Tai lieu GDHN HS khiem thi

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(1)BO GIAO DUC VA. DA0 TAO VU GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC. CHUZING TRINH PHAT TRIN CIAO DUC TRUNG HOC. TAI LIEU TAP RUIN CAN BO QUIN Li, GIAO MEN YE MAO DUC 110A NOP TRONG TRIOS TRUNG HOC PHUMG PHAP IWO% DAN VA HO BO HOC SINH KHIEM THI (Tai lieu lu'u hanh not b()). HA NOI, THANG 11 NAM 2013.

(2) Clui tri bien sap: VU GIAO DUG TRUNG HOC CHUONG TRINH PHAT IRIEN GIAO DUG TRUNG HOC. Nhom tic gid bien soan tai liO'u: 1. PHAM MINH MUG 2. IRAN THI YANG.

(3) PHU'O'NG PHAP HUtING DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHIEM THI. MUC LUC Trang Mil-dun 1. NI-IfiNG VAN DE CHUNG VE HOC SINN KHIEM THI 1.1. Thi luc va trugng thi giac 1.2. Dau hieu nhan biet HS khiem thi 1.3. Khai niem HS khiem thi 1.4. Dac diem HS khiem thi cap trung hoc. 5 6 11 12 15. Mo-dun 2. DAY HOC HIEU QUA HOC SINH KHIEM THI CAP TRUNG HOC. 23. 2.1. FEL ve day hoc hieu qua 2.2. Thiet ke bai hoc có hieu qua 2.3. Dieu chinh trong day hoc cho HS khiem thi cap trung hoc 2.4. Met se km y trong day hoc met se mon hoc cap trung hoc cho HS khiem thi. 24 27 32 42. MO-dun 3. HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI CAP TRUNG HOC NGOAI GIO LEN LOP. 70. 3.1. H3 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len ldp 3.2. Huang danh6 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lcrp 3.3. Met se luu y trong qua trinh th%rc hien. 71 86 89. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO. 91.

(4) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtYNG TRUNG HOC. DANH MUC CAC CHU' VA THUAT NGIT' VIET TAT if nghia. Viet eat GD GDHN. Gido duo Gido duc hoa nha)o. GV. Gido vier). HN. Hoa nha'p. HS. HQC sinh. HV. Hoc viOn. KT. Khi6rri thi. THCS. Trung hoc co' so'. THPT. Trung hoc pho thOng.

(5) PHLFO'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 113. Mil-dun 1 NIIIJNG VAN BE CHUNG VE HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Sau khi hoc xong Mo-dun 1, hoc vien có kha Wang: (z° Trinh bay du'pc cac khai niOm v6 thi Ityc, truerng thi giac, HSKT.. (a° Neu cluvc nhOng deu hieu nhen biet HSKT w- Phan lc* ducyc mac d6 khiem thi (2F.. Phan tich duvc 1 s6 dec diem v6 nhen thCrc, giao tip cua HSKT. rz° CO thai d6 tich cu'c d6i voi HSKT. MI NOI DUNG Cac not dung chInh trong MO-dun 1 bao gem: —Thi hrc va trirong thi giac —D'A.0 hieu nhdn biet HSKT —Khai niem HSKT, nhin kern, mit —Dac diem cita HSKT cap trung hoc ' CHUAN 131 De thuv hien duvc cac not dung va dat duvc muc tieu trong MO-dun 1, can chudn bi: — Tai lieu lien quan den cac not dung tr'en.

(6) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUG HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. — Thiet bi may chieu de giang vien trinh bay n6i dung chinh —Giay A0, A4, but da dimg cho thao luan nhorn. HOAT HONG. 1.1. Thi Ityc va trirdvng thi gide > Nhiem vu 1: Tim hi&ii khai niem thi lirc —Hay neu quan diem, 5/ hieu cua minh v'e "the nao 1a thi lgc"? —De do thi hrc ngtroi to lam the nao? Thong tin phin hoi Thi lire la kha. nang cilia mat phan biet hai diem a gan nhau nhat trong khoang each nhat dinh tir mat tai cac diem do. Thi l rc chrgc tint' theo cong auk: d Vis = — D Trong do: d khoang each ma mat ngueri dirge do c6 the phan biet doge 2 diem O. gan nhau nhat va D 1a khoang each mat cila ngtroi binh thu6ng c6 the phan biet doge chang vai goc nhin a = 1 phut. Thi ltxc bInh thutrng cua m6i mat bang 1 vis (don vi do thi hrc) vai tri s6 la 10/10 hay 6/6 hoac 20/20 theo bang do thi lire Snellen duai goc nhin a = 1 philt.. Thi ltxc thuong doge do bang bang do thi hrc Snellen vai mire d6 phan chia 10/10 hay 6/6 (theo met) hoac 20/20 (theo feet). Snellen la ngueri sang tao ra bang nay vao nam 1862. Feet la don vi do chieu dai cUa Anh c6 tri s6 01 ft = 0,3048m..

(7) PHLFO'NG PHAP HUONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 20/200. P T4Z. 20/100. 3. 20/70. LP ED 4 PECTD 5 Eprozr 6. 20/50. 20/25. FELOPZD DEFFOTEC. 8. Lzro or. 9. CT. ZIPT.lre tO r. TO. 20/40 20/30. 20/20. 10 11. Bang do thi Inc Snellen g6m c6 cac chit mau den in tren phong mau trang \fa duac chie'u sang au tai tat ca cac di6m tren bang. Cac chit thrac in veri kich thu6c nh6 dan tit tren xuo'ng dudi. Nguari dirge ki&n tra thi Inc can duvc danh th&i gian de lam quen v6i anh sang tru6c khi kiam tra thi lite (n&I di chuy6n tir c6 ngu6n sang khac voi nai ki6m tra). Ngtr6i duac ki6m tra ng6i d mot khoang each nhat dinh (phn thu6c vao thi& ka bang), mat nhin vuong goc vai bang ki6m tra. Kim tra thi ltrc duac thnc hi6n vdi tirng mat rieng bi"e't. Qua trinh nhan bie't cac chu cai duac tin.

(8) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. hanh theo thd to tit tren (chit to) xueng clan tirng hang cho tai khi mat khong the nhan biet duct chit thi dirng lai. Neu mat duqc do nhin thay dit o. clang quy dinh la 10/10, 6/6 hay 20/20... la mat co thi ltrc bang 1 vis. Neu mat dugc do chi nhin thay dong thin 5 ciia bang quy dinh 10/10 hoac (long thin 3 dm bang quy dinh 6/6 thi thi luc se la 5/10 hoac 3/6 va bang 0,5vis. Khi mat nguai dugc kiem tra kh6ng the nhin thay ke ca dOng se 1 thi nguai kiem tra cho rut ngan khoang cach giira bang va nguai dugc kiem tra. VI du: Khi nguai duvc kiem tra kh8ng the nhin thay ke ca (long se 1 & khoang cach 3m vai bang quy dinh mat binh thuang nhin thay khoang each 6m va 2,5m vai bang quy dinh mat binh thuang nhin thay a khoang 5m thi thi luc khi do la 3/60 hoac 2,5/50 (0,05vis). Neu nguai kiem tra khong the nhan biet chit ke ca khi da nOi rat gan thi can kiem tra bang cach doc ngon tay. Khi mat dugc kiem tra dem dugc ngon tay a khoang cach 2m thi thi luc la 0,04vis. Dem dugc a khoang each 0,5m thi thi ltrc tuang irng là 0,01 vis va a khoang cach 30cm la 0,005 vis. Neu nguai dtrac kiem tra khong the dem duqc ngon tay ma chi nhan biet dugc anh sang thi khi do thi ltrc dugc tinh la nhan biet sang — tei. Neu khong nhan biet dugc anh sang thi khi do thi ltrc dugc tinh bang 0. Thi ltrc la mot don vi do rat quan trong de dtra vao do nhan biet mire d8 kho khan ciia HS khi sir dung mat trong cac hoat Ong sinh hoat, hoc tap. Doi voi HS chua biet chit hoac khong biet chit, nguai to thuang thay cac con chit bang hinh anh cac sit vat gan giii vai tre co kich thtrac tuang to nhu cac con chit. Tnxac khi do phai kiem tra xem tre có Net cac vat tren bang do hay khong. Ciing c6 the sir dung cac bang do có kich thtrac nhe de do a khoang each gan hon. Khi do kich thuac cac con chit/vat the trong bang van phai tuan thu dung quy. tat ctla bang Snellen. Thi luc giam nghia la thi ltrc khong dat lvis dual goc nhin a = 1 phut. VI vay, muen nhin ro phai tang goc nhin a. Goc nhin dugc tinh nhu sau: a = L/R, trong do: L: d8 lon ciia vat quan sat R: Khoang cach tit mat tai vat quan sat.

(9) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'aNG DAN VA H6 TRd HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Co 2 cach tang gOc nhin a: —Rtit ngan R: Nghia la CO the dua vat can nhin lai gan mat han hoac tier' gan hon toi vat can nhin. — Tang de 16n L: nghia la tang kich thuac dia vat can nhin Thi luc giam se anh hung tieu cyc tai chat lugng va tc'ic de nhan biet six vat, hien tugng cilia mat. ➢Nhiern vu 2: Tim hieu khai niem trtrirng thi giac (thi trtarng) —The nao la truang thi gide? —Cac mix de suy giam twang thi gide? — Anh huang cua suy giam truang thi gide Thong tin phan hoi — Truang thi gide la kha nang nhin bao pat cua mat khoang khong gian xac dinh khi dau a to the khong cir deng. Truamg thi giac dugc do bang de (n°) va moi. mat cleu co gigi han nhin nhat dinh. Theo V.P.Ermacop thi gigi han khong gian ma 1 mat (trai hoc phai) co the nhin thay khi khong cir cleng la: phia ngoai (thai duang) 90°, phia trong (phia mili) 60°, phia &rad 60° phia tren 55°. Voi twang thi giac blnh thuang, trong khong gian nhin thay, mat co the quan sat d6ng died trong ding met thai gian cac six vat va hien tuang met cach day du voi cac mei quan he dia cht1ng. Khi tnrang thi gide bi thu hep (khOng gian mat nhin thay bi suy giam) lam cho trong ding met thai gian mat khong the quan sat dugc nhieu stir vat hien Wang hoc khong the quan sat dugc six vat met cach tong the, day dd. Mix do suy giam kha nang quan sat cria mat phy thuec vao cac dang thu hep cua truang thi giac. Six suy giam truang thi giac rat da dang. Co 2 dang thu hep truang thi gide chit-1h la: trung tam va tung khoang. Thu hep twang thi giac trung tam ding rat da dang tir khong clang ke tai khi chi con rat It (nhu nhin qua 18 khod). Mat truang thi giac theo tirng khoang c6 the la met n*a, met goc, nhieu khoang nh6...

(10) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BD QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtiNG TRUNG HOC. Norval. Normal. Corneal/Lens Problems. Corneal/Lens Problems. Retinal Problems. Retinal Problems. Central Field Loss. Central Field Loss. Peripheral Field Loss. Peripheral Field Loss. Normal Comealkens Problems Retinal Problems Central Field Loss Peripheral Field Loss. Nguyen nhan cfra hep trtarng thi gide c6 the do hOng vong mac, vi8m day than kinh thi gide, giai doan cuOi cua b8nh tang nhan dp hoac c6 kh6i u, chay mau nao. HAu hat HS nhin kern, thi tnxeng dau gram. Mire dO thi throng gram se han the hoac gay rOi loan cam nhan mau sac: —Tre c6 truerng thi gide gram vim: Rat kho nhin mau trang, mau do rOi clan mau xanh —Tre co trtreng thi gide giam nhiau: cam nhan mau sac cang kh6 khan hon doi voi mau trang, mau do, mau xanh. Trtremg thi gide gram do to bao than kinh dan truyan bi teo hoac \Tong mac bi pha huy. Day la nguyen nhan gay cam gide mau yau hoac mu mau. Thkrc nghi8m cho thay: Tre em mat kern c6 khoang 30% nhin nham mau. Tre em mat qua kern co khoang 80% nhin nham mau..

(11) PHLYCYNG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. U. 1.2. DAu hieu nh:an bik HS khi4m thi ➢Nhiem vu 1: Qua quan sat, tim hieu time te, hay cho biet nhirng dau hieu. de nh4n biet HSKT? Thong tin phan hui • Nhiing dau hieu bat thirom ve ca quan thi gicic — Khong co mat (Khong co h6c mat, khong c6 cau mat) — Hinh dang cua mat khong binh thixeng —Mat qua nhieu trong trang —Mi mat bi sup It hoac nhieu —Hai mat kh6ng to bang nhau —Mat khong sang va khong trong —Mat co mall trong duc —Cau mat 16i ra —Cau mat bi xep, mat hOm sau — Khong c6 long may, long mi — Khi nhin hai mat khong cling tap trung vao vat can nhin —Mat nhin khong linh hog, 16. do. • Ngoai nhikng bieu hien tren thi nhiing &tarn, hop sau cling can quan tam theo doi va cho tr e di khcim -- Throng xuyen chay nu& mat — Mg luen co ri — Mat chOp lien tuc. • Can nhiing kiem tra chat the neu nhu' khong có ccic bieu hien ma khong quan sat dtivc: Khiem thi vo nao (six bat thtreeng cua nao b6 va gay kho khan trong viec xir li va dingiai thong tin thi giac). —Teo day than kinh thi giac (day than kinh thi giac bi fur hai).

(12) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. • Nhang dau hien b& Hwang v'se bieu !IVO hanh vi thi giac —Khong phan irng voi anh sang. Khong ch6p mat khi chieu den pin vao mat. — Khong dOi theo vat chuyen &Ong trong khoang mat nhin thay. —Khong v6i lay dO dung, khong thich thu dung mat kham pha cac do dung hoc tap m6i khi cam chUng. —Khong giao tip mat — mat v6i ngueri khac —Nham hoc lay tay the mat khi tap trung nhin. —Thuemg xuyen dui/ an tay len mat. —Cam do vat hoc bat cir cai gi c6 trong tay dua len sat mat. —Khong thich cac vat c6 mau sac sac s'a va khong chu y t6i six khac nhau ye mau sac. — Khong nhin thang vao vat can nhin ma nghieng, cui, ngir' a dau khi nhin. —Lan cui sat vat de nhin. —Hay va yap vao cac vat/ nguari tren clueing di. — Dua tay cam, vai khong dung vat can lay. —Hay phan nan vi dau dau, bun non, hoa mat, mat bi nag va ngira. — Phan nan vi nhin moi thin th'ay bi m6, khong rO. —Six phi hop giaa mat nhin va tay lam khong tot. — Khong nhin ro nguiyi khac hoc cac vat khi trod chap choang )=. Nhiem vu 2: Hoc vien neu thAc mac va chia se kinh nghiem tai dia phu'o'ng minh. 1.3. Khai niem HS khi6m thi. ➢ Nhiem vu 1: Tim hieu khai niem HS khie'm thi —Neu quan die'rn cua minh v'e khai niem HSKT? —Nhung tieu chi trong khai niem HSKT?.

(13) PHU'GNG PHAP HU'aNG DAN VA HO TR6 HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Th8ng tin phan hOi Trong lich sir, yai cac quan diem khac nhau, xa hei co nhung khai niem khac nhau ve tre khiem thi. Tir cu6i the ki XX, cac quan diem ye tre khiem thi tap trung vao cac tieu chi: —Tre khiem thi till& het la tre em c6 du moi quyen cung nhu nghra vu dugc quy dinh trong cac van ban phap luat. Trong nhieu cac van ban qu'6c to va nhieu nuOc hien nay dang quy dinh: tre em c6 do tu6i duoi 18. CS Viet Nam, theo "Lug Bao ye, Cham s6c va Gido duc tre em", tre em dugc quy dinh a de tu6i clued 16 tut& —Tre khiem thi la tre c6 khiem khuyet ve ca quan thi giac. Do do, truck het tre phai dugc cham soc, chfra tri va dugc huang cac thanh qua phat trien cua khoa hoc, ki thuat de cai thien thi giac phuc vu cho cac hoat deng sinh hoat xa hei not chung va hoat Ong hoc tap not rieng. Tre can dugc cung cap cac phuang tien phuc vu sinh hoat va hoc tap pha hop yoi dac diem ri'eng cua ban than. Phuang tien phi hop bao gem: phuong tien trg thi va cac phuang tien khac. —Mac du da tan dung moi co hei de cai thien va c6 the sir dung thi giac nhung tre van gap nhieu MI6 khan trong cac hog &Ong, sinh hoat khac nhau can sir dung mat. Nhu vay, tir cac tieu chi tren, chung toi dua ra 1 khai niem chung nhat ye tre khiem thi: Tre khi6n thi ld tre duai 18 tuai c6 khuye't tat thi giac, sau khi cid c6 cac phtrong tien tra thi van gap nhi'dtt kh6 khan trong cac hoat d'ang (sinh hoar, hoc tap, vui chai...) can sir dung mat. Max vay c6 the dinh nghia: HSKT cap trung hoc la HS tir 12 — 18 tuai c6 khuyeit tat thi gidc, sau khi da c6 cac phtrang tiOttra thi van gap nhiu kh6 khan trong cac hoat dang (sinh hoar, hoc tap, vui chai...) can sir dung mat. ➢ Nhiesrn vu 2: Phan loai mire d8 khie'm thi —CO nhiing mirc do khiem thi nao? — Dau hieu nhan biet tirng mirc de?.

(14) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 14. 40 Thong tin phan hoi Can cir vao mirc d6 suy giam thi lgc va truang thi giac, ngued to chia mirc d6 khiem thi thanh 2 loai chinh: mu va nhin kern: —Mu chrac chia lam 2 milt' coo: + MU hoan town: Thi lirc = 0; Truerng thi giac bang 0 v6i ca. 2 mat. Mat kh8ng con kha nang phan bit sang t6i. + Mu thgc t6: Thi lgc cOn 0,005 d6n 0,04 vis, truang thi giac con nho han 10° dOi v6i mat nhin tot han sau khi da c6 cac phuong tin trq thi. Mat con kha nang phan bit sang t6i nhung nhin kh6ng Tre mu gap nhiL kho khan trong sinh hoat, lao d6ng to piruc vu, giao ti6p... va can hoc bang chit n6i. — Nhin kern dam. chia lam 2 mirc coo: + Nhin qua kern: Thi lgc cOn tiir 0,05 — 0,08 vis d6i v6i mat nhin tot hon sau khi cla c6 cac phuang tin trq thi. HS c6 thi lgc qua kern gap rat nhieu kho khan trong hoc tap khi sir dung mat va can duqc gitip da" thuong xuyen trong sinh hoat va hoc tap. + Nhin kern: Thi lgc cell 0,09 — 0,3 vis doi voi mat nhin tot hon sau khi da c6 cac phuong ti6n try thi hoac thi lgc va truerng thi giac giam khong nhiL nhung do cac nguyen nhan khac nhau nen gap khO khan trong vi6c dung mat de hoat d6ng. Tre nhin kern c6 kha nang to phuc vu, It can six giup do cua moi nguqi, c6 the chii d6ng trong moi hoat dOng va hoc chit' ph6 thOng v6i nhung 116 trq dac thit can thiet. Khlem thi Nhin kern. Mb Mb hoan town. Mb thcPc to. Nhin qua kern. Nhin kern. Vis = 0,05 — 0,08. Vis = 0,09 — 0,3. Vis = 0. Vis = 0,005 — 0,04. TTG = 0. TTG. KhOng‘c6 cam giac sang tOi. Nhin kh6ng ro. Nhin kh6ng ro lam. Nhin kh6 khan. CAn trq gibp dac bit. CAn try giup thugng xuyen. Can trg gibp. It can try gibp. 10°.

(15) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'eYNG DAN VA HO TRY HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 1A. Dac diem HS khie'm thi cap trung hoc Thi gide co vai tro quan trong trong qua trinh hinh thanh chic nang tam lf khac nhau va six tham gia caa no trong cac loai hinh rieng biet cria boat deng tam If khong nhu nhau. Khi thi ltrc bi suy giam clang ke hoac mat hoan town se anh huerng tai hang loot cac qua trinh tam 11 va pham chat tam If khac nhau. Nhu nhieu kat qua nghien ciru va thuc t6 gido dac — day hoc tre em khiam thi da chi cho thay nhung anh huang trail hoan toan co the giam thiau tai mire tai da, dac biet, co six tham gia vao hoot deng cua cac be may phan tfch con lai. Tuy vay, six Oat trian tam If tre khiam thi van mang dac diem ri'eng cua minh, do la nhang dac diem lien quan tai nhfing gi bi mat di hoac bi pha huS, chirc nang thi gide. Nhung dac diem ay biau hien met se diem sau: Th' nhAt: hang loat qua trinh tam If (cam giac, tri giac, khai niem) chiu anh huang true tip bai mire do khiam thi va met so dac diem tam If (cam gide mau, toe de tri gide...), phu thuec vao anti chat benh 11. Thfr hai: co nhfing qua trinh va trang thai tam If chiu anh huerng gian tip bai khiam khuyat thi gide (vi du: biau Wang, to duy, Wang Wang, tri nh6...). Thu' ba: c6 nhcing thanh phan eau trtic tam If lai khong phu thuec vao mire de suy giam thi luc va al-1h chat benh If mat (vi du nhu niem tin, the giai quan, khi chat, loai trir nhang biau hien ngoai cua no nhu dac diem dao dirt...). vu 1: Dac diem nh4n thfic ciia HS khiem thi Yeu cau: Lap phan nhorn va lam viec theo nhOm; sir dung giay AO va but da, thao luan va trinh bay: —Dac diem cam gide cita HSKT: cam gide thi giac, thinh giac, xtic gide? —Dac diem tri gide cua HSKT? — Dac diem biau tuang va twang Wong cua HSKT? Thong tin Olin hfii • Mk dinz Wain that ctia HS khiem thi Kat qua nghien ciru tam lf tre khiam thi da chirng minh rang: Khi ca quan thi gide bi pha huST, hien nhien, tre se gap nhiau kh6 khan. Tuy nhien, sir pha huST do.

(16) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. khong the lam mat duoc nang luc phan anh hinh ding, kich thuov, do lOn va xa gin... cua su vat. Nhang dau hieu cua khong gian duoc phan tich nhey boat Ong cua to duy. 0 HSKT, nhung hinh anh ve khong gian van duoc hinh thanh mac du trong khong gian xdc dinh ay c6 bi han the It hay nhieu chi ti6t. • Cam gitic caa HS khii'm thi Nghien cim be may thu cam O. nguai mu va nhin kern nhin thay ve co ban khong c6 six Man dOi nhung van c6 nhung tinh chat rieng. Quan sat hoat Ong cua be may cam giac thay c6 sir thay doi ve m6i quan he Oita cac be may cam giac nhung khong thay d6i clang ke ve cau true, ban chat va muc dich cilia be may thu cam — do la kha nang phan anh day du va dung din the gioi xung quanh. Mac du six suy giam hoac mat han thi luc khong lam thay doi cau trtic cua phan anh cam gidc, tirng b(i phan va cac yeu to tao thanh — cam gidc tri gide va khdi niern — ve chat Wong ding nhu so luting van c6 su khac biet trong rn8i qud trinh nhu nhau so voi nguei binh thirOng. Nhu vay, hau qua cila six phi huy co quan thi gidc truoc het gay ra anh twang t6i pham vi cam giac, so luOng va ca chat luting cila cam gide. Dieu cot yeti trong qua trinh gido duc tre nhin kern va rat kern la phai bier sir dung cac yeu to ve mau sac, kich ca va dO tuong i thi Cam gicic thi gidc caa HS khiem. Cam giac thi gide dm nguad nhin ken' va nguei nhin rat kern ve ban chat c6 diem khdc vefi cam gidc ding loai a ngueri binh thirang. Su khdc nhau bieu hien a ch8, thi luc suy giam, cam gidc \Jai anh sang, mau sac deu yeu va truang thi giac bi thu hep. Dirng truck van de nay, doi hai cac nha su pham day tre khiern thi phai dat ra cac nhiem vu sao cho vim bao ve doi mat, lai vira phat huy duoc chirc nang con lai cua doi mat. Tuy nhien, muon bac ve mat khong phai la cam mat boat dOng ma phai bit sir dung no. \-7 nghia to ltha cho doi mat lam vi"e'c hiti qua chInh la chat luting vat quan sat:. kich thuoc, dO Wong phan cda hinh anh va mau sac cila chung. Khi lira chon cac vat quan sat can phai can nhac tai moi chic nang thi gidc. Dac diem rat quan trong ciia vat nhin la de 16n. De lon toi thieu ciia vat quan sat phu thuec vao phan thi hie con lai va duoc xdc dinh nhu sau:.

(17) PHU'(YNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. —Thi luc tir 0,0] — 0,03 VIS d6 ion chieu dai vat nhin phai dat: 15 mm — 0,04 — 0,08: 5 mm — 0,09 — 0,2: 3 mm Cam gicic thinh giac ctia HS khiZm thi Tai nguai mang tinh chat xa h6i va ve ca ban khac han so vai tai Ong vat. Ngoai am thanh ra, tai nguai con phan bit duqc kich thich am thanh da clang va phong phti nhu: ngon ngir va am nhac. La mot trong nhu•ng b6 may cam nhan tir xa, thinh giac phan anh nhieu m6i quan he khong gian va thai gian. Ngoai ra, thinh giac can phan anh mot s6 dac diem cua su vat, nhu: trang thai, khoang cach, vat D6i vai HSKT, thinh giac cang coy nghia quan trong han. Chit-1h nha có tai nghe, nguai mil mai dinh huang di lai tren mat dat, nhan bi6t duqc nguai d6i thoai, cac s.kr vat trong khong gian. Str thay d6i am thanh gitip nguai mil cam nhan duot str thay d6i cna moi truang, s%r thay d6i giong not cua nguai khac gni') nguai mu cam nhan trang thai tam 11 cua d6i tugng giao ti6p. Day chInh la co sa de dam bao nguai mu thirrc hi6n hoat Ong giao tip binh thuang \rod nhang nguai xung quanh va ding la dieu kin ca ban tat y6u de bia trir chirc nang khiam khuyat va hau qua cua no. D6 nhay cam thinh giac &Nov thay d6i mot cach tich ctrc khi thi giac bi ton thuo•ng tram trong. Nhung str xuat hi6n mat tich circ cua thInh gide khong phai do k6t qua mat thi giac ma la do sau do b6 may thInh giac da tham gia tich ctrc vao hoat Ong trong hoan canh di6u kin song thay d6i. Dac diem hoat Ong cna nguai mu da gop phan ha thap nguang cam giac tuy6t d6i thInh giac, nghia 1a nang cao kha nang phan tich hod chinh xac am thanh nhat la ti6ng on ao trong m6i truemg clinh huang. Nhu vay, tai nguai mu duqc phat tri6n nhin chung binh thuang nhu tai nguai sang. Trong diet' kin tai duqc sir dung tich ctrc vao hoat Ong ph6i hop ciing voi cac b6 may thn cam khac, nguang cam giac se duqc ha xung ro ret, tai nguai mu trey nen nhay cam han va tinh to hon. Do vay, cho phep nguai khi6m thi du nhin kern hay mil hoan toan van dat duqc k6t qua kha quan trong hoat dOng tri tu6 va thirc t6 cu6c song..

(18) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 18 Cam giac xac giac caa HS khic"5.1n thi. Cam gidc xuat hien a da khi bi kich thich truc tiep la tong hop dm nhieu cam gide phirc hop — do la cam gidc deng cham, ap luc, nhiet de (nong lanh) va cam gidc dau. Ket qua cna tiep xtic nay lam xuAt hien trong nao be cam gidc phan anh nhieu thuec tinh dau hieu dm vat the nhu: de 16n, de co gian, de dac, de phang tron hay sari sin, do nong, lanh... Cam gidc xdc gidc phan anh tinh co hoc cdc dau hieu kh6ng gian va thai gian, cdc thuec tinh six vat ma can tham gia tao thanh met so do he thong toan than. Cam gidc xuc gidc ding la yeti to cot lei nhat de tao nen tin hieu co ban dm flirt-mg cam gidc xtic giac tich cuc chu eleng — do la met the loaf tri gidc guy& dinh cot loi cua ngtrai • Tri gidc cfia HS khint thi Tri gicic thi giac Khi bi mu hodc nhin kern, met se ddc tinh tri gide se bi suy yeti. Vi du: tinh chon loc cna tri gidc bi han che, vi pham .vi cua nhfing kich thich gay hUng thd bi thu hep. Trong phan anh, tinh tich cuc ding bi suy giam clang ke. So vai ngtthi binh thuang nhang dei ttrong cua the gi6i xung quanh de gay cam xtic ding kh6 tdc d'eng tai tinh cam cila ngtrOri mu. Vi ngtrai mu thieu va cham thu.c t6 nen kinh nghiem tri gidc rat ngheo nan. Kha nang ndm viing va khdi quat hod, nhirng hinh anh phirc tap do thieu kinh nghiem cam gidc nen ket qua phan anh khong day du va chinh xdc, viing tri gidc thi gidc von ben yang nay bi co hep. Tri gicic thinh gicic — Tri gidc thinh gidc cna nguei khdc Ong vat 6 che nao? + Deng vat chi nhan biet &roc ti6ng on, am thanh cling loci, met tin hieu thuan tdy, ban nang. ngoai tieng on can cam nhan ngon ngir va kich thich am nhac, kich + thich tin hieu am thanh khdc. A. •. + Vai nguOi mu tai nghe vo cimg quan trong, quyet d i nh su nhan thirc va dinh Inr6ng trong cdc hoat deng nhu.

(19) PHU'GNG PHAP HUONG DAN VA HO TR? HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 19. ✓ Dinh huang di chuyen ✓ Hieu duoc sir vat va con nguai xung quanh ✓ Dieu kien quan trong (216" di hoc duoc nhu mot (Ida tre binh thuang vi nghe duoc ✓ Nghe ngtrai khac not de doan duoc trang thai tam 11, tinh tinh nguai ay ✓ La phuong tien dieu kien phut hei chirc nang khiem thi theo quy luat bit trir. — Mire do thInh va nhan biet tinh to cua nguei khiem thi so voi nguai binh thuang? + Nhin chung nha có luat bir trir va luyen tap nen dO nhay cam thinh gide la tinh te. Tuy nhien, van có nhieu han the do thieu su k'et hop gifia tri gide nhin va nghe. Nhieu thir ngOn ngfr khong phat thanh tieng khien nguai mu khong cam nhan &roc.. • Diic diem bieu twang cua HS khiem thi Bieu tuong la min dO phan anh cao hon hinh anh tri gide vi trong bieu tuong: "Tap hop tat ca nhung gi ma con nguai hieu ro su vat". Bang true quan va bang hinh anh cam gide, Neu Wong mang dac diem khai quat a tam cao, tap hop tinh chat cu the, khai quat nhiing hinh anh tri nha la mire dO cao cua phan anh cam gide, tir bieu tuong chuyen hod thanh mire dO to duy. Dac diem bieu tuong cua nguai khiem thi la nhfing hinh anh doan khdc, chap va, dap khuon, may Ink, mix do khai quat hod rat thap va hinh thirc cha nghia, gig) dieu. Dac diem Neu tuong con phu thuOc vao trang thai cua co quan thi gide, vao thi luc, vao truang thi gide va hang loat cac y'eu to khac: van tri thin, kinh nghiem, dac diem hog dOng, dieu kien gig) due va hoc tap... Bieu tuong thi gide cua tre em nhin kern va nhin rat kern ding nhu bieu along xtic gide cua tre em bi mu deu mang dac diem: doan kink va chap va. Trong hinh anh su vat thuang thieu kha nhieu cac chi tiet chu yeti, ket qua co &roc hinh anh nhung do la hinh anh khong tron yen, mat di-1h nguyen yen, doi khi xuat hien bieu tuong su vat khong phu hgp veri chInh no.. • Twong twang cua HS khiem thi Tuang tuong 1a hinh thin phan anh hien thgc dac biet, trong do hinh anh cua cac su vat chua tirng duoc tiep nhan throe xay dung tren co so cac bieu tuong. Bieu.

(20) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO MAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DIX HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. Wong coy nghia doi v6i nguei mu Wang tir nhu dei vai ngtroi binh thueng: bin doi (cai tao) cac bieu tugng va biau man da co, ma reng link vire nhan thirc, thiat lap kha nang thy truac kat qua dm hoat deng, tao dieu kien cho sir phat trian cua to duy, Y chi, tinh cam va c6 anh huarng trgc tiep dei yeti sir hinh thanh nhan cach. Theo chirc nang cita minh, tugng twang khac nhung gan 1)6 rat mat thiat ved cac biau Wong. VI vay, tinh han cha, dirt quang, thiau but cila biau tugng va nhirng khiam khuyat khac cua hinh anh tri nha da anh hu6ng trixc tiep tad mire de phat trian cua 0/Ong tugng. Tuy nhien, du có nhang han cha, twang arcing cua ngtrai mu van dugc sir dung reng rai trong qua trinh hoat Ong va trong hang loat cac truomg hap no NI dap cho thiau but cita tri giac va sir ngheo nan cua trai nghiem cam tinh. Nhu vay no thgc hien chirc nang bit trir. Vai trO dac biet quan trong trong bit trir khuyat tat thi giac va hau qua cila no trong cac to hong cua nhan thirc cam tit-1h phu thuec vao twang Wang tai tao. Nher co tuOng tugng, ngued mu tren ca sa mo to bang not va cac hinh anh thi giac, xtic giac, thinh giac...da co hinh thanh dugc hinh anh cilia cac sir vat khong the phan anh trgc tiep dugc. ➢Nhiem vv. 2: Tim hien dac diem Oat trien giao tiep dm HS khiem thi — Qua thgc to quan sat, hay cho Mat nhang dac diem ca ban trong giao tiap cua HSKT?. v Thong tin phan hoi Qua quan sat cac hoat Ong cilia me va con tir khi con nhe, cluing to có the thay cach thirc tre sang mat tham gia vao giao tiep vai nguai lon thong qua cac cir deng dm co the, net mat, anh mat, ngt1 dieu. Nguai lan thu6ng thich nghi v6i nhang thOng tin tren, coi do la sir hien nhien va cang dap gng lai tir nhien bang cir chi, thai de cilia minh voi tre. Trong qua trinh giao tiep, moi cir Ong, anh mat, net mat, nga dieu cua tre ding nhu cua ngtrei 16n deu co gang da truyen tai lugng thong tin co nghia de nguari kia tiep nhan va dap ung lai. V6i tre khi'em thi not chung va HSKT cap trung hoc not rieng, qua trinh giao tiep cling din ra tuang tir nhu vay. Tuy nhien, HSKT thuang pita trian cham han so v6i HS sang ve ngon ngfr va ki nang xa hei, cu the nhu sau:.

(21) PHUTYNG PHAP HUTYNG DAN VA HO TRCy HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 131. - Bieu hien net mat nhieu khi khong trung khop dieu cua HSKT vi chung khong the sir dung mat de' nhin hoc va bat chuck cac cir dOng cua ngu6i giao tier, voi minh. - HSKT can nhieu th6i gian han so vai HS sang mat de tim hieu moi dieu xung quanh minh. Nhung ngubi xung quanh can hieu va biet ch6 doi, cho HS them th6i gian de thoa man nhu cau tim hieu nhfing dieu ki la thu but HS. Quan trong han v6i nhung HSKT bat dau vao hoc cap trung hoc, GV can giai thich hoac cho HS hieu ve not dung tinh cam dm ngir dieu, lam cho tucrng tac Oita HS \Teri moi ngu6i luon thod man va vui ye. Nguac lai, khong du th6i gian de hieu dieu gi dang xay ra se gay cho HS moi met, b6i r6i va pha vO' giao tiep vira duoc thiet lap. - HS sang hoc cac cach thirc, hanh vi giao tiep thOng qua quan sat nhung d6i v6i HSKT han the hoac khOng the sir dung mat de nhin, quan sat. Do do, qua trinh hoc, Oat trien ki nang giao tiep cua HSKT hien nhi'en se cham han so v6i HS sang mat. - Do ngu6n thong tin ve the gi6i xung quanh it, dan tad von tir cua HSKT cang tr.& nen ngheo nan. Vai thInh giac phat trien, nghe va bat chir6c phat am chuan, HSKT hoc thu6c lOng mot cach may moc cac cau not cua nhung ngu6i xung quanh ma nhieu khi khong hieu nghia cua cau do. Noi cach khac la ngon ngit not cua su vat, hien tuong thuc (ngon ngit r8ng). Co 116i HSKT nhieu khi khong gan tiep )(tic vai nguoi ngoai giarn lam cho su phat trien ki nang giao tiep cua HSKT bi han the nhieu. Nhu hau qua tat yeu, ca hOi giao tiep it, ki nang giao tiep kern phat trien se dan tOi han the kha nang kham pha, nhan tilde cua HSKT. - HSKT khong c6 nhieu chn de de not chuyen va kh6 hieu dugc ngued khac not ve diL gi vi kh6ng co du biL tugng. Ghi nhci, —Khai niam thi. va trtyO'ng thi giac. —Dau hieu nhan bie't HSKT —Khai niam HSKT va phan loaf mirc d(5 khi6m thi —Mot s6 dac di6m co' ban v'e nhan thin va giao tiep cua HSKT.

(22) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'QNG TRUNG HOC. 22. CAU HOI DANH GIA 1. The nao la thi Ivc? De do thi 1>xc ngLthi to sir dung nhang bang do nao? Lay vi du minh hoa? 2. The nao IA throng thi giac? Nhung mirc de thu hep twang thi giac? Anh huerng cua viec truerng thi gide bi thu hep? 3. Qua quan sat th%rc te, nhiing dau hieu nao de nhan biet HSKT? 4. Neu nhang tieu chi de xac dinh met HSKT? Tieu chi nao la quan trong nhat, vi sao? 5. Neu dac diem HSKT? 6. Hay Mang Mpg ban dang not chuyen vai 1 HSKT, ban can lam gi de qua trinh giao tiep diexn ra thuan.

(23) PHU'O'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHItM THI. 1111. Mo-dun 2 DAY HOC HIEU QUA HOC SINH KHIEM THI CAP TRUNG HOC. Sau khi hoc xong pha'n day hoc hip qua HS khgm thi cap trung hoc, GV se clat ducec: Kik thin cr Neu va phan tich &vac khai niem va cac thanh to trong day hoc hieu qua cho HS khiem thi. e. (. Neu ro &vac nhirng can ciy, ca st'Y trong thiet ke bai hoc có hieu qua. KT nang Ltr Thi6t ke bai hoc co hieu qua cho HS khiem thi cap trung hoc Thu'c hien day hgc hieu qua trong gia day hoa nhap HS khiem thi cap trung hoc Six dung thanh thao cac philang an dieu chinh va mot s6 phipang phap ca ban trong mot s6 mon hoc cap trung hoc Thai dO a' Tin tueyng vao tit-1h kha thi cua viec,thvc hien day hoc hieu qua va kha hang h9c hoa nhap cua HS khiem thi acap trung hoc. NOI DUNG 2.1. Hi6u N7' day hoc hieu qua 2.1.1. Khai niem day hoc hieu qua 2.1.2. Nhang thanh to cal u thanh day hoc hieu qua cho HS khi6m thi 2.2. Thie't 1(6 bai hoc có hi0 qua 2.3. DiL chinh trong day hoc cho HS khiem thi CAI) trung hoc 2.4. Nhang van de can hxu y trong day hoc mot so mon hoc cap trung hoc cho HS khiem thi.

(24) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRIING TRUNG HOC. CHUAN 131 — May chieu, gia'y A4 cac mau, A0, but da cac mau —D6 dung day hoc cho HS khiem thi: bang tir, hx6i ye, thu6c.... HOAT DONG 2.1. Hi 6: u lig day hoc hieu qua ➢ Nhiem yo 1. Khali niem day hoc hieu qua Ca nhan deng nao va neu y kien ca nhan: The nao la day hoc hieu qua? Thong tin phan hoi Day hoc hieu qua c6 the dugc dinh nghia la viec day hoc dat dugc thanh cong trong hoc tap cna HS theo dtx dinh cua ngueri GV. Ve ban chdt, c6 hai yeu to don gian de c6 day hoc hieu qua: — GV phai coy Wang ro rang ve nhang HS se hoc — Kinh nghiem hoc tap dugc hinh thanh a nguai hoc Oa tren nhang gi dugc cung cap Trong nhang nam qua, day hoc hieu qua da dugc tiep can theo nhieu huang khac nhau. Vao nhang nam 1960, nghien ciru ve day hoc hieu qua tap trung vao van de a nguai GV vai cac dac diem nhu: dac diem tinh each, Wei tac, kien thirc va trinh d6 dao tao. Truck dO vao nam 1931, Cattell da dieu tra tren 254 nguai bao gam cac nha quan lf, GV, va HS va da nhan thay 5 yeu to quan trong nhat cua met nguai GV tot (s'ap x6p theo thin to uu tien) nhu sau: — Ca tinh va san sang —Thong minh —Sr cam thong — Khong thien vi —Hai huac.

(25) PHIYONG PHAP HIYONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Cac nghien cau da c6 gang lien he Oa cac dac diem cila ngtrai GV vai ket qua gido duc nhung trong ntrang nghien ciru v'e day hoc hieu qua nay da bO qua hoan toan nhung gi third sir di vao trong lap hoc, thay vao do chi don gian la nhin a dac diem dau vao (cac dac diem cua GV va HS), nhin a dau ra (vi du nhu kat qua kiem tra) va c6 gang lien he giva hai dau m6i nay. Tuy nhien, tir sau nhung nam 1960, nhung nghien ciru ve day hoc hieu qua da tap trung cOng bang va twang than vao cac hoat &Ong trong lap hoc va dac biet la su Wang tac giva GV va HS. Han nib, tix nam 1990, m6t la tap trung vao vied hinh thanh nhung ca sa nghien ciru cho hoat dOng third hanh trong lap hoc hieu qua va sir dung yeu to nay de ding co sir phat trien chuyen mon cua GV; hai 1a dat dugc nhfing hieu biet sau han ve day va hoc dien ra trong lap hoc. Ket qua la hien nay da có nhung su d6ng thuan tot ve khung co ban ve day hoc hieu qua va dieu nay có the giup phan biet tot han giva 3 bien chInh trong lap hoc: — Bai canh: De cap den tat ca ntrang dac diem dm b6i canh trong cac hoat dOng hoc tap, do co the có mot s6 yeti to gop phan tao nen su thanh ding cria hoat d6ng hoc tap. — Qua trinh: He cap den nhung gl third six dien ra trong lop hoc va nhung van v'e nhan third, chien hroc, hanh vi cua GV va HS, nhung dac diem cilia nhien vu hoc tap va dac diem ciia cac hoat d6ng cua GV va HS va xem xet sir tuang tac giva cac dOi Wang. Nhu vay, trong bien nay g6m: + Su nhiet tinh cua GV + Sir rO rang trong giai thich + Sir dung cac cau hOi khen nggi va phe binh + Sir dung + Chien luoc quan 11 + KY thuat xir 11 ki luat + Bau khong khf lop hoc + T6 chirc bai hoc + Sir phu hgp trong nhiem vu hoc tap + Kieu phan h6i dm HS + Sir tham gia cila HS trong qua trinh hoc + Nhang tuang tac ban dau dia. HS voi GV + Nhang chien lugc dm HS trong hoc tap.

(26) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. San phain: De cap den tay ca nhUng ket qua dau ra ma GV mong doi va dugc hinh thanh dua tren ka hoach bai hoc cita GV va nhang tieu chi ma GV sir dung hoac ngueri khac sir dung de danh gia ve tinh hieu qua. Cac ke qua dau ra quan trong nhat vari HS la: —. + Nang cao kien thirc va ki nang + Tang cuerng hung dui voi mon hoc hoac chit de hoc tap + Nang cao kha Wang tri tue + Tang cueing six to tin va long tir trong trong hoc tap + Phat trien tinh dec lap, to chit + Phat trien ki nang xa hei Met se ket qua trong nhirng ket qua dau ra tren có the dugc do bang cac bai kiem tra, nhfing met se khac thirong dugc dua tren nhirng hinh thirc danh gia chit qua nhu: y kien cua GV. Van de dat ra o dau la cac phuong phap sir dung de danh gia ket qua thiromg rat co van de va can phai dugc xem xet can than; Khung co, ban a day hoc hiOu qua 136i canh - Dac diem GV: giai tinh, tu6i, kinh nghiam, dao tao, tinh cach - Dac diem HS: TuOi, kha nang, tinh cach,... - Dac diem lap hoc: Mire do MI6 khan, hOng thil hoc tap chung - Sac diem mon hoc: Van de chinh cua mem hoc, dO kho - Dac diem truteng hoc: kich tray&c, c6u true, ki lust, - Dac diem cong dOng: anh hurong, clan cu', vi tri dia li - Dac diem cac dip: thCei gian, thai tiet.... Qua trinh Nhan thu,c, chien luac va hanh dOng cua GV. Nhan thin, chitin luvc va hanh thing cua HS. Dac diem nhiam vu va host dOng hoc tap. San phAm Ket qua dai haningan han Ket qua dau ra ye hoc tap/anh huVng: Thay dOi thai dc) cua HS vai mem hoc, nhirng ket qua dat dugc so vai chuan, nang cao mirc dO hr nhan thin, thanh cong trong ki thi, su, tty chu cua HS.

(27) PHIYCYNG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. > Nhiem vu 2. Nhiing thanh to cau thanh day hoc hien qua cho HS khiem thi (SO dung gidy AO va but da): Ldp chia nhern va thao luan cau h6i: Co bao nhieu thanh to trong day hoc hieu qua? D6 la nhirng thanh to nao? ThOng tin phan hOi • Day hoc hieu qua gam 6 thanh to co' ban: —Ki nang thiet lap va duy tri mOi quan he —Ki nang huong an —Noi dung/kien thirc —Quan 1116p hoc —Lua chon va sir dung hoc lieu —Ki nang lap ke hoach bai hoc Trong do ki nang huang dan la quan trong nhdt bai no la thanh to anh htreng, tac clCmg den cac thanh to khac va bed vai tre quan trong cac yeu to ton tai trong thanh to, do la: huong dan lua chon muc tieu, huong an day hoc de dat dugc muc tieu, huong an lam the nao de tap trung vac) muc tieu bai hoc, hungan dieu chinh trong qua trinh day hoc va huOng an thuc hien cac nguyen tdc trong day hoc.. 2.2. Thi6t k6 bai hoc có hileu qua > Nhiem vu: Tim hieu viec thiet ke bai hoc trong day hoc hoa nhap HSKT Yeu call: Hoc vien chia nhom va thdo luan: de thiet ice bai hoc trong day hoc hoa nhap HSKT can phai lam gi? Ke hoach bai hoc khi c6 HSKT hoc nhap c6 gi khac so voi ke hoach bai hoc phO thong? Thong tin phan hoi • Xtic dinh r5 d(tc diem hoc tap ctia HS HSKT Trung hoc co nhttng dac diem chung cua lira tued nhung cling c6 nhfing khac biet ca nhan dang ke. Cai chung cua cac em 1a (long nhat trong co the cna viec hoc va khi hoc cac em to thu nhan kien thirc, kinh nghiem qua viec linh hei va hanh.

(28) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. deng luyen tap cua m6i em duoi sit to chic cua GV. Tuy nhien, con duOng tier) nhdn thong tin thi lai rat khac nhau, vai HS sang Trung hoc cac em tiep nhan thOng tin qua kenh thi giac va thInh giac va thi giac la kenh chit dao. Nhung HSKT thi qua kenh thInh giac, xitc giac va cac giac quan con lai, nhung kenh thinh giac va xuc giac la kenh chit' dao. Nhu vay, khi giang day GV la ngueri tao ra moi truerng có tit-1h kfch thIch va 1-18 trg met cach thub lgi cho HS linh hei va luyen tap. CO nhu vay, HS mai hoc tap met cach c6 hieu qua. • Chuan bi A dung va phuang tin day hoc V6i m6i bai giang da xac dinh ro chit de va muc tieu, GV phai chudn bi day du do citing va phuang lien phuc vu cho bai giang do. Mu6n vay, GV phai biet nguen tu lieu (khai thac u dau) va muc Bich sir dung (khai thac cal gi) cia nhung tu lieu do. Cac tu lieu phuc vu cho bai giang rat phong phti ve chimg loaf va da dang ye nguen g6c. Nhung dieu quan tong la tu lieu do phai phi.' hop voi HS ve lira tu6i, se thich va dlac biet la nhfing kinh nghiem da c6 va kha nang tri giac cua HSKT. • Kehoachbaihoc Ke hoach bai hoc la met van ban ghi chop met cach chi tiet theo met trinh tu len lop cia minh. De c6 ke logic nhung gi ma GV dux kien se dien ra trong hoach bai hoc tot, GV phai viet ra nhithg du kien cia minh ve bai hoc do. Cdc ki nang chujn bi bdi hoc — Xay dung ke hoach bai hoc Ke hoach bai hoc la met van ban ghi nhirng cong viec can phai lam cho ngueri GV danh cho viec phai lam cila ngueri GV danh cho met Wet hoc cu the theo chuo'ng trinh giao duc ph6 thong quy dinh. Chuan bi tot ke hoach bai hoc Mr& khi len lop la met viec lam het sirc quan trong dam bao sit thanh cong cua met tiet day. Cac nha giao duc da tirng khuy'en cao rang: "Met ke hoach bai hoc t6t guy& dinh 50% thanh cong cua met fi el t. day". Huang d'Jn xdy dung ke hoach bdi hoc De xay dung ke hoach bai hoc, truck het phai nghien ciru nam virng nei dung se day cho cac em, deng theri phai tim hieu toan be chuong trinh mon hoc cua truemg THCS va dac diem lira tuei tam 11 HS THCS trong do c6 HSKT..

(29) PHLYO'NG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA H6 TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 29. — Xay dung muc lieu bai hoc: trong bat ki bai hoc nao ding phai dat ra muc tieu bai hoc (attic tieu, yeu cau). TuY theo tong not dung bai hoc ma GV xac dinh dugc muc tieu theo 3 tieu chi: Kin thirc, ki nang, thai dg. Sau khi hoc xong bai hoc, ngtrgi hoc dat dugc gi ve 3 phuang dien tren. + Kien thirc: Nhan thirc su vat, six + KT nang: nang luc thuc hanh, sty thong hieu den dau... + Thai d6, hanh vi: nhan thay can phai lam gi hoac có thai d6 the nao sau khi hoc. DOi v6i muc tieu danh cho HSKT: GV dieu chinh theo danh gia ve nhu cau va kha nang dm HS trong lop hoc, nhung cling dam bao ca 3 phuang dien neu tren. Muc tieu cda bai hoc phai the hien dugc duai clang muc tieu hanh vi. Dac biet phai the hien dugc hai yeti to co' ban, do la: Hanh vi có the quan sat, lugng gia dugc va cac tieu chi danh gia mirc d6 thanh cong cua ca HS sang va HSKT. —Chu'an bi cita GV: Viec chuan bi cua GV luon la cong viec rat quan trong dam bao gia day có ket qua. DOi vOi tong b6 men, tren mot tiet hoc cu the, thong thugng GV can chuan bi: + Nghien cfru not dung, tim hieu cac van de lien quan. + Du kian cac phuang phap GV se sir dung cho timg not dung ctla bai hoc. + Nhang phuang tien &5 dung day hoc cho thay va tro (bao gem ca HSKT). + Phan tich not dung tiet,hoc. — Tien trinh day hoc: Plijn. bai. Thong thugng phan mo bai dugc tien hanh theo 3 buOc, gem: BtrOc 1: On dinh to chirc 16p; Btrofc 2: Kiem tra bai. Btrac 3: Gi6i thieu bai. D6i vOi mot bai hoc có hieu qua phan ma bai phai dat dugc 3 tieu chi sau: — Gay dugc hung thit cho HS. — Nhieu HS tham gia, trong do co HSKT. —Hu6ng vao trong tam bai hoc..

(30) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'&NG TRUNG HOC. Phjn tiin hie'tt bai moi Cac nei dung day hoc duoc the hien qua hoat Ong se trinh bay theo cot doc trong ke hoach bai hoc: Trong ke hoach bai hoc cna tiet hoc cho HS có nhu cAu dac biet có nhung nei dung khac, cu the duoc bieu dien nhu sau: Ni dung/Hoat Ong oils thy. Hoat Ong oda HS sang. Hoat de)ng am HSKT. (1). (2). (3). .... .... .... .... Ni dung 1 - Hoat dOng 1. - Hoat TOng 2 N§i dung 2. - Hoat Ong 1 - Hoat dOng 2. Muc (3) — Hog deng cna HSKT: có the trong lap hoac khong trang lap vai HS sang, tuST thuec vao nei dung bai hoc va kha nang HS có the th?c hien dirge theo nhu danh gia ban au. Trong phAn nay cling co the ghi cu the cac hanh vi mong dai dei \Teri HSKT. Nh€tng gi ma GV dat muc tieu dei yeti HSKT trong lop hoc hoa nha'p va HS do CO the dap irng str mong doi do d mire de nao. — Ltra chon sir dung phuong phap, phuong tien day hoc Lira chon sir dung phuong phap nao phai can dr vao nine tieu bai hoc, dac diem cna HS, kha nang cna GV, dieu kien cu the dm thAy va tre, dac diem cua phuong phap dinh lua chon sir dung. GV nen chti / den dac diem tri giac va nhfing gide quan con lai, ser thich cua HSKT ma lua chon phuong OA) va phuong tien trong qua trinh thgc hien bai day. Day la met viec quan trong nhung kha phuc tap, no plw thuec vao kinh nghiem, tai nang va trgc gide nhay ben cilia nguei GV. — Cac kr Wang tien hanh va to chirc hog deng Moi cu chi, lei not cua GV deli anh huong den tap the hoac ca nhan trong lop hoc, trong qua trinh tien hanh va to chirc cac hog deng GV can to sg say me, hung.

(31) La. PHU'GNG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TR6 HOC SINH KHIEM THI. thd, to thai do tin cay d6i voi tri thirc. Ki nang su pham cua nguei GV. la to chirc. cho HS hoc tap mot cach tich cue, to giac, vira sirc, co ket qua rO ret, nhu vay se thuyet phuc ducfc cac em va do ding la y nghia gido duc.. Nhang di6n ltru y khi ti61 hanh va to chic cac how gong cita bai day Thtyc hiOn. Giai thich. Chuan bi. Try,O'c khi thtyc hien ke hoach phai c6 theYi gian chuan 61 chit, n6i, cha, in to, dai, va nhirng dung cy hoc tap sir dung xOc giac, phai dam bao rang HSKT c6 day dO cac dung CV hoc tap nhu' cac ban cung l&p.. SO, dung nhCrng trai nghiem Cu the/ nhirng de. Nhirng trai nghiem cy the giup HS c6 co' hei phat trien nhCrng khai niem v'e the gigi xung quanh. NhCrng kinh nghiem "thy,c hanh" la ret can thiet trong viec hoc tap. Sir dung de vat that va nhCrng kinh nghiem trong moi trtygng. vat that. ty, nhien giup HS hinh thanh nhCrng khai niem ve the gigi xung quanh.. Cac ki nang to chCrc. Viec to chin va phan be cac dung cy h9c tap met cach hieu qua Gila met HS la ret can thiet. NhCrng thei quen cat giCr va sap xep dung vi tri (VI du nhu' tai lieu, sach, may tinh, gay) phai duvc duy tri. Six dyng va to chin cac tai lieu va vo' viet cho m6i mon hoc co hieu qua.. Khoang khong. Ban, khOng gian no Itru giCr va no'i lam viec can phai duvc cung cep them. gian. dung cy (vi du may tinh, may ghi am), sach OD to (vi dy chCr phong to hoac chit, nOi) va nai lam viec phai c6 khoang khong gian twang )(Ong.. Ch8 ngOi. . cac ban. Met vai Nhin chung HS nen ngOi 6, khoang giCra lap va phia tr & trkyng hgp c6 the phai b6 tri khac (vi du HS CO met trai nhin tot hurl nen ngOi ey phia ben phai lop va ngyvc lai).. Thai gian va khoi luvng cong viec. Sir dung cac giac quan khac thay the cho thi giac se met nhieu thai gian va. thiyc to. Gig' thieu, me to va giai thich bang 16'i. no Ityc han trong viec thu tap va tong hgp th6ng tin. Viec be sung them thgi gian la ret can thiet de hoan thanh nhiem vu va do' dat duvc lc& qua nhu' cac ban cung lap. Met so cong viec d8 vai HS sang nhu'ng lai kh6 vai HSKT. TuSt thuec vac kha nang cita tin-1g HS, khoi luvng cong viec c6 the duvc diet.] chinh (vi du: HS sang lam 8 bai toan thi HSKT chi lam 4 bai) Ngon ngU' sir dung phai chinh xac, rO rang (vi du tranh sir dung tit, "6, day" va "6' kia", phai sir dung nhCrng tit, chi vi tri dac biet). Ilya trail kien thin dm HS c6 the ditng cac tit, ph0 hop.

(32) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN. 32. VE. Thcpc hien. PIA() pyc HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. Giai thich. Ngon ngu' thi giac. KhOng nen xhu hO khi six dung nhu,ng tb, nhu' "nhin" Tong" va not v6 mau sac. Nhil,ng khia canh nay rat quan trong trong ngon ngD, hang ngay va HSKT se hieu theo nghia bieu trung dm mau sac.. Nhen biet. Khi not veYi mot HSKT, nen gieyi thieu ten ban. Kh6ng nen bet HS down xem ban IA ai. Khi tiep xOc vOei ca nhan HS nen bat d'au tao sty ch0 ji bang ten cua HS. HS nen gieyi thieu tru,&c tap the lap.. Nftivng can trey trong !Op. GiCip do, HS Om thieu nhOng tr& ngai kh6ng mong muon. Cac canh ci'ya ma hoac dOng het, kh6ng khep ho'. Hay th6ng bao cho HSKT nhiyng thay dOi trong lap hoc.. D6c lap/ ph) thu6c/phu thu6c ign nhau. Khuyen khich su, d6c lap cila HS va tao moi co hOi cho HSKT chia se trach nhiem trong leyp hoc (vi du: truic nhet, Ihy s6 dhu bai...). HQ sinh can nhen thirc du,gc khi nao can su, giup do', luc do co the you chu giup d& va lam viec nhu, mot thanh vien trong nhOm.. MO' r0ng. Cac bai hoc hien nay sir dung tat ca cac giac quan de m& rOng kha nang . hieu biet ciia HS. 2.3. Dieu chinh trong clay hoc cho HS khie'rn thi cap trung hoc vu 1. Hien ve dieu chinh trong day hoc HS khiem thi. .01. Thong tin phan hill. Dieu chinh trong day hoc hoa nhap la mot dei hoi tix nhien. N6 bao ham tat ca nhang thay dei can thief sao cho moi HS, bat ke nhung kho khan dac thu, c6 the va tham gia tich cuc vao qua trinh bai hoc va tiep can dugc not dung bai hoc vai tat ca tiern nang dm ban than lien quan den van de hoc tap dO. MOt gia dinh da duoc kiem chdrig tinh dung dan cna no trong day hoc hoa nhap la moi HS, cho du c6 nhirng kho khan (lac dill, 'Van co the tham gia hoc tap va tiep can not dung bai hoc neu dugc tao nhang co hOi va ho trg phu hop. Noi cach khac, str dieu chinh trong day hoc sao cho dap Ung nhu cau dac thu cila HS kilo khan la chia khod quan trong dam bao viec hoc hoa nhap thanh cong cua cac HS nay..

(33) PHU'aNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINN KHIEM THI. 1:1. Dieu chinh trong day hoc a lop hoc hoa nhap, tuy nhien, kh8ng phai la nhang thay d6i tuy tien cua GV. D6 la nhirng thay dOi ve muc tieu, not dung, phuong phap, phuang tien va dieu kien cling nhu viec danh gia mot cach co dungy six pham cua GV nham dam bao moi HS c6 the tham gia bai hoc va hoc tap theo tiem nang cua minh. 3 yeti to la co sa de ra cac quyat dinh dieu chinh cua GV Om: 1) kha nang va nhu cau dm HS; 2) Muc dich va muc tieu bai hoc &rot yeu cau trong chuong trinh va 3) Dieu kien thuc tien cua nha truang. Bleu do hinh than. Chwang trinh. mot s6 HS se hoc gi?. Da so HS se hoc gi?. Tat Ca HS se hoc gi?. M6 hinh cCia Schumm, J. S., Vaughn, S., & Harris, H. (1997).. Chung to c6 the nhasn thay tinh chat to nhien cua viec dieu chinh trong day hoc hoa nhap nhu dugc mo to a mo hinh a tren. Theo do, gia dinh rang chuong trinh la dien tich hinh tam giac Ian, thi viec chiem linh den mire nao cac phan cua chuong trinh la tuy thuOc vao kha nang cilia cac nhorn HS. Phan hinh thang a day tam giac la yeu cau chung, t'Oi thi'eu ma moi HS deu hoc duoc, da so HS se hoc them phan hinh dien tich hinh thang a glib, mot so It se chiem linh &lac hau het ho'ac toan bO chuong trinh..

(34) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 34. /5-1' ey6,)11 ef3. c<zz. 6. Cart,. 4'4,6. V. Tol. .41. •. )141 cr.S. Tranh am Irene Lopez, chuyen gia giao duo hoa nhap. ➢Nhiem IT 2. Tim hien nhung phirong an diet' chinh trong day hoc HSKT Yeu cau: De dam bao day hoc hoa nhap HSKT dat hieu qua, dat dugc muc tieu day hoc, trong qua trinh day hoc nguOi GV phai dieu chinh nhung not dung gi? Hinh tilde dieu chinh nhu the nao? Tai sao can phai dieu chinh? Thong tin phan hOi Dieu chinh trong day hoc hoa nhap HSKT la hoat d(ing c6 chu y six pham cua GV nharn dam bao moi HS c6 the tham gia vao bai hoc va hoc tap co hieu qua theo tiem nang cua minh. Dieu chinh c6 the dugc thgc hien tir khau xay dung muc tieu, ltra chon not dung day hoc... den khau danh gia ket qua hoc tap dm HS..

(35) PHU'GNG PHAP HOC SINH KHIEM THI. DAN VA HO TRC/. 1:11. Tai sao can dieu chinh Moi HSKT la met ca nhan c6 nhang dac diem khac nhau ve: —Kha 'fang nhan thirc duoc the hien 6. mirc de va tiled gian linh hei kien ark khac nhau trong cac mon hoc khac nhau, trong viec nam bat cac khai niem hay thirc hien met nhiem vu. —KT nang xa hei, kinh nghiem sang va hanh vi irng xir khac nhau. —Sa thIch va thien huang: HS khac nhau ve giai co s& thIch khac nhau ve mau sac, am nhac, hei hoa... —HS bi khiem thi a cac theri diem khac nhau, mac do suy giam thi luc khac nhau, dtroc can thiep sant hay khong &roc can thiep sem, mirc de quan tam cua gia dinh, dieu kien cham soc va kieu khi chdt ding khac nhau. Di'eu chinh se giap HS: —Co hirng thti hoc tap va hoc tap co hieu qua tren co ser sir dung tei da cac kien thirc, ki nang hien c6 de linh hei nhang tri thirc va ki nang mai. —Tranh nhung bat cap glib nhitng ki nang hien co dm tre va nhiing not dung giao duc phe thong; nang cao tinh tuong hop Oita cach hoc cita HS va phuong phap giang day cita GV. —Bit air su phat tri'en lech lac hoac sir suy giarn chirc nang ctia cac giac quan va hanh vi xa la. Cac phtrong phcip dieu chinh Tren co' so.' (lac diem khac nhau ve kha nang va nhu cau, so. thich cita HS, can cir vao not dung mon hoc, bai hoc trong lap hoc boa nhap c6 the ap dung met trong cac phuong phap dieu chinh sau day: — Phtrong phcip citing logt Nhfrng HSKT c6 the tham gia vao cac hoat &Ong hoc tap chung cita lop nhu tat ca cac thanh vien khac. Dieu chinh &roc tien hanh cho moi HS can cir vao muc tieu va not dung oh bai hoc. Thong thuOng, khi xay Ong muc tieu cho met ke hoach bai hoc, GV thuOng can dr vao yeu cau cua bai hoc. Tren co. sO nhang muc tieu cu the nay, GV thiet ke cac hoat long nham thirc hien muc tieu dat ra. Cac thiet Ice nay.

(36) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oNG TRUNG HOC. thueng mang tinh chn quan cna GV. Do vay, trong qua trInh tin hanh giang day, GV se gap nhirrig tinh hung nhu: nhiing gi GV mu& HS hoc, HS a- Net rOi, do vay muc tieu cung cap kin thirc can duoc dieu chinh sang muc tieu nang cao; hoac nhirng muc tieu dua ra la qua cao so voi tre nen can ha thdp mitc dO cho phu hop. Cach dieu chinh nay Oa tren co sa cac mirc do nhan thirc cila Bloom. Khai quat mirc do dieu chinh cua phuong phap nay nhu sau: + Muc tieu ging nhau (duoc dieu chinh clOng loat chung cho ca lap, cung duoc nang cao hoac giam nhe.) + NOi dung hoc tap ging nhau + Hoat dOng ging nhau. — Phtrang phdp cla With cho HSKT ding HS binh thueng tham gia vao mot bai hoc nhung vOi muc tieu hoc tap khac nhau dtxa tren nang luc, nhu cau cna HS va dua tren cac dac diem tri giac va tip nhan thong tin dm HS. Cach dieu chinh nay Oa tren mirc dO hinh nhan thirc oh Bloom. VI du, yeu cau dOi veri HS sang a mdc dO viat mot bai van hohn chinh (mirc dO tong hop), HSKT chi yeu cau tra lei cac cau hoi theo dan y da dinh san (mix dO hiau). Khai quat mirc dO diet' chinh cna phuong phap nay nhu sau: + 1\411C. tieu khac nhau (Muc tieu duoc dieu chinh nang cao hoac giam nhe cho. mot so HS.) + NOi dung hoc tap ging nhau + Hoat dOng giOng nhau. — Phirong phcip trong lap gicio an Dieu chinh nay danh cho nhttng HS chua theo duoc hoar' toan cac hoat dOng theo muc tieu chung cna ldrp hoc. HSKT va HS binh thuong cung tham gia nhang hoat dOng chung cna bai hoc nhung theo muc tieu rieng teen co so ka hoach giao due ca nhan. VI du, trong mon ding nghe lop 7, bai thuc hanh: ve thiat ka so do mang dien, HS sang can có mot san phdm la ye duoc so dO mach dien nhung HSKT chi can phan loci duoc mot so dung cu dien nhu: day diem but dien, bong dien, cach Sid dung bamg dien mot cach an toan....

(37) PHU'ONG PHAP HIYaNG DAN VA HO MD' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Khai quat rink do dieu chinh cua phuang phap nay nhu sau: + Muc tieu khac nhau (Muc tieu dugc dieu chinh nang cao hoac giam nhe cho mot so HS.) + NOi dung h9c tap ging nhau + Hoat dOng khac nhau. — Phu.ang phcip thay the HSKT vii HS binh thuOng cling ngei chung trong gio• hoc nhung hoc theo hai chuong trinh khac nhau. Vi du trong gier MT thuat, HS binh thuOng hoc ve thi HSKT có the hoc ri:an hoac hoc xe dan... Day la phuong phap dugc sir dung trong cac gier hoc ma HSKT khong the theo &roc chuong trinh chung. Day la mirc dO cao nhat trong dieu chinh. Nhin chung vo.i HSKT hoc hoa nhap phuong phap nay It phai van dung. Khai quat mire dO dieu chinh cua phuong phap nay nhu sau: + Muc tieu khac nhau (Muc tieu dugc dieu chinh nang cao, giam nhe cho mot so HS ho4c co the thay the bang mot muc tieu hoan toan khac.) + NOi dung hoc tap khac nhau nhau + Hoat dOng khac nhau. Cac hinh thirc dieu chinh —Thay doi hinh thirc hoat dejng ctia HS Can cir vao kha nang va so thich dia. HS, vao not dung va tiled diem cira bai hoc, GV can dua ra cac clang hoat dOng cho phu hop voi HS. Co the to chirc hoat dOng theo hinh thirc sau: + Hoat &ling theo nhom ion hoac visa. + Hoat &Ong theo nhorn nho. + HOC qua su gitip d i dia ban be.. —Thay dai hinh thirc gicing day, hu.ang dc7n Nhieu khi viec ghi nha kien thirc cria HS khOng phal chi thong qua viec giang huong dan cua GV ma con dugc thong qua cac hoat dOng khac nhu:.

(38) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO Due HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'oNG TRUNG HOC. 38 + Hoat dOng vui chai tap the. + Cac gier thirc hanh. + Cac gio hoc ngoai troi.. —Thay dai phong cach lam viec dia GV Trong day hoc GV can phai thay dei cach truyen dat hay phong cach giang bai. Lam moi phong cach giang day la met cach de tao nen hung thti hoc tap cho HS. —Thay dai not dung va yeu cau M6i HS la mot ca the rieng biet, moi HS deu có nhu cau va nang ltrc khac nhau. Do vay, khi giang day GV can phai thay dOi nei dung va yeu cau sao cho pha hop \Tod moi d6i Wong. Cu the la: ✓ Dieu chinh tOc dO. ✓ Dieu chinh ve mdc do yeu cau cua kien thirc (don gian han hoac nang cao). ✓ Dieu chinh ve mac dO van dung kien thirc. ✓ Thay doi cac yeti to moi truong hoc (sap xep 16p hoc, vi tri ngOi hoc dia HSKT de HS c6 the. a clang di chuyen trong lOp hoc).. —Thay dai cach giao nhiem vu va bai tap Trong khi giao nhiem vu hay bai tap, GV phai luu y rang viec giao nhiem vu va cac bai tap nham de dam bao cho HS c6 the hoan thanh duoc. Cang met nhiem vu, nhung tuS7 thuOc vao moi HS ma giao nhirng phan viec khac nhau. Cang met not dung nhung khac nhau ye thai gian, ve so luting va mirc (10 cua kien thirc. VI du, cang met bai tap, dOi veri HS sang lam trong theii gian 5 phut nhung HSKT có the la 7 Oat. Hoac HS sang lam 5 bai trong mot de kiem tra, nhung HSKT c6 the la 3 bai. —Thay dai cach fro' Op Doi voi HSKT thuOng có "ban" ho tro. Viec phan cong ai gidp ding can duoc quan tam. Sau mot tiled gian xem xet can dieu chinh cho pha hop, c6 the la met ngtraci ban hoac thay gido hoac met ngtthi nao do ma tre yeu thich duoc giup cid hoac dap Ung duoc nhu cau can duoc gill') der' cua tre..

(39) PHLYCYNG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. Nhfing van dd can didu chinh 1. Thai gian —Gia han them thoi gian - Thtrong xuyen thay doi cac hoat deng —Cho phep nghi giai lao —Giao cac bai tap de HS chuan bi truec... 2. Mei tru.ong —Co chO ngei dinh s'an, uu tier' —Sap xep dieu chinh lai phong hoc —Lam giam t6i thieu cac tac deng ben ngoai gay mat tap trung ve: nhin — nghe, khong gian — Cir deng. —Day cac ned quy hoc tap... 3. Ccic van ot;e ye mon hoc —Day HS phong cach hoc tap —Day: ngon ngfr, town, am nhac, tax nhien, xa hei, ki nang giao tiep —Doc bai kiem tra cho HS —Xem lai cach dat cau hoi trong ki'em tra —Tixng bai ngan 4. Ho tra cho viec hoa nkip xd hOi —Su iing he dm ban be —Hoc qua ban be —Cac hoat Ong cu the de tao ra nhung co. hei cho viec hoa nhap xa hei. 5. Tai lieu va hoc lieu —Sap x6p cac to lieu trong sach —Cac bai khod trong bang va cac tai lieu khac —Cac bai khod trong tam.

(40) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUUNG TRUNG HOC. 40 —Sir dung tai lieu be trg. —Cac phuang tien ho trg cho HS ghi chap — In chit to —Cac thiet bi dac biet: may chit, may tinh, may vi tinh, video, thiet bi dien tir, dien thoai. 6. Giao bai tap —Chi ddri tang bir6c ro rang — Ho tng clued dang viet cho cac chi an mieng —Nhang bai tap khong qua kho — Nhting bai tap ngan — Hoc nh6m — Sir dung da phuang den — Day cach *rig xir trong tinh ban 7. Nhirng kith thich va ciOng vien — Su dOng vien cu the — MOt boat cac hoat clang c6 dOng co. va ke hoach trirac —Tang cueing tinh sang tao —Cho phep Iva chon — Van dung diem manh va thich Nhung didm. luu khi didu chinh. —Neu HS c6 the dap irng dugc cac yeu cau nhu HS binh thirOng, viec dieu chink thap yeu cau di se troy nen thira va kim ham su phat trien cila HS. —Chon phuang phap giang day cho phi' hap ved HS va trong tang mon hoc, tang bai hoc. — Khi scan bai giang can dua vao cac hoat dOng, kinh nghi'em, cac chi' de va dac diem dm tong ding de nang cao su tham gia dm HS. —Phong cach giang day cua GV anh hueing truc tiep den nhu cau dm HS..

(41) PHU'O'NG PHAP FILYONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. — Yeu cau nape tieu da clang trong cac bai day dOi vai tirng HS la met viec lam hat sirc can thiat. —HS c6 the tham gia tick circ vao cac hoat deng oh lap hoc va c6 the theo duoc cac nei dung dm bai hoc nau chua dieu chinh khong? Neu HS tham gia diroc cac hoat dOng va ca bai hoc thi viec di'au chinh la khong can thiat. GV can xac dinh luting thai gian, c6 mOi quan tam d'a'c bi'et, duy tri va ding co cac no luc dm HS. Neu HS có the dap img duoc cac yeu cau nhu HS sang thi viec diau chinh se fro' nen thira va tham chi con kim ham sit phat trian ciia HS. —Lieu sr tham gia ciia HS se duoc nang cao nau thay doi phuong phap giang day? GV can lira chon phuang phap giang day phii hop vai HS va yeti 0:mg bai hoc. Can xem xet bai hoc nao can tip dung phuang phap giang day sau: hoat deng cho ca lop, nhom lan, nhom nho, hop tac nhom... —Lieu kha nang ciing tham gia ciia HS c6 dugc nang cao bang cach thay doi cach xay dung ka hoach bai hoc? Ke hoach bai hoc the hien toan be cac hoat dOng cua GV va HS, cach chia se nhfing thong tin voi HS va each HS tham gia vao qua trinh hoc. Da c6 the thgc hanh duoc tot cong viec to chirc lap hoc, GV can can nh'ac de c6 the xay dung ka hoach bai hoc dua vao cac hoat &Ong, dua vao kinh nghiem cua HS, dua vao chit va dua vao dac diem cua lap hoc da tang cuang sr tham gia cua HS. Cach lam do goi ma va ma rang nei dung bai hoc va khuyan khich HS van dung nhang kin thirc da duoc hoc tir nhang bai troac vao trao doi, thao luan mot cach rO rang, HS can lam met diau gi do da lam sang to khai niem hoac ki nang.. a. —Lieu sit tham gia va sit hiau biat cita. HS co duac Wang cao Wang each thay dOi phong cach giang day cua GV? Su diau chinh c6 the rat hoan hao ye cac mat: xay dung ke hoach bai hoc, chuan bi tai lieu hoc, phuang phap giang day,...nhung HSKT de bi thAt bai nau nhu GV khong c6 phong cach phii hop va CO trach nhiem ve bai day cua minh. —Co can diau chinh muc tieu va yeu cL cua bai hoc cho HS khong? Trong lop hoc hoa nhap c6 nhiau dOi tuong, HS xe linh hOi luting kinthirc va sir dung nhung kian thirc a mirc de khac. Nhang kian thirc can ducc uu tien linh hei.

(42) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRLYONG TRUNG HOC. 42. d6i voi HS d nhieu muc d6 khac nhau ve mire d6 khO, d6 sau va rgng. Vi vay, yeu cau muc tieu da clang trong cac bai day d6i tong HS la mgt vi6c lam rat can thiet. Vic xac dinh cac muc lieu va yeu cau cho tirng HSKT tnx6c khi Wen hanh bai day se tao dieu kin cho GV có dinh huong dugc bai giang cua minh. Voi tat ca nhung not dung dugc the hien tren có the khai quat thanh so' d6 bieu din day hoc hi6u qua nhu sau:. 2.4. MO1 so lux, y trong day hoc mot khi6m thi. s6 mon hoc cap trung hoc cho HS. ➢NI4m vu 1. MON TOAN Yeu cau: Lop Chia nhom va tim hieu ve day hoc mon Toan cho HS khiem thi: Nhiing diem can luu y trong day hoc mon Toan cho HS khiem thi la gi? Thong tin phan hoi Toan la mgt trong nhung mon hoc kho khan nhat doi voi HS khiem thi, trong qua trinh day hOc, GV can luu y mgt s6 diem chinh nhu sau: • KT ncing v'd HS khiem thi thirong bo 10. nhting kinh nghi6m sam ve so hoc trong cugc song nhirng HS sang dugc gidi thi6u ve s6 trong khi doc hang ngay, vi hang ngay sach va tren cac chucmg trinh truyen hinh tir khi con nh6. I-IS khiem thi thuong gap phai kilo khan trong vi6c nam bat cac khai ni6m ve tong s6 va kh6ng có s6 nao. Chung se khong the nhin thay co 5 ngueri ding trong phong trong nhay mat hoac nhin thay co 4 cai ghe xung quanh chiec ban. HS khiem thi co the cling kh6ng the nhin thay nhitng dau hien nhu: 10 mat luck trong 100 cai mat lu.O.i. HS khiem thi du 0 d6 tuOi nao thi ding can thOi gian de thuc hanh cac ki nang nhu dam, tuong irng, Ian lugt va so sanh; • Kr ncing lc& lirtyng. a. co Nhang HS sang thuOng sir dung nhirng tai lieu tham Ufa() bang hinh anh the hoc cach u6c Wong nhung d6i \Jai HS khiem thi có the se d6i mat v0i nhung thuat trac lugng. Nen sir dung nhung d6 vat that de day HS kho khan trong do dac;.

(43) PHU'O'NG PHAP HIYaNG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINN KHIEM THI. • Nhienz vu thuc hanh Phai dam bao rang HS khiem thi c6 nhiing thiet bi, hoc lieu phi' hop nhu: may may dai, may tinh nOi, kinh ph6ng Hop tac vOi cac ban la met pluxemg phap halt Ich khi thuc hanh, vi du nhu trong qua trinh do dac: HS sang co the doc va HS khiem thi c6 the ghi lai ket qua; • Hoc lieu xfic giac HS khiem thi can nhieu co hei de c6 the quan sat/ nam bat &roc nhang di vat thuc va trai nghiem de irng dung ve s6 hoc trong thuc te, nen thlic day viec hoc so prong vOi cac hoc lieu xtic giac va khong gian hai chieu; • So' cho khOng gian ba chieu Neu c6 the, khong nen de HS khiem thi trai nghiem vai so de kh6ng gian ba chieu, nen sir dung so de kh6ng gian hai chieu hoac cho tre trai nghiem voi be mat thuc cua six vat; • Hoc ngilu nhien Man hinh, tranh, anh, palo — ap phich len quan den s6 C6 the lam cho HS khiem thi kh6 tiep can. Nen cung cap cho tre nhiing ban vdi dinh clang ph-it hop, dieu nay giup HS hoc ngau nhien va ghi nhO tot. • Hoc lieu + Ban ye, sa cho va lutai ye ✓ So de xdc gide c6 the throe bieu din tren giay in nhiet, ban ye, nhua deo hoac gan tren gidy Braille. Tat ca cac chat lieu teen se tao cam giac khac nhau khi so% HS khiem thi can c6 sty trai nghiem vai tat ca cac chat lieu;. a. ✓ Giay in nhiet &roc sir dung chung cho so ma khong yeu eau met clan hieu nao tren so de, vi du nhu: so de be mat va khong gian, hoac vai met so de don gian khong yeu cA.0 mot ket eau khac. Met luoi ye hinh yang teen giay in nhiet duoc xem la rat hieu qua cho viec tao so de, vi du nhu: so de the hien m6i lien ket trong cong viec. ✓ Ban ve duvc dat teen met tam mem cho cac ban ye xtic giac. Met mat cila ban ve se del) giap vefi tam mem tot hem la nhiing chat lieu khac giir ban ye. Mac Si.

(44) TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUIAG TRUNG HOC. doi khi se fat co lgi (d'ac biet la cho GV) de sir dung but bi thOng thugng de tao ra ddu hieu thi gide nhung nhung diem xtic gide dugc tao ra tren ban nen la met chiec but khong có muc va tao dugc net xec gide. V De dan nhan them thOng tin cho so 6 tren ban ve, ddu tien hay dinh kern voi mgt mau gidy braille. Phdn nay có the dung de bO sung them thong tin cho so do, gidy cha ngi se lam cho so dO ben hon khi HS cat gift sach; ✓ Sir dung gidy chit ngi cho cac bang, bieu thgng ke don gian, d'ac biet la bieu dO hinh tron va de ye chit wog hinh sir dung 1(1 hieu chit nOi. So dO than va la cay thugng dugc thuc hien tren gidy chit rigi; + Thib- bi. BO hoc hinh siv dung xuc giac. Xac gicic va nhung chie'c thwor Nhung chiec Ulu& sir dung xlic gide thirgeng dai 20cm va 30 cm; chung thugng co mau yang vai cac diem mau den de có the tao ra dg tuong phan thi da va ding hitu ich doi \lad ca ngueii sang mat. Nhang chiec think \fed nhfing diem mau den r6 net ding có gia tri den 1/2 cm do do chi nen yeu du HS khiem thi ye hoac do chInh.

(45) ca. PHIYO'NG PHAP HU'dNG DAN VA HO TRd HOC SINH KHIEM THI. xac 6 khoang cach tOi thieu la 5mm. Wit canh caa thu6c thu6ng c6 nhfing vet lom no co the dugc dat tru6c cac diem do. M6t s6 HS khiam thi c6 the sir dung cac diem quy dinh tren thuoc rat tot ma khong can sir dung den cac diem chi mm.. a. Do goc va thu'&c do g6c CO 2 loci thu6c do: 360° va 180° mau yang, v6i cac diem den de chia cac gOc phu 10° va 5°. Chi nen yeu cau HS khiem thi do g6c nh6 nhAt la 5°. Compa Nhiau HS khiarn thi cam thykho khan trong viac sir dung cac compa tieu chuan va chang co ye de dang sir dung hurl veri cac compa dang thanh hoccompa hinh clang nhu chiec thu6c. Compa kieu chiec thuoc c6 the can sir dung mat chiec but nhung khOng phai day, keo giAy nhiau nhu but bi. Nati HS sir dung mot compa tieu chuan thi can co su ho trg caa ngued lan la ma compa va dinh dang kich thu6c san. • Thin hanh: Ve va do dac Died day la mot so ggi y trong viec sir dung cac hoc lieu va thiat bi da dugc mo to trong phan tren: Do do dai ctia day bang dm& xitc gicic Xac dinh vi tri moi dau day va cIat thuoc tai cac vi tri do sao cho cac diem lom tren be mat caa thuOc dugc xac dinh la dAt d6i dien vai dau day. Khong nen mong dqi HS khiam thi c6 the do d6 dai c6 d6 chinh xac lan hart ± 5mm; Ve yang cung hoac dmorng trOn Chon compa c6 sir dung but chuyen dung ho-ac bat bi thu6ng da ve yang cung ho'Ac du6ng trOn. Neu compa khong co cac diem Vic giac thi can nguari lon ho trg trong viac diau chinh throng kinh khi can. Xac dinh tam du6ng tron bang cac chan tai diem cu6i cua compa. An compa du luc de có the cam nhan dugc la da to thanh hinh mong muon. Can tap luyen lai nhiau Lan hoot Ong nay. • Ki hien twin cho HS ma That kho de HS mu có the hinh thanh cac ki hiau town. MOt so ki hiau not có the dugc sir dung, vi du nhu: ki hieu "!!" c6 the dugc chia thanh 2 phan theo chiau doc va 3 phan theo chiau ngang. Neu mot ki hiau chi dung de doc dung nghia thi do la.

(46) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. nhfing bieu tuung rat don gian nhu: hinh tam, hinh eh* nhat hoc hinh tam gide &lac not tren giay in nhi'et.. • Dich chuyen Day quy tett: Tdt ca cac diem di chuyen theo ding khong khoang cach; Ve hinh clang ban dau tren ltrai ye, sau do day HS sir dung ludi ye de dem so luung yeu cau cua hinh vuong theo chieu ngang vet theo chieu doe. Sir dung su phei hop de dich mei diem dm hinh dang. Cuei ding hay sir dung met sui day chung de Binh hinh dtruc hinh dang yira dich chuyen;. • Doi thng Day hai quy fac:. —Tat ca chuyen dang can vuong goc vai truc doi xirng prong — Khoang each tir do Vat den truc doi xirng bAng yai khoang each tir truc doi xirng den diem dei xirng \Tad de Vat. Ve hinh dang ban dau tren Wei ye Wang gim vet day chun. Sau do, sir dung day chun de tao true d6i xirng. Ve diem (lei xirng sir dung phtrang phap nhu phLi "dich chuyen" tren. True dei xirng có the duuc xem nhu la met dang dei xirng cho met so do ducyc hoan thien, phuong phap nay rat co Ich cho yiec day dei xirng clang;. • M rang Day hai quy frac: —Trung tam ma Ong, met diem tren hinh dang ban dau vet cac diem Wang img cita ma Ong dau cimg nam tren met &rang tWang; —D'e ma Ong theo met he se k thi khoang each tir tam ma Ong den diem ma reng la k nhan yai khoang cach tir tam ma rang den cac diem tuong *rig tren hinh dang ban dAu; Ve hinh dang ban dau teen Wei ye Wang gim vet day chun, sau do s* dung gim de ye tam ma reng. De ye mai diem ma Ong, can dem se luung hinh vuong tir tam me Ong den hinh dang ban dau sau dO nhan se nay yai he se k. Dem so ltrung hinh vuong tren cling 1 dang tir tam ma Ong den den diem ye Wang gim. Cuei dung day chun de dinh vi khoang ma Ong..

(47) PHUO'NG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO mg HOC SINN KHIEM THI. De ding co nguyen tac dau lien, can sir dung day chun de not tam ma reng den tirng diem dm hinh clang ban dau va diem tuong drig tren hinh ma reng; • Quay Quy tac: —Quay khong lam thay dei khoang each tir tam quay den tirng diem tren hinh —Dang chira tam quay den tirng diem tren hinh se quay theo ding 1 g6c —Doi vai goc quay 90 de, duang nam ngang a hinh ban dau se trOf thanh &rang thong dirng va ngugc lai —Doi vai goc quay 180 de, throng nam ngang va doc van gift nguyen HS sang mat thu&ng sir dung gidy nen trong viec quay va co the quay hinh bang quay giay nhung doi vai HS khiem thi c6 the sir dung bang do thi theo each gieng nhu la sir dung gidy nen. Dau tien, ye hinh dang ban dau len tren ltrai vai gim va day chun. Sau do, sir dung gim de xac dinh tam quay, xoay rn6i diem rieng biet th'Ong quan cac goc yeu eau vai cac tam quay. Dieu nay &rot giai thich bang hai vi du &raj day: Xoay goc 90 theo chieu kim clang ho: — Xac dinh cac toa de cua hinh dang xuay bang each sir dung tam quay nhu viec xac dinh hinh ban dau —Quay bang de thi met goc 90 de ngugc chieu kim deng he - Ve lai hinh bau dau tren bang tai vi tri nay —Quay bang trar lai met goc 90 do theo chieu kim deng ho de ve vi tri ban dau ctia no Xoay goc, 1800: — Xac dinh cac toa do cua hinh dang auay bang each sir dung tam quay nhu viec xac dinh hinh ban dau —Xoay bang de thi met gee 180 —Ve lai hinh gee tren bang tai vi tri nay sir dung toa de —Xoay bang tra lai vi tri ban dau oh no.

(48) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRIYaNG TRUNG HOC. ➢Nhiem vu 2. MON VAN Yeu cau: Lep Chia nhom va tim hieu ve day hoc mon Van cho HS khiem thi: Nhang diem can km y trong day hoc mon Van cho HS khiem thi la gi? Thong tin phan htoi. a. Ngen ngir khong chi la phuang tien the hien y Wang, suy nghi ma no can la nen tang de m8i ca nhan suy nghi va hoc tap. HS khiem thi c6 the se rat thanh cong neu ket hop glib ngon ngit va ki nang sir' dung chit nei. Tuy nhien, nhang chitin lugc nay phai duqc dat trong bei canh ma c6 the dam bao rang HS dugc khuyen khich phat trier' ngon ngir phii hop va c6 su he tro caa nguai lan va ban be; • Doc natt nhien HS khiem thi thireng gap kho khan va giai doan doc ng'h nhien din ra cham. Doi vai HS sang, bao quanh chting la cac quang cao, ter rai, truyen hinh,... Tat ca nhilng nguen doc do khong phii hop vai HS khiem thi. Ket qua la, HS khiem thi gap kh6 khan han de c6 the linh hei nhitng khai niern ma ngon ngit the hien no IA bang chit in thuang. Vi du: dieu can thiet la danh gia xem met HS khiem thi co the doc bao truac khi yeu cau chting thiet met trang bao nhu la met each trong viec phat trien kha nang hieu khi doc met cuen sach hay tieu thuyet. • Nghe — noi KT nang nghe n6i dac biet quan trong vai HS khiem thi khi the gigi vai chung khong phai la met van ban tron ven de cluing co the truy cap. Trong met s'e trung hop, HS khiem thi c6 the phil hop bang viec nghe han la doc, nOi han la viet. Khuyen khich su tap trung dm HS vao cac chi tiet vai viec sir dung climg ngir phap va cii phap. • Them thoi gian HS khiem thi thuang gap kilo khan trong viec hx6t, quet va dinh vi thong tin tren met trang hoac trong met cuen sach. HS khiem thi thuong thuc hien nhiem vu doc va viet cham han va chiing thuang de bi met. Neu c6 the, nen khuyen khich HS mang tai lieu ve nha va doc chung trugc khi hoc tren lap, dieu nay se &V HS tham.

(49) PHLYO'NG PHAP HUONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 49. gia vao cac hoat d6ng tren 16p hoc km la danh town 1)6 su ne ltrc cua bai hoc de doc tai lieu ma HS sang doc thing trong mot khoang thai gian ngan; Nhang tac dOng trong cau true chinh to hoac cau true cau va cau trite nay c6 the dien ra qua nhanh d6i v6i HS khiem thi song thOng thuang HS khiem thi can xem xet can than tir, mAu cau,... hoac chung can dugc truyen dat nhiing thong tin thi gide. HS khiem thi c6 the de dang bi b6i r6i, that vong, dieu quan trong la tan them ca h6i de cu6c h6i thoai dien ra dai han va thinh thoang la tuang tac 1 — 1 de gitip HS hoan thanh nhiem vu theo t6c d6 rieng cua thong; • Chi'n brat trong lop hoc — Dam bao HS khiem thi c6 vi tri ng6i phi hap trong lop hoc — mat so HS can ngei a ban dau trong khi mot s6 HS khac can ngoi xa han de c6 the quan sat tong quat; —Tat ca. HS nen biet dugc nhang gi the hien len tren bang. HS c6 the doc cung cap them hoc lieu ban in hoac ban chit n6i. de HS c6 the de dang han trong viec hieu thOng tin ghi tren bang; — Nen tao ra ngan hang the hoc chit not va chit co' lan de c6 the hinh thanh mau cau hoac di chuyen menh de trong cau; —Tang cuang kha nang tap trung va ghi nha de c6 the tang d6ng luc va giam met mOi cho HS. Nen có them su ho tra de tre co the giu dugc d'ang ca tich cue va su tap trung trong qua trinh hoc tap. • Hoc doc va viEt chitin Trinh bay tai lieu Tar& het, tai lieu co chit lan 16 rang can dugc sir dung trong lop hoc thuang chir in trong tai lieu va sach doc th6ng xuyen. Tuy nhien, a timing hoc thi kIch thuang be han va tai lieu ca the can phai dugc sira doi. Can xem xet sir dung kinh lop cho ca nhan HS vi no gitip phong to hinh anh de dang, thuan tien. • Chie'n lo'o't trong lop hoc — Tranh doc sach CO van ban ch6ng len hinh anh minh hoa hoac hinh nen bi r6i; — GV thuang c6 thoi quen sir dung mu ten nho de chi huang khi viet tir hoac giai thich, dieu nay c6 the gay kho khan cho HS vi ki hieu qua nho, khong nhin.

(50) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC. Sr dung mo hinh va thuc hanh nhi'L se la phuang an hi4 qua, mot cach khac la sir dung giay nen vai met dau cham mau sac 65 net de chi ra diem khai dau. —Neu giay viet thuemg kheng pha hop, nen sir dung v6i giay c6 khoang each dOng lon va &mg ke dam; —HS khiem thi thuemg gap kilo khan trong viec doc luot toan be tir va cau. Nen de' HS c6 them tiled gian de hoan thanh nhiem vu doc va viet; • Tai lieu hoc Op Tai lieu trinh bay Viec danh gia thi gide chirc nang cua chuyen gia khiem thi se la ca so( de xac dinh six phi hap ve dinh dang doc va viet cho tre. DM voi tre khiem thi can danh gia kha nang sir dung chit in thueng va hang log nhung van de ve trinh bay van ban nhu: cO chit, loai chit, kich thuOc giay, mau sac gidy, van ban va hinh anh minh hoa, d8 twang phan, mau sac cila van ban. Khi HS hoc len cac 16p, cap cao han, can danh gia ve van de nay \Tao dau moi nam hoc hoac ki hoc; Ben canh do, khi HS khiem thi hoc len nhang lop cao han thi 'deb co chic trong cac tai lieu thuemg nho han va nhung tai lieu nay c6 the can phai dieu chinh. Nen xem xet viec sir' dung kinh hip ca nhan de gitip HS khiem thi c6 the de dang han trong viec doc tai lieu. GV phe th8ng, GV chuyen biet, nhan vien ho tro nen phei hop chat the de dam bao rang tai lieu pha hap &roc cung cap cho HS; Nguen hoc lieu cho HS khiem thi nen duac dieu chinh dua tren nhu cau caa cluing. Co rat nhieu hoc lieu bao gem sach gido khoa Ira nhung tai lieu danh gia thiremg c6 cac hinh anh truc quan minh hoa do do khi sir dung nhang tai lieu nay cho HS trong 16p hoc hoac trong danh gia can xem xet that ki khia canh hinh anh; Sap x".p, ba tri hoc lieu Nhang hoc lieu nhu dang te• rai co the dirge the hien teen nhieu trang trong ban in phong to va chit n6i, dieu nay se anh huimg den nhung phan Ong cila HS khi did° Juan ve su be tri va each the hien tren tai lieu, nen tranh cac hoc lieu c6 van ban va hinh anh cheng len nhau hoac c6 hinh nen gay nhieu. Minh hoa Doi v6i met se HS khiem thi, ban tai lieu minh hoa dirge in khe 16n la mau pha hap nhat trong viec truyen dat thong tin nhung doi ved mot se HS khac, viec minh.

(51) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'o'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. co. hoa don gian lai la hieu qua hon. Tuy nhien, doi v6i met se HS, viec mo ta minh hoa bang 16i lai 1a yeu cau bat buec. Khi xay dung m6 ta minh hoa, dieu quan trong la tim ra six can bang gift chi tiet va de dai caa phan minh hoa duoc be sung vi neu met phan tai lieu doc be sung qua dai kh6ng phai lac nao cling tot. Ban minh hoa nen tap trung vao khoang 3 van a chinh va hueng den muc tieu bai hoc. • Doc (la gicii tri Nhieu GV gap kh6 khan de c6 the thu but HS trong viec doc nhu met hoat dang giai tri thu vi va c6 ich. Doi vei HS khiem thi, viec thay dei nay trong viec hoc con kilo lion la de dat duoc kien thirc. Met se rao can can duoc xac dinh va met se giai phap linh hoat nen dugc dua ra de giap cho viec hoc doc de tier) can hurl va did vi hon; Tiep can cac tai lieu doc Viec tim kiem sach c6 met dinh dang pha hop la rat kh6. Theo nghien can cu RNIB (2004) thi den 96% cac sach va tai lieu la khong c6 dinh clang in khe lon, dang am thanh hoac chit nei; Met van de khac quan trong khong ken' do la dei tuong va pham vi lua chon, HS khiem thi chi la thieu se va nhieu sach in khe len san co mang tinh thuong mai lai khong nham den dei Wong sir dung la tre em va thanh thieu nien. Doc sach. Nhieu nguei trong se chang ta luOn tim duce thei gian va vi tri thich hop nhat de doc sach khi chang ta thu gian nhu: cuen tron tren ghe sofa, doc sach tren giueng,... Viec sir dung cong nghe de doc met cuen sach ma phai nhin that gan hoac cam met cuen sach chit nei that day va to de doc thi do la viec rat kilo khan de kat hop doc vai thu gian. Tu the doc co the gap khan khi phai duy tri trong khoang thei gian dai va dieu kin mat khong chp phap rat de dan den met mOi. Dieu quan trong la nhfrng ngued lam viec cling voi HS khiem thi nen nhan thirc duoc rang mac du truy cap cong nghe tao cho viec tiep can nhang an pham in de dang hon nhung no khong giai guy& duoc moi van de va c6 the dan den nhang han che. Ccic githi phcip. Lam the nao de chang ta co the \amt qua cac rao can? Don gian chi can nhan thirc duoc chang va dieu do gni') viec lap ke hoach cho HS can duoc thuc hien theo.

(52) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC. met cach khac, vi du: nhan thirc viec met moi cita HS c6 the dam bao rang GV cho phep hoat deng nao do nen dung lai; co the tao ra nhieu co hei de keo dai thi gian phii hop. Tao dieu kien de HS c6 the to kiem soat duoc six met moi ciia chting, theo cach nay dan dan se gill') HS hu6ng tOi nhan thdc duoc viec kiem soat cong viec cua minh. • Nhang kr thulit on tap. On tap co the la viec dac biet kho khan dei voi tre khiem thi nhu ki thuat doc luck ma viec khuyen khich HS thuc hien khong phai luc nao cling c6 the thuc hien duoc. Dtrad day la met se ki thuat thay dei hieu qua c6 the lam cho moi HS thuc hien tot nhu nhau: Lap ke cho cau tra 16.i Tim kiem cac vi du va trich dan trong qua trinh hoc van va doc cac tac pham van hoc, luting tiled gian HS khiem thi sir dung de tim kiem dap irng cac yeu cau cita bai kiem tra co the can nhieu han; Khuyen khich HS danh tiled gian lap ke hoach cho cau tra lei va tim kiem nguen trich dan cho cac cau hoi mau ma khong nhat thiet phai viet bai luan; Ghi lai nhang van d can on tap HS khiem thi thuOng de hon trong viec hoc cac tai lieu to ghi tieng, dieu nay se lam giam six met moi to yeti cau ngei doc va viet 6 tap trung hon vao nei dung dm bai doc. CO the ghi lai: nhang nei dung can chil y, cot truyen, mieu to nhan vat, chit de... hoac c6 the de ghi lai nhang doan trich dan de nh6. Viec ghi am c6 the de HS khiem thi to lam va khuyen khich bang each tao co hei hoac ket hop v6i cac boat deng khac. Khac: Twang Lac xel hOi va phat trien ng on ngir Thong tac xa hei la viec vo cling quan trong de phat trien ki nang ngon ngd, nhang nghien ciru da chi ra rang viec hoc va phat trien thueng duoc din ra trong met bei thrill xa" hei nhat dinh. HS khiem thi thlreng phu thuec va ngtrOi Run hoac ban be de co the hieu ve cac sit kien, hoat deng bang each duo'c cung cap nhang me to bang lei, dieu quan trong la sir dung nhiing h6 tro to nguei 16n va ban be do nhu the nao de nhiing h6 trq do nhu nhimg plurang tien hdu dung va that sr la can thiet trong qua trinh phat trien ngen ngii cua tre khiem thi nang..

(53) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. vu 3. MON DIA LI Yeu cau: Lop chia nhorn va tim hieu ve day hoc mon Dia 11 cho HS khiem thi: Nhang diem can luu y trong day hoc mon Dia 11 cho HS khiem thi la gi? Thong tin phan hoi Dia 11 duqc xem la met trong nhung mon hoc kho nhat doi voi HS khiem thi. Rat nhieu khai niem lien quan den thi giac nhu kich thuac va khoang cach o pham vi Ong, doc ban 6, ngen ngu me to mang tinh hinh anh,... Tuy nhien, dia 11 ding duoc xem nhu met mon hoc danh cho HS khiem thi — met 6i tuqng bi hong trong viec hieu biet ve mei truerng mai ma chimg to dang song va Wang tac. Viec hoc dia 11 se gidp HS khiem thi c6 the hoc hoi ve mei truerng xung quanh va c6 cam nhan ve the gi6i ma cluing dang song nhung chting khong the nhin thay. • Ke hoach Sir dung Ice hoach c6 le la cach tot nhat de day HS khiem thi ve ban 6. KT thuat me O. ding c6 the ducyc sir dung voi HS khiem thi larn tu6i — nhirrig ngueyi da khong phat trien nhan thirc khong gian tot. Muc dich chinh la de HS hieu rang mot ke hoach ti.rong trung cho viec quan sat met khu vuc; bang viec xay dung Ice hoach khong gian ba chieu, HS c6 the nhin hoac "cham" vao no; ding co the day HS cac bieu Wong de dai dien cho cai gi dO. Duai day la phuong phap thir va kiem tra de thuc hien met ke hoach: Trai ngh102 voi khu vu•c Bat dau bang viec tao ra met ke hoach voi met khu vuc da quen thuec voi HS, tham quan khu vuc do va viet nhfing ghi chn bang chir braille hoac ghi am 1ai. Sir dung nhung thuat ngir nhu "phai", "trai" hoac nhfing diem compa phu thuec vao kha Wang va kien thirc cna HS. Xay dung ke hoach khong gian ba chieu Lang nghe hoac doc lai cac chi ti6t cua khu vuc va tir day bat dau xay dung Ice hoach khong gian ba chieu. Vat lieu xay dung hitu Ich nhat bao g6m: cac khi go hoac nhua c6 nhieu hinh dang, kich ca, me hinh dat set, cat, xcip, Lego. TruOt khi bat dau, HS se guy& dinh xem tirng loai hinh kh6i se dai dien cho nhfing cai gi, vi.

(54) TAI LIEU. TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUteNG TRUNG HOC. du nhu, khai lap phuang dai dien cho cac phang, khi dai la cho hanh lang. Nhiing vat lieu nay cung c6 ich trong lop hoc de tao ra nhung mo hinh trong suet bai hoc. Da tang ctr6ng kha nang nhan thirc ve huang va kh6ng gian, can sir dung met hinh dang nhO, diet' nay thuOng la met nhiem vu kh6 khan cho HS khiam thi; Chuyan d6i sang khong gian hai chieu Khi ka hoach khong gian ba chieu da hoan thien, HS c6 the sao chop chting da tao ra phien ban dm khong gian 2 chieu bang viec sir dung the dm nhfing hinh dang gieng nhu trong khong gian hai chieu. Dinh cac the hinh do len trait gidy (bang dinh hai mat la phii hop nhAt cho viec nay). HS khiam thi cling c6 the can den nhung h6 try trong viec sap xap cac biau ming. Da tao duqc nhung do vat co tinh ben cao, chimg can duvc in tren nhua chiu nhiet hoac gidy in nhiet; Nhang ke hoach nang cao Sau khi HS da xay dung k'a hoach cho nhung nai quen thuec, ki thuat Wang to c6 the dugc sir dung a thuc hien ka hoach cua cac dia diem khong quen thuec, hoac ke hoach quy mo len han, vi du nhu trung tam thi trAn. Khi HS tra nen thanh thao holt chting CO the lam vai cac biau tuong nho han, de chting c6 the duge cam nhan du6i ddu ngon tay. HS cung co the &roc khuyan khich da tao ra cac bi'au tuong cua rieng minh, co the kat hop kat cdu cung nhu khei, hinh dang. Neu c6 the, nhua chiu nhiet c6 the &roc sir dung da tao ra cac ban sao co de ben cho ke hoach ba chieu nh6. Ki thuat nay cuei cung se ddn den met su hiau bit dm ban de phirc tap han; • Nhiing ban tij có the tie'p can Dieu chinh ban de va cung cap kin thdc chinh cho HS dtroc coi la hai ki nang quan trong de dam bao viec tip can chuang trinh hoc; MCg so diem chinh —Sir dung cac 16p da xay dung met ban do thay vi dat qud nhieu thong tin tren mot trang, vi du nhu: ban ai du lich va giai tri c6 the tra thanh ba ban de: cac you to vat 11; mai lien quan gifta thi trAn va truyen thong, giao tip va cac dia diem giai tri vai mot tam quan trong khac nhau cho mei ban do. —Dan gian hod thong tin va giam thiau can tra. Cdn xem xet sir phil hop ciia quy mo, tieu de va tam quan trong;.

(55) PHU'CYNG PHAP HLICYNG DAN VA HO TRCy HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 1111. —Thuc hien theo cac b6 tri va mau sac ban dau el:1'a ban do vi dieu do se de dang hon cho HS khi thgc hien theo. Sir dung cac phong clia dam, re rang de ghi nhan. Sir dung cac mau khac nhau va ket cau khac nhau cho moi be phan tren ban de; —Sir dung cong nghe: kinh hip, video hoAc may tinh, may qua., vi du nhu: thay doi mau nen tren man hinh có the danh dau dugc nhung thOng tin quan trong va re rang hon de theo dei thong tin. Tai nhung ban de gian lugc mien phi tren Internet se tot hon la ve tay; • Ban dj Ordnance Survey KT nang sir dung ban de OS la rat kho dei voi HS khiem thi, tren thlic te, chi có met se rat it nhung HS khiem thi tirng sir dung, tiep can \Tad ban do OS. Tuy nhien, hien nay no la chuong trinh bat buec trong met se bai kiem tra mon dia 11. Tren bai kiem tra, ban de dugc dieu chinh de be di rat nhieu nhirng chi tiet gay nhieu nhung • • A. • 7, • " • van yeu cau nhung kien thirc nhat dInh ve bleu tugng va hieu b i t ve &rung net. Doc tog do. Bat dau v6i cac tro choi dtromg ke e co ban. tien tri'en den toa do hai con se, vi du nhu "sari lung kho bau", "tim hinh vuong dugc to mau", ingued ngoai hanh tinh tan cong". Sau khi da hoc xong viec doc toa de co ban, HS se tien den doc ban de dugc dieu chinh, dei voi ki nang nay, duemg ke o mau trong va den hoac dugc ke O voi nhfing net dam se" de dang de doi theo; ; ttecyng OS Bie'tt. De day cac bieu tugng OS, bat dAu \Teri nhfing Neu tugng kho 16n v6i ca. 2 dang: den, trong va mau sac. Met se bieu tugng xtic gide de dang de doi theo, nhung met se khac khong re rang se lam cho HS kh6ng dugc quen thuec ved bieu tugng hinh anh tuong irng. Bieu tugng can phai dugc me to bang lei de chting có the chi ray nghia cua bieu tugng do. Dieu quan trong luon phai nher rang cac bieu tugng xtic gide du nhe de co the cam nhan dugc trong tam tay (khoang 1 — 2 cm). Doi vOi HS sir dung chit phong to. HS nhin kern thuemg de hon khi xem ban de mau den trong vad nhung chi tiet dugc lam re veri de net va de ming phan cao hon. Tuy nhien, dieu nay se' ngan can.

(56) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, CIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'0NG TRUNG HOC. cac ye'u 16 ve mau sac, nhung nhang ban de mau sac thueng thieu de arcing phan va dinh nghia bieu tugng. Doi voi met se dang suy giam thi luc, nhiem vu kh6 khan nhat la nhin tong the ban de de xac dinh cac bieu twang. Ki nang nay can dugc hoc de xac dinh cac bieu tugng toa de, vi du nhu: toa de cda met Wing trong viing dam 14. Cir co gang tim Neu tugng dam lay trong vO se cac mau sac, throng net va truc toa de la viec vo cling kho khan. Nhitng phuang tien trg thi hoac kinh lup can dugc sir dung trong trueng hgp nay nhung khong phai luc nao ding lam cho nhiem vu cira HS tra nen de dang hon. Viec tim kiern cac bieu tugng tir toa de nhat dinh la met nhiem vu de dang hon. Doi voi HS sir dung chit not Kh6 khan 16n nhat trong viec quet ban 6 cda HS la quet bang dau ngen tay. Cach duy nhat de giam thieu dugc kh6 khan nay la thong qua thvc hinh lien tuc. HS nen hoc cach quet cac khu vvc nho trong met trong tiled gian, lam viec tren ban de met cach c6 phuang phap. Nhin nhan van de Viec sir dung ban de OS voi HS khiem thi thueng ton thei gian, gay met mai va dei h6i sty tap trung cao de. N6 la met ki nang kho, dei h6i thi gian va sit kien nhAn tir ca HS va GV; • Dia li khong chi la ban cho Tim hieu ve moi throng, con ngtrOi, dia diem, thuong mai va cong nghiep deu la van de tap trung cua dia li va HS khiem thi deu c6 the tiep can; Stich gicio khoa. Stich gido khoa dia li thuerng la cuen sach rat phirc tap ma c6 the la met "con dc meng trvc quan" cho bat ki ai bi suy giant thi lvc. Cach the hien trong sach thueng bao gem met loat cac kieu font chic va van ban thueng cheng len hinh anh minh hoa hoac hinh nen hoa van; Phong to bang may photo khong phai la met giai phap tich circ; Khuyen khich HS sir dung kinh phong dai va cac thiet bi trg thi bat ki khi nao c6 the. Dieu nay khong chi phat trien ki nang dec lap ma dm giam ho trg trong viec dieu chinh hoc lieu;.

(57) PHLYO'NG PHAP HUONG DAN VA HO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. mg. Videos va DVDS Khi sir dung bang va dia hinh, can quan tam den chat lugng cna am thanh. Met hoc lieu chit yeu clua vao hinh anh truc quan c6 the la vo nghia dOi voi HS nhin qua kern hoac mu hoan toan. Dixa tren met mo to am thanh truc tiep trong lop hoc c6 the gay mat tap trung cho HS va nhang HS khdc. Nhang HS con c6 kha nang sir dung thi lac c6 the dugc htrang lgi tir viec c6 co hei de xem tru6c khi tien hanh bai hoc. Dieu nay se cho pile') HS xem 6 cu li gan ma khOng can tra tam nhin cita ngtrei khdc. Ciing c6 the ket not tivi voi may tinh xach tay nhu vay thi bang dia hinh c6 the dugc chieu ding lac tren man hinh may tinh xach tay cita HS khiem thi. Tim hie:u ve cac khu vur dia phi mg Died day la vi du met cach tie') can kitting truc quan de tim hi'eu ve khu vac dia phuang: —Lay thOng tin: ben canh nguen ban de va tai lieu bang van ban, cac nguen dinh dang am thanh c6 the cung cap thOng tin ve cac co s6, giao thOng tin cong Ong, bai do xe, va khoang cach tix cac vi tri khac,...Met cuec dien thoai den clueing day thong tin, cac cong ty xe bus va tau dia phuang met cach him dung va thuc to de thu theap thong tin. —Tham quan cac dia diem: HS khiem thi tham gia vao chuyen tham quan, met s6 HS hoac nhan vien he trg c6 the can thiet de di ding v6i HS khiem thi. Khuyen khich cac em HS sang me td (lac diem, thong tin can thiet cho HS khiem thi; —Trinh bay thong tin: HS khiem thi thuOng gap kho khan v6i cac tai lieu dang de hoa, do d6 nen xem xet cac hinh thirc khdc de cung cap thOng tin nhu: ghi am; • Tim hieu ve dia HAu het cac van de ve dia eau khong c6 nhang thong tin ve mat xtic gide. De gioi thieu cho HS khiem thi ve dia can, chuyen gia c6 the can phai mua hoac diet' chinh dinh dang qua dia cau cho phit hgp nhu sau: Chuyen gia v'd dia cdu M(A me hinh trai dat nho lam bang xep c6 san tir cac nguen hoc lieu, nhang me hinh nay rat co Ich trong lap hoc vi me hinh nay phit hap vai viec quan sat bang tay.

(58) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 58. va có cai nhin tong quan bang xuc giac va trai dat. Tuy nhien, vat lieu nay khO khan trong viec g5n nh5n chit not va khong có true toa de de xac dinh; Di'du chinh qua dia cau Met so qua dia call rat c6 ich trong viec day va cac day nth.. Nhang qua dia cau clugc lam vai met dtrOng xich dao duoc lam not hay lem la rat hiru Ich cho HS trong viec sir dung duping xtic dao nhu met diem dAu m6i. Thong to nhu vay, met qua dia cau vai cuc b5c va cuc nam dugc danh dau gill') HS de dang trong viec xac dinh diem dAti m8i. Qua dia cau c6 truc xoay dtrgc la rat thuan lgi cho viec sir dung de giang day ve sty chuyen deng cita trai dAt. Qua dia cau nen du nho de cho HS có the cang tay va so xung quanh chung, diau nay se lay Wang tot de HS hieu ve khong gian. Sir dung cac hinh dang c6 be mat xitc giac khac nhau de danh dau cac chau luc, Wong nen co g5ng danh dAu cac quec gia vi qua nho, có the gay nhiau, rei cho HS. PhAn dat lien lam di' day de c6 the so sanh vai cac vimg dat cao thap khac nhau va \rung Wen; Sti& dung qua dia cau nhu' the nao Kham pha qua dia cau la met ki nang kho va can phai c6 su ho try. HS khiem thi thuan lgi han khi dtrgc hoc hop tac cling vai HS sang, cluing se giup HS khiem thi dpi theo qua dia cau nhu the nao. HS khiem thi thuemg can dtrac htrang d'An de cam nhan dau la Mrang nam hay huamg b5c khi cluing quen vai viec dpi theo chiau ngang han chi'au doc. HS khiem thi thuang c6 thoi quen giu ngon tay cna minh met vi tri trong khi qua dia cau có the quay diroi long ban tay ctxa chting. Chting c6 the cam nhan dtrgc cac vimg khac nhau khi di chuyen qua dau ngon tay va diau nay se gitip hieu ve su chuyen deng cita trai dat, mei lien he gifra cac quec gia va khoang cach. HS khiem thi cang c6 nhiau ca hei de to do kham pha thi chung cang kham pha dagc nhiau yeti to, d4c diem han. Tim hitt ve song ngoi Song la met khai niem kh6 cho HS khiem thi vi song có kich thuac da dang va su khac Wet ve canh quan bao quanh chimg. Kinh nghiem thuc to tir cac loci song khac nhau nhu: c6 cau b5c qua song, co pha bang qua, diau do se gitip HS c6 hieu biet tot han ve su da dang cua cac deng song..

(59) PHLYCYNG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA HO TRDe HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 59. Song cung la met khai niem chirng minh rang viec sir dung me hinh khong gian ba chieu de day la thanh ding. Xay dung me hinh tren met chiec khay veri cac canh &roc lam not de bieu dien rang nuac khong chay a moi vi tri, dieu nay ding cho phep mO hinh dugc linh hoat di chuyen. Dong club; HS khiern thi thu6ng c6 van de hieu rang nuac chi chay xueng dir6i. Can kiem tra kien thirc co ban nay va neu can thiet can sir dung mang dec xei nuac de giai thich cho HS. De) nuac xueng cau truot va cho HS trai nghiem la met hoat deng rat tot, HS ding c6 the trai nghi'em cam giac loot theo don nuac; tian khtic Quanh co kieu uen kink song, he c6 the &roc bieu dien bang me hinh de cho HS co the hieu duoc; Nhanh cita clang song Sir dung mO hinh de dien to cac nhanh song cao va gicr nuac de chay xueng song chinh; La tut va xay chap De day cho HS khiem thi hieu ve khai niem lu lut va xay dap c6 the sir dung mO hinh lam bang d'at set (phai mat th6i gian thir de dam bao la no kin ntroc) hoac veri met chiec mang xei nuac. X6i mon Sir dung cac de vat de giai thich ve hanh deng an mon la met cach hiru Ich de gith thieu ve khai niem x6i mon: giay nham vari cac de nham khac nhau (bet nham ro•i). Sir dung nhang hon da cuei va da thuOng: cha xat chUng, cuen chUng tren cat...So sanh be mat nhan va the; GV c6 the sir dung met chiec khay va do nuac teen hen hop dat, cat, sei cid va cho HS cam nhan di'eu gi se xay ra vai be mat hen hop khi xei nuac va su khac nhau cua be mat mei loci trong hen hop; hoac yeti ding met loci vi du nhu cat: sir dung luting nuac va tec de de nuac khac nhau de HS co the cam nhan su xed mon;.

(60) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BU QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'eYNG TRUNG HOC. 60 ➢Nhient vu 3. MON Tilt DUC. Yeu cAu: Lap Chia nhom va tim hiau va day hoc mon the duc cho HS khiem thi: Nhung diem can luu y trong day hoc mon The duc cho HS khiem thi la gi? Thong tin Olin hai • Chay Nhiau GV coi viec chay 1a vo clung kha hoac tharn chi la mot nhiem vu bat kha thi voi HS khiem thi d4c biet la HS mit. Nhung ding nhu vad nhieu hoat dOng khac, thach thirc nay HS khiem thi c6 the vuot qua voi six chu'an bi tot, thOng qua dux hanh nhiau lan va mot so thiat bi ho tror. Throng can HS khiim thi chay HS khiem thi co the can dugc ngtrei lem hoac ban sang mat h8 trq vgi vai trO nhu mot ngubi Inrong dan va chay ding voi HS. Co the huang dan bang cach cam tay hoac cam khuSru tay hoac c6 the c6 day not gaua nguari hugng dan va HS. Thie't bi Nen than loai day c6 chat lieu ma HS khiem thi thich sir dung nhung ding phal dam bac, nguei hung dan cam thay thodi mai. Chu y la khong nen dung day qua ngan va co dan. Nen hung dan cho HS chay trait ba mat khOng c6 vat can trugc sau do thi c6 vat can dan; Nhitng van cue cha —Can dam No rang kha nang cua ngtre(i hudmg dan sang va HS khiem thi c6 su phai hgp hai hoa —Ngtred huong dan khong nen keo ho-ac chay truck HS khiem thi ma nen chay cling tac dO. Nen tap luyen ding nhau da phat trian ki nang ph6i hop chay cho an toan; —Can dam bao c6 du khong gian trong qua trinh tap luyen, de an toan, can co hai lan duemg: 1 cho ngueri huemg dan, 1 cho HS khiem thi —Day dan giira 2 ngithi can dixvc chi dai de tay to do va thodi mai trong qua trinh chay;.

(61) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'UNG DAN VA HO MO? HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 61. — Trong cuOc thi chay chInh thirc, nguoi huang dan sang khOng nen la ngued ye dick dau tien; (6 Anh: Trong cueic thi chay cua ngued khiem thi, ngued to phan thanh 2 nh6m: B1 — mn hoan toan hoac B2 — mu thgc t6 va c6 the chay cling \Teri ngithi sang). Choy theo hien lenh MOt kieu chay khac voi ngtriyi huong dan sang ra hieu lenh la "chay theo hieu lenh" — tire la nguoi sang dua ra chi dan bang lai vai HS khiem thi. Trong cac cuOc thi chInh fik, phuang phap nay chi sir dung voi d6i Wong B1 (mu hoan toan) va khoang each < 60m. Thie't bi —Can mot chiec loa de nOi dn. 16n de HS c6 the nghe r-O — Dung chay throe danh dau bang do nham hoac cang day Phuvng phcip —Van dOng vien chay vao cling mot died diem —Van dOng vien throe hu6ng an bat dau 6 vach xuat phat va va duce dimg vi tri trung tam ciia Ian duerng chay — NgirOi goi dung a tren duarng chay a khoang gifra cila throng chay va d6i dien voi van dOng vien —Quy uac: Ngued ra hieu lenh not "nam" c6 nghia la van dOng vien dimg thing vi tri tai trung tam ciia du6ng chay; trong qua trinh chay, neu van dOng vien bi dat sang trai thi ngired ra hieu lenh not "bOn",... va van Prig vien se biet minh bi chech di/Ong va can dieu chinh chech ve ben phai va chay tiep; neu van dOng vien bi dat sang phai thi ngueri ra hieu lenh not "sau",...va van dOng vien se biet minh bi chech direrng va can dieu chinh de chech ve ben trai va tiep tuc chay; Nhang van cue lieu y — Van &ling vien — HS can phai tir tin va thodi mai voi cac huong dan bang 16i, cac vi vay thuc hanh lai nhieu lan la can thiet de dam bao HS da nhuan nhuy6n chi dan —Nguoi chi dan va cac van d'Ong vien nen luyen tap cling nhau de quen giong.

(62) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. — Vi 11 do an toan, trong qua trinh chay can phai giir im rang va ngued chi clan luon luu y va canh gide voi kha nang co am thanh ben ngoai gay nhieu. • The due nhip dieu HS khiem thi thuo'ng bi han the trong nhung co hOi de kham pha va tral nghiem trong cac hoat dOng lien quan den leo mii, boi, xa don, xa kep... He qua la, hInh the thu6ng kern phat trian Ira di lien vai no la luoi van &Ong hun va HS khiem thi thuong so hai sau nhung va cham hoac to nga. The duc nhip dieu c6 the duoc xem nhu. 111(A co. 118i de HS khiem thi trai nghiam v6i nhirng thach thirc trong viec kiam soat cac co van &Ong va the hien su sang tao dm ban than trong ix* moi tnrefrig an toan. Van cue can hen — Danh thoi gian 6 HS CO the lam quen bang xiic gide vai khOng gian luyen tap — Nhang hung d'An nen dirge the hien bang lei va can ngan gon va ro rang —Da dam bao an toan va có the 116 tro HS, nen duy tri six tuung tac bang lexi trong su6t qua trinh luyen tap —Sir dung ten dm HS truck khi cung cap thong tin hoac huang d'an cho mot HS cu the — Nhiing thiet bi kh8ng duoc sir dung nen dugc de mot vi tri co dinh theo quy dinh va ben ngoai khu vuc luyen tap San tap va hoat ci.ong tren san —HS khiem thi thuOng bi han the ve von tir van &Ong. Viec ho tro cua ngued sang c6 the (long mot vai tro quan trong trong viec gill') HS khiem thi "nhin thay" va hiau dtroc cu the cua chung dang di chuyen nhu the nao —Chuyen trong tam tir phan nay dm co the sang phan khac, kham khdo co the cua mInh c6 the thay d8i nhu the nao va di chuyan theo cac huang khac nhau v6i tOc dO khac nhau, lien kat cac hoat (Icing don gian voi nhau de tao thanh mot cum hoat Ong la nhung thanh thirc nhung vo cling có gia tri va giim HS khiem thi thu vi hon vad chinh ban than nfinh; —GV hoac nhan vien WO tro co the sir dung am thanh va nhip dieu di chuyan de giup HS co cam gide va su di chuyan dO. Hoac so the sir dung cac kich thich xuc.

(63) ma. PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 63. gide nhu: met qua bong tam hay met chiec gay dai ding có the la phuang tien huu ich cho viec luyen tap cUa HS. —Be mat nai luyen tap khong chi phai an toan va sach se ma con chi Yi den anh sang, am thanh, mau sac — dieu do se anh huerng den viec HS cam nhan va sir dung khong gian nhu the nao. —Anh sang manh có the la met mei nguy him dei voi met se HS khiem thi, dac biet la HS bi bach tang hoac sg anh sang. Dung cu the chg. —Can dam bao rang HS khiem thi có nhung ki nang ca ban ve guar' li ca the va to kiem soat ban than truac khi cho HS sir dung cac thiet bi, dung cu. —Qua trinh tip can voi dung cu can dugc Wen hanh dan dan, bat dau voi nhang dung cu tam thap nhu: ghe, hep thap, dam thap; sau do chuyen sang cac dung cu tam trung binh nhu: ban, ghe nghieng... va sau cling 1a cac dung cu tam cao. —Nhang tir nhu "fon", "duad", "qua", "ding", "xung quanh" khuyen khich kha nang kham pha cac thiet bi, dung cu va khong gian dugc tao ra tir cac thiet bi, dung cu do. —HS khiem thi can luon luon di chan dat vi dieu nay se tao cho tre met six \icing chac va an toan, tang cuemg he trg can bang. —Dieu quan trong la de HS tiep dat an toan, dac biet la khi tuang tac voi cac dung cu a tam cao —Nen cung cap nhimg ho trg ve the chat khi can thiet, dac biet la trong suet qua trinh cua cac hoat deng giir thang bang. Quyet dinh xem khi nao va lam the nao de giam ho trg la dieu ma GV can phai can nhac vi dieu do se di kern voi kinh nghiem va tinh kien tri cua GV va su da dang d6i voi tirng HS. • Boi Bai thuang la hoat deng mang tinh chat xa hei va hien nay, be boi tr6 nen pile Wen. HS khong can thiet bi ki thuat va ding khong phai phu thuec vao ngueyi khac phai bai cung. Bai có the la coi nhu met phan ho tra de phat trier' nhan thirc ye co the, su to tin va dinh huong khong gian..

(64) TAI LIEU TAP I-IUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. Nhang diem can luu —Tat ca HS phai nhan thirc va hieu dugc nhang thit ttic trong trueng hop khan cap a be boi va cac khu virc xung quanh — De có the thuan lgi va khOng bi can tra trong met khong gian reng, can c6 nhang chi dan bang led va cau lenh re rang va ngan gon. Met ngu?Yi lan giam sat can sir dung giong not hoac dimg 6 met vi tri thuan lgi trong khi dua ra Inrang dan; chtl y rang HS khiem thi cling có the khong nghe ro trong boi dudi nuac; — Khi dua ra huong cln, can xem xet vi tri cua nguOi GV trong mei quan he vori nhorn HS va vii HS khiem thi — Nen canh giac vai kha Wang va cham gift cac HS va kha Wang rat thirc to la dap dau va ve be bai —Hay canh giac vai tac deng cua anh sang va anh sang choi du6i nuac c6 the anh hueeng den kha nang dinh huOng va di chuyen cila HS — HS có nguy co' bi bong vOng mac kh6ng nen tham gia vao cac hog deng nhu lan. Can did() loan v6i chuyen gia ve linh vire nay ve nhung rui ro co the 'gap phai; Nang hogt ciOng chinh —Trong giai doan dau, dieu quan trong la khuyen khich HS choi v6i nuac, vi du nhu: cheo thuyen tren he, cac hoat deng vii nuac a trong 16p. Tiep Vic met cach tich clic Ira s6m vai nuac va cac hog deng bai se gitip cho HS phat trien sir tix tin va ho trg Oat trien nhan thirc. — Nhin chung, tat ca cac hog deng phi' hap tieu chuan chung deu phi' hap v6i HS khiem thi. Nhilng hog deng sir dung 6 choi clued nuac, cac van dieu, nhting tro choi don gian, nhiang thach thirc, nhang kich thich )(tic gide la nhang ho trg rat có gia tri de 116' trg HS trong qua trinh hoc boi. —Can tao cho HS có cam giac an toan ved nuac, trong khi hoc can ghi nh6 rang: ton trong ban than tru6c sir nguy hiem yen có ctia nuac. —Co the se rat tot cho HS khi chung di be, cam nhan cac chieu khong gian va each bai tri khu vixc be bai truck khi vao bai hoc. Tuang ttr nhu vay, viec dem sai boi có the gitip HS do khoang cach..

(65) PHUO'NG PHAP HU'aNG DAN VA H6 TRCe HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 65. — Met so HS khiem thi co the can dugc quan sat sir thay dei mau sac hay cac mec trong mOi trtremg va sir dung nth:Mg thong tin nay de hO try chting nhu: luu mau sac khac nhau trong Ian boi hoac dem dam tren tran nha boi. • Choi theo nhom HS khiem thi c6 the tham gia vao hang boat cac tro choi dOng dei va nhieu tro chai c6 the dugc dieu chinh neu can thiet. HS khiem thi thuOng yeu calf rat nhieu nhung trai nghiem ve chai 1 — 1 tru6c khi chting san sang chai theo nh6m. Mdc de phat trien ve ki nang, khong gian va hanh vi tinh cam xd hei se dugc the hien va nang cao qua cac hoat Ong the chat va cac tro choi deng dei. Tuy nhien, 6 cac tro chai yeu cau mirc do cao nhu bong bau duc thi khong phif hop ved HS khiem thi va can thay the bang cac hoat deng khac. Nhirng van cue can luu y — Mdc dO ho try HS khiem thi se anh huong den su tien be dm HS trong qua trinh choi. Neu h6 try qua nhieu HS c6 the tro nen qua phu thuec va bi co lap ye mat xa hei; neu ho tro qua It thi HS de bi that vong va giam di long tir trong; —Nen sir dung da clang cac dau hieu ve am thanh trong cac hoat Ong chai de tang cueing kha nang dinh huang va kich thich yeu to vui nhen trong tro chai. Thinh thoang, HS sang c6 the deo bit mat hoac kinh den de tham gia tro chai ding dieu nay ding guilt) chinh HS sang tang kha nang nhan thirc va trai nghiem; —Tat ca nhang tro chai gitip HS xac dinh cac be phan co the, kharn pha moi truang xung quanh va xac dinh vi tri am thanh la nhung tro chai theo nhorn rat tot. —Nhirng ki nang thao tac dm HS khiem thi thuOng kern phat trien do do nhung hoat Ong the chit nen dugc sir dung va sir dung cling vol cac thiet bi se gitip HS nang cao dugc nhirng ki nang nay; —Met dieu quan trong nira la nen de HS khiem thi co co hei kham pha mei trtrOng co hoc va cam nhan ve ranh giai cua khOng gian choi. 'Nang to nhu vay, HS khiem thi nen dugc tim hieu ve cac dO dung, thiet bi tru6c khi choi. Tharn la dO vat rat phii hop de sir dung trong viec dinh vi hoac ranh giai. —Nhirng tro chai ngoai trOi c6 the tan dung cac dieu kien to nhien rat tot nhu: de dec, cac khu vuc c6 co; via he vol de nharn khac nhau;.

(66) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO OUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DVC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. —Nen gift mire dg tieng ,‘5 n trong gigi han an toan. 1dt ca HS can phai dugc nghe huong clan r-6 rang va duy tri lien lac bang giong not cua GV va cac ban h6 trg —Nguei sang 1-16 try trong qua trinh chai theo nhom lan nhu b6ng da nen tranh viec keo HS khiem thi bat kip vai tec de choi. Thay vao do, dm hem six tham gia met cach c6 chit lucmg ngay ca khi tro chai c6 the bi cham lai trong giay lot; —Khi chai cac tre choi vei bong, viec tuang tac bang lei gift nguOi nhan va ngoai giao bong se gitip Cat ca cac thanh vien chuan bi cho hanh &Ong va dat dugc ket qua nhu mong muen —Met se HS bi benh mat nhu: bong vong mac c6 the khong phit hop va khong an toan, can c6 nhung chi dan cua chuyen gia y to trugc khi guy& dinh cho HS nay tham gia; —Can c6 nhung dieu chinh trong luat chai de phit hop han cho HS mu, dieu nay se- giup cho tat ca cac em HS khiem thi c6 the c6 phan choi phit hop va tuang irng vai chting; —Nen sir dung cac mieng lot bang bong cho khuy tay, chan de dam bao an toan cho moi HS trong qua trinh choi; • Nhfing horn dOng moo hiem va hoot d'Ong ngoai trod HS khiem thi thueng khOng dugc keo vao chai cac a-6 phieu luu mao hiem theo cho hoat &Ong tkr giac cling bi han cling each ma HS sang chai; ca hei va Ong che. Doi khi, HS khiem thi con dugc bao ve theo cach sai lam tir nhung tuang tac truc tiep \Teri the giai ma cluing dang sting. Ngueri len nghi rang viec tham gia cua HS khiem thi la qua nguy hiem va khong khuyen khich tham gia nhung ten thgc to HS khiem thi can tiep xdc nhieu han, be sung nhiing huong dan va khuyen khich tham gia vao cac hoat &Ong mao hiem; Nang van cue Wu )5: —Vat can lan nhat cho sir tham gia dm HS khiem thi la viec thieu hieu biet ve co hgi tham gia. Khuyan khich HS hoi ye cac hoat &Ong trong khu vire ma cac em dang song; —Gia dinh, nha truing, dan cu, cac chi lac be dia phuang, cac to chirc qu6c gia, cac to chirc tinh nguyen va cac to chirc y to c6 the can dugc tham gia vao cac hoat &Ong ngoai trod;.

(67) PHU'O'NG PHAP HLYCYNG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 67. —HS khiem thi ding c6 the can nhieu hon ve cac dieu kien y to ging nhu tre bai nao, tre Ong kinh.. Hogt ctong —Nhang nguai dinh huOng hog dicing nen sir dung cac dau hieu ye xlic gide va am thanh cling nhu nhung bieu tuong bang chic not hoac chit phong to, tat ca nhilng dieu nay se gitip HS hoc dtroc nhieu hon ye mei trueng va nhiem vu duoc giao; —Cho HS c6 thei gian de cam nhan ve mei tnxeng, dieu nay doi khi duoc mo to gi6ng nhu. "nghe bang tai". HS c6 the kham pha ca cac six vat nhu: chat d6t, co, da, re cay, goc cay... Tuong to nhu vay, viec dt'rng tren nth va cam nhan sire gi6 bang mat va nghe tieng ntr6c chay hoac cam nhan hai deu la nhiing trai nghiem rat thu vi vai HS; — Nhcing hoat d6ng nhu leo, be, di thang bang, bai, nhay deu la nhung thanh thirc vOi HS, chang han: cac khod hoc ye leo nui hoac vuot chuang ngai vat; —HS khiem thi n4ng se can duoc hu6ng dan khi vuot clurang ngai vat. Cac em •. cling c6 the can duoc khuyen khich de sir dung tay cila minh khi cam nhan ye each di qua 16i hep ho4c sir' dung tay de barn tren da; — HS sang mat la nhung ngtrOi song hanh, ho tro trong suet cac hog dOng dien ra vao bad toi; —Di xe dap la mot hoat d6ng b6 1ch va de dang v6i HS. Van de dat ra la can phai dieu chinh hoac xe ba banh hoac xe dap doi cho plat hop v6i HS. HS khiem thi c6 the ton thad gian de tim hieu ye chiec xe dap. — HS khiem thi thuang c6 throe cam nhan rat tot ve to do trong viec di xe dap del. NM-mg thanh vien trong nhorn di xe dap co the giOp HS khiem thi hinh thanh nhiing mei len he, tiro-ng tac xa h6i cling nhu fink day nhung hoat &Ong the chat hoac cung cap co h6i de hieu ye long to trong va the hien long tu. trong; — CuOi ngua la rn6t hoat d6rig rat c6 Ich nhung HS khiem thi thueng so. Cho HS co them thei gian de cham, so vao con ngila, yen ngua va co nhiing bu6i thao luan them de hieu Net hon va hoa minh vao mei trueng;.

(68) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUteNG TRUNG HOC. —Cam nhan va kham pha ve nhung tang dd 16n hoac vach tugng e6 the IA tien de tot de HS hoc leo — Luon nlig rang mot boat dOng duqc xem 1a thanh ding khi HS dugc hoc va c6 trai nghiem vai nhang dieu mgi va cac em nh6 ve dieu do; — Nhang hugng an cua GV vgi HS khiem thi khong nen pho truang ma can mang tinh giao tiep than thien, hieu biet. GV la nhitng ngugi trg ginp chit khong phai tra. ngai; la ngtrgi 118 trg chit khong phai la ngugi quang 134 cho six phu thuloc cna HS khiem thi; —Doi khi HS mu hoan toan cam thy de dang han khi tham gia hon la HS nhin kern vi HS nhin kern phai d6i mat vgi nhang dieu kien ve mat ma khong the doan truge duqc Hen dOng do nhu the nao; — HS khiem thi nang c6 the c6 chat sg dO cao khi chung khong nhin thy va khong c6 khai niem thuc ve khoang each do. Do do, can cho HS phan doan khoang each tuang d6i bang viec btrac tit diem nay den diem khac hoac do bang ca the ngugi; • Khreu vu Nhung kinh nghiem khieu vu tich cue c6 the phat trien hinh the va ki nang dieu khien co the, gitip Oat trien can bang, phi hop va van Ong. HS khiem thi thugng khong tham gia true tier) va cac cuOc thi au ma thich cac hoat dOng ca nhan nhu khieu vu, viec do c6 the cung cap co hOi cho viec phat trien ca nhan va sir to tin; Nang win cue ltru )5: — Hay danh died gian de mo to cho HS khiem thi ve nhirng phan bieu dien cua cac HS khac va cho tre trai nghiem va chia se nhang y kien; — Nhang dieu khieu vu hien dai thuOng c6 thien hung di chuyen to do nhung hay nh6 la dieu nay c6 the gay kilo khan cho HS khiem thi. Nen co hugng an ro rang va thong tin phan h6i; —Nen tap trung vao nhimg di chuyen la c6 tiep xtic ca the hoac cung di chuyen vgi HS khiem thi; —Hay canh gide \Ted kha nang va cham tinh co khi HS khiem thi dang di chuyen xung quanh doac biet la t6c dO, khi d6i huang;.

(69) PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 69. —. khiLt thi can duce day each lam the nao de chum chin hoac ha co tli" an toan khi nhay. HS khi&n thi phai c6 co h'6i de kham pha that ki cluing gap g6i nhu th6 nao va nhang hanh dOng nao tiep ddt mot each tg nhien; —HS mu bdm sinh thuOng bi han the trong viec hieu ve keo dai, du6i dai la nhu the nao va chting thuomg bi cang thing; — Nhimg hoat dOng theo van dieu don gian luon la nhung y Wong tot cho HS khi chting bat Mu hoc. Dieu do gitip cluing phat trien nhan thirc ve co' the, khuyen khich di chuyen dec lap va co cam gide ve nhip dieu; —Sir dung am thanh, bai tho', van xuoi, cam xdc, theri fiat, six kien nhu la kich thich HS tham gia; — Lam viec theo cap hoac nhorn se tao nhieu co. hOi cho viec di chuyen cila HS khiem thi; — Huang Mn di chuyen theo throng thing co the phii hap de gitip HS khong tir tin de hoat dOng diac lap cam thy an toan; —Phat trien kha nang hieu va sir nhang tir chi di chuyen nhu 'phia truck', 'tra rOng keo dai 'va' cong lai', 'ngang', 'cao', 'thdp', 'len', ',cueing', 'trai', 'phai', Thigl bi —Su dung cac do vat khac nhau va kharn pha ve kich thuoc, hinh ding cua chting se la nhung ho try hue Ich giup phat trien nhan thirc va khuyen khich kha nang di chuyen. VI du: cam nhan mot qua b6ng trop, mem mai c6 the giup HS hieu va c6 the dp dung vao thgc to khi Fan, Om bong; — Xac dinh 16 khu vire hoat dOng cho HS \tad be mat chOng treat —Sir dung tui di chuyen c6 the gitip HS cam nhan sir linh hoat trong hoat dOng. VI du, khi keo dai, HS c6 the cam nhan duck be mat cang cua vii va cang cua ca the. — Day gian se rat tot cho lam viec theo nhOm vi chiing c6 the tao ra nhang lien ket )(tic giac va xac dinh diem dau khi di chuyen..

(70) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO (WAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. 70. Mo-dun 3 HO TRQ HOC SINH KHIEM THI CAP TRUNG HOC NGOAI GI6 LEN LOP. Sau khi hoc xong ti'6u modun 3, GV can dat: Kien th&c (0- Trinh bay duiac khdi niem, y nghia cUa viec 116 tree HS khiem thi cap trung hoc ngoai glee len lap. ro- Trinh bay duac nhirng nal dung h6 tra HS khiem thi ngoai glee len cac ki nang hpc tap, ha tree cac kT nang song.. h6 tra. co- Neu len nhCrng nal dung can h6 trg cho 1 vai turang hap HS khiem thi cu the trong thcrc to GV da gd'p. Trinh bay cac hinh thCrc to chirc h6 tree HS ngoai gier len lap. ®' Neu va phan tich tier') trinh h6 trg HS khiem thi ngoai glee len lap. Ki hang cc' Lap duac ke hoach h6 tree 1 hoc 1 vai HS khiem thi ngoai gig' len lap a mat/ mat se) nal dung cu the. co- Co ki nang to chCrc hoat clang ngoai giey len lap then ke hoach dee vach ra. Thai TO Ca thai do tich cu'c clai vai HS khiem thi. cz- Tan tam, nhiet huyet h6 tree HS khiem thi trong va ngoai gib' len lap.. NOI DUNG. 3.1. HO tro HS khiem thi ngoai gib len lop 3.1.1. Khai niem ho try HS khiem thi ngoai giey len lop trong trueyng Trung hoc 3.1.2. \-7 nghia cua viec ho tro HS khiem thi ngoai gal len 16p 3.1.3. Ni dung ho tro HS khiem thi cap trung hoc ngoai giO len lop 3.1.4. Cac hinh thirc to chirc ho try HS ngoai gier len lOp.

(71) PHU'O'NG PHAP HUO'NG DAN VA HO TRq HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 3.2. Ruch-1g dAn h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap 3.2.1 Cac lixc lacing tham gia h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len 16p 3.2.2. Lap ke hoach h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len 16p 3.2.3. Tien hanh h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len 16p. HOAT HONG 3.1. H6 trcy HS khigni thi ngoai giey len 169 > Nhiem vu 1: Midi niem hO try HS khiem thi ngoai gi& len lop trong truo•ng Trung hoc a. Muc tieu —Neu len met se trugng hgp HS khiem thi trong thuc to ma hoc vien biet trong trugng, ngoai cuec song va thao luau —Trinh bay khai niem h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap b. Ccich tien hanh Chia lop thanh nhom 5 — 6 nguoi than luan trong 5 — 7 plait de: —Dua ra met se trugng hgp HS khiem thi can c6 h8 trq ngoai gig len 16p trong thuc —Neu len theo y hieu the nao la h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap. Thong tin phan hoi Muc dich cao nhat cua ding tac gido due hoa nh'jp HS khuyet t4t not chung va HS khiem thi not rieng do la HS khuyet Cat dugc hoa nhap vai cong deng, dugc chap nh'an la met thanh vien co Ich. VI v4 xa hei, nha throng, gia dinh luen tao moi co' hei de HS khiem thi co the tiep can moi co. hei gido duc de hoa nh4p v6i nhtrng thanh vien khac. Tuy nhien, ngoai nhung float deng gido duc gieng nhu HS binh thugng, HS khiem thi can c6 nhung hoat deng h8 trg ngoai gig len 16p de ceng tac gido duc hoa nhap dat ket qua cao nhat..

(72) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUI:YNG TRUNG HOC. 72. Ho trcy HS khiem thi ngoai gi6 len 16p la m6t hog d6ng da dugc th*c hien trong nha truang 6 nhieu cap hoc v6i nhieu hinh thirc khac nhau. O bac trung hoc trong do c6 THCS va THPT, day hoc la hog d6ng trong tam, chiam mot quSi tiled gian 16n, chi phai nhieu hoat d6ng khac trong nha truemg. Tuy nhien do dac diem tam 11 HS Trung hoc, dac biet la dac diem tam sinh 11 HS khiem nen cac em can c6 thi v6i cac dac diem rieng ve clang tat, lira tuai, gi6i nhirng h6 trq de phat trien manh me ban than tren nhieu phuang dien. Vi vay, song song voi viec to chirc cac hog dOng hoc tren 16p, cac em can phai dirqc to chirc cac hoat d6ng 116 trq ngoai gia len 16p da co the dap ung nhirng nhu cau khac nhau ph* hap v6i tam sinh li lira tu6i cua cac em. 1-16 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gi& len 16p la mot hoat d6ng cua GV nhAm to chirc cac hog d6ng cho HS khiem thi ding c6 nhung ki nang hoc tap tren lop, nhiing ki nang sang nhAm dam bao cho HS phat trian tai da kha nang cilia ban than trong hoc tap ding nhu hoa nhap )(a h6i. Cac hog d6ng nay &AN thuc hien ngoai khoang then gian cac em tham gia vao cac hog Ong hoc tap tren 16p. Hog dOng 116 trq HS ngoai gi6 len lap la mot san chai 1)6 Ich va li thu nhat trong nha trueing gi6p cac em vita dugc hoc tap on luyen ding ca, m6 mang kien thirc da hoc tren 16p visa &roc h6 try cac ki nang khac va c6 ca h6i the hien &roc ban than minh. Day vim la dieu kien vita la Ong hrc flak day gidp cac em hoc tat han cac mon hoc van hod ding nhu cac ki nang sang g6p phan nang cao chat lugng giao duc hoa nhap HS khiem thi trong nha trueng. Cac thanh vien tham gia h6 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gi6 len lap c6 the 1a GV dimg 16p, GV chuyen trach, ban be cting 16p, phu huynh HS... Tuy timg not dung 116 trq cu the ma cac thanh vien tham gia, dia diem h6 try, hinh thirc to chirc...can lua chon cho ph* hap. ➢ Nhiem vu 2: Y nghia cua viec hO try HS khiem thi ngoai gia' len hip. a. Muc tieu —Neu len tam quan trong cua nhung 116 tro HS khiem thi ngoai giO len 16p. —Neu len mot trireyng hap dian hinh can phai co su ho try ngoai gi6 len 16p mai c6 the tham gia cac hoat d6ng hoc tap cling nhu sinh hoat tai truing..

(73) PHU'O'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. b. Ccich tien hanh —Lay Y kien bang phuong phap dgng nao, moi nguai neu len 1 y de khang dinh tam quan trong cua hoat dgng 113 trg HS ngoai gig len lOp. —Tong hqp cac lueng y kien va dua ra ket Juan. 01 Thong tin phan hoi Hoat dgng ho trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len 16p khong chi dem lai lgi Ich cho chinh dei tugng dugc ho trg ma can dem lai lgi Ich cho nhOm tham gia ho trg. — Lai Ich cho HS khiem thi: + Cung co cac ki nang hoc tap tren 16p nhu cac ki nang doc viet chit not vOi cac ki hieu phirc tap o cac men hoc, ki Wang dac thu a cac mon hoc (tri giac ban 6 n6i. o mon Dia li, tri giac lugc do not a mon Lich sir, Dia 11...), ki nang hoc tap theo nhorn,...Ngoai ra, viec ho trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap se gill') HS nam bat chac hon nhting kien thirc tren 16p ma cac em chua linh hgi kip so vai cac ban trong 16p deng then gial dap cac thac mac ma tren lop thay co chua có thi gian de giai clap. + Hinh thanh va cung co cac kr nang song: ki nang dinh huong di chuyen, ki nang giao tiep, ki nang song clOc lap (ki nang sir dung cac tien ich cong cgng, ki nang to phuc vu), ki Wang nhan biet gigi tinh (nhan biet gigi tinh ban than, nguai khac, cac ki Wang irng xir vai nguai cling gigi, khac gigi phu hgp, ki nang ttx cham soc ban than theo gigi tit-1h). + HS khiem thi se có them co hgi chia se, hoc hoi ran nhau vai HS khiem thi khac hoac v6i HS binh thuang trong va ngoai 16p. Nha do, cac em se to tin hon trong hoa nhap — Lai Ich cho nhom h6 try: Hoat dOng 113 try ngoai gig len lop cho HS khiem thi se tao co the de tang cuefrig chia se, hgp tac gala HS cac 16p, HS trong ding mgt 16p vai nhau, Oita HS sang va HS khi6m thi, gifra can bg, GV ye cong tac gido duc hoa nhap. Nhu vay, nhOm ban be 1-13 try HS khi6m thi se dugc phat trien hon. Lgi Ich cua cong tac gido duc hoa nhap ciing dugc the hien re net han tren da dang dgi tuong..

(74) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN. VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. ➢NhiCm vu 3: NOi dung lig try IIS khitin thi cap trung hoc ngoai gio. len lop a. Myc tieu —Trinh bay nhang van de HS khiem thi g5p phai trong cac hoat dOng h9c tren 16p va cac hoat dOng ngoai 16p hoc. —Tra &roc cau hoi: "Ngoai gio. hoc, GV se phcii hg trcr nhang ki nang gi cho HS khi6n thi?" b. Ccich tin hanh —Buot 1: Lam viec ca nhan M6'i hoc vien viet ra giay nhitng mong muen danh cho HS khiem thi trong 16p cua minh de cac em c6 the hoa nhap tot hurl \Teri cac ban trong 16p va hoa nhap tot hon voi xa hOi. —Buck 2: Lam viec theo nh6m Chia lap thanh cac nh6m len, mcii nh6m tir 7 — 10 nguoi. M6i thanh vien cua nh6m 1)6 manh giay da viet vao hOp chung cua nh6m. Sau do ma hop, m6i ngtrOi nh5t mot manh va doc to cho ca nhorn chng nghe. Cu6i ding tong hop lai cac y kien. —Buck 3: Lam viec town 16p Timg nhom trinh bay / kien cua nhOm minh. GV dua ra cau h6i, nhan xet. —Buoy 4: GV neu len nhung not dung chinh can ho try. Sau do chia tai thanh 5 nhorn v6i nhiem vu: "Gia sir, ban gang la chuyen gia hg tro. HS (a cdc link vtcc cu the), ban se hg tror nhu' th" nao cte cdc em có the phat tri61 tat cdc ki nang?" + Nhom 1: Nhom ho tro cac ki nang hoc tap, cnng c6 not dung hoc tap tren 16p + Nhom 2: Nh6m 11.8 trg ki nang dinh 'clueing di chuyen va ki nang song dOc lap + NhOm 3: NhOm 116 try HS phat trien ki nang giao tiep + Nhom 4: Gido duc, ho try HS khiem thi cac ki nang lien quan den gi6i tit-1h + Nh6m 5: NhOm ki nang gillp HS dinh huong nghe nghiep. 0") Thong tin phin hoi NOi dung h6 tro HS khiem thi ngoai gier len lap &roc chia thanh cac nh6m not dung chInh nhu sau:.

(75) PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 75. 3.1.3.1. HO try cac ki nang hoc tap, ding CO cac nOi dung hoc tap teen lop GV can ho tro de HS khiam thi ph& trien cac ki nang cu the lien quan den cac mon hoc ciing nhu 1176 tr.q cac em cimg c6 lai n6i dung kien thirc, ki nang 6 cac bai hoc tren 16p.. a. Hi; fro' cac ki nag hoc Op De h6 trg cac em citng ca met so ki nang dac thit trong cac mon hoc, GV can: — Thir nhdt, nam rO nhung ki nang dac thit o cac mon hoc gay kilo khan trong hoc tap cho HS khiern thi nhu:. + O mon Dia 11: Ki nang ser ban d6 nai, ki nang tri giac, doc y nghia cac bang, bieu, ki nang xac dinh cac loaf ki hieu &tong vien da sir dung theo y nghia quy dinh ki hieu khu vire hanh chinh: cria sack: vi du &rang bien giad, duemg vien rung do nham me.; khu v%rc \rung mo: de nham dam... Ki nang tri giac cac bieu de, lucrc d6, doc y nghia ciia cac + O mon Lich bieu d6, lugc d'4:3 nai, ki nang mo to min ten tan cOng bao vay cua quan ta, min ten thao chay cita quan dich, each ghi nh6 cac chd6i thed gian de nha cac mac lich sir quan trong, each tri giac cac nhan vat lich sir n6i tieng qua tranh ve va phan biet veld cac nhan vat khac.... + O mon Sinh hoc: Ki nang tri giac vat that, mo hinh, tranh n6i... + O mon Toan: Cling c6 ghi nh6 cac ki hieu Braille phirc tap, ki nang t,r ye nhang hinh hoc phAng, hinh hoc khong gian bang nhang dung cu to cha hoac chuyen dung, ki nang tach vien... Dc nAm &roc dieu nay GV dimg lop phai thu thap thong tin cilia chinh HS khiam thi, cac GV be men dang day lOp có HS khiem thi, ban be trong 16p de có the bit &roc HS cita minh can ho trg nhirng ki nang gi da có the hoc tap cac mon hoc CO kat qua. — Thir hai, sap xap boat deng 116 tro HS ngoai gio. len 16p: Ai chiu tranh nhiem (GV be mon/ ban be trong lop/ phu huynh HS), thed gian, dia diem... Trong do, ngued h6 tro phai dam bao: + NAm \Tung cac ki nang HS khiam thi con kern + CO ki Wang god y, huOng dan, gidi thich don gian, de hieu.

(76) 76. TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN. VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. + CO thai d6 Lich cuc vii HS khiem thi. b. KT ming giap HS cling co cac not dung hoc tap tren lop Hoat d6ng ho trg HS khiem thi ngoai giO len 16p can phai dam bac) gitip HS ding co lai nhang not dung hoc tap tren lop, giai dap cac thAc mac lien quan den bai hoc, ma Ong nhang not dung hoc tap phil hop v6i thirc to dia phucmg, phu hgp v6i kha nang cita HS... Ngoai ra, GV can chit y den viec 116 trg HS khiem thi ngay trong cac hoot d6ng gido cluc ngoai gier len lap do truong 16p to chirc nhu: tham quan du lich, cam trai,.. 3.1.3.2. H13 try HS Oat trien ki nang dinh htr&ng di chuyen va cac ki nang sting &tic 1 41). a. Ho tro. HS phat tri'en kinang dinh htrang di chuyen Ki nang dinh hu6ng di chuyen la mot trong nhiing ki nang dac thit cila HS khiem thi. 6 bdc Tieu hoc, HS khiem thi c6 mon Dinh huong di chuyen chiem dung luting kha 16n trong not dung day hoc vi vay cac em da dugc hoc cac ki nang de di chuyen an toan trong cac moi tru&ng hep, moi truemg quen thu6c..Tuy vay, len cap Trung hoc (lac biet la d6i v6i HS dAu cap thi viec ding c6 cho cac em cac ki nang phirc tap de di chuyen trong moi tru6ng hoc tap moi clang rat quan trong, nhdt la viec tg di hoc hang ngay. VI vay, trong moi truemg hoa nhap lai khOng có mon hoc dinh huong di chuyen GV phai biet trg gitip tre du6i nhieu hinh thirc va cach thirc khac nhau, dam bao cho tre di hoc an toan trong do ho trg HS ngoai gi6 len 16p la mot hoot Ong dem 10 hieu qua... Kr nang tyr di chuyen tie nha tai trwang hoc Mgt s6 HS nhin kern d6i khi la most so HS mu cling có the to di chuyen tix nha hoac Trung tam den truemg hoa nhap. HS co the sir dung nhieu phuung tien khac nhau nhu di xe dap, di b6 hoac di xe bus. VI vay GV can dinh huong gitip cac em lua chon cac phuong tien giao thong de có the dam bao an toan, tien lgi va phu hop nhAt. — Girl') HS có ki nang di xe dap den truirng: (WA HS nhin kern) + Ho trg tre thanh thuc dap xe di chuyen tai nhang khu vuc quen thu6c.

(77) PHU'CYNG PHAP HU'ONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINN KHIEM THI. 112. + Sir dung so. d6 di chuyen tir nha den tru6ng: chon cac diem moc, dinh hu6ng khoang each kh6ng gian... + NhAn biet, ne tranh cac tinh hung c6 the gay nguy hiern + Co ki nang nher gitlp da trong nhiing tinh hung phirc tap nhu: lac throng, h6ng xe... + Thirc hanh di chuyen voi six trg gitip cua GV, ban be —Gift') HS do ki 'fang tkr di xe bus + GV huOng dAn cac em tlx di chuyen ra ben xe bus can di bang con dtrOng gan nhat + Nhan dien dung xe bus can di xe, khi xe sap den: Quan sat tin hieu hinh anh, am thanh, hoi ngtr6i di du6ng... + Len xueng xe an toan: c6 the sir dung gay hoac nh6 ngued trg giup + Nhan dien dimg vi tri can xueng thong qua loa tren xe bus, trg gitip oda ngtr6i cling di, nhan vien phuc vu tren xe, lai xe... + Gilip HS coy thirc chap hanh van hod tren xe bus nhu: len xtiong dang chieu, kheng chen lan, x6 day, gilt gin ve sinh, tai san, thiet bi tren xe, thuc hien su sap x'ep cna nhan vien phuc vu tren xe... + Dam boo an toan va gilt gin tai san cho ban than. —Ki Jiang gitip HS khie'm thi tty di Wei Uri truivng: + Chon m6c diem la cong ng6 gia dinh tre khi'em thi. + Dua vao tay phai, tay trai, tru6c mat, sau lung de dinh huOng den truong. + Tit c6ng nha neu di b6 thi phai qua may chang du6ng, may lan dei hu6ng, qua nhung rn6c diem nao can ghi nh6 (vi du phai qua nga ba, nga tu, chiec cL, dung gh6 ghe, dung co...) + U'ac lugng khoang each gifia rn6c diem nay voi ink diem kia. + Luu y den nhang na6c diem kh6 di qua de gay tai non va nhang mec diem nao de nhO gitip cho em dinh hu6ng de dang nhu: qua mec c6 nu& chay, c6 xtr6ng co khi hog. &Ong, c6 tru6ng mom non, cho... + Lua chon cac phuong tien trg giup phu hgp: gay, kinh....

(78) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'aNG TRUNG HOC. Ki n ang dinh hyrOng cac khu infc trong trtaing hoc.. Sir dung so. do nha trubrig (vi du) SINH. ?<HU LOP HOC. SAN C H. —Ki nang sir dung so' coo trtarng hoc, lop hoc de nh4n bik cac khu vire chinh trong nha trtrirng —Chon moc diem (Cong truerng) —Tir c'Ong trixOng xac dinh htrang di tai cac khu vixc chit-1h cua truOng theo tay phai, tay trai cua minh — Xac dinh bAng tay se( cac mOc diem vi du khu de xe — cac cot sat, khu lop hoc — cAu thang, am thanh... va cac m6i quan he khong gian va khoang each trong d6i git-ra cac khu vire: khu lap hoc — van phong — nha ve sinh. — MO to bAng loi mo hinh nha truOng va khong gian thuc De giUp HS thuc hanh cac ki nang dinh huOng di chuyen trong twang hoc, GV can: —Dan tre dinh twang di tai cac khu vtrc cua nha truOng theo mo hinh, chti y dAt tay so vao cac m6c diem can ghi nha. —Tir di vai lAn tir dia diem nay den dia diem khac nhu: tir COng truOng vao 16p, tir lap ra nha ve sinh, tir lop ra cOng truOng....

(79) PHUO'NG PHAP HUtiNG DAN VA H6 -ma HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 79. Throng dan tre di chuyen trong lop hoc Cira s6 1. Cira s6 2. BGV Day ban so 3. z. Day ban s6 2. -tt. Day ban so 1. Civa ra vao 1. Ct:va ra vao 2. HANH LANG LO'P HOC. BAN GONG. —Ki nang: trq gitlp HS xac dinh day ban, thir tu ban va chiS ng6i, tre tu biet len bang, tu nop bai, to ra hanh lang va bat ki ch8 nao trong lop hoc, ngoai lap hoc pham vi nho (sang 16p khac, ra ban ding) — Tir. ch8 ng"Oi oh HS hinh dung diroc vi tri cua GV, cua ban than dang ng'Ck. ban thin may, phia tren, duai lap hoc va vi tri cua mot so ban trong lop... —Cho HS thuc hanh di chuyen. Tuy nhien luon luon chid y cac chuang ngai vat vo tinh tao ra cho tre de bi nga (vi du canh cira khep h6) —Can nhac nha nhimg HS khac trong lap can chi y nhuOng duOng cho HS khiem thi, khong chen lan, xo day... Cling ca mot so la nang khdc trong dinh hwong di chuy en * Ki nang sir dung gay khi di chuyen —KT Wang lua chon gay pi-al hop —Ki Wang nam chuoi gay dUng cach — Lua chon cac ki nang sir dung gay cho phi) hop vai tOng moi truong: di chuyen gay hint' qua lac (clap nhe phia tnx6c ve 2 phia cach nhau 1 b6 vai) cho.

(80) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 80. duOng di bang phang, sir dung gay cheo (cam gay cheo truo•c co the) a. moi trueng xa la de de phong gap vat can de boo ve than va gat nhe vat can; gay cheo ca the Su' dung khi di trong hanh lang. —Cach sir dung gay de len xtiOng cau thang: muc dich xac dinh chieu cao mOi bac them va buoc di an toan. * MOt so ki nang khac khi ngOi tren phuong den giao thong —Ki nang len xueng, ngoi sau xe dap, xe may an toan: Len xueng thing vi tri cua ngueri ngOi sau, Om chat ngueri ngoi truarc, khong thay doi vi tri, to the khi ngoi sau xe... —Tuy tong dac diem dm tong dia phuong, GV can htrOng don HS cac ki nang di qua cau, qua pha, qua suOi... cho phu hop. b. Ho try pima tri61 cac ki nag s ong cifjc lap. Ho tro. HS phat tri6i nhom ki nang sir dung cac tien Ich cong Ong De có the hoa nhap xa hei thanh cong, HS khiem thi can duoc he to de co cac ki nang sir dung cac den Ich xa hOi trong do cO cac ki nang nhtr: —Ki nang sir dung cac phuong den cong cong nhu xe bus: len thing so xe, xac dinh dung cac diem dirng d(5", len xuOng xe an toan (nhu da trinh bay d tren) —Ki nang sir dung may ATM, dien thoai cong cong —Ki nang tham gia vao cac khu vuc cong cong: cong vien, sieu thi. Ho tro. phat tri&I nhom ki nang ter phuc vu Cac ki nang to phuc vu giUp cac em có the song dec lap, han the thap nhat nhang tro gitip tir b8n ngoai do dO cac em se thay ban than minh khong phai la ganh nang cho gia dinh va xa hOi ginp cac em to tin han de hoa nhap cuec song. Ging nhu d ki nang dinh twang di chuyen, er bac Tieu hoc, cac em da hinh thanh nhang ki Wang ca ban thong qua hoc mon Giao duc ki nang song trong do có ki nang to phuc vu. Tuy nhien len Trung hoc, cac em can tiep tut cong co va phat trien them cac ki nang mai. Cac ki nang cho yeti nhu: —Ki nang ye sinh ca nhan: tam, gOi dau, danh rang, rira mat, thay quan do, giat quan do, di ye sinh....

(81) PHU'O'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 81. —Ki nang to phuc vu trong an uang: lua chon cac mon an/ nu6c uang phii hop va cach thirc the bien nhung mon an/ uang don —Ki nang sap xep, don dep noi O., hoc tap phii hop: gap chan man, quan do, sap xep goc hoc tap, quet don nha cira —Ki nang sir dung cac thiet bi trong gia dinh hieu qua va an toan, biet each bao quan cac thiet bi... —Ki nang lira chon trang phuc cho phu hgp, gig, la quan do... 3.1.3.3. HO trq HS khie'm thi Oat tritn ki nang giao tiep Day la met noi dung quan trong trong ho try HS khiem thi cap Trung hoc ngoai gie len 16p. Giao tiep la met ki nang sang quan trong gitip con nguei xay dung dugc cac moi quan he va giai guy& moi van de trong cuec sang met cach hieu qua. Ki nang giao tiep cang quan trong han dai vgi HS khiem thi de cac em c6 the sang vgi moi nguei, de ban than thanh cong va mang lai niem vui cho ngued khac. Ho try HS khiem thi phat tri6n ki nang giao tiep can phai tap trung den nhung noi dung sau: —Co ki nang xdc dinh chinh xac dai Mang giao tiep: de tuai, gigi tinh de c6 cach xung h8 phir hop. —Xac dinh dugc khoang cach giao tiep phi) hop theo timg mai quan he khdc nhau khi giao tiep. —Trong giao tiep nen ket hop ca phuong tiers phi ngon ngir nhu: cir chi, dieu be de tang kha Wang giao tiep. HS khiem thi CO han the lon nhat trong giao tiep do la khong bieu hien dugc cam xiic qua anh mat, vi vay, cac cir chi, dieu be & tay, khuon mat, co the (dai vai HS con sirc nhin) can phai dugc van dung triet trong giao tiep de qua trinh giao tiep dat hieu qua. Dac biet, viec huOng guong mat ve phia ngugi noi, to ro su nhiet tinh, phan khich vgi nhfing noi dung trong cuec giao tiep se tdc Ong tich clic den nguei dai dien. —Trong giao tiep can biet lang nghe met each tich cuc de tang hieu qua giao tiep. Day cling la met trong nhang han the cna HS khiem thi noi rieng va nguei khiem thi noi chung bei nguei khiem thi khO quan sat dugc cac bieu hien ciia nguei dai dien khi nao ho se dirng de den lucrt minh..

(82) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN LI, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRUtiNG TRUNG HOC. 82. Trong do, nhung nguyen tac chi) yeu trong lang nghe do la: + Ngirng not citing hoan canh + Tao cho ngugi not cam gide thodi mai + The hien rang ban clang rat mu6n nghe + Tranh nth-111g viec gay mat tap trung cho ngugi not + D'Ong cam vari nguiyi not. cai. + Kien nhan, khong cat ngang va can gift dirge binh tinh khi nghe, tranh tranh hoac phe phan + Dat cau hoi pha hgp. —De giao tiep c6 hieu qua can phai biet thuyet phuc ngued khac met each tich cue. Can °tat ban than minh vao phia ngueri doi dien de hieu va chia se nhung ban khoan cua nguoi can thuyet phuc. — Biet thuong Wog dugc muc dich.. a dua ra nhting hlxorng giai quy& de ca hai phia deu dat. 3.1.3.4. Giao duc, ha trq HS khiem thi cac ki nfing lien quan den. tinh. Gido due gigi tinh la met nei dung gido duc kha can thiet d6i voi HS Trung hoc trong do co HS khiem thi. Trong do cac nei dung cha yeti nhu:. a. Ki ming gioi tinh HS khiem thi cap Trung hoc can duce gido due gigi di-1h pha hop vOi lira tu6i de c6 the to cham s6c va bao ve ban than. Vai HS cap THCS, cac nei dung chn yeti can giao duc do la: —Nhan biet giai al-1h cila ban than va cua ngued khac —Dac diem cac be phan sinh due cila ban than va ve sinh dung each —Met se) bieu hien dm tuOi day thi: nhung thay doi tren co the va thay doi ye mat tam 11... — Nhan biet nhung hanh vi pha hgp vari ngued ding gioi va ngugi khac gioi. —Tu bao ve ban than tranh nhung xam hai ve tinh due.

(83) PERFO'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 83. Vai HS cap THPT, cac ni5i dung cha yeu do la: —Cau tao co quan sinh san —Qua trinh thu thai va cac bien phap tranh thai an toan —Tu phat hien cac dau hieu cua benh lien quan den co quan sinh san va nh& su ho tro, tim hieu cac benh lay nhiern qua duZyng tinh duc —Tinh due an toan va quyen tinh duc cho nguoi khuyet tat 0?. b. Cc& ki ruing kit& lien quan d'jn gioi tinh GV can ho tro de HS co &roc cac ki nang khac lien quan den giari tinh nhu: —Coi gido due gioi tinh la mot khoa hoc va HS khiem thi cling c6 quyen trao Chia se vai GV, cha me, ban be cac thac mac lien quan den gith tinh mot cach to tin, khong rut re. —GV c6 the cung cap cho HS cac ten sach bao, trang web uy tin, cac tai lieu chinh th6ng de to minh tim hieu cac kien thirc lien quan den giai tinh va cham soc sirc khoe sinh san.. 3.1.3.5. Ho try HS co ki nang dinh htromg nght nghi4 Nghe nghiep trong tuong lai la mot trong nhung van d6' quan trong nhat caa cui)c ded m& con ngued. Lua chon duoc mot nghe nghiep pha hop se giap cho ngueri do c6 the phat huy t6i da nhfing nang luc caa ban than di3ng tiled &rig g6p cho six phat trien caa xa hOi. HS khiem thi cling nhu vay, neu cac em biet dinh huong va lua chon nhung nghe nghiep pha hop se giap cac em co the hoa nhap vari xa hoi va tro thanh nhung cong dan c6 ich cho xa hoi. GV se h8 tro HS khiem thi dinh huarng nghe nghiep trong cac hoar dOng ngoai gier len lop tuST theo lira tu6i, cu the nhu sau: Thiie nhjt,giap cac em có du•ac du' dinh chon nghe nghip trong tuong lai dd có muc dich phjn dau trong hoc tap. Cac em se c6 the dua ra nhirng du dinh da dang ve nghe nghiep minh se lam trong tuong lai nhung GV can nhan manh rang: chon nghe nghiep cho ban than la *It viec lam he trong, tranh nhung sai lam co the mac phai khi chon nghe nhu: theo sir sap xep caa cha me, theo su lua chon cua se') dong ban be... GV se dua ra cac luu.

(84) TAI LIP TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUO HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. y de c6 the lua chin nghe nghiep nhu: dac diem cila intit se nghe ph8 Nen voi ngoai khiem thi, nhu cau cua xa h8i ve nghe d6, hang thu va nang Arc caa ca nhan, xu the phat trien cua xa h8i ve nghe do, kha nang di chuyen to nghe do den cac nghe khac... Thong qua da, HS se c6 dinh huong va phan dau trong cac mon hoc chInh de c6 the dugc hoc cac nghe do trong cac truing day nghe chuyen nghiep nhu: truing dai hoc, cao dang, truing Trung cap, day GV c6 the to chic cac bu8i not chuyen gitta HS khiem thi trong truing voi nhung ngued khiem thi thanh cong de cac em c6 them Ong luc ding nhu dinh twang phan dau pha hop. Thir hai, GV se tao co. hOi de HS khiem thi thtrc hanh nhang cong viec caa nghd nghiep da dtror dinh htrong HS khiem thi, dac biet la cac HS da tu8i lao Ong se dugc thuc hinh cac nghe nghiep pith hop \Teri ban than da dugc dinh huOng, trong do c6 cac nghe Ole bien Mar: xoa bop, barn huyet, Ong goi san pham, cong nghe thong tin cho ngtrei khiem danh dan, hat... Qua cac hoat Ong ngoai gier len lop, GV se gift') cho HS btrOc dau lam quen vii nghe ding nhu nhang dia chi de c6 mOi throng lam viec pha hgp.. DANH GIA Hoc vien nghien c><ru trideng hop va dim ra flitting not dung an ho try ngoai len lop cho phu hop HS Nguyen Van A 15 tuai, ma hoan town. tren lap, A luon cham chic nghe giang, cac not dung hoc tap dtro.c A linh hoi kha tat. Tuy nhien A khci tram tinh, it not chuyen v64 cac ban. Trong lop A chi not chuyen voi 1 ban gai ngoi gan minh. Trong cac hoat ding nhom, A chi ngai mot cite, khOng tham gia vao cac hoot ding nham. Trong cac gib hoc ngoai lop nhu gia hoc the duc, chao co. hay cac hoat ding khac do trtrang to char A chi trong lop, khong tham gia cang cac ban. ➢Nhiem vu 4: Cac hinh thirc to chtic hO tree HS ngoai gi& len lop a. Muc tieu — Neu len nhang hinh thirc de ho trg HS khiem thi ngoai gier len lop. — Dua ra uu diem, nhugc diem cila tang hinh thirc..

(85) PHUO'NG PHAP HU'O'NG DAN VA HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 85. b. Gich tien hanh —Chia lop thanh 2 — 3 nhom lon —Thtrc hien nhiem Nghien ciru lai truerng hop dien hinh dua ra o hoat Ong 3, nh6 lai -cac nei dung can 116 tro va dien 10 each thirc h3 tro truerng hop nay bang hoat canh. — Dai dien rut ra hinh thirc can he try cho HS khiem thi. 0)1 Thong tin phan hOi Co 2 hinh thirc ph6 Nen trong hoat deng he tro HS ngoai giO len 16p: 1. Ho tro' ck nhan HS khi'jrn thi Hoat deng h6 trg ca nhan HS khiem thi ngoai gio. len 16p dugc thuc hien nhu met tiet hoc ca nhan (1 th4 — 1 tro). Hinh thirc nay duvc thtrc hien v6i nhiing HS can c6 nhang he try nhieu va he try 1 — 1 mai dem lai ket qua mong muen. Mei tiet h3 trg ca nhan &roc thirc hien trong khoang tir 20 — 30 phut tut' theo tiing hoat Ong voi nhang nei dung cu the. Hinh thirc h6 try ca nhan se gitip cho ban ice hoach gido dttc ca nhan cita tirng HS dat duoc raw tieu de dang nhdt va cling 0111 hop vai cac rntic tieu lien quan den ki nang hoc tap. H3 tro ca nhan c6 the dugc awe hien bai GV dirng lop hoc GV chuyen phtt trach rieng hodc cling c6 the la tir phla ban be sang trong lap. ei tung nei dung, GV se co str sap 'cep dOi tugng trg giup, hinh thirc ding nhu dia diem, theri gian phi' hop. Met hinh thdc tro gitip kha phO Nen do la GV xay dung Ong tay be ban trg giup cho HS khiem thi of 16p. 2. Ha try. HS khiem thi ngay trong nhonz, lop 6 tong nei dung khac nhau, nguoi he tro co the se he try HS khiem thi ngay trong nhorn/ 16p. Viec he trg trong nhOm/ 16p se dien ra chit' yeu trong cac boat deng gido chic ngoai gi& len 16p do tn.reeng hOac 16p to chirc. Cac hoat deng gido due ngoai gier len 16p thubng &roc to chirc tai cac truerng trung hoc nhu: hoat Ong.

(86) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'O'NG TRUNG HOC. 86. ngoai khod, hoat d(ing vui choi, the due the Chao, tham quan du lich, giao hru van hod, hoat dgng ve sinh moi trugng, lao dgng ding Ich va cac hoat dgng khac. Nhu vay, ngay trong cac hoat dgng nay, GV c6 the 116 trg HS khiem thi nham dat dugc cac mix tieu chit yeti nhu gido dvc ki nang song, ki nang dinh huong di chuyen... 3.2. Htthng clan h6 trg , HS khiem thi ngoai gia' len loop Cac not dung chinh:. —Neu len cac lvc lugng tham gia 116 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap — Lap ke hoach h6 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lgp — Tien hanh 116 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lgp —Minh hoa mgt so truorng hgp h6 trg ➢ Nhiem vu 1: Cac luc liro'ng tham gia ho trq HS khiem thi ngoai. len UT. a. Muc tieu Neu ten cac lvc lugng tham gia h6 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gig len lap va vai tre cu the dm tixng hxc lugng b. Cdch tien hanh — Lam viec ca nhan de dua ray kien ve cac dgi tugng c6 the tham gia 116 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gig len 16p — Vai tro cua tong luc lugng ra sao? — Tgng hgp, bg sung y kien va dua ra ghi nhar Thong tin Olin hOi Hoat dOng h6 trg HS ngoai gig len lop se c6 sir tham gia caa nhang lvc lugng chu yeti nhu: — Luc lugng chu chgt: + GV chu nhi'em lgp: GV chu nhiem lop la ngugi vach ra ke hoach 116 trg, not dung h6 trg, xac dinh cac thanh vien tham gia ho trg cho phu hgp vai not dung, va danh gia lai ket qua cila hoat dgng h6 trg....

(87) PHIYO'NG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 87. + GV phu trach ri'eng phan ho tro (neu c6): GV nay se c6 nhiem \Tu phei hop chat the vai GV dUng lap va thuc hien cac cong viec nhu tren. — Luc luong tham gia + Veng ban be: HS khiem thi gap rat nhieu kho khan trong cuOc song va hoc tap nen cac em ding gap nhieu kilo khan trong tinh ban. Xay dung vong be ban tren ca so tir hai phia khong chi gni') HS khiem thi c6 throe ded song tinh cam dAy du ma con gitip do cac em fat nhieu trong hoc tap. VI vay GV can phai xay dung Ong ban be de tinh ban thuc sr coy nglaa voi tat ca moi HS. \Tong ban be duoc to chirc gem co 4 Ong nhu sau: VOng 1: Nhang ngued than thiet gan gui nhdt vai HS do c6 the la 'Ong ba, cha me. Vai tro cua nhom nay do 1a quan tam, cham sac, giao duc vo dieu kien Vang 2: Nhung ngued gan gui c6 the 1a anh chi em runt thit. Vai tro caa nhOm nay do la quan tam, cham sac, giup de thuOng xuyen \Tang 3: Nhung ngueri cling tham gia c6 the la ban than trong lop, GV chit nhiem, GV 13.0 mon. Vai tro cua nhOm nay là szan sang tham gia moi hoat deng neu HS khiem thi can &roc gitip da. yang 4: Nhcing ngued co the chia se bao gem ban be trong lop, cac to chic: Doi, Doan, Sao de,... trong lop, can bO, nhan vien trong truerng. Vai tr.() cua nhom nay chit yeti la gitlp do khi co dieu kien, tao moi truOng thuan loi nhat d6 HS khiem thi hoa nhap trong truong. + Cac luc luong cong dong Bao gem phu huynh HS binh thuOng trong trueing, 16p, cac ca quan doan the tai dia phuang, cac nhom, dOi sinh vien tinh nguyen. Cac luc luong nay c6 vai tre quan trong tao moi trueng hoa nhap tot nit& de HS khiem thi song CO ich trong xa hei. Cu the nhu: xay dung nhang quan niem, thai dO &mg dan ve HS khiem thi trong cong deng; to van tro gitip HS khiem thi va gia dinh tre khiem thi; tuyen truyen van Ong cac thanh vien trong cong d'eng giup de(' cac em; xay dung cac nguen luc v6s tai.

(88) TM LIEU TAP HUAN CAN B9 QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC ROA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 88. chInh giup dO. gia dinh HS khiem thi; to van chinh quyen dia phuo'ng ye cac chinh sach ho try HS, gia dinh HS... ➢Nhiem vu 2: L4p ke hoach 118 try' HS khiem thi ngoai giir len hip a. Myc tieu —Neu len cac buoy lap ice hoach h8 trg HS khiem thi ngoai gier len lop —Thvc hanh lap Ice hoach h8 trg truefrig hgp da neu b. Cach tin hanh —Chia 16p thanh cac nhorn nho thao luan de dua ra cac bu6c lap Ice hoach h8 trg tru6ng hgp da neu Thong tin phan hoi Truck khi to chirc cac hoat &Ong h8 trg HS ngoai gia len lop, GV can lap len 1 ke hoach h8 trg cu the vai cac btrac nhu sau: Bu6c 1: Xac dinh doi tugng HS can h8 trg GV se phai xac dinh doi tugng HS can h8 trg: dac diem clang tat, dac diem ye tinh each, diem manh, diem yeu, nhu cau uu tien,... —Bu6c 2: Xac dinh not dung h8 trg CO rat nhieu not dung can h8 trg cho 1 HS, vi the GV phai dua ra dugc muc tieu uu den cho nOi dung can h8 trg. —Buck 3: Xac dinh cac yeti to khac de to chic hoat citing ho trg Chuan bi cac yeti to ve dei tugng tham gia h8 trg, thei gian, khong gian, chuan bi cac 6 dung, thiet bi can thiet,... — Btrac 4: Len lien trinh h8 trg Tien trinh h8 trg se dugc len gieng nhu 1 gido an rut gon trong do neu len muc tieu cua hoat dong h8 trg, cac hoat dOng chInh ya mo to sa lugc ket qua dm hoat. —Bu6c 5: Danh gia ket qua cua hoat dOng tiro trg..

(89) PHU'CYNG PHAP WONG DAN VA HO TRd HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 89. MAu 1(6 hoach: KE HOACH HO TRO' HOC SINH KHIEM. THI. NGOAI Glo' LEN LOP THANG... 1. Th6ng tin chung. v4 HS. Ho va ten: Dang Giai tinh: Lap: M6 to chung. v6 HS:. — Diem manh: — Nhu cAu: 2. 10 hoach Stt. N6i dung h6 tra. Ngu,61 h6 tro'. Hinh thO'c. Danh gia KQ. 1 2 3 4. 3.3. Wit s6. trong. qua trinh thkpc hien. ➢ NhiOn vu 3: Tien hanh ha trcr HS khiem thi ngoai gier len 14. a. Muc tieu Neu len tin trinh 116 trq HS ngoai gio len lop. b. Ccich tien hanh —Chia nhom thao 1u4n ned dung: Cac btroc ti6n hanh mot hoat Ong 116 trg HS khiem thi ngoai giO len lop la gi —Cac nhorn trinh bay k6t qua than luau —T6ng hgp y kin va dua ra ghi nho•.

(90) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'&NG TRUNG HOC. 90. 401 1 Thong tin phan h6i Cac buerc h8 trq HS khiem thi ngoai gia len lap: Bwor 1: Chuan bi —Lap ke hoach h8 try (da trinh bay a tren) —Sap xep thai gian, dia diem h8 trg phh hgp Bu* 2: Thyr hien k di hoach Trong qua trinh thvc hien, GV can luu y thvc hien theo tien trinh nhu sau: — Tao tam the thodi mai, sin sang hoc tap cho HS truck khi vao hoat deng. — Neu re yeu eau dei yeti HS truot khi bat dau hog deng —GV can luu y cach thdc ggi y, huang dan phn hap voi HS. —Ciing co, ma fang phu hgp vai tong hoat deng. Boot 3: Minh gia at qua thyr hien Dixa tren muc tieu cua tirng hoat deng ma GV dua ra each thire danh gia cho phu hgp lam ca sa cho cac hog deng tiep theo..

(91) PHU'O'NG PHAP RING DAN VA HO TRO HOC SINH KHIEM THI. 91. TAI LIEU TEAM KHAO Tai lieu tieng Viet 1. Nguyen Thanh Binh (2011), Gido trinh Chuyen de Giao due Ki nang song, NXB Dai hoc six pham Ha Nei. 2. Giemxova M.I. (1973), Nhang kien thirc ve tre khiem thi, NXB Gido duc. 3. Giemxova M.I. (1973), Con dtrong bet trer chirc nang caa ngiro•i ma, NXB Gido duc. 4.. Giemxova M.I., Kaplan (1973), Dac diem tre khuyet tat thi gicic nang, NXB Gido duc.. 5. Kroghiuc A. I. (1967), Tam li hoc khiem thi va g nghta caa no vo•i tam li hoc dai ctrang, NXB Gido duc, Ha Nei. 6. Nguyen Dix Minh, Pham Minh Muc, Le Van Tac (2006), Gicio dyc tre khuyet tat Viet Nam — Mot so Win de li luan va thirc lien, NXB Gido duc. 7. Nguyen Dirc Minh, (2008), Gicio duc tre khiem thi, NXB Gido duc. 8. Pham Minh Muc (Chu bien), Le Thi Thug Hang, Le Sinh Nha, Pham Toan (2006) Gicio duc hoa nhap tre khiem thi cap lieu hoc, NXB Lao deng. 9. Pham Minh Mlle (2004), "Xay dung va thong nhat he thong Braille Viet NO", De tai B2001 — 49 — 24, Be GD&DT. 10. Pham Minh Muc (2007), "Tiep can gido duc ca nhan — bien phap nang cao kha nang hoc tap dia tre khiem thi tieu hoc", Tap chi khoa hoc gicio dyc, (23). 11. Vien KHGD (1995), Gicio dyc hoa nhap o Viet nam, NXB Chinh tri quec gia. 12. Virgetxki (1960) Phat trien chirc tieing tam li hoc, NXB Gido duc. 13. Xkorokheva 0. I. (1980), Toi cam thy, hinh dung va hieu the gioi xung quanh nhtr the nao, NXB Gido duc, Ha Nei.

(92) TAI LIEU TAP HUAN CAN BO QUAN Li, GIAO VIEN VE GIAO DUC HOA NHAP TRONG TRU'ONG TRUNG HOC. 92 Tai Ii0 tikg Anh. 14. Best A. (1995), Teaching children with visual impairments', Buckingham, England: Open University. 15. Bishop, Virgina E. (1996) Teaching visally impaired children, Illinois USA. 16. Catherine Clark, Alan Dyson and Aln Millward (1995), Towards inclusive schools, David fulton publishers, London. 17. Cay M. (1995) Children with visual impairment, David Fulton published. 18. Horton K. J. (1988), Education of visually impaired pupils in ordinary school, Gui for Special Education No. 6, Hellen Keller.

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