Sách giáo khoa lịch sử lớp 10

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

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BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tdng Chu bien)
LUONG NINH -[TRUONG HUU QUYNH|(Chii bien)
DINH NGOC BAO - NGUYfiN HONG LifiN
NGUYfiN CANH MINH - NGHlfiM DINH VY

LICH SU
(Tdi bdn ldn thd tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM


Chiu trc'ich nhiem .xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI

Pho T6ng Giam ddc iviem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO
Bien tap lan ddn : LE HONG SON - BLT TUYET HLTONG
Bien tap lai han : NONG THI HUE
Bien re'litac do : CU DUC N G H I A
Bien tap ini thuat:

N G U Y £ N THI HONG VY -

LUU CHI DONG

Tiinh hay hia : LUU CHI DONG
Si(a hdn m
Che han

PHONG SLfA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC TAI HA N O D
CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao dtic Viet Nam - Bo Giao cli.ic va Dao tao.
Sach CO sir dung mot so anh tir lieu trong cac bao tang. Tit dien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Lich sil
van minh the giai. Bai cuang lich sir Viet Nam - tap 1, Ljeh sir the giai thai can dai... va mot so
• sach nudc ngoai khae,

LICH sCr 10
Maso: CH015T0
In 95.000 cuon (ST) khd 17 x 24cm. In tai Cong ty co phan In Phu Tho.
Soxuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/558-1485/GD. So in: 697.
In xong va nop \au chieu thang 1 nam 2010.


hdn

mot

LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY,
CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI


Chuffng I

XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY

Bai 2

S\S XUAT HIEN LOAI NGl/Cfl
VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY

Lich .sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien ra trong
doi song con ngirdi ke tir khi \iiat hien tren Trai Diit.
Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc. da tim
diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong
vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao. Dinh cao ciia qua trinh
nay la si,r chii\'en bien ti^v vuon thanh nguoi.

1. Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy
O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh thanh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song
khoang 6 trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di
cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho. Xuong boa thach cua chiing
dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam.
Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien thanh Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang
4 trieu nam trudc day. Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va

(In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v... 6 Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), tuy chua
tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd.


Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan. Ddi tay dugc tu
do de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an. Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tuy
tran cdn tha'p va bm ra sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi
loai vugn c6 va da hinh thanh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi trong nao.
A

Hinh I - Ngucri toi co

JM.^i.

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Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da
la ngudi. Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn thanh ngudi, la thdi ki dau
tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi.
Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet
la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m.
Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu. Cdng cu thd kech nay dugc ggi la

do dd cii (soki). Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac
diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac con thii, de kiem thiic an.
Tur chd giii lira, la'y trong tu nhien nam nay qua nam khae d^ sudi am, duoi
da thli, nudng chin thiic an, con ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi nhau de lay
lira. Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, con ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii
nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh.
Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay con ngudi kheo
leo din. Co the cung do dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp. Tieng
ndi thudn thuc hon do nhu cSu trao ddi vdi nhau. Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan
thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng.


0 mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh thanh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan,
cd ddi, cd dan va con dau dan. Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd
ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc con cai.
Hg sd'ng trong hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da
thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm 5 - 7 gia dinh. Mdi
gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va con nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang. Bay gid
chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien
nay la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy.
Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng trong tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt
cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam.

- The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co 7
- Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ?

Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao
De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang 4 van nam trudc day, con ngudi hoan thanh qua
tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd thanh Ngudi
tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi.

Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di ngay nay : xirong cdt nho
hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so
va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat,
tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua con ngiroi.
Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc.

Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd thanh Ngudi td'i
cd. CGng ttr day, khi ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai
lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia thanh da vang, den va trdng. Dd la
ba chiing tdc ldn.
Su khdc nhau dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia con ngudi vdi nhiing
hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc nhau ve trtnh do
hieu bie't.
Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt
manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao. Hg cdn lay
xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao.


Tir dd, con ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten. Day la mdt thanh tuu ldm
trong qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf. Vdi cung ten, con ngudi mdi san bdn
cd hieu qua va an toan.
Thiic an ciia con ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir khi
kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir khi cd cung tdn.
Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng ra dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem
thuan tien hofn. Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu.
De'n khoang 1 van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men.
Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng
manh da thanh hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong
viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae nhau (dao, riu,
due...), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd

nac de tra can.

Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo
thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc con ngudi ghe sdc
va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu.
Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi
ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd...).

Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi

Ngudi tinli khon

xuaihien.

Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi.

3. Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi
Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, khi con ngudi tir
san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi. Viec lugm
hdi nam nay qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi
vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia... Di san, bat
dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn
la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v...
Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir
thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing
cai cd sdn trong thidn nhien.
Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho
"cd van hod". Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y trong
cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd.

Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va
chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng
cd chdn, hoa tai... bdng da mau.
Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c sao bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd
le cdn cd ca trdng bit da.
Nhu the', tiing budc, con ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn
nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn. Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai ( 4 - 5 van
nam), trong dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh. Ddi sdng con ngudi chi
tie'n bd vdi td'c do nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm
trudc ddy.

I

^

—

- Trinli bay nliung tien bg trong dij'i song con ngwdi thdi da md'i.

>AU HOI
/^

1. Tai sao iai go! 1^ "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ?
2. Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien trong lao dong va ddi song
ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy.

y

Bai

^

XA HOI NGUYEN THUY

Tir khi Ngudi tinh khdn xuat hien, thi tdc hinh thanh
Cling la budc ddu tien ciia td chire xa hdi loai ngirdi.

1, Thi toe vd bo Igc
De'n giai doan Ngudi tinh khdn, so dan da tang ldn. Timg nhdm ngudi cGng
ddng diic hem, gdm 2 - 3 the' he gia tre ciing cd chung ddng mdu, dugc ggi la
thi toe - nhiing ngudi "cung hg".
Trong thi tdc, con chdu cd thdi quen tdn kfnh ldp dng ba, cha me. Ngugc lai,
dng ba, cha me deu cham lo, bao dam nudi day ta't ca con chdu cua thi tdc.
Trdn mdt viing sinh sdng thudn lgi nhu ven sdng, sudi... thudng khdng chi cd
thi tdc ma cdn cd bg lac.
Bd lac la tdp hgp mdt sd thi tdc, sd'ng canh nhau, cd hg hang vdi nhau va cung
cd mdt ngudn gd'c td tidn xa xdi. Giua cac thi tdc trong mdt bd lac thudng cd
quan he gdn bd vdi nhau, giiip dd nhau.
Duong nhidn, cdng vide thudng xuyen va hang ddu ciia thi tdc la kiem tbiic
an dd nudi sd'ng thi tgc.
Nhiing cdng viec nhu the, nhd't la viec san dudi, san bdy cdc con thii ldn, thii
chay nhanh, ludn ddi hdi su phdn cdng hgp If, su "chung lung da'u cat", mdi
ngudi mdi vide, phd'i hgp an y vdi nhau.
Yeu cdu ciia cdng viec va trtnh do lao ddng thdi nguydn thuy ddi hdi su hgp
tdc lao dong ciia nhilu ngudi, cua ca thi tdc.
Thiic an kie'm dugc chua nhilu, chua cd deu dan. Mgi ngudi cdn phai ciing
lam, ciing cd gdng dd'n miic cao nhat dd kie'm sd'ng nen tu nhidn ngudi ta thd'y
cdn phai cdng bang, phai dugc hudng thu bang nhau.

Nhu the, trong thi tdc khdng chi cd su hgp tdc ma mgi ciia cai, mgi sinh boat
dugc coi la ciia chung, viec chung, lam chung, an chung.

4>

—

;

- Id chuc \a iioi cua NgUo'i tinh khon la gi ?

2. Bud! ddu cua thdi dai kim khi
Tir chd dung nhiing cdng cu bdng da, bdng xuong, tre, gd, ngudi ta bat ddu
bie't che tao dd dung va cong cu bdng dong.
Cu dan Tay A va Ai Cap biet sir dung ddng sdm nhdt, thoat tidn la ddng dd
vao khoang 5500 nam trudc ddy. Cdch ngay nay khoang 4000 nam, nhidu cU ddn
tren Trai Ddt da biet dung ddng thau.
Khoang 3000 nam trudc day, cu dan d Tay A va Nam Au la nhiing ngudi dau
tien bie't diic va sir dung do sdt.
Cdng cu kim khf da md ra mdt thdi dai mdi ma tdc dung va nang sudt lao
ddng ciia nd vugt xa thdi dai dd dd. Dac biet la cdng cu bdng sdt tbi khdng cd
mgt cdng cu da nao cd the so sanh dugc. Nhd cd dd kim khf, nhd't la sdt, ngudi
ta cd the khai phd nhirng viing ddt dai ma trudc kia chua khai phd ndi, cd the
cay sdu cudc bdm, cd the xe gd ddng thuyen di bien, xe dd lam lau dai va ban
than viec due sdt ciing la mdt nganh san' xud't quan trgng bdc nhd't.
Day thuc su la mdt cudc cdch mang trong sdn xud't. Ldn dau tidn tren chang
dudng dai ciia lich sir lodi ngudi, con ngudi cd the ldm ra mdt lugng sdn
phdm thira.

Sud't thdi dd dd, con ngudi tir chd sd'ng bap benh tie'n tdi dii sd'ng. Vao budi ddu
cua thdi dai kim khf, con ngudi san xudt khdng nhiing dii sd'ng d miic cdn thdp
cua hang nghin nam trudc, ma cdn tao ra dugc mgt lugng sdn phdm thda
thucfng xuyen.
- Su xuiit hien cong cu bang kim loai co y nghia nliu the nao ?

3. Su xudt hien tu hQu vd xd hoi cd giai cdp
Trong xd hdi nguydn thuy, su cdng bdng va binh dang la "nguydn tdc vang".
Bdi liic d'y ngudi ta sd'ng trong cdng ddng, dua vao nhau vi tinh trang ddi sd'ng
cdn qud thdp, nhung khi bdt ddu cd san phdm thira thi lai khdng the dem chia ddu
cho mgi ngudi.
10


Trong xa hdi, mdi thdnh vien cd nhiing chiic phdn khdc nhau. Ban ddu, mdt
sd ngudi dugc cu chi huy ddn binh, chuydn trach vd Id nghi hoac didu hdnh cac
cdng vide chung ciia thi tdc, bd lac (xay den, lam nha, ldm dudng, ddp dd...).
Nhiing ngudi nay lgi dung chiic phdn de chiem mdt phan sdn pham xa hdi cho
ridng minh khi cbi dting cdc cdng viec chung. Chdng bao Idu, hg cd nhieu ciia
cai hon ngudi khdc. The la cua tuhitu bdt ddu xua't hien. Quan he cdng ddng bat
ddu bi phd vd. Gia dinh cung thay ddi theo. Dan dng lam cdc viec nang nhgc
nhu cdy biia, lam thuy lgi, lam dan binh, nen da cd vai trd tru cdt vd gidnh lay
quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh. Con cdi lay theo hg cha. Gia dinh phu he xud't
hien trong ldng thi tdc binh ddng thdi nguydn thuy.
Kha nang lao ddng ciia cdc gia dinh khdc nhau da thiic day thdm su phdn biet
giau - ngheo.
Xa hdi nguydn thuy, hay cdn ggi la xa hdi thi tgc bd lac, bi ran vd. Con ngudi
dang dumg trudc ngudng cira cua thdi dai xd hdi cd giai cap ddu tien - .\d ligi
cd dai.
Do dau ma co su' xuat hien tu' hitu ?

.AU HOI

r

1. Hay giai thich tfnh cgng dong cua thj tgc.
2. Tu hull xua't hien da dan tdi su" thay ddi trong xa hgi
nguyen thuy nhu" the nao ?

•

J

11


Chumg
XAH6IC6DAI

Bai

^

CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI
PHUONG DONG

Tren luu vuc cac ddng sdng Idn d chau A, chau Phi tir
khoang thien nien ki IV trudc Cdng nguyen (TCN),
cu dan phuang Ddng da bie't tdi nghe luyen kim, lam
ndng nghiep va chan nudi gia siic. Hg da xay dung nen

nhirng qud'c gia dau tien ciia minh, dd la xa hdi cd giai
cap dau tien ma trong dd thieu so ngudi cd cita thdng tri
da sd thanh vien cdng xa va nd le. Qua trinh hinh thanh
va phat trien ciia nha nudc d cac qud'c gia cd dai phuong
Ddng khdng gidng nhau, nhung the che chung la che do
quan chti chi»yen che. trong dd vua la ngudi ndm mgi
quydn hanh va dirge cha truydn, con ndi.
Phirong Ddng cung hi cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai,
nai ma lan ddu tien con ngudi da biet sang tao ra chu
viet. van hoc. nghe thuat va nhidu tri thirc khoa hoc khdc.

1. Oi§u kien t u nhien vd %\S phdt tri§n kinh t§
Su xud't hien cdng cu bdng kim loai da bdo hidu su tan vd hoan toan cua chd'
do cdng xa thi tdc va la khdi ddu ciia thdi dai van minh - thdi dai con ngudi
12


san xudt ra ngay cdng nhieu ciia cai, biet xdy dung nhiing cdng trtnh kien true
do so, cd chu vie't, nghe thudt, khoa hgc vd van chuong.
Budc chuyen minh vT dai dd da dien ra dau tien d phuong Ddng, tren
lull vuc cua cac ddng sdng ldn nhu sdng Nin d Ai Cap ; O-pho-rat va
Ti-go-rd d Ludng Ha ; sdng An, sdng Hang d An Do ; Hoang Ha d Trung
Qud'c v.v... d day cd nhOrng dieu kien thien nhien het sdc thuan ldi cho
ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi. NhOrng ddng bang ven sdng rdng, da't dai phi
nhieu va mem xdp, d l canh tac, lugng mua deu dan phan bd theo mua,
cd khf hau am ndng (trU Trung Qud'c). Vao mua mua hang nam, nudc
sdng dang cao, phu len cac chan rudng tha'p mot Idp dat phu sa mau
md, thfch hgp cho viec gieo trdng cac loai cay lUdng thuc.

Do cd dieu kidn tu nhien thuan lgi nen khodng 3500 - 2000 nam TCK,

cu dan da tap trung khd ddng theo timg bd lac trdn cdc thdm ddt cao gan sdng.
Ddu tidn Id cu dan cd d Tay A va Ai Cap, rdi ddn lugt cu dan tren cdc km vuc
sdng cdn lai. Luc nay, hg da bie't sir dung ddng thau cimg vdi nhumg cdng cu
bdng dd, tre va gd.
Cu dan trdn luu vuc nhiimg ddng sdng ldn d chdu A va chau Phi sd'ng chii ye'u
bdng nghe ndng. Hg da bidt trdng mdi nam 2 vu lua.
Nhung de dat dugc didu dd, trudc tidn ngudi dan d day phdi lo xdy dung he
thd'ng thuy lgi, dap de ngan lii, dao kenh mdng ddn nudc... Cdng viec tri thuy
khie'n mgi ngudi lien ket, gdn bd vdi nhau trong td chiic cdng xa. Ngodi vide
"ld'y nghd ndng lam gd'c", cdc cu dan ndng nghiep cd nay cdn ke't hgp nudi gia
siic, lam dd gdm va det vai de ddp umg nhu cdu hdng ngdy ciia minh. Hg tien
hanh trao ddi san phdm giiia viing ndy vdi viing khdc. Dd la nhumg nganh kinh
td bd trg cho nghd ndng.

Taj sao xa hoi co giai cap va nha nud'c lai phat trien sd'm d luu
vu'c cac con song lo'n thuoc chau A va chau Phi 7
Hay neu Ccic nganh kinh te chinh o' khu vuc nay.

2. Su hinh t h d n h cdc quoc gia co dai
San xua't phdt tridn td't yeu ddn de'n sir phan hod xa hdi, xudt hien ke gidu,
ngudi ngheo, quy tdc vd binh dan ; trdn co sd dd, giai cap vd nha nudc da ra ddi.
13


Cdc qude gia cd dai phuong Ddng dugc hinh thdnh ttr rdt sdm. Tren luu vuc
sdng Nin, vao khoang giiia thidn nien ki IV TCN, cu dan Ai Cap cd dai da khd
ddng diic, sd'ng tap trung theo tumg cong xd.
De huy dong dugc nhieu nhan cdng lam thuy idi, cac cdng xa da tu ke't
hdp lai thanh cac lien minh cong xa, ggi la cac "Ndm". Khoang 3200
nam TCN, mot quy tdc cd the lUc da chinh phuc dUOc tat ca cac Ndm

va thanh lap nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nha't.

Hmh 2 - Tranh khdc tren tuong ham mo o Te-bo (Ai Cap) the ki XV TCN
6 luu vuc Ludng Ha, vao khoang thidn nien ki IV TCN, hang chuc nudc nhd
ciia ngudi Su-me da dugc binh thdnh. O An Do, nhtrng qud'c gia cd dai ddu tidn
da ra ddi tren luu vuc sdng An ttr khoang giira thidn nien ki III TCN.
Chd do cdng xa nguydn thuy d Trung Qud'c tan ra vao khoang cud'i thidn nien
ki III TCN. Vuong trieu nhd Ha dugc hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki XXI TCN
da md ddu cho xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc d Trung Qud'c.
Nhu the, cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng ddu da dugc hinh tJtdnh td khodng
thien nien ki IV - III TCN. Day la nhiing nha nudc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt
the gidi.
<.«'.

14

Cac quo'c gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong da ditdc hirJi thanh cr dau
va tit bao gid 7


3. Xd hdi cd dai phuong Odng
Nhu cdu ciia cdng tdc tri thuy cdc ddng sdng va xdy dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy
lgi da khie'n nhiing ngudi ndng dan d nhiimg viing nay gdn bd va rdng budc vdi
nhau trong khudn khd cua cdng xa ndng thdn. Cdc thanh vidn ciia cdng xa dugc
ggi la nong ddn cong xd.
Ndng dan cdng xa la bd phan ddng dao nha't, cd vai trd to ldn trong san xua't.
Hg nhdn rudng da't ciia cdng xa dd canh tdc, song phdi nop mdt phan san phdm
thu hoach dugc va lam khdng cdng cho quy tdc.
Trong qua trinh phdn hod xd hdi, dtrng dau giai cap thd'ng tri la nhiimg dng
vua chuyen che vd dgi ngu ddng dao quy tdc, quan lai, chii rudng dat va tdng

ldp tang lii. Dd Id tdng ldp cd nhidu ciia cdi vd quydn the, gitf chii'c vu tdn gido
hoac qudn If bg mdy nha nudc, dia phuong... Hg sd'ng gidu sang bdng sir bdc lot,
bdng lgc do nha nudc cap va do chiic vu dem lai.
No le la tdng ldp tha'p nhdt trong xd hdi. Hg cd ngudn gd'c la nhtrng tii binh
bi bat trong chien tranh hay nhtimg ndng dan ngheo khdng tra dugc ng. Hg
chuydn lam cdc viec nang nhgc vd hdu ha tdng ldp quy tdc.

Hay trinli bay vai h'o cua nong dan cong \a trong xii hgi co dai
ph Wong Dimg.

4. Ch§ do chuyen ch§ co dgi
Nhd su phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh te ndng nghiep, cac cu dan phuang Ddng da
sdm budc vdo xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc ngay ttr budi ddu ciia thdi dai dd
ddng. Ttr thidn nien ki IV den thien nien ki III TCN, xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha
nudc deu da dugc hinh thdnh d luu vuc sdng Nin, sdng Ti-go-ro va O-pho-rat, sdng
An, sdng Hdng va Hodng Ha.
Xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nudc dugc hinh thanh tir lien minh bd lac, tLi:c la
nhidu bd lac cd quan he than thudc vdi nhau, lien ket vdi nhau do nhu cdu tri
thuy va xay dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi. Nha nudc dugc lap ra dd dieu hanh va
qudn If xa hdi. Ca cdu bd mdy nhd nudc dd mang tfnh chat ciia mdt nhd nudc
chuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Diing ddu nha nudc la vua.

15


De cai tri ndng dan cdng xa va
nd ie, vua da dUa vao quy tdc
va tdn giao, bat moi ngUdi phai
phuc tiing. Vua tU coi minh la
ngudi dai dien cua than thanh

d dudi tran gian, ngudi chii tdi
cao cua da't nUdc, tU quye't
dinh moi chinh sach va cdng
viec. Vua trd thanh vua chuyen
che ma ngUdi Ai Cap ggi la
Pharadn (cai nha ldn), ngudi
Ludng Ha ggi la Enxi (ngUdi
dUng dau), Trung Qud'c ggi la
Thien tir (con Trdi)...

Hinh 3 Quach vang tac hinh vua Ai Cip
Tu-tan-kha-m6n (1361-1352 TCN)
Giiip viec cbo nha vua Id mdt bd mdy hanh chfnh quan lidu gdm toan quy tdc,
diing ddu la Vidia (Ai Cap) hoac Thira tudng (Trung Qud'c). Bg may nay lam cdc
viec thu thud, xay dung cdc cdng trtnh cdng cdng nhu den thap, cung dien,
dudng sd vd chi huy quan ddi. Nhu the', chd do nha nudc ciia xa hdi cd giai cap
ddu tidn d phuang Ddng, trong dd vua la ngudi diing ddu, cd quydn luc td'i cao,
goi la chd dd chuydn chd cd dai.

—
I — ——
- O cac nuoc phu'Ong Dong, vua co nhifng quyen gi 7
~ Tai sao goi che do nliii nu'dc phu'o'ng Dong la che do chuyen
che CO dai •'

5. Vdn hod cd dai phUdng ©ong
Su xuat hien xa hdi cd giai cap va nhd nudc khdng chi ddn den dp biic, bdc
lot, da'u tranh... ma cdn la mdt bieu bien cua thdi dai van minh, trong dd
con ngudi san xudt dugc c ia cai ddi dao hon trudc va sang tao trong ddi sd'ng
van hod tinh thdn.

16


a) Su ra ddi ciia Lich phdp vd Thien vdn hgc
Nhumg tri thiic Thidn van hgc va Lich phdp hgc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt d
cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng. Nd gdn lidn vdi nhu cdu san xud't ndng
nghiep. De cay cdy diing thdi vu, nhtimg ngudi ndng ddn ludn phai "trdng trdi,
trdng ddt". Dan ddn, hg biet den sir chuyen ddng ciia Mat Trdi, Mat Trang. Dd
la nhumg tri thu'c ddu tidn vd thien van. Ttr tri thiic dd, ngudi phuong Ddng sdng
tao ra lich. Vi vay, lich cua hg la nong lich, mdt nam cd 365 ngay dugc chia
thdnh 12 thdng.
Ddy cung la co sd dd ngudi ta tfnh chu ki thdi gian vd mua. Thdi gian dugc
tfnh bdng nam, thdng, tudn, ngay. Nam lai cd miia ; mtia mua Id miia nudc ldn,
mua khd Id mua nudc xud'ng, mua gieo trdng ddt bai. Thdi dd, con ngudi cdn
bie't do thdi gian bdng dnh sdng mat trdi vd tfnh dugc mdi ngay cd 24 gid.
Thien van hgc so khai va lich da ra ddi nhu the.
b) Chu viet
Sir phdt trien cua ddi sdng lam cho quan he ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi trd nen phong
phii va da dang ; ngudi ta cdn ghi chep vd luu giir nhiing gi da didn ra. Chtr viet ra
ddi bdt ngudn tu nhu cdu dd. Chir vidt Id mdt phat minh ldn ciia loai ngudi.
Cac cu dan phUdng Ddng la ngudi dau tien phat minh ra chd viet. Vao
khoang thien nien ki IV TCN, chU vie't da xuat hien d Ai Cap va
Ludng Ha.
Luc dau, chu viet chi la hinh ve nhOfng gl ma hg mudn ndi, sau dd hp
sang tao them nhuTig ki hieu bieu hien khai niem truU tUdng. ChU viet
theo each dd goi la chur tugng iiinii. Ngudi Trung Hoa xua ve f/fl de
chi ruong, ve ; ^ d e chi cay va ve ; ^ ^ de chi rung.
NgUdi Ai Cap xUa ve ^ ^
Mat Trdi...

de chi nha, ve i ^

chi mdm, ve ( ^ chi

Sau nay, ngudi ta each dieu hoa chUtUdng hinh thanh net va ghep cac
net theo quy udc de phan anh y nghT cua con ngudi mot each phong
phu hdn goi la chit tupng y. ChutUdng y chua tach khoi chutUdng hinh
ma thudng dUdc ghep vdi met thanh de phan anh tieng ndi, tieng goi
cd am sac, thanh dieu cua con ngudi.

Nguydn lieu dugc dung dd vidt cua ngudi Ai Cap la gidy lam bdng vd cay
papinit. Ngudi Su-me d Ludng Ha dung mdt loai cay say vdt nhgn lam btit vidt
ldn tren nhiing ta'm ddt set cdn udt rdi dem phoi ndng hoac nung khd. Ngudi
Trung Qud'c liic ddu khdc chu trdn xuang thii hoac mai rua, vd sau hg da bie't ket
hgp mdt sd net thanh chu va viet tren the tre hay tren lua.
2. LICH sir IOC - A

17


c) Todn hgc
Do nhu cdu tfnh todn lai dien tfch rudng dd't sau khi ngap nudc. tfnh toan
trong xay dung, ndn Toan hgc xuat hien rdt sdm d phuomg Ddng.
Liic dau, cU dan phUdng Ddng biet vie't chd sd tU 1 den 1 trieu bang
nhOng kl hieu ddn gian. Ngudi Ai Cap cd dai rat gioi ve hinh hgc. Hg tinh
dUdc sd Pi (71) bang 3,16 ; ti'nh dugc dien tich hinh trdn, hinh tam giac,
the tfch hinh cau v.v... Cdn ngudi Ludng Ha gioi ve sd hgc. Hp cd the
lam cac phep cdng, trU, nhan, chia cho tdi mot theu. ChU sd ma ta dung
ngay nay, quen gpi la chu sd A-rap, ke ca sd 0, la thanh tUu Idn do
ngUdi An Do tao nen.

Nhiing hidu bidt ve todn hgc cua ngudi xua da dd lai nhidu kinh nghiem quy,
chudn bi cho budc phdt trien cao horn d thdi sau.
d) Kien true
Trong ndn van minh cd dai
phuang Ddng, nghe thuat kidn
true phat trien rat phong phii.
Nhidu di tfch kie'n tnic each day
hang nghin nam vdn cdn luu lai
nhu Kim tu thap d Ai Cap,
nhiing khu ddn thap d An Do,
thdnh Ba-bi-lon d Ludng Hd ...
Nhung cdng trinh cd xua
nay la nhtrng ki tfch ve siic lao
dgng va tdi nang sdng tao ciia
con ngudi.

Hinh 4 - COng I-so-ta thanh Ba-bi-lon
6 Luona Ha
2. LjCH S U l O C . B


V{,'.'" f i ' f "

<^s^)mm^

!Đ!ô%ã l.Wằ

Hinh 5 - Kim tir thap a Ai Cap

Hay cho bie't nhimg

thanh tUii van hoa ldn ciia cac quoc gia

cd dai phu'o'ng Dong.

»AU HOI
/

1. Tai sao cu" dan tren lifu vUc cac ddng song Idn d chau A,
chau Phi c6 the sdm phat then thanh xa hgi c6 giai cap va
nha nudc ? Dac diem kinh te ciia cac viing nay la gi ?
2. Xa hgi cd dai phucing Dong gom nhu'ng tang I6p nao ? Hay
giai thich vi sao d day lai hinh thanh cac tang I6p xa hgi d6.
3. Em hieu the nao la che do chuyen che cd dai phUdng Dong ?
4. Cu dan phuang Dong thdi cd dai da c6 nhu'ng dong gdp gi
ve mat van hoa cho nhan loai ?
>

19


Bai^

CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI
PHUONG TAY - HI LAP VA RO-MA

Nam tren bd Bae Dia Trung Hai, Hi Lap va Rd-ma bao
gdm bdn dao va nhidu dao nhd. Dia Trung Hai gidng nhu
mgt cai ho rdt ldn, tao nen su giao thdng thuan lgi giira

cac nudc vdi nhau ; do dd. ttr rat sdm da cd nhirng hoat
dgng hang hai. ngu nghiep va thuang nghiep bidn. Tren
CO sd dd. Hi Lap va Rd-ma da phat trien cao ve kinii te
va xa hdi. lam co sd cho mdt ndn van boa rat rue rd.

1. Thien nhien vd ddi sdng cua con ngudi
Canh sdng, mii, bien d vung Dia Trung Hdi dep de, mudn mau. Khf hau
dm dp, trong lanh. Ban ddu, cdc bd lac ddu sd'ng trong cdc thung lung. O day,
nhirng day niii cao ttr luc dia chay ra bidn da ngan cdch thung liing nay vdi
thung lung khdc, tao thdnh nhting ddng bdng nhd hep. Phdn ldn ldnh thd la niii
va cao nguyen. Ddt canh tdc da ft lai khdng mdu md ldm, chii ydu Id ddt ven ddi,
khd va rdn. Do dd, ludi cudc, ludi cdy bdng ddng khdng cd tdc dung.
Khoang ddu thidn nien ki I TCN, cu ddn viing Dia Trung Hdi bdt ddu bidt che
tao cdng cu bdng sdt.
Nhd cdng cu bdng sat, dien tfch canh tdc tang ban, viec trdng trgt da cd ke't
qua. Thuc ra, chi d nhiing viing dd't mdm vd td't mdi cd the trdng liia (liia mi,
Ilia mach). Ddt dai d day thuan tien ban cho viec trdng cdc loai cay luu nien, cd
gid tri cao nhu : nho, d liu, cam, chanh... Con ngudi phdi gian khd khai phd timg
mdnh dd't, phai lao ddng khd nhgc mdi bao dam dugc mdt phdn luong thuc.
Vi the', cdc nudc nay vdn phdi mua lua mi, liia mach ciia ngudi Ai Cap, Tay A...
Nhidu thg gidi, kheo tay da xudt hien. Hg lam ra nhiimg san phdm ndi tie'ng
nhu dd gdm, vdi dii cdc loai binh, chum, bat bdng gdm trdng men trang trf boa
van cd mau sdc va hinh ve dep.
20


Da cd nhieu xUdng thu cdng chuyen san xuat mdt mat hang cd chat
lugng cao. Nhieu xUdng thu cdng cd quy md kha Idn : cd xUdng tU 10 15 ngudi lam, lai cd xUdng ldn sir dung tU 10 den 100 nhan cdng,
dac biet mo bae 6 At-tich cd tdi 2000 lao ddng.

Su phat tridn ciia thii cdng nghiep lam cho san xudt hang hod tang nhanh,
quan he thuang mai dugc md rdng. Ngudi Hi Lap va Rd-ma dem cdc sdn pTidm
ciia minh nhu rugu nho, ddu d liu, dd mi nghe, dd dung kim loai, dd gdm...
di bdn d mgi midn ven Dia Trung Hai. San phdm mua vd la lua mi, sue vat,
ldng thti ttr viing Hdc Hdi, Ai Cap..., to lua, huang lieu, xa xi phdm tir cdc nudc
phuong Ddng. Trong xa hdi chiem nd d viing nay, nd le la thii hang hod quan
trgng bdc nhdt. Nhidu noi nhu De-ld't, Pi-rd... trd thanh trung tam budn bdn nd
le ldn ciia the gidi cd dai.
Hang hoa dugc chuyen chd tren nhUng chiec thuyen Idn cd budm va
nhieu mai cheo cua cac nha budn giau. Mot chiec tau chd rUdu nho
cua Rd-ma dai tdi 40m, chUa dUdc 7000 den 8000 vd (tdc trpng tai tU
350 den 400 tan) bj dam tU thdi ay da dUdc cac nha khao cd hgc tim
tha'y vao nam 1967 d vung bien phfa nam nudc Phap.

Hinh 6 - Xuong che bien dau 6 liu 6 Nam I-ta-li-a (kho chum dung dau
duoc phat hien. co khoang 40 chum chiia gan 6000 lit dau an)

Hoat ddng thuong mai phdt dat da thiic ddy viec md rdng luu thdng tien te.
Cdc thi qud'c deu cd ddng tien rieng ciia minh. Ddng tidn Denariuxo ctia Rd-ma.
ddng tien cd hinh chim cii cua A-ten la nhumg ddng tien thudc loai cd nhat trdn
the gidi.
21


Nhu the, ndn kinh te ciia cdc nha nudc d viing Dja Trung Hdi phdt trien
mau le. Hi Lap va Rd-ma sdm trd thdnh cdc qud'c gia gidu manh.
^

Trinh iyav v nghra ciia viec xuat hien cdng cu bang sat doi vcfi
vang Dia Trung Hai.

2. Thj quo'c Ota Trung Hai
Ven bd Bdc Dia Trung Hai cd nhidu ddi niii chia cdt ddt dai thanh nhidu vting
nhd, khdng cd didu kien tap trung ddng dan cu d mdt noi.
Mat khdc, khi dan cu sd'ng thidn vd nghd budn va nghd thii cdng thi su tap
trung ddng diic lai khdng can thie't. Mdi vting, mdi mdm bdn dao Id giang son
ciia mdt bd lac. Khi xa hdi cd giai cd'p binh thanh thi ddy cung Id mdt nudc. Mdi
thdnh vien la cdng ddn ciia nudc minh. Nudc thi nhd, nghd budn lai phdt tridn
nen ddn cu sd'ng tap trung d thdnh thi. Phan chu ydu ciia mdt nudc la thdnh thi
vdi mdt viing ddt dai trdng trgt d xung quanh. Thanh thi cd phd xd, Idu ddi, den
thd. san van ddng, nha hat va quan trgng ban ca la cd ben cang. Cho nen, ngudi
ta cdn ggi nudc dd la thi qudc'-^^ (thdnh thi la qud'c gia).
Chang han, At-tich la mot mui dat nhd d Odng Nam Hi Lap ngay nay,
xua kia la mdt thi qud'c, cd dien tfch hdn 2000 km^, dan sd khoang
400000 ngudi, phan Idn sd'ng 6 thanh thj A-ten (nay la thu dd cua Hi Lap),
cd 3 hai cang, trong dd ldn nha't la cang Pi-re. Ngudi ta ggi A-ten la
thj qud'c, dai dien cho ca At-ti'ch.

Horn 30000 ngudi Id cdng ddn A-ten, cd tu cdch va cd quydn cdng dan^^).
Khoang 15000 kidu ddn (ddn nai khdc de'n ngu cu) dugc tu do sinh sd'ng, budn
bdn, ldm an, nhumg khdng cd quyen cdng dan. Chtmg ban 300000 nd le lao
ddng, phuc dich va khdng cd quydn gi cd, la tdi sdn rieng ciia mdi chii nd.
Uy the ciia quy tdc xuat than la bd lao ciia tbi tdc da bi ddnh bat. Quyen luc
xa hdi chuyen vdo tay cdc chii nd, chii xudng va nha budn. Day Id kd't qua ciia
mdt qua trinh ddu tranh gay go, quydt liet.
Thdng lgi quydt dinh cudc ddu tranh nay la sir hinh thanh mdt the che ddn
chil. Han 30 000 cdng dan hgp thdnh Dgi ligi cong ddn, bdu va cu ra cdc ca quan
nhd nudc, quyet dinh mgi cdng viec nha nudc.
(1) Truoc day goi la thanh hang.
(2) Vdi khoang hon 100000 ngudi niia, gom phu nu va tre em thuoc cac gia dinh cong dan.

22


Ngudi ta khdng chap nhan cd vua. Cd
50 phudng, mdi phudng cir 10 ngudi, lam
thdnh mdt Hgi dong 500, cd vai trd nhu
"qud'c hdi", thay mat dan quyet dinh cdng
viec trong nhiem ki 1 nam. 6 day, ngudi ta
bdu 10 vien chtrc didu hanh cdng viec (nhu
kieu mdt chfnh phu) vd cting cd nhiem ki
1 nam. Vien chiic cd the tdi cir ndu dugc
bdu. Hdng nam, mgi cdng dan hgp mdt ldn
d qudng trudng, nai ai cung dugc phdt bidu
va bieu quyd't nhiing viec ldn ciia qud'c gia.
The chd dan chii nhu thd da phdt tridn
cao nhd't d A-ten. Nai nao khdng cd kieu td
chiic trdn thi cung cd hinh thiic dai hdi
nhan ddn.
Hinh 7 - Pe-ri-clet
Thi qud'c cd dai la dd thi budn ban, lam
(495 ? - 429 TCN)
nghd thil cdng va sinh boat dan chii. Mdi
thanh thi la mdt nudc ridng. O dd, ngudi ta ban va quydt dinh nen budn ban vdi
nudc nao va loai.hang gi, dung ngdn quy vao viec gi, nen trg cap cho dan ngheo
bao nhieu ; cd bien phdp gi dd duy tri thd chd ddn chii va dac biet la cd chdp
nhan tidn hanh chien tranh hay khdng.

Ldnh thd ciia thi qud'c khdng rgng, nhung so dan lai ddng. Ddt trdng trgt d
day da ft, ma ngudi ta lai cang ft trdng liia, nhumg noi day cd didu kien tu nhidn
thuan lgi de phdt trien budn bdn. Do dd, cac thi qud'c ludn ludn giti quan he budn

bdn vdi nhau vd vdi cac viing xa. Nhd dd, cdc thi qud'c trd ndn rat giau cd.
Dac biet la A-ten, sau cudc chien tranh vdi Ba TU, trd thanh minh chu
cua cac qud'c gia Hi Lap, lai nam Uu the tren bien, quan If mdt ngan quy
rat Idn, cd thu nhap hang nam rat cao. A-ten da mien thue cho mpi cdng
dan va trg cap cho cac cdng dan ngheo du sdng.

Su giau cd ciia Hi Lap dua trdn ndn kinh td cdng thuang nghiep, sir dung lao
ddng nd le, lam cdc viec trdng, hdi nho, khai md, cheo thuyen va khudn vac...
khie'n cho su each biet giiia giau va ngheo, giiia chii nd va nd le ngay cang ldn.
O Rd-ma, su each biet ndy cdn ldn hom.
Nd le bi bdc lot va bi khinh re ndn thudmg phdn khdng chii nd. 6 Hi Lap. hinh
thiic phan khdng chii ye'u la trd ndi trong lao ddng va bd trdn, nhdt la khi cd
chie'n tranh. O Rd-ma thi hg ndi day khdi nghia chd'ng dd'i thuc su.
23