9 Even though. UNIT 113 113.1 2 Although I had never seen her before 3 although it was quite cold 4 although we don’t like them very much 5 Although 1 didn't speak the language 6 Although the heating was on 7 although I’d met her twice before 8 although we've known each other a long time 113.2 2 a In spite of (or Despite) b Although 3 a because b although 4 a because of b in spite o f (or despite) 5 a although b because of Example answers: 6 a he hadn’t studied very hard b he had studied very hard 7 a I was hungry b being hungry / my hunger / the fact (that) I was hungry 113.3 2 In spite of having very little money, they are happy, or In spite of the fact (that) they have very little money ... 3 Although my foot was injured, Ĩ managed to walk to the nearest village, or I managed to walk to the nearest village although my .... 4 I enjoyed the film in spite o f the silly story. / ... in spite of the story being silly. / ... in spite of the fact (that) the storv was silly, or In spite of , I enjoyed the film. 5 Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other, or Despite the fact (that) we live in ... or We hardly ever see each other despite ... 6 Even though I was only out for five minutes, I got very wet in the rain, or I got very wet in the rain even though I was .... 113.4 2 It’s very windy though. 3 We ate it though. 4 I don't like her husband though.. UNIT 114 114.1 2—5 Take a map with you in case you get lost. Take an anorak with you in case ir rains. Take a camera with you in case you want to take some photographs. Take some water with you in case you’re thirsty, or ... you get thirsty.. 114.2 2 I’ll say goodbye now in case I don’t see you again (before you go). 3 Can you check the list in case we’ve forgorten something? or ... forgotten anything? 4 You should back up your files in case the computer crashes.. 114.3 2 He wrote down the name (of the book) in case he forgot it. 3 I phoned my parents in case they were worried (about me). 4 I sent (Liz) another email in case she hadn’t received the first one. 5 I gave them my address in case they came to London (one day).. 114.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. If if in case if if in case in case. UNIT 115 115.1 2 You w on’t know what to do unless you listen carefully. 3 I’ll never speak to her again unless she apologises to me. or Unless she apologises to me, I’ll ... 4 He won’t he able to understand you unless you speak very slowly, or Unless you speak very slowly, he ... 5 The company will have to close unless business improves soon, or Unless business improves soon, the company .... 115.2 2 I’m not going (to the party) unless you go too. 3 The dog won’t attack you unless you move suddenly. 4 Ben won’t speak to you unless you ask him something. 5 The doctor won’t see you unless it’s an emergency.. 115.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. unless providing as long as unless unless provided Unless unless as long as. 115.4 Example answers: 2 it’s not too hot 3 there isn’t too much traffic 4 it isn’t raining 5 I’m in a hurry 6 you have something else to do 7 you pay it back next week 8 you take risks. UNIT 116 116.1 2 We all smiled as we posed for the photograph. 3 I burnt myself as 1 was taking a hot dish out of the oven. 4 The crowd cheered as the two teams ran onto the field. 5 A dog ran out in front of the car as we were driving along the road.. 116.2 2 As it was a nice day, we went for a walk by the sea. 3 As we didn’t want to wake anybody up, we came in very quietly.. 361.

(371) Key to Exercises 4 As the door was open, I went in. 5 As none of us had a watch, we didn’t know what time it was.. 116.3 3 4 5 6 7. because at the same time as at the same time as because because. 116.4 3 OK 4 when I was asleep on the beach 5 When I left school 6 OK 7 when I was a child. 116.5 Example answers: 1 1 saw you as you were getting into your car. 2 It started to rain just as we started playing tennis. 3 As I didn’t have enough money for a taxi, I had to walk home. 4 Just as I took the photograph, somebody walked in front of the camera.. UNIT 117 117.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. like her mother people like him OK like most of his friends like talking to the wall OK OK OK like a bomb exploding like a fish. 117.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. like blocks o f ice like a beginner as a tourist guide like a church as a birthday present like winter like a child. 117.3 2 like 3 as 4 like 5 like 6 as (like is also possible) 7 like 8 as 9 as 10 like 11 like 12 as 13 as. 362. 14 15 16 17 18. Like as As like as (li. UNIT 118 118.1 2 You look as if you've seen a ghost. 3 You sound as if you’re enjoying yourself. 4 I feel as if I’ve (just) run a marathon. 118.2 2 It looks as if it’s going to rain 3 It sounds as if they’re having an argument. 4 It looks as if there’s been an accident. 5 It looks as if we'll have to walk. 6 It sounds as if you should see a doctor. 118.3 2 as if he meant what he said 3 as if she’s hurt her leg / as if she hurt her leg 4 as if he hadn’t eaten for a week 5 as if she was enjoying it 6 as if I'm going to be sick 7 as if she didn't want to come 8 as if I didn't exist 118.4 2 as if I was/were 3 as if she was/were 4 as if it was/were. UNIT 119 11 9.1 3 during 4 for 5 during 6 for 7 for 8 for 9 during 10 for 11 for 12 for 13 during 14 for 11 9.2 3 while 4 While 5 During 6 while 7 during 8 During 9 while 10 during 11 while. I 2 during 13 while 14 while. 119.3 Example answers: 3 1 hurt my arm while I was doing the housework. 4 Can you wait here while I make a quick phone call? 5 Most o f the students looked bored during the lesson. 6 I was asked a lot of questions during the interview. 7 Don't open the car door while the car is moving. 8 The lights suddenly went out while we were having dinner. 9 lr started to rain during the game. 10 It started to rain while we were walking home.. UNIT 120 120.1 2 I have to be at the airport by 8.30. 3 Let me know by Saturday whether you can come to the party. 4 Please make sure that you're here by 2 o'clock. 5 If we leave now, we should arrive by lunchtime.. 120.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12. by by until until 5.30 ... by now by until by by until By by. 120.3 Example answers: 3 until I come back 4 by 5 o'clock 5 by next Friday 6 until midnight. 120.4 2 By the time I eot to the station / By the time I'd got to the station 3 By the time 1 finished (my work) / By the time I’d finished (my work) 4 By the time the police arrived / By the time the police had arrived 5 By the time we got to the top / By the time we’d got to the top.

(372) Key to Exercises UNIT 121. 4 5. at the end of the race at the end of the interview. 121.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. at night in the evening on 21 July 1969 at the same time in the 1920s in about 20 minutes at the moment in the Middle Ages in 11 seconds (on) Saturdays. 121.2 2 I last saw her on Tuesday, or I last saw her Tuesday. 3 in 4 At 5 on 6 in 7 in 8 at 9 on 10 at 11 in 12 at 13 on 14 in 15 On Saturday night or Saturday night ... at midnight 16 at 5 o’clock in the morning 17 on 7 January ... in April 18 at home on Tuesday morning or at home Tuesday morning ... in the afternoon. 121.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. a both b b both a b a. UNIT 122 122.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. on time in time on time in time on time in time in time on time. 122.4 2 In the end she resigned (from her job). 3 In the end I gave up (trying to learn German). 4 In the end we decided not to go (to the party), or In the end w e didn’t go (to the party).. 122.5 2 In 3 a t ... at 4 in 5 in 6 at 7 in 8 at 9 in. UNIT 123 123.1 2 On his arm. 3 4 5 6 7 8. or On the man’s arm. At the traffic lights. a On the door, b In the door. On the wall. In Paris. a At the gate, b On the gate. On the beach.. 123.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. on my guitar at the next garage in your coffee on that tree in the mountains on the island at the window. 123.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. on at on in on at in a small village in the south west 9 on 10 in 11 on the wall in the kitchen. 12 at. 122.2 2 1 got home just in time. 3 I stopped him just in time. 4 I got to the cinema just in time for the beginning of the film.. 122.3 2 at the end of the month 3 at the end of the course. UNIT 124 124.1 2 On the second floor. 3 4 5 6 7. At/On the corner. In the corner. At the top o f the stairs. In the back of the car. At the front.. 8 On the left. 9 In the back row. 10 On a farm.. 124.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. on the right in the world on the way to work on the west coast in the front row at rhe back o f the class on the back o f this card. 1 2 4 .3 2 in 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 on 7 At 8 in 9 in 10 on 11 in 12 on 13 in 14 on ... on. UNIT 125 125.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. on a train at a conference in hospital at the hairdresser’s on his bike in New York at the Savoy Theatre. 1 2 5 .2 2 in a taxi 3 at the cinema 4 in prison 5 at school 6 at the sports centre 7 in hospital 8 at the airport 9 on the plane 10 at sea 1 2 5 .3 2 at 3 in 4 at 5 at/in a very nice hotel ... in Amsterdam 6 in 7 on 8 at 9 in 10 at 11 in 12 a t ... at 13 in 14 in Birmingham ... at Birmingham University. 363.

(373) Key to Exercises UNIT 126 126.1 3 at 4 to 5 to 6 into 7 at 8 to 9 into 10 to 11 at 12 to 13 into 14 to 15 get home ... going to bed 16 returned to France ... two years in Brazil 17 born in Chicago ... moved to N ew York ... lives in New York. 126.2 Example answers: 2 -4 I’ve been to Sweden once. I’ve never been to the United States. I’ve been to Paris a few times.. 126.3 2 3 4 5. in at to. 6. -. I got on the bus. 1 got out of the car. I got off the train. I got into the taxi, o r in the taxi. 6 I got off the plane.. UNIT 127 127.1 cold weather pencil love block capitals the shade my opinion. 127.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. on on on on on on on on on. 127.3. 364. 2 on 3 on 4 at. UNIT 128 128.1 2 3 4 5. by by by by. mistake hand credit card satellite. 128.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. on by by car ... on my bike in on by. Example answers: 3 -5 Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce. Yesterday is a song by Paul McCartney. Guernica is a painting by Pablo Picasso.. 126.4. in in in in in in. in on for or on on at at on In my opinion ... on television on on on at on in. 128.3. 2 3 4 5. 2 3 4 5 6 7. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. strike a tour television purpose a diet business holiday the phone the whole. I got. UNIT 129 129.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. to the problem with her brother in the cost o f living to your question for a new road in/to working at home in the number of people without jobs 9 for shoes like these am more 10 between your job and mine. 129.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. invitation to contact with key to cause of reply to connection betwe pictures of reason for damage to. 129.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. to in for of in or to for to or towards with in to of for a rise in pav to with. 128.4 2 3 4 5 6 7. by with by by by car ... in your car by the bed with a lamp and a clock on it. 128.5 2 travelling by bus or travelling on the bus or travelling on buses 3 taken with a very good camera 4 this music is by Beethoven 5 pay cash or pav in cash 6 a mistake by one of our players. 128.6 2 The price has gone up by ten pence. 3 Helen won by two votes. 4 I missed her/Kate by five minutes.. UNIT 130 130.1 2 3 4 5 6. That was nice of her. That was generous of him. That wasn't very nice of them. That's very kind of you. That wasn't very polite of him. 7 That’s a bit childish of them.. 130.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. kind to sorry for annoved with annoyed about impressed by/with bored with (or bored by) astonished at/by. 130.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. of to ... to of of with to wirh.

(374) Key to Exercises 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21. at/by with about about sorry for/about ... angry with furious with us for making about about ar/by by/with about about for. UNIT 131 131.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. of furniture on sport of time at tennis to a Russian (man) of him / of Robert from yours / to yours. 131.2 similar to afraid of interested in responsible for proud of different from/to. 131.3. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. for of of in to o f ... of on of with of of in of of at of on of. 131.4 Example answers: 2 I'm hopeless at telling jokes. 3 I’m not very good at mathcmarics. 4 I’m quite good at remembering names.. UNIT 132 132.1 Can you explain this question to me? / Can you explain it to me? Can you explain the problem to me? / Can you explain it to me?. 5 Can you explain to me how this machine works? 6 Can you explain to me what I have to do?. 132.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. to to to -. to -. 132.3 3 4 5 6 7 8. speaking to point them at glanced at listen to throw stones at throw it to. 132.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. at at to to at ar to at at to. UNIT 133 133.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. for for to for about about for for about for for. 133.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. waiting for talk about asked the waiter for applied for do something about looks after or has looked after 8 left Boston for. 133.3 2 3 4 5 6 7. for about of for of about. 8. -. 133.4 2 looking for looked after looking for look for looks after. UNIT 134 134.1 2 about 3 to us about 4 of 5 of 6 about ... about ... about , about 7 of 8 about 9 about/of 134.2 2 complaining about 3 think about 4 warn you about 5 heard of 6 dream of 7 reminded me about 8 remind you of 1 3 4 .3 2 hear about 3 heard from 4 heard of 5 hear from 6 hear about 7 heard of 1 3 4 .4 think about think of think of thinking of/about think of thought about think much of thinking about/of. UNIT 135 135.1 2 3 4 5 6. for the misunderstanding on winning the tournament from/against his enemies of eleven players on bread and eggs. 135.2 2 3 4 5. for everything for the economic crisis on television is to blame for the economic crisis 6 television is to blame for the increase in violent crime. 135.3 2 paid for 3 accused of 4 depends on. 365.

(375) Key to Exercises 5 live on 6 congratulated him on 7 apologise to. 135.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. from on of/from for for on on — or on from/against of. UNIT 136 136.1 2 I prefer small towns to big cities. 3 Jane provided me with all the information I needed. 4 This morning I spent £70 on a pair of shoes. 136.2 2 happened to 3 invited to 4 divided into 5 believe in 6 fill it with 7 drove into 8 Concentrate on 9 succeeded in. 136.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. to on in to in with into in on into to into on from one language into another 17 happened to ... spend it on 18 into 19 with. 136.4 Example answers: 2 on CDs 3 into a wall 4 to volleyball 5 into many languages. UNIT 137 137.1 2 sit down. 3 4 5 6 7 8. flew away get out speak up get by gone up looked round. 1 37.2 2 back at 3 up to 4 forward to 5 away with 6 up at 7 in through. 137.3 2 3 4 5 6. wake me up get it out give them back switch it on take them off. 137.4 3 I have to take them back 4 We can turn the television off o r We can turn off the television 5 I knocked it over 6 I don’t want to wake her up. 7 (example answ er) You should put your coat on or You should put on your coat. 8 I was able to put it out 9 (example answer) thev’ve put the pricc(s) up or they've put up the price(s) 10 Shall I turn the light(s) on? or Shall I turn on the light(s)?. UNIT 138 138.1 2 eats 3 moved 4 drop/call 5 checked 6 cut 7 plug 8 filling / to fill 9 left 10 dive 11 rub 12 dropped 138.2 2 into 3 in 4 out 5 into 6 out of 1 3 8 .3 2 dropped out 3 moved in 4 left out 5 joined in 6 eating out 0 7 taken in. 8 dropped in / called in 9 get out of. 138.4 2 3 4 5. Fill them in cross it out took me in let us in. or. Fill them out. UNIT 139 139.1 2 3 4 5 6 7. a mistake a candle an order a cigarette / a candle a new product a mess. 139.2 2 works out 3 carried out 4 ran out 5 sort out 6 find out tried out 8 pointed out 9 work out 10 went out 11 turned out 12 works out 13 find out 14 put out 139.3 2 giving/handing out 3 turned out nice/fine/sunnv 4 fallen out 5 to sort out / sorting out the post / the mail 6 work out how to use the camera / her new camera. 139.4 2 try it out 3 work it out 4 sorted it out. UNIT 140 140.1 2 3 4 5. put put put put. the heating on the oven on the kettle on a CD on. 140.2 2 going on 3 take off 4 switched off / turned off 5 drove off / went off 6 put on 7 set off / be off 8 put off 9 called off 10 put on 11 see me oft.

(376) Key to Exercises 1 4 0 .3 2 took off 3 tried on a/thc hat tried a/the hat on 4 was called off 5 see him off 6 put them on. or. UNIT 141 141.1 2 went on / carried on 3 walked on / carried on / carried on walking 4 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off 5 go on / carry on 6 went off keeps on phoning me 141.2 2 went off 3 finish off 4 drive on / carry on 5 ripped off 6 getting on 7 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off 8 told off 9 get on 10 going off 11 keep on 12 get on 13 showing oft 14 put off 141.3 2 finish it off 3 were ripped off 4 go off 5 did you get on 6 carried on (playing) / went on (playing) 7 tell them off 8 doesn't get on (well) with. 142.3. 144.3. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 2 3 4 5 6 7. calm down slowed down was turned down broken down cut down let down (has) closed down be knocked down (or be pulled down or be torn down) 10 turned down 11 was knocked down 12 broke down. UNIT 143 143.1 2 went up to / walked up to 3 catch up with 4 keep up with. 143.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. used up washed up grow up turn up gave up taking up give up ended up 10 takes up 11 make up. 143.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. tidy it up / tidy up fixed it up keep up with was brought up keep it up went up to was made up of set it up / fix it up. UNIT 144 144.1. UNIT 142. 2 D 3 E. 142.1 2 turn it down 3 calm him down 4 put them up 5 let her down 6 turned it down. 4 c. 1 4 2 .2 2 took them down 3 stand up 4 turned it up 5 put rhcir bags down 6 were blown down / fell down wrote it down s bent down and picked them. blew up beaten up broken up / split up did up clears up mixed up. 144.4 2 3 4A 5 6 7. look it up put up with J ■«. made It up come up with tear it up saving up for. UNIT 145 145.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Pay throw gets be look gave get. 145.2 2 3 4 5 6 7. be away / have gone away be back ran away smile back get away Keep away. 145.3 2 3 4 5 6. blew away put it back walked away threw it back (to her) threw them away. 145.4 2 3 4 5 6. throw it away take them back pay you back / pay it back gave them away call back / call me back. 5 G 6 A 7 B. 144.2 2 held up 3 did it up 4 cheer him up. up. 367.

(377) Key to Additional exercises (see page 302) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. ’m getting / am getting do you do arrived ... was raining phones ... didn’t phone were thinking ... decided are you looking doesn’t rain rang ... were having went ... was preparing ... didn’t want ... didn’t stay 12 told ... didn’t believe ... th ou gh t... was joking. 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. didn’t go is wearing has grown haven’t decided is being wasn’t reading didn’t have It’s beginning got wasn’t you’ve been I’ve been doing did she go I’ve been playing do you come since I saw her for 20 years. 3 3 are you going 4 Do you watch 5 have you lived / have you been living / have you been 6 Did you have 7 Have you seen 8 was she wearing 9 Have you been waiting / Have you been here 10 does it take 11 Have you finished 12 Have you (ever) been. 4 2 ’vé known each other / have known each other or ’ve been friends / have been friends 3 I’ve ever had / I’ve ever been on / I’ve had for ages (etc.) 4 He went / He went home / He went out / He left 5 I’ve worn it 6 I was playing 7 been swimming for 8 since I’ve been / since I (last) went 9 did you buy / did you get. 5 1 g o t ... was already waiting ... had arrived. 368. 2 was lying ... wasn’t watching . . . ’d fallen / had fallen ... was snoring ... turned ... woke 3 'd just gone / had just gone ... was reading ... heard ... got ... didn’t see ... went 4 missed ... was standing ... realised . . . ’d left / had le f t... had ... got 5 m e t... was walking . . . ’d been / had been . . . ’d been playing / had been playing ... were going ... invited . . . 'd arranged / had arranged ... didn’t have. 6 2 Somebody has taken it. 3 They’d only known / They had only known each other (for) a few weeks. 4 It’s been raining / It has been raining all day. or It's rained / It has rained all day. 5 I’d been dreaming. / I had been dreaming. 6 I’d had / I had had a big breakfast. 7 They've been going / They have been going there for years. 8 I’ve had it / I have had it since I got up. 9 He’s been training / He has been training very hard for it.. 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28. I haven’t seen You look / You're looking are you going are you meeting I’m going Do you often go are you going I’m meeting has been I’ve been waiting has just started is she getting Does she like she thinks Are you working spoke you were working went I started / I had started I lost you haven’t had I’ve had have you seen has he been I saw he went He’d been he decided / he’d decided. 29 30 31 32. He was really looking forward is he doing I haven’t heard he left. 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 10. 11 12 13. 14 15. invented it's gone / it has gone had gone ... left did you do ... Did you go have you had was looking She's been teaching / She has been teaching 1 b ou gh t... I haven't worn I saw ... was ... I'd seen / 1 had seen ... I remembered ... it was Have you heard ... She was ... died ... She wrote ... Have you read does this word mean ... I’ve never seen Did you get ... it had already begun knocked ... was ... she'd gone / she had gone ... she didn’t want He’d never used / He had never used ... he didn't know went ... she needed ... she'd been sitting / she had been sitting. 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. used to drive was driving were working used to have was living was playing used to play was wearing. 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I’m going to the dentist. N o, we’re going to hire a car. I’ll look after the children. I’m having lunch with Sue. What are you going to have? I’ll turn on the light. I’m going to turn on the light.. 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. I’ll come shall we meet begins I’ll meet I’m seeing Shall I ask I’ll see are going does the film begin Are you meeting I’ll be.

(378) Key to Additional exercises. 1 (2) (3) (4) (5) 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 3 (1). Are you going to do it starts you’ll enjoy it will / it’s going to be you’re going We’re going you have i’ll send I’ll get I get I’m having / I’m going to have (2) are coming (3) they’ll have gone (4) they’re (5) I w on’t be (61 you know (7) i’ll phone 4 (1) shall we meet (2) I'll be waiting (3) you arrive (4 1 I’ll be sitting (5) I'll be wearing (61 Is Agent 307 coming / Is Agent 307 going to come / Will Agent 307 he coming (7) Shall I bring (8) I’ll explain (9) I see 1 10) I'll try. 13 1 I'll have ? Are you going 3 shall I phone 4 It’s going to land 5 it’s / it is 6 I'll miss / I'm going to miss ... vou go (or you’ve gone) Shall I give ... I give ... will you send 8 does it end 9 I'm going ... is getting 10 I'll tell ... I'm ... I won’t be 11 I'm going to have / I'm having 12 she apologises 13 we'll he living 14 you finish 14 2 I've had 3 ! bought or 1 got 4 I'll come 5 I've been or I’ve eaten 6 1 used to play ~ 1 haven't been waiting or I haven't been here 8 I’d been 9 I'm going 10 I haven't seen or I haven’t heard from 11 I'll have gone or I’ll have left 15 ? I've been travelling. 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24. I’m beginning I’ve seen has been I’ve met I left I stayed or I was staying I’d planned or I was planning I ended up I enjoyed I took met I’m staving or I’m going to stay or I’ll be staying or I’ll stay I continue I’ll get I'm I’ll let I know I’m staying we’re going to visit or we're visiting are building or have been building it will be I’ll be. 16 2 A. 3 c B or. 4. c. 5 B 6 A or c 7 A or c. 8 c 9 B or c 10 A or B 11 A. 12 c 13 A or B 14 B or c 15 B 17 3 He must have forgotten. 4 You needn’t have gone home so early. 5 It can’t be changed now. 6 She may be watching television. 7 She must have been waiting for somebody. 8 He couldn’t have done it. 9 You ought to have been here earlier. 10 I would have helped you. 11 You should have been warned about it. 12 He might not have been feeling very well, or He might not have felt .... 18 3 could rain / might rain 4 might have gone / could have gone 5 couldn't go. 6 couldn’t have seen / can’t have seen 7 should get 8 wouldn’t recognise / might not recognise 9 must have heard 10 should have turned 19 4 rings 5 were 6 ’s / is 7 was/were 8 had been 9 had 10 hadn’t had 11 ’d driven / had driven or ’d been driving / had been driving 12 didn’t read. 20 2 I’d be surprised if Sarah came (to see us now). 3 If I’d known you were busy, I wouldn’t have disturbed you. 4 They’d be upset if I told them what happened. 5 If you hadn’t frightened the dog, it wouldn’t have attacked you. 6 I wouldn’t have got (so) wet if I’d had an umbrella, or ... if I had had an umbrella. 7 If he hadn’t been (so) nervous, he wouldn’t have failed (his driving test).. 21 Example answers: 1 I wasn’t feeling so tired 2 I hadn’t had so much to do 3 I would have forgotten Jane’s birthday 4 you hadn’t taken so long to get ready 5 I would have gone to the concert 6 you were in trouble 7 there was less traffic 8 people would go out more. 22 3 was cancelled 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. has been repaired is being restored ’s believed / is believed ’d be sacked / would be sacked might have been thrown was taught being arrested / having been arrested Have you ever been arrested are reported ... have been injured. 23. 3 ’ve sold / have sold 4 ’s been sold / has been sold. 369.

(379) Key to Additional exercises 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. are made might be stolen must have been stolen must have taken can be solved should have left is delayed is being built ... is expected. 24 Castle Fire 2 was discovered 3 was injured 4 he rescued 5 are believed to have been destroyed 6 is not known Shop robbery 1 was forced 2 being threatened 3 had been stolen 4 was later found 5 had been abandoned 6 has been arrested / was arrested 7 is still being questioned Road delays 1 is being resurfaced 2 are asked / are being asked / have been asked 3 is expected 4 will be closed 5 will be diverted Accident 1 was taken 2 was allowed 3 was blocked 4 be diverted 5 have been killed. 25 1 I told her (that) Paul had gone out and I didn’t know when he’d be back. I asked (her) if/whethcr she wanted to leave a message, but she said (that) she’d try again later. 2 I had reserved a hotel room, but when 1 got to the hotel they told me (that) they had no record of any reservation in my name, w hen 1 asked (them) if/whether they had any rooms free anyway, they said (that) they were sorry, but the hotel was full. 3 The immigration official asked us why wc were visiting the country, and we told him (that) we were on holiday. Then he wanted to know how long we intended to stay and where we would be staying during our visit. 4 She said (that) she’d phone us from the airport when she arrived, or She said (that). 370. she'll phone us from the airport when she arrives. N o, she said not to come to the airport. She said (that) she’d take the bus. or She said (that) she’ll take the bus. 5 He wanted to know what my job was and asked (me) how much 1 earned, or He wanted to know what my job is and asked (me) how much I earn. ... so I told him to mind his own business and I put the phone down. 6 He said (that) he’d be at the restaurant at 7.30. He said (that) he knew where the restaurant was. And I told him to phone me if there was anv problem. 7 You just said (that) you weren't hungry. But Y O U said (that) you didn't like bananas. You cold me not to buy any.. 26 3 changing 4 to change 5 change 6 being 7 saying 8 to phone 9 drinking 10 to he 11 to see 12 to be 13 to think ... making 14 living ... to move 15 to be ... playing 16 being stopped ... stealing ... driving 17 work ... pressing. 27 3 I don’t fancy going out. 4 He tends to forget things. 5 Would you mind helping me? / Do you mind helping me? 6 Everybodv seems to have gone out. 7 We’re thinking of moving. 8 I was afraid to touch it. 9 He’s / He is afraid of being robbed. 10 It’s not worth seeing. 11 I'm not used to walking so far. 12 She seems to be enjoying herself. 13 He insisted on showing them to me. 14 I’d rather somebody else did it.. 28 3 I've given up reading newspapers.. 4 I’d rather not eo out tonight / ... stay at home tonight. 5 He has difficulty walking / . . . difficulty in walking. 6 Do you want me to phone you this evening? 7 I came in without anybody seeing me / . . . without being seen. 8 1 was accused of being a cheat / ... of cheating. 9 I’m looking forward to seeing them again. 10 What do you advise me to do? 11 I’d like to have gone out with you. 12 I regret not taking your advice / ... that 1 didn't take vour advice.. 29 2 Tennis ... twice a week ... a very good player 3 for dinner ... after work ... to the cinema 4 Unemployment ... for people ... find work 5 an accidenr ... going home ... taken to hospital ... I think most accidents ... by people driving 6 an economist ... in the investment department of Lloyds Bank ... for an American bank ... in the United States 7 the name o f the horcl ...The Imperial ... in Queen Street in the city centre ... near the station 8 The older one ... a pilot with British Airways ... The vounger one ... at school ... he leaves school ... go to university ... studv law 30 1 B 3 c 4 A 5 c 6 B *7 A 8 A 9 c 10 B 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 31 3 4 5 6. or B. or c. or c. or B. It's the most polluted place ... I was disappointed that ... OK Joe works hard, hut ... 7 ... in a lar^e modern building. 8 O K (as fast as he can is jls o correct).

(380) Key to Additional exercises 9 I missed the last three days ... 10 O K 11 The weather has been unusually cold ... 12 The water in the pool was too dirty to swill! in. 13 ... to wait such a long time, (so long is also correct) 14 O K 15 ... I got up earlier than usual. 32 2 If 3 when 4 if 5 when 6 if 7 if 8 unless 9 if 10 as long as 11 in case 12 in case 13 if 14 even if 15 Although 16 Although 17 When 18 when. 33 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. on at 9.30 on Tuesdav at on at In at during on Friday... since then for at at the moment ... until Friday by in. 34 1 in 2 by 3 at 4 on 5 in 6 on ' t o a partv at Linda's house 8 on 9 on 10 to ... to 1 1 in Vienna ... at the age of 35 12 in this photograph ... on the left 13 to the theatre ... in the front row. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25. on the wall by the door at on in a tower block ... on the fifteenth floor on by On the bus ... by car on ... on in in London ... to Italy to on. 35 1 for 2 at 3 to 4 to 5 in 6 with 7 of 8 to 9 of 10 at/by 11 of 12 about. 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. of after - tno preposition) about to - /no preposition) into of to - (no preposition) on of of - (no preposition) in at (about is also possible) on If Kevin asks you for money I apologised to Sarah for keeping ... 20 1 thanked her for everything. 37 2 3 4 5 6 7. h e g a k c. 8!. 2 3 4 5 6 7. D B B A A D. 8 c 9 c 10 B 11 A 12 D 39 2 out to 3 up with 4 forward to 5 up with 6 out of 7 on with 8 out with 9 up with 10 back on 1 1 out about 12 on with 40 3 went off 4 turned up / showed up 5 fill it in / fill it out 6 knocked down / pulled down / torn down 7 sorted out 8 give up 9 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off 10 split up / break up 1 1 put up with it 12 get by 13 went on 14 put it off 41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 L0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. put moving put done turned/ turns find Calm set held left or ’vé left / have left works join works drop / call sort / work went off ... woke me up. 9 h 10 f 11 i. 371.

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