Đạo mẫu nhìn từ bản sắc văn hóa việt nam đặng văn bài nguyễn thị thu trang

VAN_tL6A CO TRUYDN

Eton thd thanh mdu d Phu Day, Nam Djnh

NHIN TUT BAN SAC VAN HOA VIET NAM
BANG VAN BAI - N G U Y £ N THI THU TRANG

1. Doi dieu suy nghT ve ban sdc vfin hda
dan tgc
Di hilu ro mdi quan hfi giua dao Mfiu, vfin
hda thd nu thdn va ban sfie van hda dfin tdc.
trudc hdt edn thdng nhd't quan nifim vl ban sfic
van hda. Nhin tdng qudt, ban sac vfin hda Id
nhQng dac dilm vl tfnh each, phdm chdt ciia
mdt edng ddng qud'c gia, dfin tdc, dugc hun
due, kdt tinh lai trong sudt chilu ddi ljch sQ
hinh Ihdnh va phdt triln, qua dd, duoe khai quat
hda thanh bilu tugng vfin hda dl khoi dfiy nilm
ta hdo dfin tdc va dugc quy chilu dl so sdnh,
phfin bill nd vdi eac qudc gia, dfin tdc khde.
Cdc nha khoa hgc thudng tidp cfin ban sac

vfin hda iQ gde dd tdng thd cdc gia tri dfic trung,
ban ehfi't eiia vfin hda dfin tdc Dd la nhQng ylu
td tao ra nin tang tinh thdn mang tfnh trudng
tdn. ben vflng ciia tiing qudc gia, dfin tdc. TQ gde
nhin dd, ngudi ta xem xet ban ban sfic vfin hda
Irong nhQng dilu kien mdi irudng tu nhifin vd
lieh sQ - xa hdi eu thi. Trudng hgp Viet Nam, cd
nhihig dac trung co ban cdn duge luu y:
Dfin tdc da hinh thanh va phdt triln trong

mdi trudng thien nhifin khfic nghifit: ndng dm,
gid mua, mua bao, lu lut thudng xuyfin, vdi nen
kinh td truyln thdng Id ndng nghiep trdng lua
nudc, ddng thdi lai la noi gap gd ciia nhilu nen
van minh Idn trfin thd gidi.
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VAN H 6 A NIfiHI; T H I I A T TBOIIg UVtlt
Hinh thdnh iQ rdt sdm (nQa ddu thifin nifin k^
thQ nhd't trudc CN), nhung Vifit Nam ludn phai
duang ddu vdi cdc thfi luc xdm luge ngoai bang
hung manh vdo bfic nhd't thd gidi, dl bao vfi nin
ddc Idp tu chil vd lodn ven lunh thd qude gia.
CQng cdi ngudn vfin hda trong bd'i canh
Ddng Nam A, nhung do phai trai qua hdng
ngdn nfim thdng tri ciia nhd Hdn vd cdch thQc
dp dfit vfin hda Han mang tfnh ehfi't ddng hda,
nfin van hda Vifit Nam cdn mang dfim nfit vfin
hda Ddng A Dd Id difi'm khac bifit ciia van hda
Viet Nam so vdi Thdi Lan, Ldo. Indonesia .
NhQng dilu kifin tu nhifin vd lich su - xa hdi
dac IhQ da tao nin nit dfic trung van hda ndi bfit
ciia Viet Nam: tinh thdn ylu nudc Id tu tudng
xuyen sudt. bao trum len moi llnh vuc ddi sd'ng
xa hdi. Cdc ydu td cdng ddng iQ thdi tiln. so sQ
da dugc gfin kfit lai Ifim nin tang phai trifi'n chii

nghia yfiu nudc va y thQc tu cudng dfin Idc. Vl
CO ban, vfin hda Vifit Nam mang tfnh da dang
trong su thdng nhfi't vdi su dan xen nhilu Idp vfin
hda: vfin hda ban dia (ciia cdng ddng 54 dfin
tdc), vfin hda Han - An vd vfin hda phuong Tdy.
Cd Ihl tifi'p cfin ban sfie vfin hda dan tdc tQ
thdi dd ihig xu vfin hda cua cdng ddng dun tde.
md theo cd gido su Trdn Qude Vugng thi dd Id:
thai dd Qng xu vdi thiln nhifin, thai dfi Qng xu
vdi xa bgi va cdng ddng, thdi dd ung xQ vdi
ehfnh minh, thdi dd Qng xQ vdi vdi thdn linh.
Trao ddi vl tfn ngudng thd nQ thdn (dao
Mdu). chung tdi xin chi xem xit mdt khfa eanh
bifiu hien cu thi ciia ban sfic vfin hda Vifit Nam,
dd la thai dd eiia eon ngudi vdi thdn linh, bilu
tugng vfin hda thiing lifing. Ta thfi'y, tfn ngudng.

B$ cda vdng d tidn dudng PhiJ Ddy, Nam Djnh

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Thing 12-2012

tdn gido cd vai trd rdt quan trgng trong ddi sdng
tinh thdn, tfim linh cua ngudi Vifit. Vdi quan
nifim van vfit hQu linh, su khfing dinh ed mdi
quan hfi khfing khfi gifla thfi gidi nhQng ngudi
dang sdng vdi td tifin. thd gidi nhung ngudi da
khufi't. ngudi Vifit Nam cd xu hudng thifing
lifing hda cdc su vflt. hiln tugng tu nhiln va cdc
ed nhfin md theo hg Id cd kha nfing silu vifit.

mang lai lgi fch vd bao hd cho hg trong cdc ITnh
vuc ddi sdng hdng ngdy. Hg da ljch su hda,
nhfin cdch hda cdc luc luong tu nhiln, huyin
thoai hda cac nhfin vfit hch su vd tdt ca diu dugc
COI la thdn Imh. Vi thd. d Viet Nam tir Ifiu da
htnh thdnh mdi mang ludi ddy dfic cdc thilt chl
tdn gido, tfn ngudng tren khfip mgi neo Idng
que CLia dd'i nudc (mdt lang ft nhdt cung cd
dinh, din, chiia, midu...) vdi mdt he thdng thdn
dien thieng lieng cao ca ma diln hinh nhdt la
hien tugng TQ bfit tu: Tan Vifin Scm thdnh.
Thanh Gidng/Phii Ddng Thien Vuong, Thdnh
Chu Ddng TQ - Tien Dung. Mdu Lilu Hanh Bilu lugng dfic trung eiia vfin hda thd nu thdn.
Cd thi thfi'y. vfin hda thd nQ thdn Mfiu Lifiu
Hanh Id bilu tuong dfic tnmg vl Ba me xu sd va
tinh yfiu thuong gdp phdn lam nen dien mao TQ
bfit tu - bdn vj thdnh thieng lieng va quyin nfing
vuot trdi nhdt trong hfi thd'ng thdn didn Vifit
Nam Trong vfin hda Vifit Nam. nhfin td nQ, nii
thdn, nhfin thdn cung chie'm ly Ifi khdng nho
nhu hinh tuong Hai Ba Trung. Ba Trifiu, Lfi
Chfin vd vd van anh hung, lifit nQ duoc nhilu thi
he ngudi Viet Nam siing kfnh va tdn thd. Dac
biet, trong thdi dai chiing ta cdc ba me Viet
Nam anh hung cung trd thanh bilu lugng eho
dQc hy sinh, trung hfiu, dam dang ma thd he ue
dang tri fin vd ngudng vgng. Do dd, cd ihl eoi
vfin hda thd nQ thdn cung Id nhdn td thi hifin
ban sfic vfin hda Viet.
Tdm lai, ban sfic van hda la nhimg dfic tnmg

\'l phdm ehfi't, nhfin cdch vd ban ITnh cua mdt
qudc gia ddn tde. md nhd dd chung ta dugc Id
chfnh minh va dugc phan biet vdi cae qudc gia
dfin tdc khac trong khu vuc cQng nhu loan thi
gidi. Ban sfic vfin hda la hfi thd'ng nhimg gia in
vfin hda bin vQng, cd qua trinh tfch hgp Ifiu dai,
lam nin tang tinh thfin cho su tdn tai va phdt
triln eua ddn tdc.


V A N HrtA n f ^ TRMYigM
2. Nhflmg ddng gdp co ban cua tin ngudng
thd nft than trong ban sdc van hda Viet
Trudc hit, ban sfie vfin hda dfin tde duge thi
hien d tinh chfit ban dja vd su bin vQng. Irudng
tdn ciia mdt Ihanh td vfin hda. Chung ta cd
quyen tu hao ndi rdng, tfn ngudng van hda Ihd
nQ thdn la ydu td van hda ed ngudn gd'c Vifit,
dugc hinh thdnh IQ budi binh minh ciia ddn tdc.
TQ xa xua, ngudi Viet da cd tfn ngudng thd cac
nQ thdn: mfiy, mua, sfi'm. chdp dai difin cho cdc
hifin tugng tu nhifin ed vai trd quan trgng trong
xa hdi ndng nghifip trdng lua nude ma ngfiy nay
ehung ta ggi Id iQ phdp. Bfing chQng thuydt
phuc nhfi't phai kl ddn hi thd'ng chua iQ phdp
hien cd d vung chfiu thd Bfic Bd. Kha nfing
dung hdi vfin hda vd vting Idn lao, mlm deo ciia
Phat giao la d chd. khi xfim nhap vdo dfi't Vifit.
dao Phfit da dugc ban dia hda, tao ra su gdn kit
chfit che giQa Hifil gido vdi cdc tfn ngudng dan

gian cd ngudn gde nguyfin thiiy d dia phuong tfn ngudng vfin hda thd cdc nQ thdn. Dd chfnh
la CO sd giup eho Phfit gido ed chd dQng vung
chfic trong ddi sd'ng vfin hda dfin tdc. dl tao lap
ra hfi thdng chua tQ phap ma d dd. tugng cua
cdc nu thdn thudng dugc tao tac vdi kfch thudc
Idn hon rdt nhilu so vdi cdc tugng phfit khac.
Cdc nu thdn duge tdn thd dudi hinh tugng cdc
vi phfit: Phdp Vfin (nQ thdn mfiy), Phdp VQ (nQ
thdn mua), Phdp Ldi (nQ thdn sdm), Phdp Difin
(nQ thdn chdp).

bifit trong tfim thQc Viet, vi theo quan nifim dan
giun, nhQng ed gdi tre mdt sdm khi edn trong
trfing, dfic bifit la nhung ai da tdn hidn cudc ddi
minh cho su nghifip dfi'u tranh dung nudc vd giQ
nudc diu dugc cdng ddng tdn vmh nhu nhQng
vi thdn linh cdn duge tdn thd. Va tfn ngudng dd
se trd nfin linh thieng nl'u nhilu ngudi tim thdy
d dd su trai nghifim cd nhfln vd su linh Qng.
Hien tugng dfic bifit nhu vfit rd'l cdn duge cdc
nha khoa hgc quan Ifim nghifin cQu, Iy giai nhu
mdt nfit dfic ihti vfin hda.
Van hda thd nQ thdn thi hifin ban sfic vfin
hda dfin tfic d chd, nd la hifin tugng vfin hda cd
vai trd hdt sQc quan trong trong ddi sdng tam
Iinh Viet, tQc lfi cd su hien difin d mgi vung
miln ciia dfi't nudc (tQ Bfic - Trung - Nam, ca
miln ddng bfing Ifin miln nui). dugc mgi tfing
Idp cu ddn Irong xa hdi. khdng kl sang hen, dia
vi xa hdi, tin Iheo vd tdn kfnh. 6 miln Bfic, ta

cd thi tim thdy difin thd mdu d trong hdu het
kien true cfi'u thdnh cua cdc ngdi chiia. Dd la
tinh chdt phd bidn va su Ian tda eiia nd trong ddi
sdng xa hdi. Theo tdc gia Ngd DQc Thinh thi
"trong 27 vi ihdn tifin ed ngudn gde thudn Vifit,
cd tdi 17 vi la tifin nQ, trong sd hang ngan di
tfch dugc gidi thieu da ed 250 di tfch thd cung
cdc nQ thdn vd danh nhfin la nQ. Rifing xung
quanh Phu Giay thd Mfiu Lifiu. ngudi ta cung
tim thdy han 20 den, midu thd cdc nQ thdn".
Trong tfn ngudng thd mfiu, gid tri cdt ldi va su
hdp dfin tdt eung Id cac gia hdu ddng, nhfip
ddng, mua thifing. Trong diln trinh hdu ddng.
con ngudi nhu dugc sieu Ihodi khdi Ihd gidi trdn
tuc ddy hfi luy va nhilu dp lue cang thing vl
tfim Iy dl duge tifi'p cfin vdi thd gidi sieu nhien,
thd gidi ciia edi thifing. Va do dd, con ngudi
cam thfi'y hanh phQc ngfip Iran, d ngay dfiy vd
lai thdi dilm nay. trong hifin tai ma khdng phai
tucmg lai.

Ta cdn thdy tfnh ehfi't ban dia phdt triln lifin
tuc va Ifiu dai trong vfin hda thd nQ thdn eua
Vifit Nam qua md hinh tdng qudt vl dao Mfiu
Viet Nam do tde gia Ngfi DQc Thinh phac hga
ra vdi ba Idp kd tidp va cd mdi Hfin hfi hQu co
vdi nhau la "nQ thdn, mdu thdn vd mfiu tam phii,
tQ phu". Dieu dd eung cd nghia, cae nQ thdn.
mfiu than va thdnh mfiu vQa cd ngudn gd'c thifin
thdn. vua ed ngudn gde nhfin thdn. duge thfing

hoa Ifin tQ nfin tang thd nQ thdn vdn rdt phd bidn
Xin ddn ra ddy mdt sd din mfiu diln hinh dl
iQ Ihdi tien, so sQ d Vifit Nam va hien dang thfi'y rd su phfin bd rdng khfip va anh hudng sfiu
dugc tidp ndi trong thdi dai cua chdng ta. Su rdng cua vfin hda thd nu thdn d nudc ta: Qud'c
siing tfn ddi vdi Chi Sdu/ Cd Sdu d nghia trang Mfiu Au Cd, din Ha Hda. Hiln Luang, PhQ
Hdng Duong. Cdn Dao va 10 ed gdi nga ba Thg; Mfiu Tfiy Thifin, Tam Dao. VTnh PhQc;
Ddng Ldc, Ha T^h, cd le la hien tugng van hda Mdu Lilu Hanh. Phii Gidy, Nam Dinh va Phu
dfic sfic chi cd d Vidt Nam. Hg da cd vi trf dfic Tfiy Hd. Hd Ndi; Mdu Thien Yana, difin Hdn
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VAN H 6 A N G H £ T H U A T IBOMfl HrtC
Chin. Hud; bd Ponagar, Thdp Bd, Nha Trang;
Bd ChQa XQ, midu Bd ChQa XQ, An Giang; Bfi
Den/ Linh Son Thdnh Mdu, difin Bd irfin ndi Bd
Den. Tfiy Ninh...
Nhu dd ndi, nil dflc sdc trong vfin hda Viet
Nam Ihl hifin d su da dang trong thdng nha't. Ta
cQng thfiy rd dfic trung ndy trong vfin hda thd nQ
thdn md d dd su dung hgp vfin hdu Id rfit dfic
biet. TQ nQ thdn Ponagar cua ngudi Chflm da
dirge Viet hda thdnh nQ thdn Thifin Yana dugc
ca ngudi Vifit vd ngudi Chfim cQng thd d thdp
Bfi Ponagar. Nha Tfang. TQ bQc tugng Visnu
(nam Ihdn) hay td lugng Phfii ddn dng ciia ngudi
Khome (theo nhd vfln Scm Nam) dugc hda thdn
thdnh Bd Chua XQduge ca ngudi Viet Idn ngudi
Hoa. ngudi Khame tdn thd. Trfin difin mdu ta
iha'y cd bdng ddng cua ea Nho, Lao vd Phat. cd

su hien dien ciia lugng Ngoc Hofing Thugng
D€, tugng Quan Am vd cdc nam thdn khde.
Tinh dung hgp trong vfin hda ndi chung, trong
tdn gido, tfn ngudng ndi rieng (kl ca irong vfin
hda thd nQ thdn) ehinh Id nit vfin hda dfic IhQ
ciia Vifit Nam iQ ngdn ddi nay. Nhd vdo ban
tfnh nhfin vfin trong vfin hda cung nhu kha nfing
dung hgp vfin hda (tilp nhfin tinh hoa, chdp
nhfin su khde bifit dl cd thai dd khoan dung vfin
hda) Vifit Nam da trdnh dugc tham hga (cdi md
nhilu qudc gia khde dang phai ddi mat) xung
ddt tdn gido, tfn ngudng vd sfic tdc. Khdng ky
thi dfin Idc vd tdn gido, tfn ngudng Id mfit manh
trong vfin hda vd Idn gido, tfn ngudng Vifit
Nam. Dfiy cung Id gid tri vfin hda truyln thd'ng
quj bdu mfi thd hfi chung ta cdn trdn trgng giQ
gin vdi tu cdeh Id ngudn vdn vfin hda, sQc manh
mlm ciia ddt nudc trong Ihdi ky md cQa, hdi
nhap qudc id.
Dilm ndi trdi khde irong ban sfic vfin hda
Viet Nam cin dugc nhfin manh. la Idng yeu
nude. ^ thQc tu cudng dfin tdc vd tinh thdn dodn
kdt cdng ddng tao ra sQe manh vfin hda giup
chung ta vugt qua nhilu thQ thdch khde liet
Irong qud khQ cung nhu trong qud trinh hdi
nhdp qudc td bdm nay. Xll IQ khfa canh van hda
dfic bifit ndy ta cQng thd'y, vfin hda thd nQ ihdn Dao Mdu Viet Nam ludn cd nhQng ddng gdp rdt
xQng ddng. Ta hay xfit hien tugng hdu ddng.

I

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mdt nghi II chii dao nhd't irong tuc thd mdu dl
thfi'y f nghia cua nd trong vific gido due nhfln
cdch, ed vfl. ea nggi tinh thdn yfiu nudc vd tu
hdo ddn tde. Thfing qua cdc gia ddng nhilu vi
Ihdnh dd duge Ijch sQ hda, thifing lieng hda, tdn
thd vd ca nggi lfi nhung ngudi cd cdng trang vdi
que huong dflt nudc. nfiu tdm guong sdng v|
tinh thdn yfiu nudc (nhu gid ddng dng Hodng
Mudi ggi nhd lai cdnh tugng ngudi di ddnh gifie
d khap moi miln Ddng, Tfiy, Nam. Bflc).
Nghi ll hdu ddng trong dao Mdu da sdn sinh
ra loai hinh di san vfin hda phi vfit ihl tiiu bilu
lfi hdt chdu van. mdt hinh thQc diln xudng ddn
gian thudn Viet. Cung cd ihl coi ddy la hmh
ihQc sfin khdu dfic thii mang tfnh Ifim linh. Bdi
VI d dd cdc I6p diln xudng md ta lai hanh trang
ciia Ihdnh, cd cdc Idn dilu dfin ca kit hgp vdi
fim nhae vd difiu miia truyln thdng. Dfiy cdn la
mdi irudng van hda hay khdng gian thifing dl
dung dudng kho tdng vfin hda ddn gian: huyIn
thoai, truyln thuydt, cdc hlnh IhQc van hgc
truyln mieng vl bilu tugng vfin hda cung nhu
tfijn guong dao dQc ciia cac vi thdn linh ddt
Vifit. Bdng cdc phucmg thQc hoat ddng nhu vfiy.
dao Mdu. van hda thd nQ thdn cd tdc dung tich
cue trong viec truyln bd tinh thdn yfiu nudc,

Idng tu hdo dfin tdc, y ihQc ddc Idp tu cudng
trong nhdn thQc cua cdc tin dd, dao hQu trong
ca nudc.
Tdm lai, chung la tu hdo md khfing dinh
rfing, cd mdt loai hinh vfin hda thd nQ Ihdn, dao
Mdu thudn Viet cd ngudn gde ban dia, Ifiu ddi.
gdp phdn xung ddng vdo kho tang di san vfin
hda Vifit Nam, ddng thdi cQng phan dnh mot
khia canh ddc ddo trong ban sfic vfin hda dan
tdc. Vd cd thi coi day la nhQng co sd khoa hgc
bude ddu dl gidp cdc nha quan ly xdc dinh thai
dd Qng xu van hda dd'i vdi dao Mdu ndi chung
vd cdc thidt chd gfin vdi tfn ngudng thd mfiu noi
rilng nhu Id nhQng di tich lich su. vfin hda ddc
ddo ciia ddt nudc. Dd cGng Id mong mudn gdp
phdn thuc hifin chu trucmg Idn ciia Dang va Nha
nudc vl tu do idn gido. tfn ngudng vd xa hdi hoa
ede hoat ddng bao tdn. phdt huy gia tri di san
vfin hda •
D.V.B-N.TTT