20102018

Gerund and present gerund
1. Same form : V - ing
2. Function : different
Gerund
1. Noun
Danh động từ có chức năng của 1
danh từ
- Subject
Draining swamps needs a lot of money.
G
N
V
- Object
+ object of a verb.
He enjoys reading science books.
+ object of a preposition.
That person only think about making
money
He objects to being treated as a child
(object to : phản đối)
- Subject complement
Her joy is helping the homeless and the
helpless
- Appositive (từ đồng vị/ đồng
cách từ)
Few people realize the true happiness,
bringing happiness to others.
- Forming compound nouns (hình
thành danh từ ghép).
Cooking – oil
Sleeping – pill

Child – rearing
Child – bearing
Town – planning

Present Gerund
- Verb
Dùng trong thì tiếp diễn
Be + V – ing
He is reading a book now.
We will be cutting down that tree next week.
- Adjective
Dùng như một tính từ.
It’s an exciting film.
Boiling water turns into steam
- Replacing a clause
Thay thế cho một mệnh đề (Mđ độc lập)
+ hai sự kiện xảy ra đồng thời có cùng chủ
ngữ. 1 trong 2 mệnh đề có thể dung hiện phân
từ để thay thế
He rides away and whistles merrily.
Riding away, he whistles merrily.
He rides away, whistling merrily.
+ sự kiện nối tiếp sự kiện cùng chủ ngữ thì sự
kiện xảy ra trước dung hiện phân từ thay thế
He opened the box and took out the present
Opening the box, he took out the present
Khi chủ ngữ là một danh từ ta có 1 cách viết
nữa
The hunter aimed the animal carefully and
fired it.

C1- Aiming the animal carefully, the hunter
fired it.
C2 - The hunter, aiming the animal
carefully ,fired it.
+ Thay thế mệnh đề (Mđ phụ)
 Mđ tính ngữ (khi đại từ quan hệ làm
chủ ngữ)
The girl who is singing on TV is a famous
singer.
The girl singing on TV is a famous singer.


The bridge which connects two villages is
narrow
The bridge connecting two villages is narrow.
 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ
Since he left school, he’s worked in a
restaurant.
Leaving school, he’s worked in a restaurant
As he worked hard, he got ill.
Working hard, he got ill.
- V + O + Ving
V: sit, stand, lie, come, run, be busy……
He sat staring at the photo of his father.
People ran screaming for help.
He sat on the chair reading a newspaper.
He spent all the money buying books.
 There + be + noun + …..
There’s a man standing outside the room.
Some verbs are followed by gerund:

avoid
finish
keep
be good at
consider
like
mind
be interested in
delay
love
suggest
be afraid of
discuss
enjoy
stand
…

Verbs + to-infinitive
V + to-infinitive
He promised to lend me his bike but he
forgot.
Some verbs are followed by to-infinitive:
decide
plan
hope
intend
promise
expect
agree
refuse

-

V + O + to-infinitive
The man told me to turn left to the
nearest hotel.

► Note
 Some verbs can go with either gerund or toinf


Some verbs are followed by O + toinfinitive
tell
want
advise
remind
allow ask
encourage
force
expect
permit

remember, forget + Gerund = remember /
forget something that happened in the past.
remember, forget + to-inf = remember /
forget to perform a duty.
Long never remembers to lock his bike.
Where’s my key? I remember giving it to you.
try + gerund = experiment with a new thing.
(thử)
try + to-inf = make an effort (cố gắng)

I’ve lost my key. I tried opening the door with
another key but it didn’t work.
Linh tried to work hard to support her family.
stop + gerund = stop something you are
doing.
stop + to-inf = stop in order to do something.
The dog stopped eating because there was no
meat left in the bowl.
The boys stopped to take a rest
- Perfect gerund and perfect participle
- Form : Having + Vp2
- Dùng để diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ
In spite of having learnt it carefully, he couldn’t remember it at all
Having done all the homework, he went to bed.

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