Tổng quan về sa nhân tím (amomum longiligulare) trong y học cổ truyền

 

 

COJ T@Å   K̪ P MƯƧJ COJ
COJ JÝ ]QY
]QYPK
PK T@Å  ]̪ KLB

 

A   BK
]CỷJ TẦ]-MƯƧJ F@ỄY-ėKH MƯƧJ
̪

]@ềY FYÁ   K̪ BK MƯƧJ
MƯƧJ JÝ ]QYPK
]QYPK 1

]ờKH \YLK Tệ ZL KCÁK ]ÂB ( LBOBYB FOKH@F@HYFLQI )
]QOKH P CỆJ Jờ ]QYPệK

 

 KhƷƬ` cƷkh mák5
mák5
Z`kc v`åk tcj c`å  k̪5
Bl s`kc v`åk5
]ý 5

]cZ ]rẨk ]cỎ ]cu C`Ọk

Khuyk ]cỎ TĠkc CẪo
<99=7<771<1
=

Fp5

MƷj-M9N1

C K  @̪ - 17<0
 
COJ T@Å   K̪ P MƯƧJ COJ
COJ JÝ ]QYPK
]QYPK T@Å  ]̪ KLB


 

A   BK
]CỷJ TẦ]-MƯƧJ F@ỄY-ėKH MƯƧJ
̪

]@ềY FYẦK BK MƯƧJ JÝ ]QYPK 1

]ờKH \YLK Tệ ZL KCÁK ]ÂB ( LBOBYB FOKH@F@HYFLQI )
]QOKH P CỆJ Jờ ]QYPệK

Z`kc v`åk tcj c`å  k̪5
Bl s`kc v`åk5
]ý 5
Fp5

 

 
Joktikts

Khuyk ]cỎ TĠkc CẪo
<99=7<771<1
=
MƷj-M9N1

C K  @̪ ‚ 17<0


 

F@ JLB ėLK...........................................................................................................
ėLK...........................................................................................................
ėẴ] TậK ė..............................................................................................................<
ė..............................................................................................................<
]ÝKH \YLK...............................................................................................................:
\YLK...............................................................................................................:
<.ėẸj Ĝ`Ịb tcjvẢt...................................................................................................:
<.<.Cỉkc tcì`..........................................................................................................
tcì`..........................................................................................................::
<.:.WckaỜ.............................................................................................................9
1.ėẸj Ĝ`Ịb s`kc fị, s`kc tcì`.....................................................................................4
tcì`.....................................................................................4
1.<.Z`kc tcì`..........................................................................................................4
1.1.ė`Ọu n`Ỉk s`kc tcì`..............................................................................................4

tcì`..............................................................................................4
:.AỐ pcẢk mðkh vỗ h`ỡ tr........................................................................................<<
tr ........................................................................................<<
=.]c trkh s kck T`t Kb vỗ kcu ju xut ncu.........................................<1
=.<.Z kck trồk tc trkh
trkh tc h``...............................................................
h``.....................................................................
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<1
=.1.Z kck T`t Kb vỗ Kcu ju xut
xut ncu...................................................
ncu.............................................. .....<:
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 AẪkh <5 AẪkh
AẪkh tcỜkh nå fƷỪkh xuẩt
xuẩt ncẠu Zl kcák tỮ kĊb <094 - <087 ở b`Ọk Aắj <:
9.Jìj vẩk n`kc t xl c` vỗ j jc j sk xut.................................................<=
xut................................................. <=
4.]cu cojc, jc a`k vỗ ao quk.........................................................................<4
quk.........................................................................<4
4.<. Ql col nết
nết quẪ
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4.1.. ]cu
4.1
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8. Jìj jcâkc sỡjc vỗ quy kc...........................................................................11
3. Wck tõjc jỡj vk jcyu..........................................................................1:
Jckh 15 ėỗ@ ]ƯƧKH T WCƯKH WCÌW KHC@ÅK JợY...............................1:
JợY ...............................1:
<.ėỜ` tƷkh khc`åk jỠu5 Z kck tâb......................................................................
tâb......................................................................1:
1:
1.WcƷkh pcìp khc`åk
khc`åk jỠu.................................................................
jỠu.....................................................................................
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JcƷkh :5Nẻ] \Y..................................................................................................1=
\Y..................................................................................................1=
<.]ỡj mkh tcio y cj j truyk..............................................................................1=
truyk..............................................................................1=
1.Aỗ` tcuj jỳ v tcuj Z kck tõb........................................................................
tõb........................................................................19

19
:. Wck tõjc aỗ` tcuj j tc5Ckh s fứj quk tỢ tckh.......................................14
tckh....................................... 14
:.1.Jìjc mðkh5........................................................................................................18
:.9.Wck tâjc pcƷkh tcuỜj5....................................................................................
tcuỜj5....................................................................................18
18
:.4.ợkh mkh fb sỗkh5..........................................................................................18
N] FYK, N@K KHC.......................................................................................13
]ầ@ F@Y ]CLB NCO


 

 

F@ JạB K




F` u t`ồk, ib x`k aỗy t fkh nõkc trkh vỗ f` jb k su sj t` ]cs ]rk
]c ]cu C`Ọk, khƷƬ` Ĝl cƷkh mák trj t`ếp, jc aẪo t  k̪ tổkc, truyk t jỡj n`k tcj
qu aỡu coỗk tcỗkc t`u fuk kỗy.
S`k jck tcỗkc jb k jỡj h`kh v`ồk aỐ bk ]cj vẢt-MƷj f`Ỉu, jìj h`Ẫkh
v`åk trokh cj v`åk, ak h`ỡb c`u vỗ pckh ỗo to l h`kh my to kk tkh h`ừp
t` tcj tt t`u fuk kỗy
Ju` jkh x`k hỢ` fƬ` jẪb k Ĝếk h` Ĝỉkc, aẬk ẫ Ĝl ĜỐkh v`åk, Ứkh cỐ, tẬo
Ĝ`Ọu n`Ỉk tỜt kcẩt ĜỊ t` coỗk tcỗkc tỗ` kỗy.
S`k jck tcỗkc jb k!

Cỗ K`, khỗy :7 tcỡkh <7 kb 17<0
Z`kc v`ồk

Khyk ]c
]c TĠkc CẪo
CẪo

 

FƧ@ JLB ėOLK




Ib fỗ Khuyk ]c Tkc Co, s`kc v`ồk fp M9N1, Cj v`Ỉk P MƷj cj jý
truyỌk T`Ỉt Kb, ky ib jb ok5
<. y fỗ t`u
t`u fuk
fuk mo jcõkc
jcõkc ak tck
tck ib tcj c`k
c`k vỗ coỗk tcỗkc
tcỗkc m`
m` s
ckh mỏk trj t`p j ]Z.
1. ]`u fuk
fuk kỗ
kỗyy nckh
nckh trkh fp
fp v` jìj

jìj khc`åk
khc`åk jỠu Ĝl ĜƷj
ĜƷj jkh
jkh aỜ trƷj
trƷj Ĝú
tẬ` T`Ỉt Kb.
:. Jỡj tckh
tckh t`k vỗ
vỗ s f`u trokh
trokh ncỳ
ncỳ fuk
fuk fỗ coỗk
coỗk toỗk jcõkc
jcõkc xỡj,
xỡj, trukh
trukh tcj
vỗ ncỡjc quk.
Ib x`k coỗk toỗk jcu trỡjc kc`b trj pcỡp fut v kckh jb nt kỗy.

Cỗ K`, khỗy :7 tcỡkh <7 kb 17<0
Z`kc v`åk

 Khuyk ]cỎ TĠkc CẪo
CẪo




] TK
T`t Kb fỗ bt trokh s õt jỡj \uỜj h` tråk tcế h`â jú khuỚk Z kck bj

t kc`ồk ncỡ pcokh pcừ. Cỗkh kb, kj t vỏk nc` tcỡj j vỗ` trb tk Z
kck cokh m` vỗ trkh, ỡp kh jco kcu ju s mkh trokh kj vỗ xuẩt ncẠu v`
h`ì trỎ n`kc tế jo.
ớ kƷj t jú ncokh <0 foỗ` Z kck tcuj jc` Lbobub (trokh @kmojc`
Dfori Hikirf ]ob Z`xtok, <0::, C Fijobti) pck aỜ trokh rỮkh t kc`ồk. C`k l
a`t jỳ õt kct = foỗ` Z kck bj cokh mẬ` ĜƷj tcu cì` quẪ, jco h`ì tr tckh
pcb vỗ s mkh tkh
tkh kh kcu. ỳfỗ5
Z kck (Lbobub v`ffosub Four.) jk h` fỗ Z kck
Z kck co tcƷ (Lbobub tcyrso`miub Hhkip.).
Z kck tck jo(Lbobub ovo`miub W`irriitHhkip) jk h` fỗ Z kck
trkh
Z kck tõb (Lbobub fokh`f`hufri ].F.Xu.).
Z kck fỗ v tcuj qu j mkh kc`u trokh y cj jý truyỌk WcƷkh ėkh,
 ao hỚb ]rukh \uỜj, KcẢt AẪk, ]r`Ọu ]`ồk, T`t Kb vỗ bt s \uj h` ncỡj.

Ct Z kck jk j mkh fỗb h` v ,t`kc mu ct Z kck jŠkh ĜƷj sỢ mứkh
trokh nỰ khcỈ bỰ pcẠb sk xut kj co, mu h` u vỗ xỗ pckh tcb.
Z kck vỜk bj cokh rẩt kc`Ọu tråk vðkh kừ` jo j kj t, fỗ fo` jy
aỳkh bj xik h`ữ kc`Ọu jy ncìj. Z kck trokh t kc`åk pcìt tr`Ịk rẩt bẬkc.
BỘ` kĊb jỠ Ĝếk vứ tcỉ khƷƬ` t vỗo rkh cỡ` qu Z kck ibaỡk.
]uy kc`ồk, kk pcỡ rkh fỗb kkh rỏy vỗ kc`u khuyồk kck ncỡj l fỗb
<




jco khuk Z kck tcu j trokh t kc`ồk khỗy jỗkh h`b sừt. Ck k, mo tcu
cỡ` t pcỡt t jy bj cokh m` fỗ jc yu vỗ nckh jỳ cƷkh mák, kåk mƷj f`Ỉu
Z kck jỨ T`Ỉt Kb jú h`ì trỎ xuẩt ncẠu tcẩp, mo fák kc`Ọu quẪ kok (=7-47%).

]rokh nc` ỳ, kcu ju Z kck trokh kj vỗ tråk tcế h`` c`Ỉk Ĝkh jú xu tcế
tĊkh tcåb vỌ s fkh vỗ yồu ju khỗy jỗkh jo v jct fƷkh. Aở` vẢy, sokh
sokh v` v`Ỉj nc` tcìj khuỚk Z kck bj t kc`åk, bở rỐkh m`Ỉk tâjc trỚkh Z
kck, vẩk ĜỌ cƷkh mák nỰ tcuẢt tcu cì` Z kck fỗ bt vk jk j tr.
\u khc`ồk ju, jck fj kc`u kb, Khỗkc Fb khc`p vỗ T`k Mj f`u ‚ 
AỐ P tế Ĝl rõt r nết fuẢk, trokh sỜ = foỗ` Z kck jỳ h`ỡ tr s mkh jo n trồk,
jc jỳ foỗ` Z kck tõb (Lbobub fokh`f`hufri ].F.Xu) nc` ĜƷj trỚkh jŠkh kcƷ
ở jy bj t kc`åk, jú nc kkh r co nt qu kc`u cỗkh kb. Jy jú tcỊ trỚkh
tỮ vðkh kõ` tcẩp xuỜkh Ĝếk trukh mu vỗ j kh akh u jỳ tc jco tcu cojc
nc quk.
T` yồu ju t`p tj
tj coỗk tt kckh mỏk f`u v
v j s nco cj vỗ n`kc t,
kcb jy Z kck
kck tõb vỗo
vỗo pcỡt
pcỡt tr`k
tr`k trkh
trkh kj t,
t, ib xut
xut tỗ`5
tỗ`5
]íKH \YLK T ZL KCÁK ]ÂB ( LBOBY
( LBOBYB
B FOKH@F@HYF
FOKH@F@HYFLQI 
LQI ) ]QKH P
COJ JÝ ]QYPK T` bứj t`åu5
- ]ýkh qu
quk

k vỌ jy
jy Z kck
kck tâb
- ợkh mkh t jy Z kck tõb vỗo jỡj aỗ`
aỗ` tcuj y cj jý truyỌk.
truyỌk.

1


 

  JCƯKH @ 5 ]ờKH \YLK
<.ėẸj Ĝ`Ịb tcjvẢt
]åk nco cj5 Lbobub
cj5 Lbobub Fokhh`f`huflri
Fokhh`f`huflri ].F
].F.. Xu ]åk t`ếkh
t`ếkh T`Ỉt5
T`Ỉt5 Z
kck tâb cy Z kck ]ồk pckh5 Bj kkh, Bó tr aỗ, Mkh xuk
s, Bắj kẾkh, Z khẨk, W Ĝooj, Fvå…
<.<.Cỉkc tcì`
Z kck, jy tck tcẪo jo <,9 - 1,9b. ]ck tråk bẸt Ĝẩt( tck ncâ s`kc) cækc
tru, ĜƷƬkh nâkc 7,8 - bt t, bkh vy vỗ r pc. ] tck khb bj fåk jìj tck n s`kc, quẪ bj tỮ
hỜj jy bẰ. ]ck khẨb bj a khkh tråk bẸt Ĝẩt, hỚb kc`Ọu ĜỜt, ĜƷƬkh nâkc 7,4
- 7,3 jb, ao aj aở` jỡj fỡ vy bỗu ku. Fỡ b
bj
j so fi, xp tcỗkc 1 mly, bj x`ồk

ckh fồk pcõ trồk. Fỡ hk kc nckh jỳjukh,
bj so fi, xp tcỗkc c` mly. Wc`k fỡ cổkc if`p mỗ` 17 - =7 jb, rkh 9 - 3 jb, hj
fỡ cổkc kồb, bt trồk bỗu fj b, bt m` kct ck, kck, jukh fỡ mkh a,
mỗ` 9 - <7jb coẸj ck. FƷỬ` aẰ kc, cỉkc bìj kck mỗ` <,9 - =jb, bỗu ku kct
coj xỡb trkh, bkh..
bkh..
Jb co akh, bj t tck r vỗ t hj> jukh jb co mỗ` : 4jb, hb
kc`u t, jỳ vy bỗu ku. Jỳ 9 3 co trồk bt jb, bỗu trkh> jukh co rt
khk. Fỡ aj khoỗ` cổkc au mj, bỗu ku, mỗ` 1 1,9jb, rkh 7,3jb, bp
khuyồk> fỡ aj trokh mkh kh, bỗu ku kct, mỗ` <,9jb, u jc` tcỗkc 1 tcu
kkh. ỗ` co mkh kh, mỗ` <,9jb coj ck, bỗu trkh ckh, u x : tcu.
]rỗkh co cổkc kh, mỗ` <,4 <,8jb, bt khoỗ` jỳ fkh tc, hb : tcu, tcu
h` mỗ` <,4jb, rkh 7,=jb, fk ck 1 tcuỺ ẩk. Jìkc b` cỉkc tcỉ, mỗ` <,8 <,3jb, rkh 1 1,1jb, u jỡkc b` tckh juk r pcõ su> vt h` jỡkc b`
bỗu vỗkh, no mỗ` fồk k u jỡkc b`, jỳ : sj tõb ckh. A kc mkh ak, mỗ`
7,4 7,8jb, rkh 7,:jb, kck> ao pck 1 > trukh ` jỳ bỗo, jc` tcỗkc : tcu.
Au cổkc trkh tcuk, mỗ` 7,= 7,9jb> v` kcu bkc (mkh jc) mỗ` 1 1,9jb>
u kcuỹ mẬkh pcu.

:


 

 

\uẪ mẬkh quẪ kkh, cækc trỠkh cy hẨk cækc jẨu, mỗ` <,: <,4jb, kh nõkc <,1

<,:jb> jc`
jc` tcỗkc : bừ` kkh>
kkh> v khoỗ` jỳ h` kh

khk,
k, mỗy> bỗ
bỗuu tõb ku> nc` h`ỗ hh`
`
khk at vỗ jcuyk skh bỗu tâb Ĝik. CẬt kc`Ọu hỚb tỮ <: ‚ 13 cẬt xp tcỗkc : , jỳ
ỡo ct bỗu trkh, v c` kht
Ct cổkc jkc, bỗu ku ik, jk v jỳ v` jy, bð` tcb jỨ t`kc mẨu
Bð co quẪ5 bỐt kĊb Z kck tâb jú 1 vứ co quẪ jcâkc.
Tứ tc <5 Co k tcỡkh =-9, qu h`ỗ tcỡkh 8-3
T tc 15 Co k tcỡkh 8-0, qu h`ỗ tcỡkh <<-<1
Foỗ` m kcb fỏk
]rokh s jỡj foỗ` Z kck bj t kc`ik kh j tcu cỡ` qu, jỳ = foỗ` su jú tcỊ
kcẨb fák v` kcu5
-Z kck ( Lbobub
( Lbobub v`ffosub Four ) 5 Wck aỜ rẪ` rìj ncắp jìj tkc tcuỐj vðkh kõ`
tcẩp vỗ trukh mu j B`k Aj Tỗ B`k Kb.
-Z kck tck jo cy jk h` fỗ Z kck f` aẰ rẩt khắk (  Lbobub ovo`miub W`iri
W`iri
it Hlhkip)
Hlhkip) 5 pck aỜ rẪ` rìj ở bỐt sỜ tkc tcuỐj vðkh kõ` tcp jc yu fỗ pcõ Kb.
-Z kck tõb (Lbobub
(Lbobub fokh`ffhuflri
fokh`ffhuflri ].F.Xu
].F.Xu) 5 Wck aỜ rẪ` rìj  < sỜ tkc tcuỐj vðkh
kõ` tcẩp jcỨ yếu ở b`Ọk Kb.
Jìjc pck a`Ỉt
 Kcỉk cổkc
cổkc tcỡ` aồk khoỗ` v mkh jy, mmkh
kh fỡ, co,
co, qu ( kct fỗ qu vỗ ct l nc),

jcừkh tkh ` h`kh kcu. ]uy kc`ồk, trokh = foỗ` trồk jc muy kct foỗ` Z kck
tõb jỳ fỡ a cổkc bỡj kck mỗ` trồk <,9 jb. ]rokh nc` ỳ, j : fo` Z kck, Z kck
co tc vỗ Z kck tck jo jỳ fỡ a khk vỗ rt khk ( m` vut kck.

kc < Fỡ,
Fỡ, fỡ a vỗ col Zl kkcỏk
cỏk tõb ( kc. Khuyk TĊk ]Ảp)

=




kc 1 Fỡ,
Fỡ, fỡ a vỗ col Zl kc
kcỏk
ỏk col tcƷl
tcƷl cly Zl kcák
kcák fì aẰ
aẰ khắk ( ạkc.
ạkc.
 Khuyếk Tk]p)
Tk]p)

kc : Fỡ,
Fỡ, fỡ a vỗ
vỗ col Zl kkcỏk
cỏk tcák jlo cly Zl
Zl kcák fì aẰ rẩt khắk

khắk ( ạkc.
 Khuyếk TĊk]Ảp)
TĊk]Ảp)

Zl kcák Ĝỏ (L.T`ffo
(L.T`ffosub
sub Four.vr) jú co trắkh, jú c` vjc ,
, vỗkh Zl kcỏk
tõb (L. Fokh`f`hu
Fokh`f`hufri
fri ].F.X
].F.Xu)
u) jỳ co trkh, jỳ bp vỗkh, vỡjc tõb. Zl kcák
 xlkc (L.Sktc`o`mis Xff ix An) jú co trắkh, ĜỜb tâb.
<.:. WcákaỜ 
 WcákaỜ 
T`Ỉt Klb5 JcỨ yếu ở jìj tkc pcâ Kb5 \uẪkh Kb (cuyk ]rỗ By ]y)>
\ukh Khl` (jỡj cuyk Zk Cỗ, Zk ]y, A ])> kc ėỎkc (jìj cuyỈk TĠkc
]cẬkc, ]y Zk)> Wcừ Pồk (jỡj cuyk Zk Coỗ, Zkh C`kc)> K`kc ]cuk (jìj
cuyỈk K`kc Zk, Aắj Ì`)> Nok ]ub (jìj cuyỈk Khj C`, Z ]cỗy)> H` F` (jỡj
cuyk NAkh, Lk Ncồ)> n Fắn (jìj cuyỈk Nrkh KĊkh, Nrkh Lk, B' ėrắn,
9


 

Nrkh Akh, Fắn). ớ B`Ọk Aắj b` jc pcìt c`Ỉk tcẩy bj t kc`åk tẬ` bỐt Ĝ`Ịb
tcuỐj tkc ]ckc Coì vỗ jỳ tc jỳ j Wcừ ]c vỗ CoỗAổkc.
]c h``5 ]rukh \uj (C` Kb) vỗ Fỗo.
1.j `b s`kc fũ, s`kc tcì`

 

1.<.Z`kc tcì`
1.<.Z`kc
 ėẸj Ĝ`Ịb s`kc tcì` jcukh jỨl jáy Zl kcỏk tõb5 Jy b, c` sỡkh vỗ
jcu aỳkh. ]ckh bj t tp tcỗkc ỡb mỗy j trồk t Ạb ở vik rỮkh nâk
tcƷƬkh xkc jk khuyåk s`kc cy Ĝl trở kåk tcỠ s`kc> vik aƬ jìj nci suỜ` cy
tråk jìj kƷkh ráy tcẩp Ĝl a cokh, f`Ọk nỌ v` rỮkh.
Z kck tâb bj t kc`åk trokh jìj quẨk xl tcỠ s`kc nỊ tråk ở jìj tkc pcâ
 Kb, tcƷƬkh jỳ tỗk jci t <7 47%> jo mƷ` 477b. ]cuỐj vðkh jú ncâ
cẢu kc`Ỉt Ĝ` h`ú bð kỳkh vỗ b> kc`t trukh aổkc ncokh ck 1: J> fƷkh
bƷ tỮ hẨk <.477 Ĝếk :.:77bb/kĊb> ĜỐ Ạb nckh ncâ trukh kc tråk 37%.
Jy s`kc trƷởkh pcìt tr`Ịk hẨk kc qukc kb, kckh bkc kct vỗo b
b b. Z kck tõb r co qu u cỗkh kb. ]ỡ` s`kc t kc`ồk jc yu akh ct
vỗ akh jỡjc bj jc` t tck r.
Z kck tõb fỗ jy jỳ a`ồk s`kc tcỡ` rkh, m trkh vỗ jỳ tc trkh j ở 
kc`Ọu vðkh s`kc tcì` ncìj kcu, tỮ vðkh kõ` tcẩp k trukh mu vỗ j kh akh.
1.1.`u n`k s`kc tcỡ`
Ncõ cu5Kcổk
cu5 Kcổk jcukh jỡj foỗ` Z kck (trokh ỳ jú Z kck tâb) jc tcẩy ở 
vðkh jú ncâ cẢu kc`Ỉt Ĝ` (jcỨ yếu ở Jcu Ì).
]cio jìjc pck jc` t`Ịu vðkh ncâ cẢu tcio quk Ĝ`Ịb ĜỎ f tcj vẢt tcæ Z
kck tâb bj t kc`åk ở T`Ỉt Kb (jcỨ yếu ở jìj tkc pcâ Kb) kẼb trokh ncu
vj kc`t ` h`ỳ b kỳkh vỗ b, v` c` b b vỗ nc ncỡ rự rt. B b
tp trukh vỗo vứ cã cy vứ cã ‚ tcu> týkh fƷkh bƷ ở trokh khƷỬkh tỮ
<9:1,9bb/kĊb (Lk Ncå ‚ H` F`) Ĝếk :::0,9bb/kb (A ] - \ukh Khl`) vỗ
b nckh ncõ trukh aổkc trokh kb t 3<% (Zk Coỗ - Wcừ Påk) Ĝếk 3=% (A
] - \uẪkh
\uẪkh Khl`
Khl`).

). Kc`Ỉt
Kc`Ỉt ĜỐ nckh ncâ
ncâ trukh
trukh kc kĊb
kĊb ở jìj vðkh
vðkh jú Z kck
kck
tâb bj t kc`åk tỮ 1:,97J (Lk Ncå ‚ H` F`) k 19,07J (Zk Coỗ - Wcừ P
Pồk).
ồk).
Kc`t t` jo vỗ t` tcp trukh aổkc jỡj `b tkh ` h`kh kcu
kc u khc fỗ
4




t :1 :=7J vỗ <4 <87J. Zokh kc`t t` jo tuyt ` jỳ tc t`
=<,87J(ZkCWcừPồk)vỗ t` tcp tuyỈt ĜỜ` jú tcỊ xuỜkh tcẩp ở bỠj 0 7J (Lk
(Lk
Ncå ‚ H` F`).
F`). Bð nc ở jìj Ĝ`Ịb jú Z kck tâb bj t kc`åk ở jìj tkc pcâ
 Kb tckh trkh v` jỡj tcỡkh fỗ b kh vỗ xuk khoỗ` b`k Aj. ]rokh
týkh s = 9 tcỡkh b nc ỳ,jỳ 1 : tcỡkh coỗk toỗk nckh jỳ bƷ, kcƷkh mo
sỜkh trokh b` trƷƬkh rỮkh Ạb, Z kck tõb vỏk s`kc trkh pcỡt tr`k tt. j
a`t fỗ v co juỜ` tcìkh : ĜẨu tcìkh
tcì kh =, mo nckh aỎ bƷ, trƬ`
tr Ƭ` fuk jú kắkh kåk
tỸ fỈ ĜẢu quẪ jỨ jy ncì jo.
]Ữ kĊb <001 Ĝếk ky, Z kck tâb Ĝl ĜƷj tcu tcẢp ĜƷ r trỚkh ở bỐt sỜ ĜỎ

 pcƷkh ở jìj
jìj tkc pcâ Aắj (]
(]k
k FẬj Coỗ Aổk
Aổkc,
c, Jck Bkh - ok
ok Ckh Wcừ
]c, cuyk Ao ]ckh vỗ tc xl Fỗo J` Fỗo J`, ėẬ` ]Ữ ‚ ]cì` Khuyåk). BẸj
mð jy ĜƷj trỚkh ở b` trƷƬkh ncâ cẢu ‚ tcƬ` t`ết c` ncìj v` k` bj t kc`åk,
kcƷkh Z kck tâb vák s`kc trkh pcỡt tr`k tt vỗ r co nt qu kc`u.
j trƷkh ncâ cẢu ở kcữkh ĜỎ Ĝ`Ịb trỚkh Z kck tõb n trồk fỗ5 Ncõ cu
kc`t ` h`ỳ b kỳkh b, jỳ b kh fkc, b tp trukh vỗo b có tcu vỗ
b` kb jkh jỳ < 1 tcỡkh j jo` fỗ nc ck. ]uy kc`ồk bj nc cẬk ở 
Ĝy nckh Ĝếk bỠj jj Ĝok kcƷ ở jìj tkc pcâ Kb. Kc`Ỉt ĜỐ nckh ncâ trukh
 kc kĊb t 11,07J (tc xl Fỗo J`) k 1:,< 7J (Wcừ C Wcừ ]c vỗ ]cỡ`
Khuyồk). Kc`t t` jo trukh kc tỮ :1,37J (]cì` Khuk) Ĝếk ::,87J (FẬj
Zk ‚ Coỗ Aổkc)> kc`t t` tcp trukh aổkc t <1,0 7J (tc xl Fỗo J`)
k<:,<7J (]cỡ` Khuyồk) vỗ <:,=7J (Wcừ CỐ ‚ Wcõ ]c). TỌ kc`Ỉt ĜỐ tỜ` jo tuyỈt
ĜỜ` ở jìj k` trỚkh Z kck tâb ở B`Ọk Aắj tƷkh t kcƷ ở jìj Ĝ`Ịb bj t kc`åk
ở jìj tkc pcõ Kb5 =< 7J (tc xl Fỗo J`) vỗ =<,87J (Zk Coỗ - Wcừ Pồk). ]rokh
nc` ỳ v kc`t ĜỐ tỜ` tcẩp tuyỈt ĜỜ`, mo ở B`Ọk Aắj jú b kh fkc kồk khkh
tcp kct t` ]cỡ` Khuyồk vỗ Wcừ C Wcừ ]c fỗ : 7J vỗ :,97J, jk tc xl Fỗo
J` fỗ <,=7J. Fkh b cỗkh kĊb ở jìj Ĝ`Ịb trỚkh Z kck tâb tẬ` B`Ọk Aắj ở 
bỠj trukh kc jo ck ở jìj Ĝ`Ịb jú jy bj t kc`ồk t` B`k Kb. Khc fỗ
t <.397bb/kb (Wcõ CỐ ‚ Wcõ ]c) Ĝếk 1791,=bb/kĊb (]cì` Khuyåk) kcƷkh
vák tcẩp ck ở At - \uẪkh Khl` (:::0,9bb/kĊb).
]úb fẬ`, ĜẸj Ĝ`Ịb j aẪk vỌ ncâ cẢu ĜỜ` v` Z kck tõb fỗ kk ncõ cu kc`t
` h`ỳ b kỳkh vỗ b, kc`t trukh aổkc kb vỗo ncokh trồk 1: 7J. Jy Ĝib
trỚkh ở jìj tkc pcâ Aắj bẸj mð jỳ b kh fkc trkh ` no mỗ`, kckh vỏk
8

 

s`kc trƷởkh pcìt tr`Ịk tỜt. ė`Ọu Ĝú jcỠkh t, Z kck tâb jú ncẪ kĊkh tcâjc khc`
ncì jo v` Ĝ`Ọu n`Ỉk tcƬ` t`ết ở jìj vðkh t`Ịu ncâ cẢu kc`Ỉt ` h`ỳ b kỳkh vỗ
b t` T`t Kb.
]c kck
kckhh t Ĝl`5
Ĝl`5 Z kck tâb bj t kc`åk ở jìj tkc pcõ Kb kcổk
jcukh fỗ trồk fo` t ku - Ĝ pcìt tr`Ịk tråk azk coẸj ku Ĝ pcìt tr`Ịk tråk
 azk jú bðk tâjc tứ ở jck kõ` (N‐Akh ‚ H` F`, Tkc ]cjc
]cjc Aổkc kc, Zk
Coỗ - Wcừ Pồk). j `b jcukh j fo` t kỗy fỗ jỳ tẨkh Ĝẩt bẸt su, tỸ fỈ
cẬt sàt jo, t` xỜp, m tcb kj. Mo `u n`k kỳkh vỗ b, f` jú fƷkh bƷ jo
kåk aỎ rỢ tr` ncì bẬkc> jìj jct st vỗ kcb xõt ncỳ coỗ tk, fkh kh kc`u
fỗb jco t c` jcu, pC5 9 4. ]uy kc`ồk, Z kck tõb fỗ jy tckh bj jc
t tcp (vik rkh, tcukh fkh, hk cỗkc fkh vik su`),
su`), kåk ở Ĝy foẬ` Ĝẩt ku - Ĝ
 azk nỊ tråk ât kc`Ọu Ĝl jú s tcy Ĝý`, mo q trỉkc tcƷƬkh xuyåk ĜƷj tâjc fuỰ
tcåb aở` fp tcẪb bứj kåk tkh t bt jỳ bỗu ku xỡb vỗ ku ik. Cỗb fkh
bk vỗ fk týkh s ncỡ jo, kckh nf` fẬ` tcẩp.

 ạkc =. Zl kcák tâb trỚkh tråk
tråk Ĝẩt slu
slu kƷƬkh rẮ
rẮy,
y, ĜỐ mỜj :7%
:7%

Z kck tâb trỚkh ở ]k FjCoỗ Aổkc>Jck Bkh- ok Ckh Wcừ ]c> \uk
Jcu - ėẬ` ]Ữ ‚ ]cì` Khuyåk> khoẬ`  tcỎ xl Fỗo J` Fỗo J` fo` t y
tcujkcỳbdirf`tvỗkhcyvỗkh.T ju tƷkh j aẪk jŠkh jú tỸ fỈ cẬt sàt
jo, t` xỜp, m tcẩb kƷj, m aỎ rỢ tr` kcƷ foẬ` Ĝẩt Ĝ ‚ ku cy ku - Ĝ tråk
3


 

 azk. Zokh Ĝ`Ịb ncìj a`Ỉt j aẪ
aẪkk jỨ jìj foẬ`
foẬ` Ĝẩt ở jjìj
ìj Ĝ`Ịb nỊ tråk
tråk tcƷƬkh
khcão vỌ bẸt m`kc mkh, v` cỗb fkh bk, nf` vỗ fk týkh s tcẩp ck
(ncoẪkh :7%) so v` Ĝẩt ku - Ĝ cy ku trồk azk. ]cj t kỗy jỳ tc h`Ẫ`
tcâjc mo Ĝẩt ĜỊ trỚkh Z kck tâb ở jìj `b kỗy u tcuj fo` t su kkh
rỏy, l a cokh fu khỗy vỗ jỳ jcu jo, pC5 =,9 ‚ 9,7. Aở` vẢy, nc` trỚkh Z
kck tâb, buỜk jú kĊkh suẩt jo pcẪ` jcỨ ĜỐkh ẳk tcåb jìj fo`pck.
Khoỗ`` r, Z kc
Khoỗ
kck
k tõb ib tr
trk
khh tcõ khc`
khc`b
b trồk Ĝẩt pc
pcðð s skh
skh CỚkh
CỚkh (TƷƬk

(TƷƬk
]rukh tb KJ Fb ėẸj Zk vỗ ]rukh tb Jy tcuj Cỗ K` ]ckc ]rỉ - tcuỐj
T`Ỉk MƷj f`Ỉu),
f`Ỉu), jy vák s`kc trƷở
trƷởkh
kh pcìt tr`k
tr`k aổkc tckh vỗ r co nt qu kc`u.
`u ỳ jcỠkh b`kc, Z kck tâb jŠkh jú ncẪ kĊkh tcâjc khc` jo ĜỜ` v` bỐt sỜ foẬ`
Ĝẩt jú q trỉkc fp ncỡj kcu.
<.<. Z`kc fũ

Kcu ju kj vỗ b5
b5Kj
Kj vỗ b nckh ncõ fỗ bt kck t s`kc tcì`
quk trkh ĜỜ` v` q trỉkc s`kc trƷởkh pcìt tr`Ịk jỨ jy Z kck tâb. KcƬ jú
kƷj, r Z kck tâb b` cẩp tcứ ĜƷj jìj jcẩt cữu j vỗ jct ncoỡkh coỗ tk
trokh kj tcj c`k quỡ trỉkc ĜỚkh c. ]rokh kcữkh tcìkh bð nc ở jìj tkc
 pcâ Kb, jy
jy Z kck bj
bj t kc`åk ở rỮkh vỏk tcj c`k tcoỡt c` kj bỡt fỡ
vỗ s`kc trkh pcỡt tr`k tt fỗ mo kj khb vỗ Ạb trokh nckh ncâ tỮ quẨk
xl rỮkh jukh jẩp.
ėỜ` v` Z kck tõb trkh t` tkc Coỗ Aổkc, Wcừ ]c, Fỗo J` vỗ ]cỡ`
Khuyồk, yồu ju v t` kj nc` b` trkh
trkh j fồk cỗkh u. Zo sỡkc t f
skh vỗ bj jc` c` f trkh ncỡj kcu jco tcy5
F trkh t` ]k Fj Coỗ Aổkc vỗo juỜ` tcìkh 1 ĜẨu tcìkh : kĊb <001, mo
tcƬ` t`ết bð xuk jú bƷ pcðk, nckh jẨk tƷ`, tỸ fỈ skh vỗ t t 0< 04,=%.
]rokh nc` ỳ, F trỚkh tẬ` xl \uk Jcu - ėẬ` ]Ữ tkc ]cì` Khuyồk vỗo ju` tcỡkh
<< u tcỡkh <1 kb 177=, fừj kỗy õt b vỗ t nc. Bj m j t` khy su

nc` trkh kckh t f skh vỗ bj jc` jc jú 34,=%, tcẢb jcâ jk tcẩp ck ở jcỘ
nckh tƷ` ĜƷj.
 Kcu jẨu kƷj ĜỜ` v` jy Z kck nc` b`
b ` trkh fỗ rt quk trkh. Kj t`
s fỗb jco Ĝẩt ở hỜj ĜƷj fãk jcẸt ck (so v` nckh t`). Bt ncỡj, kj fỗb
jco t b, muy trổ jco jìj kcìkc Z kck tâb fuk ĜƷj tƷ`, tẬo Ĝ`Ọu n`Ỉk r r
0




vỗ bj jc`. Zu nc` jy Z kck tõb l bj vỗ jco k sut quỡ trổkc s`kc
trkh v su, bẸj mð nckh jẨk tƷ`, kcƷkh mo jú cỈ tcỜkh r jcðb pcìt tr`Ịk rẩt
bẬkc kåk jú ncẪ kĊkh cõt ĜƷj kc`Ọu kƷj khẨb trokh Ĝẩt. ėẸj a`Ỉt nc` Z kck
tõb l pcỡt tr`k tcỗkc tcb mỗy j (su 1 kĊb tuý`), jcõkh jk jú ncẪ kĊkh h`ữ
kƷj jco Ĝẩt.
]uy kc`åk, jy Z kck tâb nckh jcỎu ĜƷj khẢp õkh fu khỗy.Tỗotc`
nrco, ku hp tr` b s kc ckh t` nc kkh tc pck vỗ t f nt qu.
`u ỳ jú tcỊ h`Ẫ` tcâjc bỐt pcẨk tẬ` so vứ co tcìkh = ‚ 9 tcu ĜƷj kc`Ọu quẪ
hẩp = fẨk so v` vứ co tcìkh 8 ‚ 3 jú bƷ kc`Ọu (jy trỚkh ở jìj tkc b`Ọk Aắj).
 Kcu jẨu ìkc sỡkh5
sỡkh5 èkc sỡkh ` v` Z kck tõb jkh fỗ bt kck t s`kc tcỡ`
jk vỗ . Jỳ ỡkc sỡkh jy b` tcj c`k j quỡ trổkc qukh cp vỗ ĜỚkh coì.
]rokh b` trƷƬkh t kc`åk, Z kck tâb tcƷƬkh bj xik m` tỡk kckh jy a` vỗ
jy h, v` tỗk jci t <7 47%> tcb jcõ jỳ jc t` 87%. ]uy kc`ồk, tỗk
jci trồk =7% jy s`kc trƷởkh bẬkc vỌ jc`Ọu jo. ]Ậ` bỐt f trỚkh ở xxll \uk Jcu,
cuyỈk ėẬ` ]Ữ tkc ]cì` Khuyåk, mo aỎ jci aúkh t` 47 ‚ 87%, jc`Ọu jo jy ĜẬt t`
1,9 ‚ :b. ở jìj f trỚkh ncìj v` tỗk jci 17 :7% jy jc jo tỮ <,4 ‚ 1,1b>
bẢt ĜỐ sỜ kcìkc tråk bỐt bàt vukh =9 ‚ 97 kcìkc (kc`Ọu ck ở f jci aỳkh 87%)
vỗ s jb co jkh mỗy j vỗ kc`u ck t` 17% so v` f aỎ jci aokh kc`Ọu.

 KhƷj fẬ` tẬ` bỐt
b Ốt f trỚkh v` m`Ỉk tâjc ck :.777b1, jc jú jy jci aúkh
xukh qukc, Z kck trỚkh ở h`ữ hẨk kcƷ nckh ĜƷj jci aúkh trj t`ếp. ]rokh
1 kĊb ĜẨu
ĜẨu vỌ bỠj ĜỐ
ĜỐ s`kc
s`kc trƷởkh
trƷởkh pcìt
pcìt tr`Ịk
tr`Ịk nàb ck
ck jìj f jci
jci ẳ
ẳkh
kh tỮ 17
17 ‚ 
=7%. Jc`Ọu jo jy
jy trukh aækc
aækc jc ĜẬt <,9b (coẸj tcẩp ck),
ck), kcƷkh vák tcẩy r
co quẪ,
quẪ, tcẢbjc
tcẢbjcâj
âjoc
ockt
kt`
`:7%
:7%so
sov`
v`fa
faỎjc

Ỏjciaú
iaúkhk
khkc`Ọ
c`Ọu(47‚
u(47‚ 87%).
87%). ėỜ` v` jy
bj t kc`åk tråk Ĝẩt su kƷkh ráy (xl N‐Qookh, cuyỈk N‐Akh, tkc H` F`),
bẸj mð nckhj
nckhjúj
újyj
yjcia
ciaúkh
úkhtrj
trjt`ếp
t`ếp(kcƷ
(kcƷkhĜẩ
khĜẩtẠb
tẠb),Z
),Z kck tâb ở Ĝy vỏk to
tcỗkc ỡb mỗy j vvỗỗ jỳ kc`u co qu.
Kc vy jỳ tc nckh kc rkh, ỡkc sỡkh fỗ kck tỜ jẨk tc`ết jỨ jy. Zokh
v` ĜỐ tìk jci tỮ <7 17% (coj :7%) jỳ f fỗ tcõjc cp kcẩt jco Z kck tâb
s`kc trƷởkh pcìt tr`Ịk bẬkc. ]rokh trkh cp jỳ kckh ỡb Z kck tõb bj
mỗy j, nckh jỳ jy jci aỳkh trj
tr j t`p bỗ vỏk s`kc trkh pcỡt tr`k tt fỗ mo
xukh qukc ỳ (ở ĜƷƬkh a`åk) jú kcữkh jy hỘ cy jy aứ`. Tk quk trkh
kct y jcõkc fỗ b` trkh Ĝẩt jk ĜỨ Ạb. Tæ tcế jcƷ ao h`Ƭ tcẩy Z kck
<7

 

tâb xuẩt c`Ỉk ở kcữkh k` Ĝẩt nc jẼk.
 Kcu jẨu vỌ m`kc mƷỬkh ncoìkh5 Jy Z kck tâb bj t kc`ồk jkh kc
trkh u jk jỡj jct cu j vỗ jct ncoỡkh jco jy s`kc trkh vỗ pcỡt tr`k.
Kckh jct kỗy fỗ mo fp tcb bj vỗ jỡj sk pcẠb tcỠ jẩp tỮ ĜỐkh vẢt rỮkh
jukhjẩp.
  ]cj tế trỚkh Z kck tâb tråk Ĝẩt su kƷkh ráy tẬ` khoẬ` tc xl Fỗo J` vỗ
\uk Jcu - ` ] ‚ ]cì` Khuyåk Ĝl jcỠkh b`kc v`Ỉj jukh jẩp tcåb ėẬb, Fk, Nf`
tckh qu aúk pck WKN h`õp jco jy r co quẪ tỜt. F trỚkh tẬ` ]k FẬj ‚ Coỗ
Aổkc kb <001 nckh aỳk tcừjKWN, su 19 14 tcìkh (nỊ tỮ nc` trỚkh) b` tcẩy co
quẪ vứ ĜẨu. ]rokh nc` Ĝú, jìj f trỚkh ở \uk Jcu - ėẬ` ]Ữ ‚ ]cì` Khuyåk b` jc
<3 ‚ <0 tcìkh (n t nc` trkh) ltcy r co qu vỗ t fỈ sỜ ncúb jú co quẪ jŠkh
jo ck :7-=7%. Tẩk kỗy jk pc tcuj vỗo jỡj kck t ncỡj, kckh jcj jck
kcu ju Fk W179 fỗ quk trkh ` v` quỡ trổkc u qu vỗ jco qu jỳ ct jcj. Z
kck fỗ jy trkh fy qu, a` vy trokh q trỉkc jcĊb súj jẨk jcõ  jukh jẩp tcåb
jìj jcẩt cữu j, jcẩt ncoìkh trokh Ĝú nckh tcỊ tc`ếu pck fk.
:.A pck mkh vỗ h`ỡ tr
:.<.A pck mkh vỗ t`ồu jcuk jctfkh
A pck mkh5 Fỗ qu h`ỗ l pc` cy sẩy nc, aúj r fẩy khuyåk ncỜ` cẬt.
CẬt rƬ` r jŠkh ĜƷj sỢ mứkh.
]`åu jcuẠk jcẩt fƷỪkh5 ]cio \u` ĜỎkc jỨ MƷj ė`Ịk T`Ỉt Kb (1771)5
- CẬt nc
nc jk khuyồk
khuyồk j nc`,
nc`, cổ
cổkc
kc trkh
trkh cy cổkc hk
hk trk,

trk, bỗu ku Ĝik. ]Ỹ fỈ
cẬt rƬ` r mƷ` <7%. ėỐ Ạb jk fẬ` mƷ`<=%.
- \uk sìt tỮk
tỮkhh cẬt rƬ` r`åkh rẲ tcẩy aỌ bẸt cẬt kkcẹk
cẹk (kếu cẬt fẩy tỮ qu
quẪẪ kok s
jỳ a bt kck kcio), bỗu ku ik> jỳ v jy, b` tcb j t`kc mu.
- Cỗb fkh t`kc
t`kc mu trokh ct t
t t f trồk<,9%.
trồk<,9%.
]cỗkc pck coỡ cj5 ]ro
]rokh
kh c
ctt Z kck
kck tõ
tõb
b jỳ tcỗkc
tcỗkc pck
pck jc yu fỗ t`kc
t`kc
mu, v`
v` cỗb fkh
fkh trồk <,0%. Wck
Wck tõjc t`k
t`kcc mẨu Ĝl xìj
xìj ĜỎkc ĜƷj
ĜƷj <: cp jcẩt
jcẩt
ncìj

nc
ìj kcu
kcu.. ėú fỗ5
fỗ5 j
jbp
bpco
corr (:8,=
(:8,=%
% tr
trok
okhh t`kc
t`kc mu),
mu), aokyf
aokyf jit
jitt
t
jbpcik

(8,=%),
(8,=%),

aorkio
aorkioff (4,=%), f`bokik (4,:%),
(4,:%),

(:4,
(:4,<%
<%),
),

-p`kik (1,:%),
(1,:%),

-byrjik (<,4%),
(<,4%), f`kfo
f`kfoof
of (7,8%),
(7,8%), -pciffkmrik
-pciffkmrik (7,:%),
(7,:%), p-jybik (7,1%),
(7,1%), <<


 

 p`kik (7,<%), -tcueiki (vết), -jryopcyfik
-jryopcyfi k (vết).
:.1.H`ì trỎ
H`ì trỎ n`kc t5 Z kck fỗ fo` mj f`u jỳ h`ỡ tr s mkh trokh kj vỗ xut
ncu jo. Cỗkh kb, t khuỚk Z kck bj
b j t kc`åk ở T`Ỉt Kb Ĝl nc` tcìj tcu
bu ĜƷj ncoẪkh <77-:77 tẩk (quẪ nc) s mkh trokh kj vỗ vỗ` trb tk xut
ncu.
H`ỡ tcu bu Z kck tẬ` jcỘ trukh aækc tỮ :7.777Ĝ Ĝếk =7.777Ĝ/nh quẪ nc
(jẪ v). H`ì xuẩt ncẠu 07.777Ĝ Ĝếk <17.777Ĝ/ nh nc ( 8/kĊb1774).
]ìj mứkh mƷỪj fị5 ]`kc mẨu Z kck (jỡj foỗ` trồk) jỳ tỡj mkh j jc cot
kh

kh jỨ
jỨ jìj

jìj fo
foẬ`
Ậ` v` nc
ncuẠ
uẠk5
k5  Alj`ffus suat`f`s
suat`f`s,  Alj`ffus byjo`mis
byjo`mis,,  M`pjojjus
 pkiubok`lii,  Byjoaljtir
 pkiubok`l
 Byjoaljtir`ub
`ub tuairjufos`s,
tuairjufos`s,  Wrotuis vufhlr`s,
vufhlr`s, Zc`hiffl mysiktir`li
mysiktir`li,,
Zlfbokiffl typc`>
typc`> m`Ỉt bâp tråk Iktlboia
tråk Iktlboiall boscnowsn``
boscnowsn`` v` kkh j jc tcp.
Khoỗ` r, Z
Z kck jk jỳ tỡj mkh ffỗb
ỗb c st.
st.
]cio quk k`b j P cj jý truyỌk ( Fâkc kb aẪk tcẪo jỨ CẪ` ]cƷkh
Flk kh tcà nỸ <3), Z kck jú vỎ jy, b` tcb, tõkc b> tỡj mkh vỗo : n`kc
tck, t, v> tỡj mkh k trukh, cỗkc ncõ, jc tckh, nc` v, t`ồu tcj, ktc`.
Jýkh mkh fỗb tcuj5 Z kck j s mkh kc`u fỗb tcuj trokh P cj
jý truyỌk, kcẼb nâjc tcâjc
tcâjc t`åu coì> jcữ Ċk uỜkh nck
nckhh t`ồu, a kk b, u m

mỗy, u akh mo fkc,  jcẪy, n`ết fỹ, sẠy tc`, aỈkc jo cuyết ìp, jo
jcofistirofbỡu
Fkh mkh : 4 hb bt khỗy vỗ tckh pcỜ` cp v` jìj vỎ tcuỜj ncìj.
C`Ỉk Ĝl tcỜkh nå j ncokh 47 aỗ` tcuj ncỡj kcu jỳ s mkh Z kck.
Khoỗ` r, Ct Z kck jk j mkh fỗb h`
h` vỎ. ]`kc mẨu Z kck mðkh trokh
nỰ khcỈ bỰ pcb.
=.]c trkh s kck T`t Kb vỗ kcu ju xut ncu
=.<.Zl kcỏk trồk tc trkh tch``
h``
Z kck fỗ qu h`ỗ pc` nc, aỳj v fy j nc` ct. ]ồk tckh b` j Z
kck fỗ JLQMLBB. Jỳ = fo` cẬt tcƷkh pcẠb su5
<1


 

- Z kck cẬt ju
ju (foẬ` <)5 tcu cì`
cì` nc` qu vỗkh sỏb, n h` tc,
tc, aỳj tcy rỳj
v, qu jk jkh, ct c` vỗkh, h` jỳ jcb ik coj ku vỗkh, kcb ct jỳ v
jcu, jykkh
- Z kck kok (fo` 1)
1)55 cỡ` sb ct jk trkh cy c`
c` vỗkh jú vết kc
kcĊk,
Ċk, vỎ jy
kcƷkh nckhjcu.
- Z kck vứk (foẬ`

(foẬ` :)5 quẪ vứk mo tcu cì` vỌ nckh pc
pc`
` sẩy khy coẸj
coẸj pc`
sẩy ở kc`Ỉt ĜỐ jo ck 99 7j, ât jy.
- Z kck ĜƷƬkh
ĜƷƬkh (foẬ`
(foẬ` =) 5 ĜỊ quì jcõk 9-8 khỗy
khỗy b` cỡ`,
cỡ`, qu bb jỳ v kht
ct jy, ât t`kc mẨu, ncú aẪo quẪk væ mâkc, m b bj. Wc` vỗ` khỗy f` b f`, r`
vk r jỳ bỗuik.
]rồk tc h``, Z kck j mkh fỗb tcuj vỗ h` v. Jỡj kj xut ncu Z
kck jc yu fỗ5 @kmokis` (hk <777 tk/kb), ]cỡ` Fk vỗ Bfys` (vỗ` trĊb
tẩk /kĊb). Jìj kƷj kcẢp ncẠu Z kck jỨ ncu vj ėkh Kb Ì hỚb jú5 KcẢt
AẪk, ]rukh \uỜj, CỚkh Nkh, jỡj kj Jcu u vỗ Aj B. H`ỡ Z kck tråk
tcỎ trƷƬkh tcế h`` mo ĜỐkh tỮ 9.977-4.977 YZM/tẩk nc. Kcu jẨu mƷj f`Ỉu Z
kck tråk tcế h``, bỘ` kb j tõkc t` vỗ` khỗk tk. Kcu ju kỗy jỳ xu ckh
khỗy bt kc`u ck.
=.1.Zl
=.1.
Zl kcỏk T`t Klb vỗ Kcu ju xut ncu
]rj kb <089, nc` m`k tõjc rỮkh jcƷ aỎ pcì coẬ` khc`åb trkh, Z kck
 pck aỜ rkh rl` vỗ tr fkh tkh ` fk. Kcỗ kj ĜỐj quyỌk tcu bu, xuẩt
ncẠu r`åkh b`Ọk Aắj bỘ` kĊb jkh xut ncu t vỗ` jcj k cỗkh trb tk Z
kck nc. KcƷkh Ĝếk jìj kĊb hẨk Ĝy mo m`Ỉk tâjc rỮkh aỎ tcu cẰp kckc jcúkh
v`Ỉj nc` tcìj aẪo vỈ jy Z kck nckh ĜƷj jcõ  tỜt kåk sẪk fƷkh Z kck
xuẩt ncẠu h`ẪbmẨk.
 AẪkh <5 AẪkh
AẪkh tcỜkh nå fƷỪkh xuẩt

xuẩt ncẠu Zl kcák tỮ kĊb <094 - <087 ở b`Ọk Aắj
FƷkh

FƷkh

 KĊb

xuẩt

 KĊ

xuẩt

<094

ncẠu
<07

b
<04

ncẠu
<7=

tẩk

:

tẩk
<:

 

<098

87

<04

83

<093

tẩk
4:

=
<04

tẩk
=0

<090

tẩk
<77

9
<04

tẩk
<9

<047

tẩk
:<

4
<04

tẩk
14

<04<

tẩk
8=

8
<04

tẩk
:<

<041

tẩk
<73

3
<04

tẩk
99

tẩk

0
<08

tẩk
80

7

tẩk

 Kcu jẨu Z kck jco xuẩt ncẠu jỨ
jỨ T`Ỉt Kb fỗ ncỡ fk. Kb <00: Kct Ak
jỳ kcu ju 377 tẩk. KĊb <009, jkh ty xuẩt kcẢp ncẠu Ptế (AỐ P ]ế) Ĝl ĜẸt nế
coẬjc tcu bu 477 tẩk… Zokh tråk tcj tế, T`Ỉt Kb jcƷ ao h`Ƭ Ĝìp Ỡkh ĜƷj.
BẸt ncìj, trokh jìj kĊb hẨk Ĝy v`Ỉj auk aìk, jkh kc sk xut bt cỗkh kỗy
jk a tc ký` vỉ sẪk fƷkh jcƷ jo. T`Ỉj auk k tcu bu xut ncu pck fk mo
t tckh kb h`, Kcỗ kj nckh ĜỐj quyỌk quẪk f kcƷ tcƬ` ao jẩp trƷj
Ĝy. Tõ m, t` 1 tkc Aj Nk vỗ Jo Akh vỗo kb 1777 t`b kkh Z Kck ncỡ
fk kckh c`k ky nc` Ĝếk vứ tcu coẬjc jú ncoẪkh tråk17 tƷ tcƷkh Ĝ` tcu bu
sẪk pcẠb tẬ` jìj jc, su Ĝú tẢp trukh bkh fåk a`åk h`` aìk jco jìj tƷ tckh
]rukh \uj.

9.Jỡj vk n`kc t xl c` vỗ j jcế jỨ sẪk xuẩt
Jco Ĝếk ky v`Ỉj tcu cì`, jcế a`ếk aẪo quẪk sẪk pcẠb jcỨ yếu tcio pcƷkh
 pcìp tcỨ jkh. T` fj fkh jc yu fỗ pc k, tr ib (07%) vỗo rkh t kc`ồk
tcu cỡ` r` ib aỡk tƷ` coẸj pc` nc quẪ Ĝib aìk ở jc coẸj jco khƷƬ` Ĝ` tcu
bu.
Zu nc` tcu bu khƷƬ` t b` t`k cỗkc jc a`k (pc`, sy, pck fo`, ao
quk) r` Ĝib aìk r tcỎ trƷƬkh.
Nc` tcu cì` khƷƬ` mk tcƷƬkh trkc tc vỗo rkh tcu t` nc` qu jcõk tcuk
<=


 

tcứj kåk jcẩt fƷkh sẪk pcẠb nàb mo fák jẪ qu kok, qu fp, n tcut fỗb nc f`
k h`k pc tcuj vỗo tc` t`t kkh b. ]ckh aỡk cỗkh x (fák fỐk tỜt xẩu)
kåk h`ì aìk rẩt tcẩp, tcu kcp nb.
Kcỗ kj l jỳ jỡj jcõkc sỡjc quk f
f  aẪo vỈ rỮkh, jú ĜẨu tƷ vỜk, tc`ết aỎ
jco jìj xâ khc`Ỉp jcế a`ếk mƷj pcẠb trokh jìj kĊb hk y.
Kkh sut vỗ jct f
fkh
kh qu Z kck
kck pc tcuj
tcuj vỗo jỡj
jỡj yu t j
j akfỗ5
l) H`kh5 ]u foỗ`, kct fỗ mkh s` qu jỳ cỗb fkh vỗ jct fƷkhjo.
a) ė`Ọu n`Ỉk t kc`åk ncu pck aỜ5 foẬ` rỮkh, tỗk jci, jo, mj,
ncõcu...

j) ]c` v tcu coẬjc Ĝõkh tcƬ` vứ sẲ tĊkh sẪk fƷkh quẪ ĜẬt t`åu jcuẠk <7 ‚ 
<9%.
m) NỰ tcuẢt jcế a`ếk tcâjc cp sẲ tĊkh jcẩt fƷkh sẪk pcẠb cẬt, ĜẬt t`åu jcuẠk
xuẩt ncẠu (foẬ`<).

 AẪkh 15 ZƬ
ZƬ ĜỚ jìj bỜ`
bỜ` qulk ccỈỈ trokh c
c tckh s
skk xut vỗ t`ồu Z kck T`t Kb

]cu cì` ở rỮkh t kc`åk
Jc 

<9

Suẩt ncẠu


 

]cẨy fkh

k

]cu bu

]rỚkh (cỐ h` Ĝỉkc)
SK mƷj pcẠb

+

]cu hb
]`åu tcứ (kh` t`ồu mkh)

4.]cu cojc, jc a`k vỗ ao quk
4.<.

Ql col nết quẪ

]cỒ` vứ5 Z kck tâb bj t kc`åk jŠkh kcƷ ĜƷj trỚkh bỐt kĊb jú 1 vứ co quẪ5
Tứ jcâkc5 Co kở tỮ h`ữ tcìkh = Ĝếk ĜẨu tcìkh 9> qu h`ỗ t h` tcỡkh 8 k
tcỡkh 3. Z kck tâb bj t kc`åk coẸj ĜƷj trỚkh ở jìj tkc pcõ Kb jỳ v co
qu kỗy jỳ tc sb ck pcõ Aj ncokh hk < tcỡkh. Khc fỗ co kở tỮ h`ữ
tcìkh : coẸj ĜẨu tcìkh =. ėy fỗ v co qu jcõkc trokh kb. Mo co k vỗo fừj õt
b coj nckh jỳ b, kồk fkh qu h`ỗ tcu j jo ck v su t =7
47%.T
47%.
T pc5 T co kỗy at u xut c`k nc` qu j v trồk jc h`ỗ (ju`
tcỡkh 4 - u tcỡkh 8) vỗ no mỗ` r` rỡj k tk tcỡkh 0 coẸj tcìkh <7. \uẪ jcâk
tcu ĜƷj jŠkh rẪ` rìj Ĝếk tẢk tcìkh
tcìkh 0 coẸj tcìkh <7. \Ứ jcâk tcu ĜƷj jkh r`
rỡj t tcỡkh 0 k tcỡkh <1. T kỗy tcƷƬkh jú ât co, nc` co kở cy hẸp trƬ` bƷ,
kåk fƷkh quẪ tcu cì` ĜƷj jŠkh tcẩp ck kc`Ọu so v` vứ co bð xuk.
  ]uộ` rl col quẪ5
quẪ5 \uk sìt quẨk tcỊ Z kck trỚkh ở jìj tcƬ` vứ ncìj kcu jco tcẩy,
jìj kcìkc tỮ < kĊb tuý` trở fåk b` jú ncẪ kĊkh r co. KcƷkh nckh pc` tt j jỡj
kcỡkc jkh f tuý` kỗy u r co quẪ. ]Ỹ fỈ sỜ kckc jú co vứ ĜẨu t`åk trokh <
ncúb jc jc`ế t fỈ ncoẪkh 9-8%. Jìj v co qu j jỡj kb su, t f kỗy sẲ tĊkh
mẨk fåk t` :7 coẸj =7%. Jìj kcìkc Ĝl r co quẪ sẲ tỚk tẬ` tcåb ncoẪkh < kĊb su

k tcổ tỗk f`.
Ku jy h`kh
h`kh Z kck
kck tõb j ttrkh
rkh vỗo b
b kh ( tc
tcỡkh
ỡkh <<-<1) su <3-<0 tcỡkh
tcỡkh
tuý` ( n t khỗy trkh) khc fỗ vỗo tcỡkh 4-8 kƷb su kữ, jy sẲ jú co fẨk ĜẨ t`åk.
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Ku jy h`kh
h`kh Z kck
kck tõb trk
trkhh vỗo b xuk
xuk ( tcỡkh 1-:), su 19-14 tcỡkh
tcỡkh tuý` ( n
t khỗy trkh). Khc fỗ vỗo tcỡkh =-9 kb su k jy b` r co fỠ ĜẨu t`åk.
 KcƷ vẢy, ĜỜ` v` vứ co quẪ ĜẨu
ĜẨu t`åk jỨ Z kck trỚkh
trỚkh pcứ tcu
tcuỐj
Ốj vỗo tuý` j jy
trkh vỗ su ỳ fỗ tõkc tcƬ` vứ. Zokh tỮ kĊb tcỠ : trở Ĝ`, jy Z kck tâb sẲ jú jcu nỺ
r co quẪ tcio ừkh v` quy fut s`kc trkh vỗ pcỡt tr`k j jcõkh.
ZẪk fƷỪkh5 Z kck trỚkh tỮ kĊb tuý` tcỠ : tr ` aj vỗo h`` ok tcỗkc

tcj tỡ` s`kc. Jy s r co qu u cỗkh kb vỗ b` kb jco 1 vứ co quẪ. Mo
jy jú tỜj ĜỐ ĜẾ kcìkc jo, kåk rẩt ncú pck a`Ỉt vỌ ncì` k`Ỉb "jì tcỊ" jŠkh kcƷ
tuý` jỨ jìj tcế cỈ kcìkc Z kck trokh quẨk tcỊ. Tæ vẢy v`Ỉj Ĝếb sỜ jy (kcìkc)
jú co quẪ jc jú tcỊ tâkc tcio tỸ fỈ týkh sỜ jy tråk bỐt Ĝk vỎ m`Ỉk tâjc (b 1). ]
f kỗy s vỗo ncokh :7 =7% nc` Z kck vỗo tc` nổ tcỗkc tcj tỡ` s`kc.
- B` kcìkc
kcìkc jy sẲ jú tỮ <-: jcðb co quẪ.ZỜ
quẪ.ZỜ quẪ trồk < jcb
jcb tckh
tckh jỳ t :-9
qu (õt kct fỗ <,kc`u kct fỗ 0).
- ]c` h`k
h`k t nc` co
co k k nc` qu h`ỗ
h`ỗ t 49 - 89 khỗy.
- \u Z kck tõb
tõb (h`ỗ) t`
t` ib pc` nc s a co cứt
cứt ncoẪkh
ncoẪkh :9-=7%.
:9-=7%. Kú`
jìjc ncìj tỸ fỈ nc/tƷ` jỨ qu h`ỗ fỗ ncokh47-49%.

- Kkh
Kkh sut kck trkh
trkh tcuk
tcuk fo`,
fo`, vỗo tc`

tc` n tcỗkc
tcỗkc tcj
tcj bt kb
kb jỳ
tc tcu ĜƷj tỮ 877 - 397nh quẪ tƷ`, tƷkh ĜƷkh v` =99-991,9nh quẪnc.
T` h`ì aìk Z kck foẬ` < tẬ` ĜỎ pcƷkh :7 ‚ =7.777Ĝ/nh quẪ nc jẪ v sẲ tcu
ĜƷj tỮ <:,49 ‚ <3,1 tr`Ỉu ĜỚkh/c (v` kĊkh suẩt 877nh qu t`/c) vỗ t <4,98
11,< tr`u kh/c (v` kĊkh suẩt 397nh quẪ tƷ`/c).
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]cu coẬjc Ĝõkh tcƬ` Ĝ`Ịb, Ĝõkh pcƷkh pcìp, s jcế vỗ ao quk v` kckh
a`k pcỡp pc cp v t`t n`Ỉb jc` pcâ sẪk xuẩt vỮ tẬo r ĜƷj sẪk pcẠb cẬt Z
kck jú jcẩt fƷkh jo.
4.1.

]cu coẬjc

]cỒ` vứ tcu cojc5
Z kck tõb jỳ 1 v tcu cojc fỗ Có vỗ kh> Z kck su nc` trkh <-1 kb
jy jco quẪ ẳ`, jìj kĊb su b` jco sẪk fƷkh ýk ĜỎkc (tỮ kĊb tcỠ = trở Ĝ`). BỘ`
c bỐt kĊb jú tcỊ jco tcu coẬjc ncoẪkh :97 - =97 nh quẪ nc. ]cu cì` Z kck
 pcẪ` Ĝõkh tcƬ` vứ jc
jcẩt
ẩt fkh b` jo.
Z kck tcu ừkh tuý` h` fỗ Z kck cẬt ju, jcẩt fƷkh tỜt kcẩt. ]cu coẬjc
quẪ jcâkc ncokh 17 khỗy, v qu bỗu tõ, n h` tc, qu jkh. qu jcõk
bkh (quỡ 9-8 khỗy) b` tcu cì` tcỉ quẪ bỌb, kht cết jy, ât t`kc mu fỗ Z kck

kh nb h`ỡ tr. ]cu cojc qu Z kck jk kok sẲ jco cẬt nckh bẠy, vỎ nckh
jcu, jŠkh nàb h`ì trỎ. Z kck tâb ĜƷj tcu cojc nc` qu h`ỗ, sp jcõk.
- ` v` v co
co k vỗo ju` tcỡkh
tcỡkh : ( b`k Kb),
Kb), h` tcỡkh = ( b`k
b`k Aj)
tcổ qu s h`ỗ t ju` tcỡkh 4 Ĝếk cết tcìkh 8.
- ėỜ` v` vứ co
co kở t tcỡkh 4, qu
qu s h`ỗ r` rỡj t u tcìk
tcìkhh 0 Ĝếk tcìkh <<
coẸj <1 (ở b`ỌkAắj).

 KcẢk a`ết quẪ h`ỗ5 Nc` qu h`ỗ, jỡj h` trồk qu khk ck so v` nc` quẪ jk
kok, aúp kcẰ tcy jỠkh, aúj v r tcy jỡj nc` ct jỳ bỗu ku vỗkh cy ku, kb
pck ỡo ct
ct jỳ v kht
kht..
Jỡjc tcu cỡ`5
Khỗy tcu cỡ`, jck kckh khỗy kkh rỡo, t tkh ` nc ĜỊ nc` cì` jck
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nckh mỏb ó fỗb hly tck khb, tỡj kh kc`u k c r j jy fỗb kc
ckh k s`kc trkh jỨ jy. ]Ờt kcẩt, Ĝ` tcio fỜ` Ĝ` jcĊb sújjy.
Jìjc tcu cì`5 A` fp tcẪb bứj mƷ` hỜj jy ĜỊ tổb qu. Nc` xỡj kc jcb
qu l h`ỗ, mkh no jt jukh jcb qu jco vỗo ao t` cy h`. Jc jck fy

jcb qu h`ỗ, qu kok f` tcu su (mo co k buk). Nc` a` tổb vỗ jt qu fu
nckh fỗb hỏy jy, rkh co (j v su) Ẫkc cƷởkh Ĝếk sẪk fƷkh vứ su.
4.:.

Jcế a`ếk sƬ  aỐ

FoẬ` a tp jct5 \u tcu v t`k cỗkc khy v`j fo` a tp jct, ao hb5
Kct a rỡj vỗ qu kok, fàp> ẳj v jìj fì vẪy, fì aắj jðkh tỚk tẬ` tråk jcðb
quẪ. \uẪ jk fẬ` ĜỊ khuyåk jẪ jcðb ĜỊ nc` pc` sẩy ĜỊ tẬo ĜỐ tcoìkh jco jcỳkh
nc. Nc` pc` sy hk nc b` t`k cỗkc tỡjc fy tkh qu vỗ a jukh, su ỳ
sy t`p k nc. Jú trƷƬkh cp5 ĜỚkh tcƬ` v` v`Ỉj foẬ` a tp jct kc trồk, t`k
cỗkc kht r` qu fuk (a jukh).
Fỗb nc5
Cokh pc` t
t kc`ồk

Ku tcu cojc trokh tc` n tcƬ` t`ết tcuẢk f`, quẪ Z kck tâb ĜƷj pc`
trj t`ếp tråk sk hẬjc, sk x` bĊkh.
]rƬ` kắkh, kc`Ỉt ĜỐ trukh aổkc ak kh ỗy :1-:97j, pc` f`ồk tj t 8-3 khỗy qu
snc


Zy ncý Zl kcỏk

Ku hp tr
tr`` b,
b , Z kc
kckk tcu cì` vỌ pcẪ
pcẪ`` Ĝib
Ĝi b sẩy.

sẩy . Zẩy aẼkh
aẼk h f sẩy ,
kc`åk f`Ỉu sẩy jú tcỊ fỗ j`coj tck
tck (cổkc
(cổkc 1),
1), sy
sy akh
akh c` t
t h`
h`ỡk
ỡk t`ếp
t`ếp coẸj
coẸj
trj t`ếp jú auỚkh trỐk ncâ ĜỊ ĜỌ pckh jcỡy sk pcb sy. Kc`t mỗk sy fỗ
=7 977J. H`ỗk
H`ỗk sy k akh pcồk tri, xp tcỗkc jìj tẨkh ncì
ncìjj kcu, jỠ 4- 8
t`ếkh fẬ` ĜẪo quẪ trồk jỡj h`ỗk. \u Z kcksy f`ồk tj trokh vkh : = khỗy
s nc.
\uy trổkc sy.
s y. Z kck
j
j fỗb nc trokhf sy (cổkc
(cổkc v 1) coj
coj jỡj
jỡj fo` f
sy jcuyồk fỗb nc kkh fb sk. Zy Z kck tcio jìj aƷj su5
AƷj <5 JcuẠk aỎ khuyåk f`Ỉu
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