Tài liệu Figure Drawing - Sea lion, Gorilla, Human pdf

200 SEA
LION
>
ANATOMY
Sea
lion
characteristics:
Webbed
flipper-like
forefoot
and
hind foot.
Front
flipper
thicker
on
front edge. Skin
of
flipper extends past tips
of
toe
bones, supported
by
individual
cartilages attached
to
ends
of toe
bones.
Noticeable claws
on

three middle toes
of
hind foot; other claws
tiny
and
inconspicuous.
Front
flipper
triangular;
hind flipper rectangular.
Hind
limb
can be
advanced
forward—can
walk,
but
thigh
and
lower
leg
encased
in
skin
of
abdomen
(seals can't
walk—their
hind limbs
perma-

nently extended backward). Elbow also enclosed
in
body
skin,
but
fore-
arms
are
free.
Body
streamlined (torpedo-shaped)
for
swimming. Thick
insulating blubber layer between skin
and
muscles. Thick,
flexible,
mus-
cular neck. Pelvis
and
femur
small.
Sternum
has
forward projection.
Small
external
ears
present (absent
in

seals).
Ears
and
slit-like
nostrils
can
be
closed under water. Short, stubby
tail.
Very
short hair;
fur
much
darker when wet. Body uniform
in
color
(no
spots).
Males larger than
females.
Closely related
to
terrestrial carnivores. Pinniped
is not
scientif-
ic
classification,
but
means
"fin footed."

AbDIL
Abductor
digit!
I
longus; BiFem Biceps
femoris;
Brcph
Brachiocephalicus;
Brrad
Brachioradialis;
Bucc
Buccinator;
Delt
Deltoid;
Digas Digastric;
ECRB
Extensor
carpi radialis brevis;
ECRL
Extensor carpi radialis longus;
ECU
Extensor
carpi
ulnaris;
EDI
Extensor
digiti
I;
ED1L
Extensor

digiti
I
longus;
EDBr
Extensor
digitorum brevis;
EDC
Extensor
digitorum
com
munis;
EDLat
Extensor
digitorum
lateralis;
EDLon
Extensor digitorum
longus;
ExAbO
External abdominal oblique;
FCR
Flexor carpi radialis;
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris;
FD1L
Flexor
digiti
I
longus;
FDP

Flexor
digitorum profundus;
FDS
Flexor digitorum
superficialis;
Gastr
Gastrocnemius;
GluMe
Gluteus medius;
GluSu
Gluteus superficialis;
Grac
Gracilis;
Ilioc
Iliocostalis;
LatDo
Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis;
LLaMx
Levator
labii
maxillaris;
Long!
Longissimus;
Mass
Masseter;
Myloh
Mylohyoid;
Omohy
Omohyoid;
OrOc

Orbicularis
oculi;
OrOr
Orbicutaris oris;
PalLo
Palmaris
longus; PecPr
Pectoralis
profundus;
PecSu
Pectoralis
superficialis; PerBr
Peroneus
brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus;
Plant
Plantaris; PrTer Pronator teres;
RecAb
Rectus
abdominis;
SeiVT
Serratus
ventralis
thoracis;
Smemb
Semimembranosus;
Splen
Splenius; Stmas Sternomastoid;
Stthh
Sternothyrohyoid;
Temp

Temporalis;
Ten
FA
Tensor
fasciae
antibrachii;
TenFL
Tensor
fasciae
latae;
TibCr
Tibialis
cranialis; Trap
Trapezius;
TriLa
Triceps
brachii,
lateral head;
TriLo
Triceps
brachii, long head;
VasLa
Vastus
lateratis.
(from specimen;after blainviller)
SEA
LION
+
ANATOMY
201

CALIFORNIA
SEA
LION
(FEMALE)
Zalophus
californianus
MALE
IN
BACKGROUND
(after muriee)
202
PINNIPED
>
PROPORTION
SEA
LION (CALIFORNIA)
SEAL
(HARBOR)
PINNIPED
+
PROPORTION
203
WALRUS
204
GORILLA
*
ANATOMY
LOWLAND
GORILLA
(MALE)

Gorilla
gorilla
Gorilla
characteristics:
Walks
on
ends
of
uppermost phalanges
of
hand;
middle phalanges rest
on
ground. Short thumb does
not
touch
the
ground. Walks
on
sole
and
heel
of
foot. Thumb
and big toe
opposable;
large
big
toe
angles out,

away
from foot. Nails
on
digits.
Well-developed
clavicle attached
to
scapula
and
sternum.
Forearm
rotates
(pronates/supinates).
Arms
longer than
legs.
Upper
arm
longer than fore-
arm
(about equal
in
chimps).
Five
digits
on
each
limb.
Shoulders thrust
forward. Thigh longer than lower leg. Stocky body,

large
abdomen.
Sloping forehead, large brow ridges, rounded muzzle. Large bony
crest
on
top
of
skull
in
male. Thick crown
pad
of
skin layers
and
hair
on
top
of
the
head,
especially
in
male. Large
nostrils.
Small, deep-set
eyes
face
forward
for
binocular vision. Small

ears
(chimps
have
large ears). Large
canine
teeth.
Foramen
magnum (hole
for
spinal cord) located
near
bottom
of
cra-
nium.
No
tail.
Face,
ears, bottoms
of
hands
and
feet naked. Longest hair
on
arms, ends
at
wrist. Thick
fur
layer
on top of

gluteal
muscles.
AbDiS
Abductor
digit!
V;
AbDM
Abductor
digiti
minimi;
AbHal
Abductor
halluds;
AbMDS
Abductor metatarsi
digiti
V;
AbPB Abductor
pollicis
brevis;
AbPL
Abductor
pollicis
longus;
AdHal
Adductor
halluds;
AdPol
Adductor
pollicis;

Anc
Anconeus;
BicLH
Biceps brachii, long head;
BicSH
Biceps brachii, short head; BiFemLH
Biceps
femoris, long head; BiFemSH Biceps
femoris,
short head; Brach Brachialis;
Brrad
Brachioradialis;
Bucc
Buccinator;
DAnOr
Depressor
anguli
oris;
DelAc
Deltoid, acromial
portion;
DelSp
Deltoid, spinal
portion;
Digas Digastric;
DLI
Depressor
labii
inferioris
(mandibularis);

ECRB
Extensor carpi radialis brevis;
ECRL
Extensor carpi radialis longus;
ECU
Extensor carpi
ulnaris;
EDS
Extensor
digiti
V
(Extensor
digitorum
lateralis);
EDBr
Extensor
digitorum
brevis;
EDC
Extensor
digitorum
communis;
EDLon
Extensor digitorum longus;
EHB
Extensor
halluds
brevis;
EHL
Extensor

halluds
longus;
EPBr
Extensor
pollicis
brevis;
EPL
Extensor
pollicis
longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique;
FCR
Flexor carpi
radialis;
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris;
FDBr
Flexor digitorum brevis;
FDLon
Flexor
digi-
torum longus;
FDP
flexor
digitorum
profundus;
FDS
Flexor
digitorum
superfi-
cialis;

FPB
Flexor
pollicis
brevis;
FPL
Flexor
pollicis
longus; Front Frontalis; GasLa
Gastrocnemius, lateral head;
GasMe
Gastrocnemius, medial head;
GluMe
Gluteus
medius;
GluMx
Gluteus
maximus
(superfidalis);
Grac Gradlis;
Ilioc
Iliocostalis;
Infra Infraspinatus;
Inter
Interossei;
LatDo
Latissimus
dorsi;
LLSAN
Levator
labii

superioris alaeque nasi (levator nasolabialis);
LLSup
Levator
labii
superioris
(maxillaris); Longi Longissimus; Mass
Masseter;
Omohy
Omohyoid;
OrOc
Orbicularis
oculi;
OrOr
Orbicularis
oris;
PalLo
Palmaris longus;
PecMa
Pectoralis
major;
PecQu Pectoralis
quartus;
PerBr Peroneus brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus;
PrTer
Pronator teres;
RecAb
Rectus abdominis;
RecFe
Rectus femoris; Risor
Risorius;

Sart
Sartorius;
SerAn Serratus anterior (serratus ventralis thorads);
Sol
Soleus;
Splen
Splenius; Stend
Semitendinosus;
Sthy Sternohyoid;
Stman
Sternomandibularis;
Stthy
Sternothyroid;
TeMaj
Teres
major;
TeMin
Teres
minor;
Temp
Temporalis;
Ten
FA
Tensor
fasciae antibrachii;
TenFL
Tensor
fasciae
latae;
TibAn

Tibialis anterior (cranialis);
TibPo
Tibialis posterior (caudalis); Trap
Trapezius;
TriLa
Triceps
brachii,
lateral
head;
TriLo
Triceps
brachii, long head;
VasLa
Vastus
lateralis;
VasMe
Vastus
medialis;
ZygMa
Zygomaticus
major(zygo-
maticus);
ZygMi
Zygomaticus minor.
(from specimensd)
GORILLA
>
ANATOMY
205
LOWLAND GORILLA

(MALE)
Gorilla
gorilla
(after reven )
2O6 APE
>
PROPORTION
LOWLAND
GORILLA
CHIMPANZEE
APE
>
PROPORTION
20/
ORANGUTAN
GIBBON
208
HUMAN
»
ANATOMY
Human
characteristics:
Enormous
braincase,
flat
face. Upright forehead
(small brow ridges
in
male).
Eyes

face
forward
for
binocular
vision.
Small
canine
teeth
same
size
as
adjacent teeth. Highest development
of
facial
muscle
control
to
broadcast facial expressions.
Foramen
magnum
on
bottom
of
cranium—skull
balanced
on top of
vertical spine when stand-
ing. Upright spine
has
four

curves—neck
and
lumbar portions
curve
for-
ward; thoracic
and
sacral
portions
curve backward. Well-developed clavi-
cle
attached
to
scapula
and
sternum. Scapula
on
back
surface
of rib
cage
(on
side
in
four-legged animals);
rib
cage
compressed front
to
back

(side
to
side
in
four-legged animals). Thumb opposable;
big toe is
not.
Flat
nails
on
digits.
Five
digits
on
each
limb.
Walks
upright
on two
legs,
on
sole
and
heel
of
foot.
Legs
longer than arms. Upper
arm
longer than

forearm.
Thigh longer than lower
leg.
Forearm
rotates
(pronates/supinates).
No
tail.
AbDM
Abductor
digiti
minimi;
AbHal
Abductor
hallucis;
AbPB Abductor
poliicis
brevis;
AbPL
Abductor
poliicis
longus;
MitAg
Adductor
magnus;
AdPol
Adductor
poliicis;
kncAnconeus;
Bleep

Biceps
brachii;
BiFemLH Biceps
femoris,
long head;
BiFemSH
Biceps femoris,
short
head;
Brach
Brachialis;
Brrad
Brachioradialis;
Bucc
Buccinator; DAnOr Depressor anguli
oris;
DelAc
Deltoid,
acromial
portion;
DelSp
Deltoid,
spinal
portion;
DepSu Depressor supercilii;
DLI
Depressor
labii
inferioris
(mandibularis);

ECRB
Extensor carpi radialis brevis;
ECRL
Extensor carpi
radialis
longus;
ECU
Extensor carpi
ulnaris;
EDBr
Extensor
digitorum
brevis;
EDC
Extensor
digitorum
communis; EDLon Extensor
digitorum
longus;
EH
L
Extensor
hallucis longus;
EPBr
Extensor
poliicis
brevis;
EPL
Extensor
poliicis

longus;
ExAbO
External abdominal
oblique;
FCR
flexor
carpi
radialis;
FCU
Flexor carpi
ulnaris;
FDLon
Flexor
digitorum
longus;
FDS
Flexor
digitorum
superficialis;
FHL
Flexor
hallucis longus;
FPB
Flexor
poliicis
brevis;
FPL
Flexor
poliicis
longus; Front

Frontalis;
GasLa
Gastrocnemius,
lateral head;
GasMe
Gastrocnemius,
medial
head;
GluMe
Gluteus medius;
GluMx
Gluteus
maximus
(superficialis);
Grac
Gracilis;
Ilioc
Iliocostalis; Infra
Infraspinatus;
Inter
Interossei;
LatDo
Latissimus
dorsi;
LevSc
Levator
scapulae
(serratus ventralis
cervicis);
LLSAN Levator

labii
superioris alaeque
nasi
(levator nasolabialis); LLSup Levator
labii
superioris
(maxillaris);
Long!
Longissimus;
Malar
Malaris; Mass
Masseter;
Ment
Mentalis;
Nasal
Nasalis; Occip
Occipitalis;
Omohy
Omohyoid;
OrOc Orbicularis
oculi;
OrOr
Orbicularis
oris;
PalLo
Palmaris longus; PecMa
Pectoralis
major; PerBr
Pemneus
brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus;

PerTe
Pemneus
tertius;
Proc
Proceros; PrTer
Pronator teres;
RecAb
Rectus
abdominis;
RecFe
Rectus femoris;
Rhom
Rhomboid;
Rlsor
Risorius;
Sart
Sartorius;
SerAn Serratus anterior (serratus ventralis
tho-
racis);
Smemb
Semimembranosus;
Sol
Soleus;
Splen
Splenius; Stend
Semitendinosus;
Sthy Sternohyoid;
Stmas
Sternomastoid;

TeMaj
Teres
major;
TeMin
Teres
minor; Temp Temporalis;
TenFL
Tensor
fasciae
latae;
TibAn
Tibialis
anterior (cranialis); TibPo Tibialis posterior (caudalis); Trap Trapezius;
TriLa
Triceps
brachii, lateral head;
TrILo
Triceps
brachii, long head; TriMe
Triceps
brachii, medial head;
VasLa
Vastus
lateralis; VasMe
Vastus
medialis;
ZygMa
Zygomaticus
major (zygomaticus).
(from speccimens)

HUMAN
+
ANATOMY
2Op
Homo
sapiens
(from dissectinos)
21O
HUMAN
»
PROPORTION
HUMAN
>
PROPORTION
211
(all after richer)