Tài liệu SEC 14 docx

XIV
DSPSoftware
andHardware
VijayK.Madisetti
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
77IntroductiontotheTMS320FamilyofDigitalSignalProcessors PanosPapamichalis
Introduction
•
Fixed-PointDevices:TMS320C25ArchitectureandFundamentalFeatures
•
TMS320C25MemoryOrganizationandAccess
•
TMS320C25MultiplierandALU
•
OtherAr-
chitecturalFeaturesoftheTMS320C25
•
TMS320C25InstructionSet
•
Input/OutputOperations
oftheTMS320C25
•
Subroutines,Interrupts,andStackontheTMS320C25
•
Introductiontothe
TMS320C30DigitalSignalProcessor
•
TMS320C30MemoryOrganizationandAccess
•
Multiplier
andALUoftheTMS320C30

•
OtherArchitecturalFeaturesoftheTMS320C30
•
TMS320C30
InstructionSet
•
OtherGenerationsandDevicesintheTMS320Family
78RapidDesignandPrototypingofDSPSystems T.Egolf,M.Pettigrew,J.Debardelaben,
R.Hezar,S.Famorzadeh,A.Kavipurapu,M.Khan,Lan-RongDung,K.Balemarthy,N.
Desai,Yong-kyuJung,andV.Madisetti
Introduction
•
SurveyofPreviousResearch
•
InfrastructureCriteriafortheDesignFlow
•
The
ExecutableRequirement
•
TheExecutableSpecification
•
DataandControlFlowModeling
•
Ar-
chitecturalDesign
•
PerformanceModelingandArchitectureVerification
•
FullyFunctionaland
InterfaceModelingandHardwareVirtualPrototypes

•
SupportforLegacySystems
•
Conclusions
T
HEPRIMARYTRAITSOFEMBEDDEDsignalprocessingsystemsthatdistinguishthem
fromgeneralpurposecomputersystemsaretheirpredictablereactionstoreal-time
1
stimuli
fromtheenvironment,theirform-andcost-optimizeddesign,andtheircompliancewith
requiredorspecifiedmodesofresponsebehaviorandfunctionality[1].
1
Real-timeindicatesbehaviorrelatedtowall-clocktimeanddoesnotnecessarilyimplyaquickresponse.
c

1999byCRCPressLLC
Other traits that they share with other forms of digital products include the need for reliability,
fault-tolerance, and maintainability, to name just a few. An embedded system usually consists
of hardware components such as memories, application-specific ICs (ASICs), processors, DSPs,
buses, analog-digital interfaces, and also software components that provide control, diagnostic, and
application-specific capabilities required of it. In addition, they often contain electromechanical
(EM) components such as sensors and transducers and operate in harsh environmental conditions.
Unlike general purpose computers they may not allow much flexibility in support of a diverse range
of programming applications, and it is not unusual to dedicate such systems to specific application.
Embedded systems, thus, range from simple, low-cost sensor/actuator systems consisting of a few
tensoflinesof codeand8/16-bitprocessors(CPU)(e.g.,bankATMmachines)tosophisticatedhigh-
performance signal processing systems consisting ofruntime operating system support, tensofx86-
class processors, digital signal processing (DSP) chips, interconnection networks, complex sensors,
and other interfaces (e.g., radar-based tracking and navigational systems). Their lack of flexibility
maybeapparentwhenoneconsidersthat anATM machinecannot beeasilyprogr ammed tosupport

additional imageprocessing tasks,unless upgraded interms ofresources. Finally, embeddedsystems
typically do not support direct user interaction in terms of higher order programming languages
(HOLs)suchas Fortran orC, butallowusers toprovide inputsthat aresensor-or menu-driven. The
debuganddiagnosticinterfaces,however,supportHOLsandotherlowerlevelsoftwareandhardware
programmability.
Embedded systemsin generalmay beclassifiedintoone ofthe following fourgeneral categories of
products. Thepricesareindicative of themulti-billion dollarmarketplace in1996, and theirrelative
magnitudes aremore significant thantheiractual values. Therelationship of thecategories todollar
costisintentionalandisanearlyharbingerofthefactthatunderlying costandperformancetradeoffs
motivate and drive most of the system design and prototyping methodologies.
CommodityDSPProducts: High-volumemarketandvaluedatlessthan$300apiece. Theseinclude
CDplayers,recorders,VCRs,facsimileandansweringmachines,telemetryapplications,simplesignal
processingfilteringpackages, etc.,primarilyaimedatthehighlycompetitivemass-volumeconsumer
market.
Portable DSP Products: High-volume market and valued at less than $ 800. These include
portable and hand-held low-power electronic products for man-machine communications such as
DSP boards, digital audio, security systems, modems, camcorders, industrial controllers, scanners,
communications equipment, and others.
Cost-Performance DSP Products: High-volume market, and valued at less than $ 3000. These
products trade off cost for performance, and include DSP products such as video teleconferenc-
ing equipment, laptops, audio, telecommunications switches, high-performance DSP boards and
coprocessors, and DSP CAD packages for hardware and software design.
High-Performance Products: Low-to-moderate volume market, and valued at over $8000. These
products include high-end workstations with DSP coprocessors, real-time signal processors, real-
timedatabaseprocessingsystems,digitalHDTV,radarsignalprocessorsystems,avionicsandmilitary
systems, sensor and data processing hardware and software systems. This class of products contains
a significant amount of software compared to the earlier classes, which often focus on large volume,
low-cost, hardware-only solutions.
It may be useful to classify high-performance products further into three categories.
• Real-time embedded control systems: Thesesystems arecharacterizedby thefollowing features:

interrupt driven, large numerical processing requirements, small databases, tight real-time
constraints, well-defined user interface, requirements and design driven by performance re-
quirements. Examples include anaircraft control system, or a control system for a steel plant.
• Embedded information systems: These systems are characterized by the following features:
transaction-based, moderate numerical/DSP processing, flexible time constraints, complex
c

1999 by CRCPress LLC
userinterfaces,requirementsanddesigndrivenbyuserinterface. Examplesincludeaccounting
and inventory management systems.
• Command, control, communication, and intelligence (C4I) systems: These systems are charac-
terizedby largenumerical processing, largedatabases, moderatetotig ht real-timeconstraints,
flexibleand complexuser interfaces,requirementsand designdr ivenby performanceand user
interface. Examples include missile guidance systems, radar-tracking systems, and inventor y
and manufacturing control systems.
These four categories of embedded systems can be further distinguished in terms of other met-
rics such as computing speed (integer or floating point performance), input/output transfer rates,
memory capacities, market volume, environmental issues, typical design and development budgets,
lifetimes, reliability issues, upgrades, and other lifecycle support costs. Another interesting fact is
that the higher the software value in a product, the greater its profitability margin. Recent studies
by Andersen Consulting have shown that profit margin pressures are increasing due to increasing
semiconductorcontentin systems’sales’values. In1985, siliconrepresented9.5 percentof asystem’s
value. By 1995, that had shot up to 19.1 percent. The higher the silicon content, the greater the
pressure on margins resulting in lower profits. In PCs, integrated circuit components represent 30
to 35 percent of the sales value and the ratio is steadily increasing. More than 50 percent of value of
the new network computers (NCs) is expected to be in integrated circuits. In the area of DSPs, we
estimate that this ratio is about 20 percent.
In this section, the chapter “Introduction to the TMS320 Family of Digital Signal Processors" by
Panos Papamichalis, outlines the programmable DSP families developed by Texas Instruments, the
leading organization in this area. In, “Rapid Design and Prototyping of DSP Systems", T. Egolf,

M. Pettigrew, J. Debardelaben, R. Hezar, S. Famorzadeh, A. Kavipurapu, M. Khan, L R. Dung, K.
Balemarthy, N. Desai, Y. Jung, and V. Madisetti, discuss how signal processing systems are designed
andintegratedusinganoveltopdowndesignapproachdevelopedaspartofDARPA’sRASSPprogram.
References
[1] Madisetti, V. K., VLSI Digital Signal Processors, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1995.
c

1999 by CRCPress LLC