Phân tích chiến lược marketing mix dòng sản phẩm nước rửa tay on 1 của công ty cổ phần bột giặt LIX

 

Aồ O KCÊDC
UQƨộDF ėầO CỉK O KCÊDC ‛ JBQMNUODF
MCHB JBQMNUODF

ÂH KÂH UCỷK CÇDC DFCệ DFCOỀW 2
ėệ UÇO

WCÁD UÊKC KCOẴD IƨỡK JBQMNUODF JOS
EÑDF [ạD WCảJ DƨỜK QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB
KÕDF U_ Kổ WCẠD AồU FOẰU IOS
FPCE< Uc[. Urọdc Ucọ Cớdf Jodc
[PUC< Dfuyd Uc Ucu Ucy
Ip< KIKX23EJB72
J[[P< 2312772?63

Ucỗdc pc C Kcờ Jodc ‛ 1717

1


 

Aồ O KCÊDC
UQƨộDF ėầO CỉK O KCÊDC ‛ JBQMNUODF
MCHB JBQMNUODF

ÂH KÂH UCỷK CÇDC DFCệ DFCOỀW 2

ėệ UÇO

WCÁD UÊKC KCOẴD IƨỡK JBQMNUODF JOS
EÑDF [ạD WCảJ DƨỜK QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB
KÕDF U_ Kổ WCẠD AồU FOẰU IOS
FPCE< Uc[. Urọdc Ucọ Cớdf Jodc
[PUC< Dfuyd Uc Ucu Ucy
Ip< KIKX23EJB72
J[[P< 2312772?63

Ucỗdc pc C Kcờ Jodc ‛ 1717

2


 

IộO KạJ ƧD
IỚo ĒẦu toìd, nj xod fỪo iỚo kẫj Ƣd sáu sẨk ĒẸd Kõ Uc[. Urọdc Ucọ Cớdf
Jodc, dfƷỚo Ēë tẪd tédc cƷờdf eậd trhdf suỒt quâ trédc tcỲk cod Aõh kõh Uck cỗdc
dfc dfcop 2 kb nj. Kừ ở foỹp nj dc cdf kc , a kk aỗo dfcoỡd ku, sb
kcb do eudf vỗ trộdc aỗy aỗo jt kõkc mchb ck vỗ cou qu. Nj kdf xod kcỏd
tcỗdc kẫj Ƣd quú UcẦy, Kõ trhdf mchb Jbrmntodf, UrƷỚdf ėẢo ck Uỗo kcờdc
Jbrmntodf ở truyd t mod tck trhdf cbo dċj nj cỊk tẪp tẢo trƷỚdf. Pờo vỒd moẸd
tcữk k top tcu trhdf quõ trộdc ck mcừdf kc iỗ dd tdf kch quõ trộdc dfcoỡd ku
tỗo jỗ kủd iỗ cỗdc trbdf quỳ aõu nj vd edf vỗh kừdf vok sbu dỗy jt kõkc
vdf kck vỗ t tod. Pộ vy, tỗo Wcỏd
Wcỏd tờkc kcod ik Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox eñdf
sẫd pcắj dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2 kỦb kõdf ty K pcd At fot IOS
IOS iỗ s ỹk mt iỳ
iud vỗ tck tod, fob vd mod tck mchb ck jỗ nj ở k ck tp trhdf cbo dj

qub to Urdf o ck Uỗo Kcờdc - Jbrmntodf.
Ak u o vỗh tộj cou tck t, tộj cou v idc vk sâdf tẢh trhdf dfcoìd
kữu mchb cỊk, moẸd tcữk kỦb nj kủd cd kc vỗ kủd dcou a df. Eh vy, mcõdf
trâdc mcỈo dcỨdf tcoẸu sût, nj rẮt jhdf dcẪd ĒƷừk dcdf ỳ mod ỷdf fỷp quỳ aõu
kb fodf voỡd vỗ kõk ad ck kdf ip dỏdf kbh, chỗd tcod mod tck trhdf idc
vk dỗy.
[bu kdf, nj xod mờdc kcỹk quỳ Ucy, Kừ trhdf Mchb Jbrmntodf tct eo eỗh
sk mcn, iuừd tcỗdc kừdf trhdf s dfcop kdf dc trhdf kuk sdf vỗ iủdf dcot
cuyt top tk tck cod s jdc kbh p kb jộdc iỗ truyd t mod tck kch tc
c jbo sbu.
Nj xod kcỏd tcỗdc kj d!
UW. CKJ, dfỗy tcõdf dj 1717
[odc voỡd tck cod

Dfuyd Uc
Uc Ucu UcỦy
UcỦy

3


 

DCẩD SÏU KỠB FOạDF POÌD CƨỜDF EẬD
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UW. CKJ, Dfỗy tcõdf dj 1717
Fodf voỡd cƷờdf eậd

Uc[. Urọdc Ucọ Cớdf Jodc

4




JK IK
FOO UCO^ UầO
2. Iỳ eh kcd tỗo
1. JỮk toìu dfcoìd kữu
;. ėỒo tƷừdf dfcoìd kữu
5. WcẢj vo dfcoỡd ku
>. Wcdf pcõp dfcoỡd ku

0. Mt ku tỗo
KCDF 2< KƧ [Ổ IÚ I^ẩD Pệ CHầU ėồDF JBQMNUODF
2.2. UỞdf quõt v Jbrmntodf
2.2.2. Mcõo doj v Jbrmntodf
2.2.1. Dfuyỡd tk vỗ jỮk tu kỦb Jbrmntodf
2.2.;. Pbo trđ kỦb Jbrmntodf
2.2.5. Ruy trédc Jbrmntodf
2.1. UỞdf qubd vỂ Jbrmntodf - Jox
2.1.2.
2.1.
2. Mcâo doỆj vỂ Jbrmnt
Jbrmntodf
odf - Jox
Jox
2.1.1.
2.1.
1. Kõk tcỗdc
tcỗdc pcd
pcd kb
kb Jbrmnto
Jbrmntodf
df Jox
Jox
2.1.;.
2.1.
;. Kâk yẸu
yẸu tỒ ẫdc cƷỘdf
cƷỘdf kỦb
kỦb Jbrmnto
Jbrmntodf

df Jox
2.1.5.
2.1
.5. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iiƷừ
Ʒừkk sẫd
sẫd pcắj
pcắj
2.1.>.
2.1
.>. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iiƷừ
Ʒừkk Ēọdc
Ēọdc foâ
foâ
2.1.0.
2.1
.0. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iƷ
iƷừk
ừk pcád
pcád pcỒo
pcỒo
2.1.6. KcoẸd
2.1.6.
KcoẸd iƷ
iƷừk
ừk kcoìu
kcoìu tcọ
tcọ

KCƨƧDF 1< WCÁD UÊKC KCOẴD IƨỡK JBQMNUODF ‛ JOS ėỗO PỜO
[ạD WCảJ DƨỜK QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB KÕDF U_ Kổ WCẠD AồU FOẰU IOS
1.2. UỞdf qubd vỂ tcọ trƷỚdf dƷờk rỪb tby tẢo PoỆt Dbj
1.1. [Ƣ iƷừk vỂ Kõdf ty KỞ pcẦd Aởt foẶt IOS
1.1.2.
1.1.
2. Iọkc sỪ
sỪ cộdc tcỗd
tcỗdcc vỗ pcõt
pcõt tro
trod
d kừdf
kừdf ty
1.1.1.
1.1.
1. Uj dcộd,
dcộd, s jdc
jdc kb
kb kừdf
kừdf ty
ty
1.1.;.
1.1.
;. Foõ tr kt iỵo kb kừdf
kừdf ty
1.1.5.
1.1
.5. Ucỗdc
Ucỗdc t
tuu kb

kb kừdf
kừdf ty
ty
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1.;. Wcád têkc kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox kỦb kõdf ty ĒỒo vờo sẫd pcắj dƷờk
rỪb tby
1.;.2.
1.;
.2. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iiƷừ
Ʒừkk sẫd
sẫd pcắj
pcắj
1.;.1.
1.;
.1. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iƷừk
iƷừk foâ
1.;.;.
1.;
.;. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iƷ
iƷừk
ừk pcád
pcád pcỒo
pcỒo

1.;.5.
1.;
.5. KcoẸd
KcoẸd iƷ
iƷừk
ừk kcu
kcu tcọ
tcọ
KCƨƧDF ;< DCẩD SÏU, ėÂDC FÔ PÇ ėệ QB JồU [ỗ FOạO WCÂW
CHÇD UCOỀD KCOẴD IƨỡK JBQMNUODF ‛ JOS ėỗO PỜO [ạD WCảJ DƨỜK
QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB KÕDF U_ AồU FOẰU IOS
;.2. Jởt sỒ dcẪd xït vỂ kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox kỦb sẫd pcắj dƷờk rỪb
tby Hd2
;.1. Wcád têkc jõ cédc [VHU vỂ kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox kỦb kõdf ty Aởt
foẶt IOS
;.;. Jởt sỒ foẫo pcâp dcẲj chỗd tcod kcod ik Jbrmntodf Jox o vo sd
pcj dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2 kỦb kõdf ttyy
MẴU I^ẩD
UÇO IOỀ^ UCBJ MCạH

6


 

JụK IụK CÉDC
 Cédc 1-2< KƢ
KƢ kẮu tỞ kcữk
kcữk Kõdf ty KỞ pcẦd A
Aởt

ởt foẶt IOS 
IOS 
 Cédc 1-1< [Ƣ
[Ƣ Ēớ mìdc pcád pcỒo ; kẮp
 Cédc 1-;< [Ƣ
[Ƣ Ēớ mìdc pcád pcỒo 2 kp
Cộdc 1-5< KW @rnsc Jbrt kdf dcởd cỗdf Hd2 kb IOSKH t kck kcdf trộdc
Wc d iỗ yỡu tcdf, vờo dcoỂu Ʒu Ēëo cẮp eậd.
 Cédc 1->< Kâk dcád vẪt kcêdc trhdf snrons chẢt cédc DcỨdf FoỊt DƷờk Uodc Dfcọkc
 pcoìd aẫd 1E
1E  

7


 

JụK IụK AạDF
AạDF 2< AạDF FÔ DF [ạD WCảJ QứB UB_
AạDF 1< JÕ CÉDC [VHU KỠB EHBDC DFCOỀW

8




FOO UCO^ UầO
2. Iỳ eh kcd
kcd tỗ
tỗo<

o<
Urhdf sodc cht cỗdf dfỗy, jo dfo u pco eo kcuyd dcou, top xỹk
dcou, ỏy iỗ k co kõk vo mcud kỷ tc iỏy ibd vỗ pcõt trod dcbdc kcỷdf fỏy ẫdc
cƷỘdf ĒẸd sữk mcỈn kỦb kởdf Ēớdf. UỞ kcữk _ tẸ UcẸ foờo (VCH) Ēë mcuyẸd kâh
dfƷỚo ếd tcƷỚdf xud rb tby adf xỗ pcủdf sõt mcud vỗ pcủdf adc. Aỡd
kdcc ỷ, dj 172? trỡd thỗd
kd
thỗd ku ở x
xyy rb adf d o ekc
ekc KhvoeKhvoe-2?
2?.. o
o ekc
ekc
KHPOE-2? iỗ jt o ekc
ekcadc
adc truyd dcojvo
dcojvo tõk dcỏd iỗ vorus
vorus[BQ[-KhP-1,
[BQ[-KhP-1,
bdf eod rb trỡd pcj vo thỗd ku
ku.. Mco dfud vỗh kuo tcõdf 21 dċj 172? vờo táj
eọkc ĒẦu toìd ĒƷừk fco dcẪd to tcỗdc pc
pcP Cõdtcuk
Cõdtcuk jod Urudf Urudf Ruk,
Ruk, at
dfud t jt dcỷj dfo jk voỡj pcomcừdf
pcomcừdf rỵ dfuyỡd dcỏd. Kõk dcỗ mchb ck
Urudf Ruk ở tod cỗdc dfcoỡd ku
kuvỗ
vỗ pcỏd iẪp ĒƷừk jởt kcỦdf khrhdbvorus jờo,

khrhdbvorus jờo,
ĒƷừk UỞ kcữk _ tẸ UcẸ fooiỹk
fooiỹk ỷ tj tco fo iỗ 172?-dKhP
172?-dKhP,, kỷ trộdc t fnd
fnd foỒdf
 foỒdf
vờo [BQ[-KhP
[BQ[-KhP trƷờk
 trƷờk Ēáy vờo jữk tƷƢdf Ēớdf iìd tờo 6?,>%. Dfỗy 22 tcõdf ; dj
1717, U kck _ t Uc foo(
foo(VCH
VCH)) rb tuyỡd a fo "KHPOE-2?
" KHPOE-2?"" iỗ "o ekc thỗd
pckõk quk fob trỡd tc foo ở tod cỗdc pcd ữdf Ēâp trẫ dcẲj aẫh
kẦu".  Kcêdc pcỦ kâk
vỆ sữk mcỈn dfƷỚo
mcỈn dfƷỚo eád kdf dc kõk dcỷj kdf df trỡd thỗd ku, abh fớj< cẢd
kcẸ Ēo iẢo,
iẢo, pchdf tỈb moịj eọkc
eọkc,, abd aỒ tédc trdf mcd kp
kp,, s edf idc foo
dfcoỡj,, tod cỗdc kõkc iy xë cởo
dfcoìj
cởo,, cỦy aỈ kâk sỲ moỆd Ēõdf dfƷỚo, ỷdf kb trdf
ck vỗ dcdf k s ekc v,
v, modc ehbdc êt
ehbdc êt qubd trỊdf, mcuyẸd mcêkc dfƷỚo eád tỲ
dádf kbh ú tcữk pcđdf aỆdc, tcƷỚdf xud rỪb tby sât mcuắd, Ēnh mcu trbdf, cd kc
rb dfhỗo mco mcừdf kd tcot, df tcỚo kcuyịd ĒỞo jõ cédc chẢt Ēởdf modc ehbdc,
cỊk tẪp, iỗj vok t truyd tcdf sbdf trk tuyd

tuyd..
Kcờdc vộ iỳ eh Ēû, Ēị Ēâp ữdf kẮp aâkc dcu kẦu vỆ sodc tby tcƷỚdf xuyìd trhdf
tcỚo Ēoịj eọkc aỆdc Khvoe -2? bdf eod rb dỷo roỡdf vỗ trhdf sodc cht cỗdf dfỗy
dỷo kcudf, Kừdf ty KW At fot Iox (IOSKH) kch rb jẨt eñdf sẫd pcắj dƷờk rỪb tby
fớj kâk ihẢo< dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2, eudf eọkc rỪb tby mcõ Hd2 vỗ fni rb tby mcừ Hd2
dcj c tr dfo eỏd PoỆt Dbj trhdf quâ trédc pcñdf eọkc aỆdc. Kâk eñdf sẫd
 pcắj rỪb tby Hd2 kcữb kâk dfuyìd ioỆu kû mcẫ ddf skc mcud kbh, c tr fo j
vỗ edf eb jỂj jẢo. [ẫd pcắj ĒƷừk sẫd xuẮt tcnh dcoỂu eẢdf< edf dk rb th
xỗ pcủdf foỹp eot vo mcud tt, eẢdf eudf eọkc cỖ trừ kẦd tcoẸt jỊo iük jỊo dƢo,
9




edf fni j k vỗ tot moj cd. Py IOSKH ở tcỗdc kừdf dc tc dỗh trhdf vok
tck cod kcod iƷừk Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox kch eñdf sẫd pcắj dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2 dcẲj
dádf kbh ú tcữk kỦb dfƷỚo eád vỂ vok ah v ad tcỏd trhdf o ekc thỗd ku dỗy.
ỷ kdf iỗ iỳ eh nj kcd tỗo< Wcỏd têkc kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf ‛ Jox eñdf sẫd
 pcắj dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2 kỦb Kõdf ty KỞ pcẦd Aởt foẶt IOS (IOSKH). U ỷ rỹt rb
jt s aỗo ck modc dfcoj kch aẫd tcád, coịu sáu cƢd vỂ kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf Jox, ĒỂ rb jởt sỒ foẫo pcâp pcÿ cừp tcük Ēắy sỲ pcât troịd kỦb sẫd pcắj.
1. JỮk
JỮk toì
toìu
u dfc
dfcoì
oìd
d kku
u
Aỗo dfcoỡd ku kỷ ; jk toỡu kcờdc< C tcdf cûb moẸd tcữk Ēë cỊk vỂ
Jbrmntodf, kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf Jox dcẲj tẢh kƢ sỘ iú iuẪd Ēị toẸd ĒẸd pcád têkc

tcỲk trẢdf kcoẸd iƷừk 5W sẫd pcắj kỦb kõdf ty. Kuo kdf iỗ dcd xùt, b rb kõk foo
pcõp chỗd tcoỆd kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf Jox sẫd pcắj fni rỪb tby mcõ Hd2 kỦb Kõdf
ty KỞ pcẦd Aởt foẶt IOS.
;. ėỒo
ėỒo tƷ
tƷừd
ừdff df
dfco
cd
ìd kữu
kữu<<
KcoẸd
Kco
Ẹd iƷừk Jbr
Jbrmnt
mntodf
odf - Jox df
df sẫd pcắ
pcắj
j dƷờk
dƷờk rỪb tby Hd2 kỦb kõdf ty
IOSKH.
5. WcẢj
WcẢj vo dfco
dfcoìd
ìd kữu<
kữu<
Kâk kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf Jox tử kuỒo 172? ĒẸd dby.
>. Wc
Wcdf

df pcõ
pcõp
p dfco
dfcoỡd
ỡd kku
u
- Dfcoỡd
Dfcoỡd ku to aỗd< Uộj
Uộj cou v tộdc cộdc tc
tc trd
trdf,
f, dfỗdc vỗ kừdf
kừdf ty tcừdf
qub kâk eỨ ioỆu tcữ kẮp tử dfuớd tcõdf tod trìd Odtnrdnt, sõkc, aõh.
0. Mt
Mt k
ku
u tỗo
tỗo
- KCDF
KCDF 2< K [Ổ IÚ I^ẩD
I^ẩD Pệ CHầU
CHầU ėồDF
ėồDF JBQMNU
JBQMNUODF.
ODF.
- KCƨƧD
KCƨƧDF
F 1< WCÁD
WCÁD UÊKC KCOẴD

KCOẴD IƨỡK
IƨỡK JBQMN
JBQMNUOD
UODF
F ‛ JOS ėỗO
ėỗO PỜO
PỜO
[ạD WCảJ DƨỜK QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB KÕDF U_ Kổ WCẠD AồU FOẰU IOS.
KCƨƧDF ;< DCẩD SÏU, ėÂDC FÔ PÇ ėệ QB JồU [ỗ FOạO WCÂW
 DCặJ CHÇD
CHÇD UCOỀD KCOẴD IƨỡK
IƨỡK JBQMNU
JBQMNUODF
ODF ‛ JOS ėỗO PỜO [ạD WCảJ
 DƨỜK QứB UB_ HD2 KỠB KÕDF U_ AồU FOẰU
FOẰU IOS.

10


 

KCƨƧDF 2< KƧ [Ổ IÚ I^ẩD Pệ CHầU ėồDF JBQMNUODF
2.2

UỞdf quât vỂ Jbrmntodf<
2.2.
2.2.2.
2. Mcâo
Mcâo do

doỆj
Ệj vỂ
vỂ J
Jbr
brmn
mnto
todf
df<<
Kû dcoỂu kâkc Ēọdc dfcb Jbrmntodf mcõk dcbu. Jbrmntodf iỗ quõ trộdc t kck

ik idf aõd cỗdf dcj aõd k dcdf cỗdf cỷb eh kừdf ty sd xut rb.
Jbrmntodf iỗ quõ trộdc qudf kõh vỗ aõd cỗdf. Jbrmntodf iỗ quõ trộdc tộj cou vỗ
tcb jởd dcu ku kb tc trdf. Cby Jbrmntodf iỗ iỗj tcọ trƷỚdf, dfcoìd kữu tcọ
trƷỚdf Ēị tcỈb jëd dû. Kůdf kỷ tc cou rdf Jbrmntodf iỗ kõk k kc modc t vỗ xở
co jỗ kõk t kck vỗ kõ dcỏd s edf dcj tcb jởd dcu ku vỗ jhdf jud kỦb
jédc tcõdf qub quy trédc trbh ĒỞo sẫd pcắj trìd tc trdf.
Eo ỏy iỗ jt s dc dfcb Jbrmntodf jỗ kõk t kck, cop co vỗ kõk dcỗ
dfcoỡd ku v Jbrmntodf trỡd tc foo kcp dcd vỗ s edf pc aod.
Jbrmntodf iỗ jt quõ trộdc xở co jỗ trhdf ỷ dcỨdf kâ dcád cby dcûj tỞ
kcữk kû tcị dcẪd ĒƷừk dcdf tc jỗ c kd tcừdf qub vok th rb vỗ trbh o t eh
dcdf sd pcj, ekc v kỷ foõ tr vo dfo mcõk.
Ucnh Wcoiop Mhtinr
Jbrmntodf iỗ quõ trộdc chkc dc vỗ qud iỳ tck cod vok õdc foõ, kcoỡu
tc vỗ pcỏd pco kõk ỳ tdf, cỗdf cỷb, ekc vỮ dcẲj jỮk Ēêkc tẢh rb kâk fobh eọkc
Ēị tcỈb jởd jk toỡu kb kõ dcỏd vỗ t kck.
Ucnh Cop co Jbrmntodf Chb M
(Ucn Bjnrokbd Jbrmntodf Bsshkobtohd BJB)
Jbrmntodf iỗ jt cht df tdf cp jỗ qub ỷ kõk ehbdc dfcoỆp cby tỞ
kcữk mcâk ‛ kû tẦj dcéd kcoẸd iƷừk vỗ tcu cou mcõkc cỗdf s th rb tc trdf kch
jédc aẲdf pcƷƢdf tcữk kẢdc trbdc kõdf aẲdf‚.

Ucnh CoỆp cởo Jbrmntodf DcẪt Aẫd
(Ucn Lbdpbd Jbrmntodf Bsshkobdtohd ‛ LJB)
Kcüdf tb kůdf kỷ tc cou rdf Jbrmntodf iỗ kõk k kc modc t vỗ xở co jỗ
kõk t kck vỗ kõ dcỏd s edf dcj tcb jởd dcu ku vỗ jhdf jud kỦb jédc
tcõdf qub quy trédc trbh ĒỞo sẫd pcắj trìd tc trdf. Mcõo doj dỗy kb jbrmntodf
eb trỡd dcdf mcõo doj kt iỵo< dcu ku, jhdf jud vỗ yỡu ku, sẫd pcắj, foâ trọ,
11




kco pcờ, s cỗo iủdf, trbh o, fobh ekc vỗ kõk jo qubd c, tc trdf, jbrmntodf vỗ
dcdf dfo iỗj jbrmntodf.
2.2.1.
2.2.
1. Dfuyỡd
Dfuyỡd tk vỗ
vỗ jk to
toỡu
ỡu kb Jbrmnto
Jbrmntodf<
df<
2.2.
2.2.1.
1.22.

Dfuy
Dfuyỡd
ỡd tk
tk kkb

b Jbm
Jbmnt
ntod
odf<
f<

Dfuyỡd tk kcd
kcd ik<
ikiỗ dfuyỡd tk jbdf tờdc kc h trhdf jbrmntodf. Ehbdc
dfcop kd xõk dc tc trdf dỗh jộdc s cdf vỗh modc ehbdc kc mcừdf pco
xõk thỗd a tc trdf.
Dfuyỡd tk tp trudftrudfdỖ iỲk Ēâp ữdf tcọ trƷỚdf jỮk toỡu ở kcd.
Dfuyỡd tk foõ tr mcõkc cỗdfcỗdftrhdf tc trdf jk toỡu mco dû kû tcị tcỈb jëd dcu kẦu kỦb mcâkc cỗdf k v kck
ddf kdf dc kj xỹk, dfcb iỗ mcõkc cỗdf kj dcd k foõ tr jỗ sd
pcj/ekc v kudf kẮp
kẮp kch cỊ (K
(Kbh
bh chẶk tỒt cƢd ĒỒo tcỦ
tcỦ kẢdc trbdc).
trbdc).
 Dfuyìd tẨk iừo tcẸ mcâk
mcâk aoỆt cby eọ aoỆt<
aoỆt< ĒẶt
 ĒẶt dd jỷdf kch jbrmntodf. Dỷo d
jbrmntodf iỗ dỷo d s mcõk aot cỷb. [ mcõk aot iỗj kch mcõkc cỗdf kỷ d tdf

vỗ kcỹ ỳ sd pcj kb jộdc sh vờo dfƷỚo mcâk.
 Dfuyìd tẨk pcỒo cừp<
cừp< dûo
 dûo iìd kâkc tcữk tcỲk coỆd jbrmntodf Ēị ĒẢt ĒƷừk
dcỨdf dfuyìd tẨk Ēë dìu. Jbrmntodf mcừdf pco iỗ kừdf vok roỡdf kb a pcd
jbrmntodf jỗ iỗ kừdf vok kb tt k kõk tcỗdc voỡd trhdf t kck, kdf dcbu th
rb mcõkc cỗdf tcừdf qub vok th rb foõ tr chỗd ch kch c.
Dfuyỡd tk quâ trédc< [Ỳ tcby ĒỞo dcbdc kcûdf kỦb jõo trƷỚdf jbrmntodf vỗ
mcõkc cỗdf jk toỡu (dcu ku, qubd oj, dcd tck v foõ tr) s iỗj kch dcdf io
tc cod tẢo kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp mcû aỂd vỨdf. Ucọ trƷỚdf iuõd aoẸd Ēởdf, dcỨdf fé tẢh
dìd fô trọ kbh kch mcâkc cỗdf cừj dby kỷ tc s tcby o trhdf dfỗy jbo. Pộ vy,
pco xõk dc
dc jbrmntodf
jbrmntodf iỗ jt quõ
quõ trộdc kc
kc mcừdf pco iỗ jt aod k cby
cby s mod.
mod.
2.2.
2.2.1.
1.11.

Jk
Jk toìu
toìu kỦb
kỦb Jbr
Jbrmn
mnto
todf
df<<

UỒo Ēb cûb jữk Ēở toìu eÿdf (Jbxojozn Khdsujptohd)<
Khdsujptohd) < Pok xõk ip jk toỡu
dỗy kb jbrmntodf eb trỡd 2 fo dc iỗ mco khd dfo kỗdf jub sj vỗ toỡu edf
dcou cd tcộ c kỗdf tcy cdc pcỹk cd. Dcdf dfo iỗj jbrmntodf kch rdf
jbrmntodf th ou mod e eỗdf vỗ mờkc tcờkc toỡu edf to b dcỚ Ēû sẺ tcük Ēắy sẫd
xuẮt, tẢh rb dcoỂu kõdf d vok iỗj vỗ nj io s tcdc vdf to Ēb.
12


 

UỒo Ēb cûb sỲ tcỈb jëd kỦb dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf (Jbxojozn Khdsujnr [btos`bktohd)<
Ucnh qubd Ēoịj jbrmntodf, ehbdc dfcoỆp kcỏ kû tc tcỗdc t kõk jk toỡu modc
ehbdc kb jộdc eb trìd dcỨdf dỖ iỲk dcẲj fob tċdf sỲ tcỈb jëd kb mcõkc cỗdf.
Po dfud ik foo cd, jo ehbdc dfcop trhdf quâ trédc modc ehbdc pcẫo kỒ fẨdf
sỪ eỮdf cừp iú Ēị Ēâp ữdf yìu kẦu kỦb kâk dcûj iừo ờkc mcõk dcbu vỗ vok fob tdf
s tcb jởd kb dcỷj dfo dỗy kỷ tc iỗj pcdf co d io êkc kỦb dcûj dfƷỚo
mcâk.
UỒo Ēb cûb sỲ iỲb kcỊd kỦb dfo toỡu edf (Jbxojozn Kchokn)< Jk toỡu dỗy
k b rb dcj fob tdf s b edf kb sd pcj vỗ mc ddf ib kcd kb dfo
jub vo cỗj ỳ rdf dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf kû dcoỂu mcẫ dċdf cƢd Ēị iỲb kcd, eh ỷ c kỷ
tc tộj jub ỹdf iho cỗdf dỗh tcb jởd k k jud kb c, iỗj kch c kj
tcy cỗo iủdf dct.
Uo b cỷb kct idf kuk sdf (Jbxojozn
(Jbxojozn Io`n Rubioty)<
Rubioty)kct idf kuk sdf
iỗ jt toỡu kcud mch Ēh iƷỚdf, aọ kco pcỒo aỘo sỒ iƷừdf, kcẮt idf, s sd kỷ vỗ foõ
k sd pcj kdf dc kct idf kb mcudf kdc vd cỷb vỗ jừo trdf tỲ dcoìd

trhdf Ēû dfƷỚo tb toìu eÿdf sẫd pcắj.
Mco chẢkc dc kcod ik jbrmntodf, kõk jk toỡu dỗy s k tc cod tcỗdc
kõk jk toỡu k tc cd< tdf ehbdc sỒ aâd, Ēb ĒẢdf cûb sẫd pcắj, eậd ĒẦu kcẮt
iƷừdf sẫd pcắj, tċdf tcọ pcẦd,…
2.2.;.
2.2
.;. Pbo
Pbo trñ kỦ
kỦbb Jbrmnt
Jbrmntodf
odf<<
ėỒo vờo ehbdc dfcoỆp, Jbrmntodf foüp kch ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị tớd to iỏu eỗo
vỗ vdf kck trỡd tc trdf eh dỷ kudf kẮp mcẫ dċdf tcêkc ữdf vờo dcỨdf tcby ĒỞo
kỦb tc trdf vỗ jừo trdf aỡd dfhỗo. Jbrmntodf th rb sỲ mẸt dỒo kâk chẢt Ēởdf sẫd
xuẮt kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp vờo tcọ trƷỚdf trhdf tẮt kẫ kâk fobo ĒhẢd kỦb quâ trédc tâo sẫd
xuẮt. Aìd kẢdc Ēû, Jbrmntodf foüp sâdf th rb dcou iho vỗ kcdf iho cỗdf cỷb kỷ
tc tcb jởd dcu ku vỗ jhdf jud kb tdf dcỷj mcõkc cỗdf, tdf mcõkc cỗdf.
Jbrmntodf dfcoỡd ku xõk dc dcu ku vỗ jhdf jud kb dfo toỡu edf v sd
pcj vo cộdc tck vỗ k tờdc k tc dc cƷờdf kch dcỨdf dfƷỚo iẪp mẸ chẢkc
sẫd xuẮt tcỲk coỆd. UẢh rb têdc cỨu êkc vỂ tcõdf tod aẲdf voỆk kudf kp tcừdf tod kch
mcõkc cỗdf qub kõk tcừdf op qudf kõh, tcừdf op kb dfo aõd cỗdf. Dfhỗo rb,
mco kcỹdf tb xnj xùt thỗd a cht df jbrmntodf kb kõk ehbdc dfcop k aot iỗ
13




mco kõk cht df vd to vỗ pcỏd pco tb tcy rdf cou qu kb c tcdf b cỗdf
cỷb t tử dfƷỚo sẫd xuẮt ĒẸd dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf kû tcị ẫdc cƷỘdf iờd ĒẸd vẮd ĒỂ pcük
iừo xë cởo.

2.2.5.
2.2
.5. Ruy trộd
trộdc
c Jbrmnt
Jbrmntodf
odf<<
Jbmntodf iy mcõkc cỗdf iỗj trudf tỏj, ad kct kb jbrmntodf iỗ tcb jởd
to b dcu ku kb mcõkc cỗdf, jud tck cod ou dỗy quõ trộdc jbrmntodf trhdf
ehbdc dfcoỆp pcẫo tcỲk coỆd > fobo ĒhẢd<
Q↑ [UW ↑ JJ ↑ O ↑ K
Q (Qnbsnbrkc)< 
(Qnbsnbrkc)<  Dfcoìd kữu tcõdf tod Jbrmntodf< iỗ quõ trộdc mco u
kch cht df Jbrmntodf kb ehbdc dfcop. ỏy iỗ quõ trộdc dfcoỡd ku tc trdf
dc tcu tcp tcừdf tod- s iou, x iờ vỗ pcỏd tờkc tcõdf tod jbrmntodf dcẲj, téj moẸj
kƢ cởo modc ehbdc tử tc trdf,tộj cou dcu ku, cỗdc vo kb mcõkc cỗdf, jõo trƷỚdf
modc ehbdc… tử Ēû tẢh kƢ sỘ Ēị tcỲk coỡd kcod ik pc cp vỗh tc trdf.
[UW ([nfjndtbtohd, Ubrfntodf, Whsotohdodf) KcoẸd
Whsotohdodf) KcoẸd iƷừk [-U-W< [bu mco Ēë
kû dcỨdf tcõdf tod tcọ trdf tb tod cỗdc pcỏd mcỹk tc trdf ([nfjndtbtohd)
tcnh dcdf toìu tcữk dcƷ dcád mcắu cỊk, pchdf kâkc iỒo sỒdf, cỗdc vo toỡu edf
[bu mco
mco ở kỷ dcdf mcỹk tc trdf rỵ rỗdf
rỗdf kkõk
õk dcỗ Jbrmntodf tod cỗdc kcd tcọ
trƷỚdf jỮk toìu
toìu (Ubrfntodf) pcÿ
pcÿ cừp vờo dċd
dċdff iỲk kỦb ehbdc dfc
dfcop.

op. Kuo kdf
kdf iỗ
dc v sd pcj (Whsotohdodf) kb jédc Ēị tẢh sỲ mcâk aoẸt vờo kâk sẫd pcắj kdc
trbdc mcõk trỡd tc trdf vỗ mcõkc cỗdf kỷ tcị dcẪd aoẸt ĒƷừk iừo êkc tcnd kcỒt tử
sẫd pcắj.
JJ (Jbrmntodf jox) KcoẸd
jox) KcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf jox< [bu mco Ēë Ēọdc vọ sd pcj
vỗh tc trdf jk toỡu kõk Ehbdc dfcop top tỮk xáy eỲdf kcoẸd iƷừk
Jbrmntodf tỞdf cừp, tcnh 5 kcoẸd iƷừk kƢ aẫd sbu< [ẫd pcắj, Foâ kẫ , Wcád pco,
Kcoỡu tc. Jbrmntodf jox cby kủd fo iỗ Jbrmntodf cd cừp kcỏ tẪp cừp kâk kõdf kỮ
toẸp tcọ ĒƷừk ehbdc dfcoỆp sỪ eỮdf Ēị ĒẢt ĒƷừk jỮk toìu toẸp tcọ trỡd tc trdf.
Ucut df dỗy k s edf id u toỡd vỗh dj 2?>; ao Dnoi Ahrend, iỗ kc tkc
kb coỆp cởo Jbrmntodf Chb Mỻ iẮy ú tƷỘdf kõdf tcữk tcỡj jt ak db vỗ t rb
tcut df Jbrmntodf cd cừp.
O (Ojpinjndtbtohd)
(Ojpinjndtbtohd)   Uroịd mcbo tcỲk coỆd kcoẸd iƷừk Jbrmntodf< ėáy iỗ quõ
trộdc b dcdf kcod ik ở xỏy edf vỗh trhdf kcờdc ehbdc dfcop.Uk iỗ ehbdc
14


 

dfcoỆp aẨt ĒẦu xáy kâk kcoẸd tcuẪt - kcƷƢdf trédc cỗdc df k tc, a trờ vt ik-tỗo
ik, ioỡd c dfuớd dfuyìd ioỆu,…DcẲj kỮ tcị cûb kcoẸd iƷừk tcnh jỮk tu Ēë ĒƷừk
ĒỂ rb.
K (khdtrhi) Moịj
(khdtrhi) Moịj trb, Ēâdc fô< AƷờk kuỒo kdf iỗ tdf cp mt qu t k.
Ucu tcp tcừdf tod pcẫd cớo tử tcọ trƷỚdf, sh sâdc ĒỒo kcoẸu vo jk toỡu, dcoj v
rb xnj kỷ chỗd tcỗdc cby mcõdf. Uử Ēû pcád têkc dfuyìd dcád tcẮt aẢo, oj
jdc oj yu kb kcod ik Jbrmntodf vỗ rỹt rb aỗo ck modc dfcoj kch kõk kcod

ik sbu. Aỡd kdc Ēû kõdf tâk moịj trb kñd foüp Ehbdc dfcoỆp aoẸt cỊ Ēë Ēo Ēüdf
cƷờdf kcƷb
kcƷb cby Ēo iỆkc jỮk ttoìu,
oìu, tử Ēû
Ēû ĒỂ rb dc
dcỨdf
Ứdf aoỆd pcâp kỮ tcị
tcị Ēị ĒoỂu
ĒoỂu kcỏdc
chẢt Ēởdf tcnh jỮk toìu ĒỂ rb.
2.1 Kâk
Kâk yẸu ttỒỒ ẫdc cƷỘd
cƷỘdff ĒẸd kcoẸ
kcoẸd
d iƷừk
iƷừk Jbrmn
Jbrmntod
todff - Jox<
Jox<
2.1.2.
2.1.
2. Jõo trƷỚd
trƷỚdff vį jõ trhdf
trhdf jbrmntod
jbrmntodf<
f<
Jõo trƷỚdf vċd cûb xë cởo< ChẢt
cởo< Cht df Jbrmntodf eo cộdc tck dỗy cby cộdc
tck mcõk u trhdf pcj vo xở co vỗ tdf xở co io kỷ jt dd vd cỷb cdf ed
kuk sdf cỗdf dfỗy kb dỷ. Pd cỷb iỗ tt k jo tc fd iod vo xu tc cỗdc vo k

ad kb khd dfƷỚo tử iük ĒƷừk sodc rb, iờd iìd… DcỨdf yẸu tỒ kỦb jõo trƷỚdf vċd
cûb pcád têkc Ộ Ēáy kcỏ tp trudf vỗh c tcdf foõ tr, qubd doj v doj tod, truyd
tcdf vỗ kõk kcud jk cỗdc vo, ỏy iỗ kõk yu t kỷ dc cdf d vok cộdc tcỗdc
vỗ k oj kb tc trdf toỡu tc. Mco pcỏd têkc jõo trƷỚdf vċd cûb kch pcïp
ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị coịu aoẸt Ộ dcỨdf jữk Ēở mcâk dcbu vỂ ĒỒo tƷừdf pcỮk vỮ kỦb
jédc.
Jõo trƷỚdf kcêdc trọ, pcâp iuẪt< Jõo trƷỚdf kcêdc trọ abh fớj kâk ĒƷỚdf iỒo,
kcêdc sâkc kỦb kcêdc pcỦ, kẮu trük kcêdc trọ, cỆ tcỒdf quẫd iú cỗdc kcờdc vỗ jừo
trdf iut pcõp abh fj kõk a iut vỗ s tc cod kb kõk quy dc, kỷ tcị kẫd trỘ 
chẶk tẢh ĒoỂu moỆd tcuẪd iừo kch kâk cht df Jbrmntodf. Kõk yu t tcuk jừo
trdf dỗy kco pco jdc j s cộdc tcỗdc k co tcdf jo vỗ mc ddf tck cod
jk toỡu kb at m ehbdc dfcop dỗh. Wcỏd tờkc jừo trdf kcờdc tr, pcõp iut foüp
ehbdc dfcoỆp tcêkc ữdf tỒt cƢd vờo dcỨdf tcby ĒỞo kû iừo chẶk aẮt iừo kỦb ĒoỂu moỆd
kcêdc trọ kůdf dc jk chỗd tcod vỗ tck tco pcõp iut trhdf dd modc t.
Jừo trdf modc t vỗ kừdf dfc< ạdc cƷỘdf kỦb kâk yẸu tỒ tcuởk jõo trƷỚdf
modc tẸ vỗ kừdf dfc d cht df modc ehbdc kb ehbdc dfcop iỗ rt id. Kõk yu
15




t tcuk jừo trdf dỗy quy dc kõkc tck ehbdc dfcop vỗ thỗd a dd modc t
trhdf vok s edf toj ddf kb jộdc vỗ qub ỷ kdf th rb kƢ cởo modc ehbdc kch
tửdf ehbdc dfcoỆp. Su cƷờdf vẪd df vỗ at k s tcby o dỗh kb kõk yu t
tcuk jừo trdf dỗy u th rb chk tcu cếp kƢ cởo modc ehbdc kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp Ộ 
dcỨdf jữk mcõk dcbu vỗ tcj kcờ ed d yỡu ku tcby ĒỞo jỮk toìu kcoẸd iƷừk
modc ehbdc kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp.
Jõo trdf kdc trbdc< Kdc trbdc k xõk dc iỗ df iỲk tcük Ēắy sỲ pcât
troịd kỦb dỂd modc tẸ tcọ trdf vo dfuyỡd tk bo chỗd tcod cd, tch jởd dcu ku
tt cd vỗ cou qu cd dfo ỷ s tcdf, s td to vỗ pcõt trod. Urhdf ou mod

kdc trbdc dfỗy kỗdf fby ft cd auk kõk ehbdc dfcop pcẫo vƷƢd iìd vƷừt qub ĒỒo
tcỦ kỦb jédc. ėoỂu moỆd kdc trbdc vỗ kõk tcỗdc pcd tcbj fob vỗh quâ trédc chẢt
Ēởdf modc ehbdc Ēị vƷừt iìd pcêb trƷờk tẢh rb jõo trƷỚdf kẢdc trbdc trhdf dìd modc
tẸ. Kâk ehbdc dfcoỆp kẦd xâk Ēọdc kch jédc jởt kcoẸd iƷừk kdc trbdc chỗd ch,
kcod ik kdc trbdc kd pcd õdc ĒƷừk kâk yẸu tỒ ẫdc cƷỘdf kỦb jõo trƷỚdf kẢdc
trbdc abh qubdc ehbdc dfcoỆp.
Jõo trƷỚdf Ēọb iú, sodc tcâo< Ucbj fob vỗh quõ trộdc xõk dc k co vỗ mc
ddf mcbo tcâk kƢ cởo modc ehbdc kñd kû kâk yẸu tỒ tcuởk jõo trƷỚdf Ēọb iú, sodc tcâo.
Kâk yẸu tỒ Ēọb iú sodc tcâo tử iáu Ēë ĒƷừk dfcoìd kữu xnj xùt kỷ mt iud v kõkc
tck vỗ cou quẫ modc ehbdc. Kâk yẸu tỒ jõo trƷỚdf sodc tcâo mcõdf kcỏ ioìd qubd ĒẸd
vẮd pcât troịd aỂd vỨdf kỦb jt quk fob jỗ kủd ioỡd qubd id d mc dċdf pcât
troịd aỂd vỨdf kỦb tửdf ehbdc dfcoỆp. Kâk yẸu tỒ tcƷỚdf dfcoìd kữu abh fớj< vọ trê
Ēọb iú, mcê cẪu tcỚo toẸt, têdc kcẮt jÿb vỮ, kâk vẮd ĒỂ kỏd adf sodc tcõo vỗ ừ dcoj
jừo trdf.
2.1.1.
2.1.
1. Jừo trd
trdff vo jừ trhdf
trhdf jbrmntod
jbrmntodf<
f<
DfỗdcDfỗdc<
Pd dỷdf dct cod dby bdf iỗ ekc adc khvoe 2?. Dfhỗo mcu
trbdf tcộ dk rb tby iỗ vt edf mcừdf tc tcou. Dk rb tby iỗ sd pcj foỹp v
tby, eot mcud vỗ sõt mcud, cẢd kcẸ tỒo Ēb sỲ fáy cẢo kỦb kâk ihẢo vo mcud fỏy co.
ỏy iỗ sd pcj kdf dc iỗ dfo ad df cỗdc kb b s mcõkc cỗdf, k aot
cd trhdf fobo hd dỗy, foõ tr kb dk rb tby dfỗy kỗdf k tdf kbh.
Dcỗ kudf kpkp

dfuyìd vẪt ioỆu kẦd tcoẸt kch voỆk sẫd xuẮt kỦb ehbdc dfcop vỗ kõk o tc kdc
16




trbdc. quyt dc jub kõk yu t u vỗh, ehbdc dfcop kd pco xõk dc rỵ kb
kcỹdf, tộj moj dfud kudf kp, kct idf vỗ ib cd kõk dcỗ kudf kp tt dct v
kct idf, uy tờd fobh cỗdf, tod ky vỗ j ah c foõ. Dcdf aod ĒỞo trhdf jõo
trƷỚdf kudf kẮp kû tcị tâk Ēởdf qubd trdf d cht df jbrmntodf kb ehbdc
dfcop. Kõk dcỗ qud tr jbrmntodf kd pco tcnh eỵo v foõ k kb dcỨdf kƢ sỘ kudf
kẮp kcêdc yẸu kỦb jédc. PoỆk tċdf foâ pcê kudf kẮp kû tcị auởk pcẫo tċdf foâ k, iỗj
foj sỹt ehbdc s kb ehbdc dfcop.
o tc kdc trbdc< Dcéd
trbdc< Dcéd kcudf jỊo kõdf ty ĒỂu pcẫo ĒỒo ĒẦu vờo kâk ĒỒo tcỦ
kẢdc trbdc mcâk dcbu. ėỒo tcỦ kẢdc trbdc dj dcou edf mcõk dcbu, cod cu vỗ
toj d, trk top vỗ foõd top. Uu tcnh jk tcby tcẸ kỦb sẫd pcắj, kâk ĒỒo tcỦ
kẢdc trbdc kû tcị kcob iỗj ad edf< kdc trbdc dcởd cou, kdc trbdc dfỗdc, kdc
trbdc dcu ku, kdc trbdc dfỏd sõkc.
Dcu ku kb mcõkc cỗdfcỗdf< Dcu ku cỗj kcb ab jk ỷ iỗ< dcu ku t
dcoỡd, dcu ku jhdf jud vỗ dcu kẦu kû mcẫ dċdf tcbdc thâd. Urhdf Ēû, dcu kẦu tỲ
dcoìd pcẫd âdc sỲ kẦd tcoẸt kỦb khd dfƷỚo vỂ jt vt pcj dỗh ỷ, dcu ku dỗy k
cộdc tcỗdc eh trẢdf tcâo ú tcữk tcoẸu cỮt vỂ jởt vẪt pcắj, eọkc vỮ kch toìu eÿdf. JỖo
dfƷỚo kû jởt trẢdf tcõo ỳ tck mcõk dcbu, tu tcuk vỗh dcu ku sodc iỳ, jừo trdf
fobh top xở co vỗ kcờdc ad tcỏd dfo ỷ. Kủd dcu ku jhdf jud iỗ dcu kẦu tỲ
dcoìd kỦb khd dfƷỚo dcƷdf pcÿ cừp vờo trédc vd cỷb vỗ tờdc kõkc kõ dcỏd. Jo
dfo kỷ jt trộdc vd cỷb vỗ tờdc kõkc mcõk dcbu dỡd dcu ku jhdf jud kỷ
edf k tc mcõk dcbu.
Cỗdc vo jub kb mcõkc cỗdf< Cỗdc vo jub cỗdf kb mcõkc cỗdf vừ kdf b

edf vỗ pchdf pcỹ, jo dfo kỷ jt dcu ku jub sj roỡdf vỗ vộ tc cỗdc vo jub
sj kb mcõkc cỗdf mcừdf c fodf dcbu. Pok pcỏd iho mcõkc cỗdf tcỗdc kõk
dcỷj mcõk dcbu iỗ kõdf voỆk võ kÿdf kẦd tcoẸt kch ehbdc dfcoỆp. DcẪd aot vỗ b
rb kõk pcdf õd tcờkc cp vo cỗdc vo jub sj kb mcõkc cỗdf foỹp ehbdc dfcop
top kd fd cd vo mcõkc cỗdf vỗ dc ỷ jỗ tch jởd tt cd dcu ku kb c.
Kừdf kcỹdf< Iỗ jt dcûj aẮt mỻ tỈ rb qubd táj tcỲk sỲ cby kû tcị sẺ qubd táj
ĒẸd ehbdc dfcoỆp, kû ẫdc cƷỘdf ĒẸd mcẫ dċdf ĒẢt tờo dcỨdf jỮk toìu ĒỂ rb kỦb
ehbdc dfcoỆp. Ehbdc dfcoỆp kẦd kcuắd aọ kâk mẸ chẢkc jbrmntodf ĒỒo vờo kâk foờo
kõdf kcüdf kůdf dcƷ ĒỒo vờo vờo tcọ trƷỚdf toìu eÿdf.
17




2.
2.;.
;.

Kõ
Kõkk ttcỗ
cỗdc
dc pc
pcd
d trh
trhdf
df Jbrm
Jbrmnt
ntod
odff Jox<
Jox<

2.;.2
2.;
.2.. Kcod
Kcod ik
ik sd
sd pcj
pcj<<
2.;.2.2
2.;.
2.2.. Mcõo doj<
doj<
- [d pcjiỗ
pcjiỗ dcdf fộ ehbdc dfcop kudf kp, fd iod vo vok tcb jởd dcu

ku vỗ k jud kb mcõkc cỗdf dcj tcu cỹt s kcỹ ỳ, jub sj cby s edf.
- Kcod ik sd pcjiỗ
pcjiỗ dc cdf vỗ quyt dc ioỡd qubd d sd xut vỗ
modc ehbdc sẫd pcắj trìd kƢ sỘ aẫh Ēẫj tcỈb jëd dcu ku kb mcõkc cỗdf trhdf
tdf tco m cht df modc ehbdc vỗ kõk jk toỡu jbrmntodf kb ehbdc dfcop.
2.;.2.1. Dởo eudf kcoẸd iƷừk sẫd pcắj<
pcắj<
Mêkc tcƷờk tẪp cừp sẫd pcj< Mờkc tck kb tp cp sd pcj iỗ s iho sd
pcj (chk ekc v) jỗ ehbdc dfcop e dc kudf ữdf kch tcọ trƷỚdf. Mêkc tcƷờk
tẪp cừp sẫd pcắj fớj kâk sỒ Ēh<


KcoỂu rởdf kỦb tẪp cừp sẫd pcắj< s iho sd pcj (chk ekc v) jỗ ehbdc
dfcop e dc kudf df kch tc trdf. Dỷ k xnj iỗ ebdc jỮk sẫd pcắj
modc ehbdc, tcị coỆd Ộ jữk Ēở b edc cỷb sd pcj kb ehbdc dfcop.

Kcou eỗo kb tẪp cừp sẫd pcắj< JỖo ihẢo sẫd pcắj modc ehbdc sẺ kû dcoỂu
kcỦdf ihẢo mcâk dcbu, sỒ iƷừdf kcỦdf ihẢo quyt dc kcou eỗo kb tp cp
sd pcj, ehbdc dfcop tcdf fo iỗ eủdf sd pcj (prheukt iodn).



Kcou sỏu kb tẪp cừp sẫd pcắj< Jậu jë sẫd pcắj fẨd ioỂd vo tdf kcdf
iho sd pcj.

Dcởd cou sd pcj<
pcj< iỗ tỡd fỊo, tcuẪt dfỨ, eẮu coỆu, aoịu tƷừdf chẶk tỞdf cừp
dcỨdf yẸu tỒ trìd dcẲj xâk dcẪd sẫd pcắj cby eọkc v kb jt ehbdc dfcop vỗ
pcỏd aot vo o tc kdc trbdc. Dcởd cou sd pcj iỗ tỗo sd kỷ foâ trọ kỦb ehbdc
dfcoỆp, dcëd coỆu sẫd pcắj foüp dfƷỚo jub dcẪd aoẸt sẫd pcắj kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp,
 pcád aoỆt sẫd pcj kb ehbdc dfcop dỗy vo sd pcj kb kõk ehbdc dfcoỆp mcâk.
Mco jởt dcëd coỆu trỘ dìd dỞo toẸd, vok modc ehbdc sd pcj s e eỗdf cd (e
eỗdf jỘ rởdf tcọ trƷỚdf, jỘ rởdf sẫd pcắj, tcáj dcẪp vỗh kõk soỡu tc, trudf tỏj
tcdf jo tcud io cd,), fô trọ sẫd pcắj fob tċdf dcỚ uy têd.
Abh ắ sd pcjpcjdcdf abh fỷo cby df sd pcj. o vo dcou jt cỗdf, abh aộ tr tcỗdc jởt
18




tcỗdc pcd mcừdf tc tcou k kb sd pcj. Abh aộ iỗ kừdf k k ik trhdf cht
df jbrmntodf vo dcdf kck ddf k ad< kudf kp kch mcõkc cỗdf dcỨdf tcõdf

tod kẦd tcoẸt vỂ sẫd pcắj dcƷ tcõdf tod v dcỗ sd xut, cdf ed s edf, tcỗdc
pcd sd pcắj, tcỚo cẢd sỪ eỮdf= foüp aẫh vỆ sẫd pcắj trâdc aọ cƷ cỈdf, aoẸd kcẮt
trhdf quâ trédc vẪd kcuyịd, toìu tcỮ sẫd pcắj= tcị coỆd cédc ẫdc vỂ dcëd coỆu, kõdf
ty, tcị coỆd ú tƷỘdf Ēọdc vọ sẫd pcắj= tõk df vỗh cỗdc vo mcõkc cỗdf qub cộdc
tck, jỗu sẨk, tcõdf tod trìd abh ắ.
ėẶk têdc sẫd pcắj< 
pcắj<  DcỨdf k oj
oj tc cod kck
kck ddf sd pcj vỗ th sỲ
sỲ
mcâk aoỆt mco sỪ eỮdf sẫd pcắj kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp. Kõk ehbdc dfcop tcdf dfcoỡd
ku tc trdf, cỗdc vo mcõkc cỗdf b vỗh sd pcj dcdf k tờdc jo, dc to
vo EDON kb tp hỗd [bjsudf, chk t idc kỷ kck ddf mc jo vỗ mc trdf kb
Cotbkco,
Kcod ik pcõt trod sd pcj jo< iỗ jt vd kk mỻ qubd trỊdf trhdf
kcoẸd iƷừk sẫd pcắj kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp. Mcừdf kỷ ehbdc dfcop dỗh kc euy trộ vỗ
pcõt trod chẢt
chẢt Ēởdf mmodc
odc ehbdc kkcỏ
cỏ vờo jởt ihẢo chẶk jởt
jởt dcỷj sd pcj
pcj mcừdf o.
o.
Ucnh tco fobd, dcu ku vỗ tc cou kb mcõkc cỗdf kdf tcby o, dcdf kừdf dfcỆ
jờo ĒƷừk âp eỮdf trhdf sẫd xuẮt ‛ modc ehbdc sd pcj dfỗy kỗdf dcou, ad tcỏd
ủo co kõk ehbdc dfcop kd kỷ kcdf trộdc dfcoỡd ku vỗ pcõt trod dcdf sd
pcj jo.
Dfcoỡd ku vỗ pcõt trod kõk kcod ik tcnh kcu mỻ kỦb sẫd pcắj


Fobo ĒhẢd foờo tcoỆu sẫd pcj< fobo hd dỗy at u mco jt ekc v id u
toỡd k kcỗh aõd trỡd tc trdf. Ucừdf tcdf ỏy iỗ fobo hd tcu k io
dcud tcp vộ pco kco pcê kch jbrmntodf Ēị tẢh ĒƷừk vọ trê vỨdf kck trỡd tc
trdf. Urhdf fobo hd dỗy kõk kừdf ty tcƷỚdf âp eỮdf 5 kcoẸd iƷừk< kcoẸd
iƷừk cờt vâdf dcbdc (foâ kbh, kco pcê mcuyẸd jẢo kbh), kcoẸd iƷừk cờt vâdf
kcẪj (foâ kbh, kco pcê mcuyẸd jẢo tcẮp), kcoẸd iƷừk tcáj dcẪp dcbdc (foâ
tcẮp, kco pcê mcuyẸd jẢo kbh),kcoẸd iƷừk tcáj dcẪp kcẪj(foâ tcẮp, kco pcê
mcuyẸd jẢo tcẮp).



Fobo ĒhẢd tċdf trdf< fobo hd dỗy ehbdc s vỗ io dcud tdf, kỷ dcou o
tc kdc trbdc vỗh trd. Urhdf fobo hd dỗy ehbdc dfcop kỷ tc õp edf
dcdf kcod ik sbu< dỏdf kbh kct idf ekc v vỗ a xudf kõk yẸu tỒ jờo,
19


 

tcnh ĒuỞo kâk tcọ trƷỚdf jỮk tu jờo, cẢ fô tcu cỹt mcõkc cỗdf, kcuyd
o jk toỡu qudf kõht xỏy edf s dcd aotsbdf th rb jhdf jud vỗ
cỗdc df.


Fobo hd aởh chỗ< fobo hd dỗy kudf quõ dcou tcnh ĒuỞo kẦu quâ êt. ėị euy
tré sỲ chẢt Ēởdf ehbdc dfcoỆp sỪ eỮdf kâk kcoẸd iƷừk< kcoẸd iƷừk ĒoỂu kcỏdc
sẫd pcắj, kcoẸd iƷừk ĒoỂu kcỏdc jbrmntodf cỖd cừp, kcoẸd ik ou kcdc tc
trdf.

Fobo hd suy tchõo< ỏy iỗ fobo hd o xudf trhdf kcu m sdf kb sd
pcj, iỗ fobo hd ở quõ quynd tcuk vo dfo toỡu edfvỗ c kj tcy
dcỗj kcõd vo sd pcj, mcõkc cỗdf at ĒẦu Ēo mcâj pcâ sẫd pcắj jờo Ʒu
voỆt cƢd. Urhdf fobo hd dỗy ehbdc dfcop tcdf s edf kcod ik aâd tẪp
kcudf, aâd dcbdc, aâd tcâh Ēị tcu vỂ jữk ehbdc sỒ kû tcị, kẨt foẫj tỒo Ēb kco
 pcê.
2.;.1
2.;
.1.. KcoẸd
KcoẸd i
ik
k foõ
foõ<<
2.;.1.2
2.;.
1.2.. Mcõo doj<
doj<
Foõ kiỗ
kiỗ s tod mcõkc cỗdf tr kch sd pcj. Foõ iỗ jt pcd o mój vo m

chkc sd pcj/tc trdf vỗ mcừdf pco iỗ jt tck tcị rdf iẽ. Fô tcị coỆd fô trọ
(tcƷỚdf eƷờo cédc tck tod ak) jỗ mcõkc cỗdf sd sỗdf tr ĒƷừk tchẫ jëd dcu
kẦu. DcƷ vẪy tb kû tcị dûo jởt tcƷƢdf coỆu âd ĒƷừk fô kbh cƢd kâk tcƷƢdf cou
mcõk iỗ dc th rb k dcou foõ tr cd kch mcõkc cỗdf.
Kcod ik foõiỗ
foõiỗ dcdf dc cdf eỗo cd vỂ fô dcẲj ĒẢt ĒƷừk jỮk tu modc
ehbdc kỦb jởt ehbdc dfcoỆp. KcoẸd iƷừk fô kû vbo trđ trỲk toẸp th rb tcu dcp, iỗ
yu t quyt dc s ib kcd sd pcj kb dfo jub, iỗ yu ỷ qubd trdf dct
quyt dc tc pcd kb ehbdc dfcop vỗ mc ddf sodc io, aỡd kdc ỷ kcod ik

foõ iỗ kừdf kỮ cỨu coỆu Ēị tcáj dcẪp tcọ trƷỚdf, tcu cüt vỗ fo mcõkc cỗdc
2.;.1.1. Do eudf kcod ik
ik foõ<
foõ<
o vo dfo iỗj jbrmntodf, foõ k pco kỷ dcdf jk toỡu xâk Ēọdc, ehbdc
dfcoỆp kû kâk jỮk toìu< tỒo Ēb cûb iừo dcuẪd, tỒo Ēb cûb tcọ pcẦd, eậd ĒẦu vỂ kcẮt
iƷừdf sẫd pcắj, tớd tẢo kỦb ehbdc dfcoỆp trhdf ĒoỂu moỆd kẢdc trbdc cẸt sữk fby fẨt,
tcu cớo vỒd ĒẦu tƷ, pchdf tỈb ĒỒo tcỦ kẢdc trbdc.
20


 

JỖo jởt tcƷƢdf coỆu,
coỆu, jỖo sẫd pcắj iẢo ĒĒƷừk
Ʒừk Ēọdc v ao
ao jt kcod ik
ik dc
foõ chỗd thỗd roỡdf aot. Kcod ik dc foõ (Wrokodf strbtnfy) kcờdc iỗ khd õt kc
aỗo, quyt dc s tdf trdf ehbdc tcu, fo kcỏd mcõkc cỗdf vỗ k ebdc todf kb
k jt tcdf cou trỡd tc trdf. Ub kỷ tc tcbj mch jt vỗo kcoẸd iƷừk Ēọdc foâ
qund tcuởk sbu trhdf Jbrmntodf<
KcoẸd iƷừk Ēọdc foâ sẫd pcắj jờo< DcỨdf
jờo<  DcỨdf ehbdc dfcoỆp mco kcuắd aọ tudf rb
tcọ trƷỚdf jởt sẫd pcắj jờo sẺ pcẫo Ēữdf trƷờk sỲ tcâkc ĒỒ kỦb voỆk Ēọdc rb foâ iẦd
ĒẦu toìd. Ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị kcỊd jởt trhdf cbo kcoẸd ik dc foõ iỗ ct võdf sb
vỗ tcỏj dcp tc trƷỚdf.
KcoẸd iƷừk Ēọdc foâ kch pcỒo tcữk sẫd pcắj<
- ėọdc fô kch df sẫd pcắj< Ucõdf
pcắj< Ucõdf tcƷỚdf kâk ehbdc dfcoỆp modc ehbdc

dcoỂu sẫd pcắj vờo kâk eñdf sẫd pcắj mcâk dcbu, eh vẪy voỆk Ēọdc foâ sẺ ĒƷừk tcỲk
coỆd kch tửdf df sẫd pcắj. PoỆk Ēọdc fô tcnh df sẫd pcắj pcẫo kcü ú ĒẸd yẸu
tỒ mcâk aoỆt vỂ kco pcê cỊk tỒt kch tửdf êd pcắj trhdf kÿdf jởt df sẫd pcắj.
 Dìd dcờ rẲdf trhdf kÿdf jởt df sẫd pcắj , mcõkc cỗdf vỗ kcd jub sd pcj
dỗh toỡd tod cƢd dẸu foâ kẫ foỨb kâk sẫd pcắj mcõdf kû s kcỡdc ikc id . Urhdf
trdf cp dỗy du mcõk aoỆt vỂ foâ iờd cƢd mcâk aoỆt vỂ kco pcê tcé ehbdc dfcoỆp sẺ
kû iừo dcuẪd tỒt cƢd . DcƷdf dẸu kû sỲ kcìdc iỆkc fô kẫ iờd foỨb kâk sẫd pcắj tcé
dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf kû xu cƷờdf kcỊd jub sd pcj r cd dfcb iỗ sd pcj ờt toỡd toẸd
cƢd.
- ėọdc foâ sẫd pcắj tÿy kcỊd< Kâkc
kcỊd<  Kâkc Ēọdc foâ dỗy õp edf kch dcdf sởd
pcj kỷ pc mod o mój vo sd pcj kcờdc jỗ dcdf pc mod dỗy dfƷỚo jub kû
tcị iỲb kcỊd foỨb dcoỂu tcữ mcâk dcbu . Pờ e mcõkc cỗdf jub xn co kỷ tc tÿy kcỊd
kâk ihẢo ĒẦu aċdf kbssnttn cby ĒẦu Ēįb trbdf aọ d trhdf . Ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị Ēọdc
fô sẫd pcắj tÿy kcỊd rdf chẶk Ēọdc fô kcudf vờo sẫd pcắj kcêdc
- ėọdc foâ sẫd pcắj aỞ trừ< [ẫd
trừ<  [ẫd pcắj a tr iỗ dcdf sd pcj pco k
edf mój vo sẫd pcắj kcêdc . Pê eỮ < ruởt voẸt eÿdf kÿdf vờo voẸt , jỲk od eÿdf
mãj vờo jây od ... Ucõdf tcƷỚdf dẸu ehbdc dfcoỆp sẫd xuẮt kẫ sẫd pcắj kcêdc iậd
sẫd pcắj aỞ trừ tcé foâ sẫd pcắj kcêdc sẺ ĒƷừk Ēọdc Ộ jữk tcẮp, foâ sẫd pcắj a tr
k dc jk kbh, dfcb iỗ io dcud ed kc yu vỗh sd pcj a tr. Dfk io
21


 

dẸu ehbdc dfcoỆp kcỏ sẫd xuẮt sẫd pcắj kcêdc tcé aẨt auởk pcẫo Ēọdc foâ sẫd pcắj
kcêdc kbh.
KcoẸd iƷừk ĒoỂu kcdc foõ< Kco
Kcodd ik dỗy

dỗy kcob rb 0 kõkc dc
dc foõ mcõk
mcõk dcbu
fj dc foõ kỷ kcot mcu vỗ kỷ kcƷờk foẫj, pcád cûb foâ, Ēọdc foâ tcnh táj iú dc
foõ mcuyd jo, dc foõ tcnh b iỳ vỗ dc foâ sẫd pcắj quỒk tẸ. DcƷdf tẢo Ēáy tb
kcỏ tẪp trudf vỂ Ēọdc foâ táj iú, Ēọdc foâ tcnh Ēọb iỳ, dc foõ mcuyd jo vỗ dc foõ
sd pcj quk t. Mcõkc cỗdf tcdf qubd doj rdf tod dỗh kb dy dfcb iỗ foõ
k o ừo vo kct idf. Mco mcõkc cỗdf mcừdf kỷ k s rỵ rỗdf moj kcdf kct
idf jt sd pcj dỗh ỷ tcộ foõ k s tr tcỗdc eu cou c kj dcd kct
idf sẫd pcắj Ēû. Kcêdc vé vẪy Ēọdc foâ tcnh táj iỳ iỗ rt qubd trdf.
Kcod ik tcby o foõfoõtcƷỚdf pcẫo ĒỒo jẶt vờo Ēđo cỈo pcẫo tcby ĒỞo fô. Ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị Ộ trhdf tédc
tcẸ pcẫo kcỦ Ēởdf tcby ĒỞo foâ chẶk pcẫo Ēâp ữdf trƷờk dcỨdf tcby ĒỞo foâ kỦb ĒỒo
tcỦ kẢdc trbdc.
2.;.
2.;.1.
1.;;.

Ruy
Ruy tr
tréd
édc
c Ēọ
Ēọdc
dc foâ<
foâ<

AƷờk 2< Sâk Ēọdc kco pcê pcỮk vỮ kch Ēọdc foâ
AƷờk 1< Sâk Ēọdc ku tc trdf jk toỡu

Ak ;< Wcỏd tờkc cỗdf cỷb vỗ foõ k kb o tc kdc trbdc
Ak 5< Sõk Ēọdc dcoỆj vỮ kch foâ.
AƷờk >< IỲb kcỊd pcƷƢdf pcâp Ēọdc foâ pcÿ cừp.
AƷờk 0< Sâk Ēọdc jữk foâ kuỒo kdf.
2.;.;
2.;
.;.. Kcod
Kcod ik
ik pcỏd
pcỏd pco<
pco<
2.;.;.2
2.;.
;.2.. Mcõo doj<
doj<
Wcỏd pcoiỗ
pcoiỗ jt c tcỒdf kâk chẢt Ēởdf dcẲj kcuyịd jởt sẫd pcắj jởt eọkc
vỮ cby jởt foẫo pcâp ĒẸd tby dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf Ộ jởt tcỚo Ēoịj tẢo jởt Ēọb Ēoịj dcẮt
Ēọdc vờo jỮk Ēêkc tcỈb jëd Ēüdf dcu kẦu jhdf juỒd kỦb kâk trudf fobd cby dfƷỚo
toìu eÿdf kuỒo kÿdf.

22




Kcod ik pcỏd pcoiỗ
pcoiỗ tp cp kõk dfuyỡd tk dc Ēû kâk ehbdc dfcoỆp kû tcị
ĒẢt jỮk toìu pcád pcỒo trìd tcọ trƷỚdf jỮk toìu. Kâk dfuyìd tẨk abh fớj quyẸt Ēọdc
ioìd qubd ĒẸd voỆk tcoẸt iẪp kâk mìdc pcád pcỒo iỲb kcỊd kâk foẫo pcâp, tcoẸt iẪp jỒo

qubd cỆ trhdf mỡdc vỗ jdf io pcỏd pco vỗ kõk vd ioỡd qubd d pcỏd pco vt
kct.
Mỡdc pcỏd pcoiỗ
pcoiỗ jt tp cp kõk ehbdc dfcop vỗ kõ dcỏd k ip vỗ pc
tcuk id dcbu tcbj fob vỗh quõ trộdc b sẫd pcắj, eọkc vỮ cby jởt foẫo pcâp ĒẸd
tby dfƷỚo toỡu edf to jt tco oj vỗ jt b oj dct dc vỗ tck cod kõk jk
toỡu kb ehbdc dfcop trìd tcọ trƷỚdf.
2.;.;.1. Dởo eudf kcoẸd iƷừk pcád pcỒo<
KẮu trük mìdc pcád pcỒo< iỲb kcỊd pcÿ cừp vờo ĒoỂu moỆd vỗ ddf ik kb ehbdc
dfcop jộdc. ỷ iỗ kõk ku trük mìdc truyỂd tcỒdf< pcád pcỒo trỲk toẸp chẶk fôd toẸp
qub dcoỂu kẮp Ēở, kẮu trük mìdc pcád pcỒo eỊk vỗ ku trỹk mỡdc pcỏd pco tcnh kcou
dfbdf. Dfhỗo rb voỆk iỲb kcỊd jỖo kẮu trük mìdc kđd pcỮ tcuởk vỗh k oj kb sd
pcj, k oj
oj tc tr
trdf
df vỗ ĒẶk
ĒẶk Ēoịj kỦb kâ
kâkk trudf fo
fobd
bd kû sẾd.
UcoẸt mẸ mìdc pcỏd pco<
- Wcỏd tờkc dcu ku mcõkc cỗdfcỗdfjk toỡu jub dcdf sd pcj dỗh, jub ỏu, to sbh c io jub vỗ jub dc tc
dỗh.
- Sõk dc kõk jk toỡu pcỏd pco vỗ kõk ou mod rỗdf auk< Pok jhdf
jud tcot mẸ jởt mìdc pcád pcỒo coỆu quẫ aẲdf cédc xâk dc rỵ kd vd to tc
trdf dỗh vo jk toỡu dỗh. Dcdf jk toỡu kỷ tc iỗj jk pck v mcõkc cỗdf to
ỏu vỗ kõk trudf fobd pco cht df dc tc dỗh. Jo dcỗ sd xut trod mcbo dcdf
jk toỡu kb jộdc trhdf dcdf ou mod rỗdf auk t pcờb mcõkc cỗdf, t k oj

kb sd pcj, kõk trudf fobd pcád pcỒo, kâk ĒỒo tcỦ kẢdc trbdc, kâk kcêdc sõkc kb
ehbdc dfcop vỗ jừo trdf modc ehbdc.
- Ib kcd foẫo pcâp kch mìdc< IỲb
mìdc< IỲb kcỊd kâk foẫo pcâp kch mìdc iỗ dcdf
ak kừdf vok k tc trhdf kcod ik
ik pcỏd pco. Dcdf fo
fooo pcõp dỗy fj kõk yu
t sbu< Kõk ihẢo trudf fobd, sỒ iƷừdf trudf fobd, kâk ĒoỂu moỆd vỗ trõkc dcoj kb jo
tcỗdc voỡd trhdf mỡdc pcỏd pco.
Rud trọ mìdc pcád pcỒo<
23




- Uuyd kcd tcỗdc voỡd kch mỡdcmỡdc< Jo dfo sd xuẮt ĒỂu kû mcẫ dċdf mcâk
dcbu trhdf voỆk tcu cüt kâk trudf fobd ĒỦ toìu kcuắd kch mìdc pcád pcỒo ở kcd kb
jộdc. Jt s dcỗ sd xut mcừdf fp mcû mcċd fé trhdf voỆk tuyịd kcỊd trudf fobd
 pcád pcỒo. Urhdf jởt sỒ trƷỚdf cừp, voỆk cữb cếd vỂ moịu pcád pcỒo Ēởk quyỂd cby
kcỊd iỊk kůdf tcu cüt ĒƷừk ĒỦ sỒ dfƷỚo kû dfuyỆd vỊdf tcbj fob mìdc pcád pco.
Dfk io kdf kỷ dcou dcỗ sd xut pco mcỷ mcċd iẨj jờo téj ĒƷừk ĒỦ sỒ trudf
fobd Ēâp ữdf toỡu kcud jhdf jud.
- df
df voỡ
voỡd
d mcuyd
mcuyd mcờ
mcờkc
kc kõk tcỗdc

tcỗdc voỡd trhdf
trhdf mỡdc<
mỡdc< Kõk tcỗdc voỡd trhdf
mỡdc pcỏd pco kd k mcuyd mcờkc tcdf xuyỡd c iỗj tt kừdf vok k
fobh. Kõk ou mchd jỗ c kcp tcud mco tcbj fob mìdc pcád pcỒo kůdf tẢh rb jởt
sỲ Ēởdf voỡd dỗh ỷ, dcdf kd k a sudf tcỡj vok.
- õdc foõ kõk tcỗdc voỡd trhdf mỡdcmỡdc< Dcỗ sd xut pcẫo Ēọdc mỻ Ēâdc foâ
chẢt Ēởdf kỦb dcỨdf dfƷỚo trudf fobd tcnh dcỨdf toìu kcuắd dcƷ jữk ehbdc sỒ ĒẢt
ĒƷừk, jk e tr aộdc quỏd, tco fobd fobh cỗdf kch mcõkc, x iỳ cỗdf c cdf chk
jt jõt, jk cp tõk trhdf kõk kcdf trộdc qudf kõh vỗ cud iuyd kb ehbdc
dfcop, vỗ dcdf ekc v kb dfo trudf fobd eỗdc kch mcõkc cỗdf.
2.;.5
2.;
.5.. Kcod
Kcod ik
ik kco
kcoỡu
ỡu tc<
tc<
2.;.5.2
2.;.
5.2.. Mcõo doj<
doj<
- Kcoỡu tc iỗ cht
df
df tck co
cod
d kck ddf tcừdf tod kb ehbdc dfcop
- Kcod ik

ik kcoỡu tc
tc iỗ tẪp cừp
cừp kâk chẢt
chẢt Ēởdf ttcõdf
cõdf tod foờo
foờo tcoỆu
tcoỆu vỂ sd pcj
tcdf cou vỗ t kck kõk aod pcõp mờkc tcêkc toìu tcỮ dcẲj ĒẢt jỮk toìu truyỂd
tcõdf kỦb ehbdc dfcop
- Wco tck kcoỡu
kcoỡu tc (p
(prhjhtohd
rhjhtohd jo
jox)<
x)< iỗ vok
vok pco cừp kkâk
âk kõdf kỮ kkcoìu
coìu tcọ ĒĒịị
tcỲk coỆd jỮk toìu truyỂd tcõdf Ēâp ữdf vờo tcọ trƷỚdf jỮk toìu Ēë kcd.
- Uruyd
Uruyd tcừdf
tcừdf Jbrmnto
Jbrmntodf
df tdf
tdf cp (OJK)
(OJK)iỗ mcõo doj v sỲ chẢkc Ēọdc truyỂd
tcõdf jbrmntodf dcẲj xâk Ēọdc foâ trọ fob tċdf kỦb jởt mẸ chẢkc tỞdf cừp, Ēâdc foâ
vbo trủ kcod ik kb kõk tcỗdc pcd mcõk dcbu trhdf truyd tcừdf dc qudf kõh,
mcuyd jo, fobh t, kcỗh cỗdf, jbrmntodf trk top vỗ mt cp kõk tcỗdc pcd dỗy
th rb jt s truyd tcừdf rỵ rỗdf, u d, coỆu quẫ tỒo Ēb.

2.;.5.1. Dởo eudf kcoẸd iƷừk kcoìu tcọ<
Kâk kõdf kỮ kcoìu tcọ fớj<
24




2. Rud
Rudff kõh
kõh (bev
(bevnr
nrto
toso
sodf
df)<
)iỗ cht df truyd tcừdf pco kõ dcád Ēị ĒƷb
tcõdf tcõdf tod vỂ sẫd pcắj/ tcƷƢdf coỆu tờo tcọ trƷỚdf jỮk toìu tcõdf qub
kâk pcƷƢdf toỆd truyỂd tcừdf. Kõk pcdf tod tcừdf tod qudf kõh<
Aõh kcờ< iỗ pcdf tod pc aod vỗ qubd trdf dct, kỷ pcj vo rdf vỗ kco pcờ
mcừdf quõ kbh, kỷ tc b tcõdf tod ĒẸd kâk ihẢo Ēởk foẫ roìdf aoỆt.
Qbeoh< kû tẦj chẢt Ēởdf iờd, kco pcê rẽ, tuy dcoìd eh kcỏ kû áj tcbdc dìd cẢd
kcẸ vỂ mcẫ dċdf fáy dc cdf.
Uruyd cộdc< iỗ pcdf tod qudf kõh kch pcùp mt cp ỏj tcbdc, jỗu sk,
cộdc dc kỷ cou qu dcẮt, kû pcẢj vo chẢt Ēởdf rởdf, kch pcïp iẶp iẢo dcoỂu iẦd
tcõdf ĒoỆp quẫdf kâh. Uuy dcoìd kco pcê rt kbh iỗ cd kc id dct mco kcd pcdf
tod dỗy.
Rudf kõh dfhỗo tro< adf kõk abddnr, adf cou, adf od, adf rừd,qudf
kõh dfhỗo tro kỷ tc fỏy tõk df dc vỗh mờkc tck, cộdc dc vỗ v trờ tcờkc cp.
Uuy dcoỡd idf tcừdf tod a cd kc vỗ mcừdf kỷ k fo roỡdf.

Dfhỗo rb kủd kỷ kõk pcdf tod Ắd pcắj fỪo trỲk toẸp (Eornkt jboi), JẢdf
Odtnrdnt, quẫdf kâh trỡd mcừdf,
1. Mcuyd
Mcuyd jo
jo ((sb
sbins
ins prhj
prhjhto
htohd)
hd)<mcuyẸd mcêkc dfƷỚo toìu eÿdf chẶk trudf fobd jub sẫd pcắj. Kû dcỨdf cédc
tcữk mcuyẸd jẢo sbu<
McuyẸd jo dfo toỡu edf< tdf cỗdf ju, pcou foj foõ, quỗ tdf mco jub
sd pcj, tco, x s, u ởo dfo toỡu edf.
Mcuyd jo tcdf jo< co tco aõd cỗdf, tr kp tcdf jo, quỗ tdf, co kc
vỗ trod iởj, quẫdf kâh cừp tâk,…
;. Rubd
Rubd cỆ kõdf kcüd
kcüdff (Wu
(Wuaio
aiokk Qnib
Qnibtoh
tohds)
ds)<< Kâk chẢt Ēởdf truyỂd tcõdf xáy
eỲdf cédc ẫdc tỒt Ēếp vỂ ehbdc dfcoỆp cby tcƷƢdf coỆu.
Kâk cédc tcữk WQ<
Ucõdf kâh aâh kcê< ĒƷb tcõdf tod vỂ chẢt Ēởdf kỦb ĒƢd vọ aõh kcờ b
tod.
Cp aõh< tuyỡd a, iỗj rỵ vd jỗ kừdf kcỹdf qubd tỏj, ko kcờdc tod
tk xu.

Uỗo trừ< kch chẢt Ēởdf vċd cûb, tcị tcbh, foâh eỮk, y tẸ,…
25