Tài liệu Web Programming with HTML, XHTML, and CSS- P14 doc

min-height
This specifies the maximum height of a block-level element (same values as for height).
td {min-height:100px;}
min-width
This specifies the minimum width of a block-level element (same values as for width).
td {min-width:200px;}
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
7 - 1 Default
auto
[length] 7 - 1 Applies to Block elements
[percentage] 7 - 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
7 - 1 Default
auto
[length] 7 - 1 Applies to Block-level elements
[percentage] 7 - 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
7 - 1 Default
auto
[length] 7 - 1 Applies to Block elements
[percentage] 7 - 1
inherit
- 6 1
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Margin Properties
Margin properties allow you to specify a margin around a box and therefore create a gap between elements’
borders.
margin (margin-bottom, margin-left,
margin-top, margin-right)
This specifies the width of a margin around a box.
p {margin:15px;}
Padding Properties
Padding properties set the distance between the border of an element and its content. They are impor-
tant for adding white space to documents (in particular table cells).
padding (padding-bottom, padding-left,
padding-right, padding-top)
This specifies the distance between an element’s border and its content.
td {padding:20px;}
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
4 4 1 Default zero
[length] 4 4 1 Applies to All elements
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
3 4 1 Default zero
[length] 3 4 1 Applies to All elements
[percentage —
relative to parent
element]
3 4 1
inherit

- 6 1
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List Properties
List properties affect the presentation of bulleted, numbered, and definition lists.
list-style
This is shorthand allowing you to specify list-style-position and list-style-type.
ul {list-style: inside disc}
list-style-position
This specifies whether the marker should be placed inside each item of a list or to the left of them.
ul {list-style-position:inside;}
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
inside
4 6 1 Default
outside
outside
4 6 1 Applies to List elements
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
<position>
4 6 1 Default
Depends on browser
<type>
4 4 1 Applies to List elements
<image>
4 6 1
inherit

- 6 1
Value IE N FF
[percentage —
relative to parent
element]
4 4 1
inherit
- 6 1
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list-style-type
This indicates the type of bullet or numbering that a bullet should use.
ul {list-style-type:circle;}
Additional numbered list styles are available in CSS, but unfortunately they are not supported in IE7,
Netscape 7, or Firefox 2.
hebrew
Traditional Hebrew numbering
georgian
Traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, . . . , he, tan,
in, in-an, . . .)
armenian
Traditional Armenian numbering
cjk-ideographic
Plain ideographic numbers
hiragana
(a, i, u, e, o, ka, ki, . . . )
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
None

4 4 1 Default
disc
disc (default) 4 4 1 Applies to List elements
Circle
4 4 1
square
4 4 1
decimal
4 4 1
decimal-leading-
zero
- - -
lower-alpha
4 4 1
upper-alpha
4 4 1
lower-roman
4 4 1
upper-roman
4 4 1
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marker-offset
This specifies the space between a list item and its marker.
ol {marker-offset:2em;}
Positioning Properties
Positioning properties allow you to use CSS for positioning boxes on the page.
position

Specifies the positioning schema that should be used for an element. When an element is positioned, you
also need to use the box-offset properties covered next (
top, left, bottom, and right). Note that you
should not use
top and bottom or left and right together (if you do, top and left take priority).
❑
absolute can be fixed on the canvas in a specific position from its containing element (which is
another absolutely positioned element); it will also move when the user scrolls the page.
❑
static will fix it on the page in the same place and keep it there even when the user scrolls.
❑
relative will be placed offset in relation to its normal position.
❑
fixed will fix it on the background of the page and not move when the user scrolls.
p.article{position:absolute; top:10px; left:20px;
katakana
(A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI, . . . )
hiragana-iroha
(i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, to, . . . )
katakana-iroha
(I, RO, HA, NI, HO, HE, TO, . . . )
Value IE N FF Inherited No
[length] - 7 1 Default
auto
auto
- 7 1 Applies to Marker elements
inherit
- 6 1
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Top
This sets the vertical position of an element from the top of the window or containing element.
Left
This sets the horizontal position of an element from the left of the window or containing element.
Value IE N FF Inherited No
Auto
4 6 1 Default
auto
[length] 4 6 1 Applies to Positioned elements
[percentage -
relative to
parent’s width]
4 6 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
4 6 1 Default
auto
[length] 4 6 1 Applies to Positioned elements
[percentage -
relative to
parent’s height]
4 6 1
Inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
absolute

4 4 1 Default
static
relative
4 4 1 Applies to All elements
static
4 4 1
fixed
- 6 1
inherit
- 6 1
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bottom
This sets the vertical position of an element from the bottom of the window or containing element.
right
This sets the horizontal position of an element from the window or containing element.
vertical-align
This sets the vertical positioning of an inline element:
❑
baseline aligns element with base of parent.
❑
middle aligns midpoint of element with half the height of parent.
❑
sub makes element subscript.
❑
super makes element superscript.
❑
text-top aligns element with top of parent element’s font.

❑
text-bottom aligns element with the bottom of parent element’s font.
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
5 6 1 Default
auto
[length] 5 6 1 Applies to Positioned elements
[percentage -
relative to
parent’s width]
5 6 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
5 6 1 Default
auto
[length] 5 6 1 Applies to Positioned elements
[percentage -
relative to
parent’s height]
5 6 1
inherit
- 6 1
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❑ top aligns top of element with top of tallest element on current line.
❑

bottom aligns element with bottom of lowest element on the current line.
span.superscript {vertical-align:superscript;}
z-index
Controls which overlapping element appears to be on top; works for absolutely positioned elements
only. Positive and negative numbers are permitted.
p {position:absolute; top:10px; left:20px; z-index:3;}
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
4 - 1 Default
Depends on position
of element in XHTML
source document
[number] 4 4 1
inherit
- 6 1 Applies to Positioned elements
Value IE N N Inherited No
baseline
4 4 1 Default
baseline
middle
4 4 1 Applies to Inline elements
sub
4 6 1
super
4 6 1
text-top
4 4 1
text-bottom
4 4 1
top

4 4 1
bottom
4 4 1
[percentage relative
to line height]
- 6 1
[length] - - -
inherit
4 6 1
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clip
Controls which part of an element is visible. Parts outside the clip are not visible. If value is rect(), it
takes the following form:
❑
rect([top] [right] [bottom] [left])
rect(25 100 100 25)
overflow
This specifies how a container element will display content that is too large for its containing element.
p {width:200px; height:200px; overflow:scroll;}
overflow-x
Same as overflow, but only for the horizontal x-axis. First supported in IE5.
overflow-y
Same as overflow, but only for the vertical y-axis. First supported in IE5.
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
4 6 1 Default
visible

hidden
4 6 1 Applies to Block elements
visible
4 6 1
scroll
4 6 1
inherit
- 6 6
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
4 - 1 Default
auto
rect
4 6 1 Applies to Block elements
inherit
- 6 1
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Outline Properties
Outlines act like borders, but do not take up any space — they sit on top of the canvas.
Outline (outline-color, outline-style, outline-width)
Shortcut for the outline-color, outline-style, and outline-width properties:
outline {solid #ff0000 2px}
Note that outline-color, outline-style, and outline-width take the same values as border-
color
, border-style, and border-width. They are not covered individually, because they are not
supported yet.
Table Properties

Table properties allow you to affect the style of tables, rows, and cells.
border-collapse
This specifies the border model that the table should use (whether adjacent borders should be collapsed
into one value or kept separate).
table {border-collapse:separate;}
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
collapse
5 7 1 Default
collapse
separate
5 7 1 Applies to Table and
inline
elements
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
outline-color
- - 1.5 Default
none
outline-style
- - 1.5 Applies to All elements
outline-width
- - 1.5
outline
- - 1.5
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border-spacing

This specifies the distance between adjacent cells’ borders.
table {border-spacing:2px;}
caption-side
This indicates which side of a table a caption should be placed on.
caption {caption-side:bottom;}
empty-cells
This specifies whether borders should be displayed if a cell is empty.
td, th {empty-cells:hide;}
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
show
5 6 1 Default
show
hide
5 6 1 Applies to Table cell elements
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
top
- 6 1 Default
top
left
- 6 1 Applies to <caption>
elements in
<table> elements
bottom
- 6 1
right
- 6 1
inherit
- 6 1

Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
[length] - 6 1 Default
0
inherit
- 6 1 Applies to Table and inline
elements
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table-layout
Specifies how the browser should calculate the layout of a table; can affect the speed of rendering a large
or graphics-intensive table.
Classification Properties
Classification properties affect how the boxes in the box model are rendered.
clear
Forces elements, which would normally wrap around an aligned element, to be displayed below it.
Value indicates which side may not touch an aligned element.
p {clear:left;}
display
Specifies how an element is rendered, if at all. If set to none the element is not rendered and it does not
take up any space. Can force an inline element to be displayed as a block or vice versa.
Value IE N FF Inherited No
none
4 4 1 Default
none
both
4 4 1 Applies to All elements
left
4 4 1

right
4 4 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
auto
5 6 1 Default
auto
fixed
5 6 1 Applies to Table and
inline
elements
inherit
- 6 6
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span.important {display:block;}
Other properties are either not supported or not required for XHTML.
While the default value of this property is
inline, browsers tend to treat the element depending on its
inherent display type. Block-level elements, such as headings and paragraphs, get treated as if the
default were
block, whereas inline elements such as <i>, <b>, or <span> get treated as inline.
float
Subsequent elements should be wrapped to the left or right of the element, rather than below.
img.featuredeItem {float:left;}
visibility
Specifies whether an element should be displayed or hidden. Even if hidden, elements take up space on

page, but are transparent.
Value IE N FF Inherited No
none
4 4 1 Default
none
left
4 4 1 Applies to All elements
right
4 4 1
inherit
- 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
none
4 4 1 Default inline
inline
5 4 1 Applies to All elements
block
5 4 1
list-item
5 4 1
inherit
- 6 1
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Internationalization Properties
Internationalization properties affect how text is rendered in different languages.
direction
Specifies the direction of text from left to right or right to left. This should be used in association with the

unicode-bidi property.
td.word{direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:bidi-override;}
unicode-bidi
The unicode-bidi property allows you to override Unicode’s built-in directionality settings for languages.
td.word{unicode-bidi:bidi-override; direction:rtl; }
Value IE N FF Inherited Yes
ltr
5 6 1 Default
ltr
rtl
5 6 1 Applies to All elements
inherit
5 6 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
visible
4 - 1 Default
inherit
show
- 4 1 Applies to All elements
hidden
4 - 1
hide
- 4 1
collapse
- - 1
inherit
4 4 1
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Lengths
Following are the unit measurement for lengths that can be used in CSS.
Absolute Lengths
Relative Lengths
Unit IE N FF
em 4 4 1
ex 4 4 1
px 3 4 1
Unit IE N FF
cm 3 4 1
in 3 4 1
mm 3 4 1
pc 3 4 1
pt 3 4 1
Value IE N FF Inherited No
normal
5 - 2 Default
normal
embed
5 - 2 Applies to All elements
bidi-override
5 - 2
inherit
- 6 2
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D
Color Names and Values
The first thing you need to learn about color is how to specify exactly the color you want; after all,
there are a lot of different reds, greens, and blues, and it is important you choose the right ones.
In XHTML there are two key ways of specifying a color:
❑ Hex codes: A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that make up
the color, preceded by a pound or hash sign # (for example,
#333333).
❑ Color names: A set of names that represent over 200 colors, such as
red, lightslategray,
and
fuchsia.
In CSS you can also use values to represent the red, green, and blue values that make up each
color.
Using Hex Codes to Specify Colors
When you start using hexadecimal codes (or hex codes for short), they can appear a little daunting.
The idea that colors are represented by a mix of numbers and letters might seem a little strange,
but what follows the
# sign is actually the amount of red, green, and blue that make up the color.
The format for hex codes is:
# rrggbb
The table that follows provides some examples.
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Appendix D: Color Names and Values
638
As you might already know, computer monitors work in a color space known as an RGB color space.
When a computer monitor is not switched on, the screen is black because it is not emitting any color. To
create the image you see onscreen, each of the pixels that make up the screen emits different amounts of

the colors red, green, and blue, just like a television screen.
It’s hardly surprising, therefore, that you specify colors in the amounts of red, green, and blue that are
required to make a given color. The values of red, green, and blue required to make a color are between
0 and 255, so when red, green, and blue all have a value of 0 you get black, whereas if each has a value
of 255 you get white.
You may have seen that some software represents colors using three sets of numbers between 0 and 255.
Figure D-1 shows the color window in Adobe Photoshop.
Figure D-1
The hexadecimal codes used on the web for color are a direct translation of these values between 0 and
255, except they use two characters, not three, to represent the numbers between 0 and 255. For example,
FF represents 255 and 00 represents 0.
The best way to really understand how hex codes work is to take a quick look at how computers store
information.
Understanding Hex Codes
You may have heard people say that computers store all their information in 0s and 1s, and while it may
sound hard to believe, it’s true! The smallest unit of information a computer stores in is known as a bit,
and a bit can have only one of two values:
❑ 0, which means off (or false)
❑ 1, which means on (or true)
Color Hexadecimal Code Color Hexadecimal Code
Black
#000000
Green
#008000
White
#FFFFFF
Blue
#0000FF
Red
#FF0000

Purple
#800080
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Appendix D: Color Names and Values
639
These two values on their own will not store much information, yet if you combine 4 bits together, you can
get 16 different values. For example, using combinations of four 0s and 1s, you can represent the digits 0
through 9 (and still have values to spare):
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - -
Four bits can be replaced by a single hexadecimal digit. There are 16 digits in hexadecimal numbers to
represent the 16 possible values of four 0s and 1s:
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 is the smallest; F is the largest.
Still, computers need to work with more than 16 possible values, so they tend to store information in even
larger segments. A group of 8 bits is known as a byte. A byte can therefore be represented using just two
hexadecimal digits. For example:
Binary 0100 1111
Hexadecimal 4 F
This gives 256 possible combinations of 0s and 1s, plenty for the characters of the English language, and
yes, that is why colors are represented in numbers between 0 and 255.
So, while hexadecimal codes for web colors may appear a little complicated, I think you would agree
that #4F4F4F is a lot easier to read than 010011110100111101001111. The following table shows some
more hexadecimal codes and their corresponding decimal numbers.
Using Color Names to Specify Colors
Rather than using hex values to specify colors, you can also use color names such as red, green, and
white to specify the color you want. There are more than 200 different color names supported by
Netscape, Firefox, and IE, all of which are listed at the end of this appendix.

Hexadecimal Decimal Hexadecimal Decimal
00
0
BB
187
33
51
CC
204
66
102
DD
221
99
153
EE
238
AA
170
FF
255
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Appendix D: Color Names and Values
640
Although names might sound a lot easier to understand than hex codes, some of the colors are easier to
remember than others, and remembering which color each of the 200 names looks like is a tall order.
Here is a sample of some of the color names:
aqua, beige, coral, darkcyan, firebrick, green, honeydew, indianred,
lavenderblush, maroon, navy, oldlace, palegreen, red, saddlebrown,

tan, white, yellow
Furthermore, if you do jobs for larger companies, such companies often want to specify very exact colors
that represent their brand, and their color might not have an HTML name. Indeed, when clients specify
the color they want, they usually specify a hex code.
Hex Codes versus Color Names
It may seem as though color names are more straightforward to use than hex codes; if you use colors such
as red, orange, green, blue, black, and white, then they are simple to remember and use. However, remem-
bering
each color name and the color it gives you is very difficult.
In practice, you often end up referring to a color chart to find the color you want, whether you’re work-
ing with hex codes or color names. Given that hex codes give you many more choices of shades, tints, and
hues of colors than color names, and bearing in mind that a lot of companies ask for specific colors to
represent their company, hex codes tend to be the choice of web professionals.
If you are using either a graphics program or a web page authoring tool, that program will usually gen-
erate the color code you need for you, and many graphics packages also have a color-picking tool to help
you select the exact color you want. You can also find color picking tools on several web sites such as
www.visibone.com/colorlab/. Figure D-2 shows the color picker from Photoshop.
Figure D-2
Note that the checkbox on the bottom left of this window indicates an option to use only web-safe colors.
This is for a restricted color palette (containing a subset of all colors available) known as the Web Safe Color
Palette, which was designed in the days when computers did not support as many colors. Nowadays,
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Appendix D: Color Names and Values
641
most computers can handle many more than the 256 colors in the web-safe color palette and this can
safely be ignored.
Color Name and Number Reference
The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2 to support the 16 colors
that 8-bit graphics cards offered.

All of the colors listed in the table that follows are available in IE, and most in Netscape and Firefox, too.
However, they are browser extensions, not part of the HTML or XHTML recommendations.
Continued
Color Name Hex Value Color Name Hex Value
aliceblue
#f0f8ff
black
#000000
antiquewhite
#faebd7
blanchedalmond
#ffebcd
aqua
#00ffff
blue
#0000ff
aquamarine
#7fffd4
blueviolet
#8a2be2
azure
#f0ffff
brown
#a52a2a
beige
#f5f5dc
burlywood
#deb887
bisque
#ffe4c4

cadetblue
#5f9ea0
Color Name Hex Value Color Name Hex Value
aqua
#00ffff
navy
#000080
black
#000000
olive
#808000
blue
#0000ff
purple
#800080
fuchsia
#ff00ff
red
#ff0000
green
#008000
silver
#c0c0c0
gray
#808080
teal
#008080
lime
#00ff00
white

#ffffff
maroon
#800000
yellow
#ffff00
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642
Appendix D: Color Names and Values
Color Name Hex Value Color Name Hex Value
chartreuse
#7fff00
darkturquoise
#00ced1
chocolate
#d2691e
darkviolet
#9400d3
coral
#ff7f50
deeppink
#ff1493
cornflowerblue
#6495ed
deepskyblue
#00bfff
cornsilk
#fff8dc
dimgray
#696969

crimson
#dc143c
dodgerblue
#1e90ff
cyan
#00ffff
firebrick
#b22222
darkblue
#00008b
floralwhite
#fffaf0
darkcyan
#008b8b
forestgreen
#228b22
darkgoldenrod
#b8860b
fuchsia
#ff00ff
darkgray
#a9a9a9
gainsboro
#dcdcdc
darkgreen
#006400
ghostwhite
#f8f8ff
darkkhaki
#bdb76b

gold
#ffd700
darkmagenta
#8b008b
goldenrod
#daa520
darkolivegreen
#556b2f
gray
#808080
darkorange
#ff8c00
green
#008000
darkorchid
#9932cc
greenyellow
#adff2f
darkred
#8b0000
honeydew
#f0fff0
darksalmon
#e9967a
hotpink
#ff69b4
darkseagreen
#8fbc8f
indianred
#cd5c5c

darkslateblue
#483d8b
indigo
#4b0082
darkslategray
#2f4f4f
ivory
#fffff0
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Continued
Color Name Hex Value Color Name Hex Value
khaki
#f0e68c
maroon
#800000
lavender
#e6e6fa
mediumaquamarine
#66cdaa
lavenderblush
#fff0f5
mediumblue
#0000cd
lawngreen
#7cfc00
mediumorchid
#ba55d3
lemonchiffon
#fffacd

mediumpurple
#9370db
lightblue
#add8e6
mediumseagreen
#3cb371
lightcoral
#f08080
mediumslateblue
#7b68ee
lightcyan
#e0ffff
mediumspringgreen
#00fa9a
lightgoldenrodyellow
#fafad2
mediumturquoise
#48d1cc
lightgreen
#90ee90
mediumvioletred
#c71585
lightgrey
#d3d3d3
midnightblue
#191970
lightpink
#ffb6c1
mintcream
#f5fffa

lightsalmon
#ffa07a
mistyrose
#ffe4e1
lightseagreen
#20b2aa
moccasin
#ffe4b5
lightskyblue
#87cefa
navajowhite
#ffdead
lightslategray
#778899
navy
#000080
lightsteelblue
#b0c4de
oldlace
#fdf5e6
lightyellow
#ffffe0
olive
#808000
lime
#00ff00
olivedrab
#6b8e23
limegreen
#32cd32

orange
#ffa500
linen
#faf0e6
orangered
#ff4500
magenta
#ff00ff
orchid
#da70d6
643
Appendix D: Color Names and Values
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Color Name Hex Value Color Name Hex Value
palegoldenrod
#eee8aa
sienna
#a0522d
palegreen
#98fb98
silver
#c0c0c0
paleturquoise
#afeeee
skyblue
#87ceeb
palevioletred
#db7093
slateblue

#6a5acd
papayawhip
#ffefd5
slategray
#708090
peachpuff
#ffdab9
snow
#fffafa
peru
#cd853f
springgreen
#00ff7f
pink
#ffc0cb
steelblue
#4682b4
plum
#dda0dd
tan
#d2b48c
powderblue
#b0e0e6
teal
#008080
purple
#800080
thistle
#d8bfd8
red

#ff0000
tomato
#ff6347
rosybrown
#bc8f8f
turquoise
#40e0d0
royalblue
#4169e1
violet
#ee82ee
saddlebrown
#8b4513
wheat
#f5deb3
salmon
#fa8072
white
#ffffff
sandybrown
#f4a460
whitesmoke
#f5f5f5
seagreen
#2e8b57
yellow
#ffff00
seashell
#fff5ee
yellowgreen

#9acd32
644
Appendix D: Color Names and Values
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E
Character Encodings
In Appendix D, I discussed how computers store information, how a character-encoding scheme is
a table that translates between characters, and how they are stored in the computer.
The most common character set (or character encoding) in use on computers is ASCII (The American
Standard Code for Information Interchange), and it is probably the most widely used character set
for encoding text electronically. You can expect all computers browsing the Web to understand ASCII.
The problem with ASCII is that it supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the
numbers 0–9, and some extra characters: a total of 128 characters in all. Here are the printable char-
acters of ASCII (the other characters are things such as line feeds and carriage-return characters).
!``#$%&`()*+, /
0123456789: ; <=>?
@ABCDEFGHI J KLMNO
PQRSTUVWXYZ[ \] ^_
` abcdef ghi j kl mno
pqrst uvwxyz{ |} ~
However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different alphabets.
ASCII does not address these characters, so you need to learn about character encodings if you want
to use any non-ASCII characters.
Character encodings are also particularly important if you want to use symbols, as these cannot be
guaranteed to transfer properly between different encodings (from some dashes to some quotation
Character Set Description
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which is used on
most computers
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