Nghiên cứu đặc điểm nông sinh học của một số giống mai và biện pháp kỹ thuật tác động đến sinh trưởng, ra hoa mai vàng Yên Tử tại Hà Nội ttta

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND TRAINING
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

BUI HUU CHUNG
STUDY ON AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL OCHNA
VARIETIES AND THE IMPACTS OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ON
DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWERING OF THE YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI

Research major: Crop Science
Code: 9 62 01 10

THE ABSTRACT AGRICULTURE DOCTORAL THESIS

HA NOI, 2022


The study was completed at:

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Instructors:
1. Assoc. Prof. PhD. Dang Van Dong
2. Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyen Thi Kim Ly

Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:

The thesis will be defended at The Institute's Thesis Evaluation Council in
Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Time: .............../......., 2022

The thesis can be found at the library:
- National library of Vietnam
- Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences


INTRODUCTION
1. URGENTITY OF THE THESIS
Ochna blossom are popular during the Lunar New Year in the central and southern
provinces. In recent years, Ochna blossom have received attention of flower lovers in
the Northern in the New Year time, besides the traditional ornamental flowers, which
are kumquats and peach blossom. However, the development of Ochna blossom
production in Hanoi particularly and the Northern generally is still limited because most
flowers bloom after the Lunar New Year due to the low temperatures in cold winter.
Therefore, the thesis: "Study on Agronomical characteristics of several Ochna
varieties and the impacts of technical solutions on development and flowering of the
Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi" was carried out to evaluate the growth and flowering of Yen
Tu Ochna compared to other varieties. These scientific results were basis to come up
with more appropriate technical measures to adjust for Yen Tu Ochna to flowering on
time Lunar New Year in order to improve economic efficiency and meet production and
consumption demands.
2. RESEARCH TARGETS
The thesis evaluates agro-biological characteristics, growth, development ability
and some technical measures affect to the flowering of Yen Tu Ochna on the Lunar New
Year. Then, it’s contributed to improve yield and quality of flowers, which expands
production and develops Ochna farming in Hanoi.
3. RESEARCH SCOPE

- Agro-biological characteristics of Yen Tu Ochna variety compared with other
Ochna varieties which being grown in Hanoi.
- Determine the flower sprout differentiation and the impact of some technical
measures on adjust the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi.
4. NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
- Identified the Yen Tu Ochna variety with strongly growth, high yield and quality.
This one is the basis to expand production in Hanoi and other regions with similar
climate conditions.
Other acceptation and correction:
- Flower sprout differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna tree is after 85 days of budding,
new flower buds appear in the form of a round block with 30.5 µm length and 24 µm
width. These are basis to innovate technical measures to blossom in the Tet holiday,
specific such as:
+ Substrate fomula: alluvial soil, rice husk, coir and rotting manure (ratio 6:2:1:1)
+ Monthly pruning in 5 months
+ Apply NPK 30-10-10 + TE in the stem growth stage
+ Use Paclobutrazol 800 ppm, NPK 10-60-10+TE in flower bud development
stage
+ Use Thiorea 1.5%, GA3 40 ppm (50 days before Tet) and temperature treatment
at 28 ± 100C
5. SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANINGS OF THE THESIS
5.1. Scientific significance
- The topic has provided scientific data on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna
varieties in Hanoi climate conditions, determining the flower sprout differentiation time
1


and the influence of technical measures on growth regulation and flowering ability of
Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi.
- The research results become reference materials for researching, teaching and

producting of Ochna blossom in Vietnam.
5.2. The practical significance
- Research results on agro-biological characteristics of some Ochna varieties and the
flower sprout differentiation time of Yen Tu Ochna which are basis for technical measure
innovations to controll growth and flowering in Ochna blossom production in Hanoi.
- The Yen Tu Ochna that has strongly ability growth in Hanoi with high yield and
good quality, meets the tough requirement of consumers has been identified.
-Technical measure innovations help Ochna blossom in the Lunar Tet holiday that
have been applied and brought significant results in Hanoi such as: increasing the value
of varieties, contributing to expanding production and rising flower grower’s income.
6. DISCUSSION OF THESIS
The thesis is presented in 168 pages (excluding illustrations and appendices)
including Introduction (4 pages) ; Chapter 1. Document overview (33 pages); Chapter
2. Materials, contents and research methods (13 pages); Chapter 3. Research results and
discussion (69 pages) ; Conclusion and recommendations (2 pages) ; List of published
works related to the thesis (1 page); References (9 pages) . Used 99 documents,
including 64 Vietnamese documents, 32 English documents and 3 Web pages. The
thesis has 37 data tables, 20 figures, 5 appendices and 02 published works

CHAPTER I. DOCUMENTARY OVERVIEW
1.1. ORIGINAL AND DISTRIBUTION OF OCHNA
1.1.1. Original
The Ochna belongs to family plant name Ochnaceae which plants derived from
wild trees, mainly trees and shrubs, including 27 genus and about 495 species depending
on the taxonomy. The largest genus is Ouratea (including Gomphia) with about 200
species. The Ochna genus which living in the tropical forests in Africa and Asia have
been found approximately to 90 species with rich and diverse in morphology (Burondka
and Takayama, 2016).
The Ochanaceae family, including the genus Ochna, is a woody, shrub and semishrub tree, distributed in Africa, south of the Sahara, Madagascar, temperate Asian
climates such as Hainan Island; tropical Asian climates such as Southeast Asia, India,

the Nicobar Islands, and the northern peninsula of Malaysia (Leyden, 2012).
Ochna blossom in Vietnam grow popularly in the central and southern regions,
most of which are natural forest Ochna s. Flowers usually have 5 petals with sepals,
colorful colors, many and thick pistils, flowers grow in clusters, and fruits are jet-black,
but there are species with a very high number of petals (12 - 18 - 150 petals). Flowers
have a very fragrant natural scent (Huynh Van Thoi, 2004).
1.2.2. Distribution
In the 15th century, Chinese botanists discovered and brought back Ochna varieties
for ornamental target. The basic feature of this Ochna variety is bright yellow flowers,
many blooms, very suitable for indoor, landscape decoration and holiday play. In
addition to the meaning of welcoming the spring, the Ochna flower also has the meaning
of health and luck, so it is very popular with the Chinese. (Ha Van Sinh, Temple of
Thuong Ho, 2000).
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According to research by Vuong Trung Hieu (2006) in Cambodia, Ochna tree has
the scientific name of Ochna integerrima (lour.) Merr. The flower has 5 petals, when
fully open, the petals are turned upside down to the stem, bright yellow color, this is also
a wild Ochna species distributed from the South to the Central of Cambodia. Cambodian
Ochna is in the form of a woody plant, with thin and long branches. The leaves are
simple, light green and glossy, growing sparsely on the branches, the edges of the leaves
have small serrations. Flowers grow in clusters in the leaf axils, short flower stalks,
glossy green sepals do not cover the buds.
In Vietnam, Ochna integerrima is grown as an ornamental because of its beautiful
flowers. Yellow flowers are often used on special occasions such as holidays. The size
of the tree depends on the age and ecological region. The average height is over 1m for
trees about 5 years old. Bright yellow flowers and symbols of happiness, health and
success. The leaves of the plant have long been used in medicines to treat diseases such
as asthma, dysentery, epilepsy, stomach disorders, and low back pain. The bark and

roots are commonly used in traditional medicine as a digestive aid and a medicine for
lymphatic disorders (Tran Hop, 2000).
1.2. OCHNA BLOSSOM MANUFACTURING AND CONSUMPTION
SITUATION IN THE WORLD AND VIETNAM
1.2.1. In the world
1.2.1.1. The situation of Ochna production and consumption in the world
Ochna trees are produced and consumed in many countries around the world such as
the US, Brazil, South Africa and some Asian countries (China, Thailand, Japan, Vietnam).
In addition to producing Ochna s to decorate during holidays, New Year and decorate the
street, some countries also grow Ochna s as a valuable source of medicinal herbs.
1.2.2.2. In Vietnam
In the structure of ornamental plants, Ochna is a popular plant from the Central
region onwards due to favorable conditions and suitable climate, so it is widely planted
in home gardens, as potted plants and bonsai. But the most used is still on the occasion
of Lunar New Year. The Ochna tree on New Year's Day is considered a lucky charm for
the new year, lots of fortune and prosperity, so it is very popular. In addition to serving
the needs of entertainment and enjoyment, tomorrow also brings high economic
benefits, with prices ranging from 300-800 thousand/pot, with trees up to tens of
millions of dong, the market consumes millions of trees every year. Ochna s of all kinds.
1.3. OCHNA RESEARCH SITUATION IN THE WORLD AND VIETNAM
1.3.1. Research situation of Ochna s in the world
1.3.1.1. Research on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna
There are many scientists in the world studying the agro-biological characteristics
of Ochna trees. Research results show that: Plum is a shrub, low and small, leaves have
short stalks, veins are curved upwards, leaf margins are serrated. Inflorescences; fibrous
stalk, with nodes. Flowers have bases, fruits, seeds are red. The calyx is green, develops
with the fruit, and gradually becomes red.
1.3.1.2. Research on substrates and fertilizers on growth and flowering of Ochna trees
Around the world, the substrates used for Ochna trees include many types such as
coir, sawdust, water hyacinth roots, charred rice husks, hilly soil, alluvial soil, coal slag,

etc. ratios to take advantage of the advantages of each type, to suit each variety and age
of the tree. For Ochna trees, especially potted Ochna s, the medium plays an important
role during the growth and development of the tree.
3


Besides studying the substrate, the researchers also studied the effects of some
growth regulators on Ochna trees such as: Paclobutrazol; Thiourea; gibberellin (GA3)
1.3.2. Research situation of Ochna trees in the country
In Vietnam, Ochna trees have only been studied in recent years. Researches
mainly in the country focus on surveying flower bud differentiation and studying
technical measures affecting growth, development and flowering control of Ochna trees.

CHAPTER II. RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. RESEARCH MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS
2.1.1. Research Materials
- 10 varieties of Ochna species of the Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr species were
collected in different Ochna growing regions of Vietnam.
- Fertilizers and stimulants:
+ NPK 30 -10-10 +TE fertilizer which produced by Binh Dien Company, including
NPK and micro-elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 80 ppm; Bo (B): 60 ppm; Copper (Cu): 60
ppm. These elements help the buds and leaves grow strongly.
+ NPK 20-20-15 + TE fertilizer which produced by Binh Dien Company, including
NPK and trace elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 50 ppm; Bo (B): 50 ppm. These elements
help the buds and leaves grow strongly
+ NPK 16-12-8 + TE fertilizer produced by Viet Nhat Company, including NPK
and trace elements such as: Bo (B): 217 ppm; Zinc (Zn): 400 ppm. These elements help
the buds and leaves grow strongly
+ DAP fertilizer (18 % N - 46 % P2O5) produced by Phu My Company, only
contains NP ingredients, no intermediate and trace ingredients. This fertilizer promote

the differentiation of flower buds and buds.
+ NPK 10-60-10 + TE fertilizer produced by Swiss Company, including NPK and
micro-elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 65 ppm; Boron (B): 40 ppm, Copper (Cu): 40 ppm.
These elements promote the differentiation of flower sprouts and push the bud
formation.
+ NPK 9-25-17 + TE fertilizer produced by Viet Nhat Company, including NPK
and trace elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 80 ppm; Bo (B): 40 ppm; Copper (Cu): 40 ppm.
These elements promote the differentiation of flower sprouts and push the bud
formation.
+ Thiourea (99%) produced by Ho Chi Minh City Agricultural Service Company.
This chemical stimulate deciduous and flowering.
+ Paclobutrazol (15WP) produced by Saigon Pesticide Company. This chemical
accelerates the differentiation of flower buds and stimulates flowering.
+ Giberellin acid (100% GA3), made in the US by VMCGROUP Vietnam Joint
Stock Company. This chemical increases flower quality and concentrated flowering.
- Substrate: Alluvial soil, coir, rice husk, rotting manure, treated with Aliette 800WG
mixed with 10g/10 liters of water, sprayed evenly, incubated for 7 days before use.
2.1.2. Research equipment and tools
- Leica EZ4 electron microscope made in Germany (magnification from 80 to 450
for high resolution images with the smallest details).
- The heat treatment house, on the roof and around is covered by nylon, automatic
4


2-way air conditioner made in China, to increase or decrease the temperature during the
treatment time.
- Other tools: pruning shears, thermometer, humidity meter, palme ruler...
2.2. RESEARCH CONTENT
- Agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi
- Effects of some technical measures on growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna

in Hanoi
- The effection of synthetic technical measures to the growth and flowering of
Yen Tu Ochna in localities in Hanoi
2.3. RESEARCH METHODS
2.3.1. Evaluation of agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi
2.3.1.1. Agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi
- The experiment consisted of 10 varieties of 5-year-old Ochna, grown from seed,
93 - 97 cm height, 3.3 - 3.5 cm stem diameter (symbols from MV1 - MV10), good
growth and development, without any pests and other physical injuries. The experiment
was arranged according to the method of one time sequentially without repeating, the
number of 15 plants/variety/CTTN. Planting density is 1 tree/pot/2 m2, pot size 40 x 50
cm (pot made of brown plastic).
- Planting time: February 15, 2016
- Researched varieties were grown on the substrate of alluvium soil + rice husk +
manure (7:2:1), not pruned for natural growth and development, NPK 16-12-8 +TE
fertilizer applied dosage 20g/pot/time 2 weeks after planting, and once a month until the
plant has 10% buds, then switch to NPK 9-25-17 at a dose of 20g/pot/time, once a month
until the plant has a 50% bud. Conduct regular watering, moisturizing, weed picking
and pest control.
- The morphology be described to distinguish Ochna varieties according to the
classification system of Pham Hoang Ho (1999) and Tran Hop (2000). Evaluation of the
morphological traits of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds according to the
guidelines of the International Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (1998) and according
to the descriptive form of the Center for Plant Genetic Resources. 2000), each trait
observed 5 samples. Descriptive qualitative criteria, visual assessment. Quantitative
indicators monitor and measure.
2.3.1.2. Research on the timing of flower spout differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna in
Hanoi
- Research period: From March, 2017 to November, 2018
- Process method

The experiment was arranged sequentially once without repeating, including
twenty 5-year-old plants, grown from seeds, with 93 - 97 cm height, 3.3 - 3.5 cm stem
diameter, growth and development normally without any pests, diseases and other
mechanical damage. The trees are pruned except the first level branches, observing and
monitoring the appearance of sprouts, hanging labels, marking the sprouts which appear
together within 7 days (from the appearance of the first shoots after pruning).
- Data collection method
After one month of pruning, samples were collected every 15 days with 10 samples
each time. A thin blade was used to cut axils of leaves which are already dark green on
the branches of the same age.
5


Then, leaf axils were put in a special box and brought to the laboratory, soak in
Javel water (in 5 minutes) to remove the pus. After that, samples were cut by a
microsample slicer machine and put on a stereo microscope to observe, record until
flower sprouts appear and emerge from the stem.
2.3.2. Research methods about the effection of technical measures to the growth
and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi
The 5-year-old tree, plants are sown from seed, height 95-100 cm, stem diameter
3-3.5 cm was planted in plastic pots size 40 x 50 cm, a tree per pot.
Experiment 1: The effect of growing medium to grow, develop, flowering and the
quality of Yen Tu Ochna
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: Alluvial soil (control)
F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3)
F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1)
F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1)
The formulas are pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose
of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed

Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each 3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose
of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%,
only one time. Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm. Watering to keep
moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly.
Experiment time: February 2018
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
Experiment 2: The effect of pruning regime to grow, develop, flowering and the
quality of Yen Tu Ochna
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: No pruning (control)
F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for 5 months.
F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months.
F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first level branches.
Experiment time: March 2018
The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure
(ratio 7:2:1); watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once
time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm
twice times each 3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a
month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time. Heat
treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm. Watering to keep moisture, picking up
weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly.
Pruning method: The specialized, clean, rust-free pruning shears with curved
blades, handles, and springs that was used to cut away old branches and leaves which
cover young branches, diseased branches and branches that are unable to flowering.
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2

6

Experiment 3: The effect of fertilizers on stem and leaf development stage of Yen Tu
Ochna.
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: No fertilizer application (control)
F2: NPK 30 -10-10+TE
F3: NPK 20-20-15+TE
F4: NPK 16-12-8+TE
The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure
(ratio 7:2:1); the tree is pruned 5 times; sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each
3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the
plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time. Heat treatment at 240C ±
10C and spray GA3 20 ppm. Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and
preventing pests and diseases regularly.
Experiment period from March 2018 to August 2018 was the growth and
development of stems, leaves, buds, flower sprout differentiation and bud formation
period of the plant
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
Experiment 4: The effect of fertilizers on the bud development and flowering stage of
Yen Tu Ochna
The experiment was conducted with 4 formulas:
F1: No fertilizer application (control)
F2: DAP (18 % N - 46 % P2O5)
F3: NPK 10-60-10 + TE
F4: NPK 9-25-17 + TE
The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure
(ratio 7:2:1); pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20
g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed
Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each 3 days apart; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one

time. Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm. Watering to keep moisture,
picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly.
- Experiment period from September 2018 to December 2018 was the period when
the plants bud from 10% - 50%.
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
Experiment 5: The effect of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on growth and flowering of Yen Tu
Ochna
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: spray PBZ concentration 400 ppm
F2: spray PBZ concentration 800 ppm
F3: spray PBZ concentration 1,200 ppm
F4: spray water (control)
The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure
(ratio 7:2:1); pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20
g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; watered DAP 18:46 with
7


a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea
1.0%, only one time. Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm. Watering to
keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly.
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
-Spray date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018.
-Spray method: Sprayed both sides of Ochna leaves with equal amount of solution
in the late afternoon, twice times two days apart.
Experiment 6: The effect of Thiourea on leaf drop and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.0%

F2: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.5%
F3: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.75%
F4: Spray Thiourea concentration 2.0 %
The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure
(ratio 7:2:1); pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20
g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed
Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each 3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose
of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed GA3 20 ppm and
heat treatment at 240C ± 10C. Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and
preventing pests and diseases regularly.
- Spray method: Sprayed both sides of Ochna leaves with equal amount of solution
in the late afternoon,
- Spray date: December 16, 2018 - 50 days before Tet holiday.
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
Experiment 7: The effect of temperature on flowering time and flower quality of Yen
Tu Ochna on the occasion of Lunar New Year
The experiment consisted of four formulas:
F1: Don't use any heat treament
F2: Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C
F3: Heat treatment at 280C ± 10C
F4: Heat treatment at 320C ± 10C
The experiment was arranged according to the sequential method, without
repeating on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); the tree
are pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time
once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400
ppm twice times each 3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time
once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time;
sprayed GA3 20 ppm. Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing
pests and diseases regularly.

The experiment was arranged with 15 plants/formula. Planting density is 1
tree/pot/2 m2, pot size 40 x 50 cm (pot made of brown plastic).
The heat treatment house is covered with nylon both around and the roof. There
are an automatic 2-way air conditioner, made in China, to increase or decrease the heat
during the treatment time. During the heating phase, the temperature is set at: 24 0C ± 1
8


0

C, 28 0C ± 1 0C, 32 0C ± 1 0C. Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and
preventing pests and diseases regularly.
-The treament date: December 25, 2018 (40 days before Tet holiday).
Experiment 8: The effect of GA3 on flowering concentration and flower quality of
Yen Tu Ochna
Experiment with 4 formulas:
F1: Spray GA3 concentration 20 ppm
F2: Spray GA3 concentration 40 ppm
F3: Spray GA3 concentration 60 ppm
F4: Water spray (control)
The experiment was arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk +
manure (ratio 7:2:1); the tree are pruned 5 times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer
with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then
sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each 3 days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with
a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea
1.0%, only one time; heat treatment at 240C ± 10C. Watering to keep moisture, picking
up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly.
- The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated 3 times, 3 trees
each time. Density 1 tree/2 m2
-Spray date: January 27, 2019 and January 29, 2019.

-Spray method: Sprayed both sides of Ochna leaves with equal amount of solution
in the late afternoon, twice times two days apart in 8 days before Tet holiday.
2.3.3. Evaluation of the effects of synthetic techniques on the growth and
development of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi
- Location: Soc Son, Ba Vi, Gia Lam - Hanoi
- Time: February 14, 2019 - January 14, 2020
- Technical measures:
Technical
Thesis’s method
Traditional method
measures
Age of tree
5 year-old tree
5 year-old tree
Plant date
February 16, 2019
February 16, 2019
Substrate
Alluvial soil + rice husk + coco
Alluvial soil + rice husk +
peat + manure (Ratio 6:2:1:1)
manure (Ratio 7:2:1)
Pruning
Pruning once a month,
Cut down pain, leaving only
continuously for 5 months
the first level branches
Fertilizers in the NPK: 30-10-10+ TE
NPK: 16-12-8+TE
growth stage

20g/pot/time, each time per month 20g/pot/time, each time per
month
Spray
Twice times with PBZ 800ppm.
No spray
Paclobutrazol
Fertilizers in the NPK: 10-60-10+TE
NPK: 9-25-17+TE
flowering stage 20g/pot/time, each time per month 20g/pot/time, each time per
month
Spray Thiorea
Once times with Thiorea 1.5%
No spray, manualy
Heat treatment
40 day beforre Tet holiday, heat
40 day beforre Tet holiday,
treatment at 280C± 10C in 30 days covered by nylon, electric light
in 20 days.
Spray GA3
Twice times with GA3 40ppm.
No spray
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2.3.4. Indicators for monitoring, evaluation and measurement methods
* The monitoring and evaluation criteria are applied according to TCN: DUS
Testing Standards, No. 10 TCN 686: 2006/QD BNN, dated 6/6/2006 of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development.
* Data are averaged for the plants monitored in each experimental treatment,
periodically every 3 days or every 15 days depending on each experiment.

- Indicators of botanical characteristics: including characteristics of stem, leaves,
buds and flowers.
- Indicators of growth and development:
+ Time of growth and development of the variety: calculated from planting to
sprouting, branching, appearance of flower buds, buds and flowering 10 %, 50 % and
80 % (the indicator is measured on the total number of plants monitored).
+ Survival rate after planting (%): total number of live plants / total number of
trees monitored x 100
+ Number of branches/tree (branches): count all level 1 branches/tree
+ Stem diameter: measured 10 cm from the base, when the tree is stable in growth,
using a Palme ruler
+ Number of leaves/branches (leaves): count all leaves/branches at level 1
+ Leaf length (cm): measured from the base of the leaf to the top of the leaf (take
the leaves in the order of 1,3,5 from the inside out)
+ Leaf width (cm): measured where the leaf has the largest width (take the leaves
in the order of 1,3,5 from the inside out)
+ Plant height (cm): measure from the base to the top of the tree
+ Ability to branch: early, medium, late
+ The ability of plants to grow is evaluated according to the following levels:
1. Weak, poorly adapted plants.
3. Plants grow and develop slowly.
5. Plants grow, develop normally, have the ability to adapt.
7. Plants grow strong, highly adaptable.
- Indicators for monitoring flower sprout formation and growth:
+ Time to form flower buds: monitor after observing the sample under the
microscope.
+ Growth of flower buds: monitor sprout size (measure the length and width of
sprouts by eyepiece micrometer) through observations of samples.
+ Growth of buds: when the buds emerge, measure the bud size with a palme ruler,
measure the length and diameter of the buds (10 days once).

- The criteria of flower quality:
+ Bud diameter and bud length: total measured size of monitored buds (cm)/ total
number of monitored buds.
Flower diameter (cm): measured when the flower is fully open
+ Length and width of petals: measured with a palme ruler when the flower is fully
open
+ Length of stamens and pistils: measured with a palme ruler when the petals are
fully open
10


+ Durability of flower pots (days): calculated from when 10% of flowers on the
branch bloom until 80% of flowers fade.
- Indicators of color, fragrance
+ The colors of flowers, pistils, and stamens were observed and compared with the
ROHS standard palette of 920 plant colors made in China.
+ Scent: perceive and evaluate scent by smell
- Indicators for monitoring the level of pests and diseases
The composition of pests and diseases was investigated and evaluated according
to the National technical regulation on methods of investigation and detection of plant
pests QCVN 01-38:2010/BNNPTNT. Pests and diseases were monitored on all
experimental plants.
+ For pests: (Level 1-3)
Level 1: Mild (scattered appearance)
Level 2: Moderate (distributed <1/3 trees)
Level 3: Severe (distributed > 1/3 plants)
+ For diseases: (Level 1-9)
Level 1: < 1% of leaf area damaged
Level 3: from 1-5% of leaf area damaged
Level 5: > 5 - 25% of leaf area damaged

Level 7: > 25 - 50% of leaf area damaged
Level 9: > 50% of leaf area damaged
+ Rate of diseased plants (%) = (Total diseased plants / total number of trees
monitored) x100.
- Indicators of productivity and economic efficiency:
+ Ratio of harvested trees (%) = Total number of harvested trees ×100
Total number of crops
+ Net profit (VND) = Total revenue - total expenses
- Technical measures applied
Non-experimental factors were equally performed in experimental formulas. The
formulas are planted, cared for, fertilized, and prevented from pests using the Ochna
blossom growing and care process of the Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetables.
- Data processing methods
Research data was analyzed and processed based on Excel 2016 and Irristat 5.0
software.
2.4. LOCATION AND TIME OF RESEARCH
Research on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam, Hanoi,
2016-2017.
Research on the time of flower differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna variety at Vietnam
National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 2017 - 2018.
Research on technical measures for planting, caring and regulating growth and
flowering in Gia Lam, Hanoi, 2018 - 2019.
Applying synthetic techniques to the production of Yen Tu Ochna in Soc Son, Ba
Vi and Gia Lam districts of Hanoi city, 2019-2020.

11


CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. AGRO-BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OCHNA VARIETIES IN

HANOI
3.1.1. Morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in the study
The results of the study on morphological characteristics of the stems and branches
of Ochna varieties are presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. Morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi,
2016-2017
Variety
Symbol
Characteristics Stem color
Branching ability
name
MV1
MV2
MV3
MV4
MV5
MV6
MV7
MV8
MV9
MV10

Yen Tu
Ochna

Woody, soft
branches

Light brown

Branching early, long
branches

Hue Ochna

Woody, soft

Light brown

Branching early, long

branches
Cam Ochna

branches

Woody, hard

Gray-brown

branches

Medium branching, short
branches

Se Ochna

Woody, soft
branches

Light brown

Branching early, long
branches

Five-petaled
Ochna

Woody, soft
branches

Gray-brown

Medium branching, short
branches

Giao Ochna

Woody, hard
branches

Gray-brown

Medium branching, short
branches

Vinh Hao
Ochna

Woody, hard

branches

Gray-brown

Late branching, long
branches

Quan Ochna

Woody, hard
branches

Light brown

Late branching, short
branches

Kem Ochna

Woody, hard
branches

Light brown

Medium branching, short
branches

Trau Ochna

Woody, hard

branches

Gray-brown

Medium branching, long
branches

The results of Table 3.1 show that all varieties of Ochna is woody, depending on
the variety, they have hard or soft branches, the stems are quite diverse in shape, usually
the varieties have soft branches (MV1, MV2, MV4, MV5) are more malleable and
dominant than Ochna varieties with hard branches (MV3, MV6, MV7, MV8, MV9,
MV10).
The branching ability of Ochna varieties which will help growers have technical
measures to make Ochna grow and develop as desired.
12


Table 3.3. Leaf growth characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi,
2016-2017
Blade
Blade
Length/
Growing
Symbol
Variety name
length
width
width
direction
(cm)

(cm)
Ratio
MV1
Yen Tu Ochna
15,8±0,4
5,7±0,2
2,8
Oblique
MV2
Hue Ochna
14,6±0,4
5,2±0,1
2,8
Oblique
MV3
Cam Ochna
15,5±0,3
5,4±0,1
2,9
Oblique
MV4
Se Ochna
15,1±0,3
5,6±0,2
2,7
Oblique
MV5
Five-petaled Ochna
15,1±0,4
5,8±0,1

2,6
Horizontal
MV6
Giao Ochna
14,8±0,3
4,8±0,2
3,1
Oblique
MV7
Vinh Hao Ochna
15,5±0,4
5,5±0,1
2,8
Oblique
MV8
Quan Ochna
15,4±0,3
5,2±0,1
3,0
Oblique
MV9
Kem Ochna
14,5±0,4
5,1±0,2
2,8
Oblique
MV10
Trau Ochna
15,7±0,4
5,6±0,1

2,8
Horizontal
The results of Table 3.3 when monitoring the leaf blade length, show that the differ
so much between all of varieties, Ochna leaves have a length ranging from 14.5 - 15.8
cm, the varieties have a leaf blade length longger than 15cm are MV1, MV3, MV4,
MV5, MV7, MV8 and MV10, the remain 3 varieties with leaf blade length less than
15cm are MV2, MV6 and MV9.
Table 3.4. Bud characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017
Bud
Bud
Symbol
Variety name
Bud shape Bud color
length
diameter
(cm)
(cm)
Yen Tu Ochna
Oval
Green
1,23±0,01
0,78±0,01
MV1
brown
Hue Ochna
Elip
Green
1,20±0,01
0,75±0,01
MV2

brown
Cam Ochna
Elip
Light
1,17±0,01
0,73±0,02
MV3
brown
Se Ochna
Oval
Light
1,15±0,01
0,70±0,01
MV4
brown
Five-petaled
Green
MV5
Elip
1,19±0,01
0,73±0,01
Ochna
brown
Giao Ochna
Elip
Green
1,19±0,01
0,74±0,01
MV6
brown

Vinh Hao Ochna
Elip
Light
1,17±0,01
0,73±0,01
MV7
brown
Quan Ochna
Oval
Light
1,18±0,02
0,74±0,02
MV8
brown
Kem Ochna
Elip
Light
1,17±0,01
0,74±0,02
MV9
brown
Trau Ochna
Elip
Green
1,20±0,01
0,75±0,01
MV10
brown
13

The results in Table 3.4 show that the bud has oval shape of Ochna such as MV1,
MV4 or ellip shape is MV9, MV10 with pointed at the top are characteristic of each
breed. In addition, the color of buds is also different with two colors: light brown MV3,
MV4 and green-brown MV1, MV2 representing each variety.
The data on flower morphological characteristics of the studied Ochna varieties are
presented in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5. Flower morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam Hanoi, 2016-2017
Number Number Sepal and
Symbol
Variety name
Fragrance
of sepal of petal petal shape
MV1
Yen Tu Ochna
5
5
Round
Yes
MV2
Hue Ochna
5
5
Round
Yes
MV3
Cam Ochna
5
5
Round

No
MV4
Se Ochna
5
5
Oval
No
MV5
Five-petaled Ochna
5
5
Round
No
MV6
Giao Ochna
5
8
Oval
No
MV7
Vinh Hao Ochna
5
5
Round
Yes
MV8
Quan Ochna
5
5
Oval

No
MV9
Kem Ochna
5
6
Round
No
MV10
Trau Ochna
5
5
Round
No
The results in Table 3.5 show that the flower morphological characteristics are
different in shape of sepals, petals and fragrance. Specifically in the study, the oval shape
of the sepal and petal is only found in MV4, MV6 and MV8, the rest are round shape
(MV1, MV2, MV3, MV5, MV7, MV9, MV10). The fragrance of flowers is available in
3 varieties: MV1, MV2 and MV7, the rest are not fragrant (MV3, MV4, MV5, MV6,
MV8, MV9, MV10).
The number of sepals of all varieties is the same with 5 sepals, but the number of
petals is different, like Kem Ochna (MV9) has 6 petals and Giao Ochna (MV6) has 8
petals, the rest are all 5 petals.
Stamens and pistil are the two main components in the structure of flowers which
create Ochna fruits, the results of Table 3.8 show that the length of the stamens and
pistils as well as the color of the stamens and pistil are different between varieties.
Table 3.8. Stamens and pistil characteristics of Ochna varieties
in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017
Stamens
Pistil
Stamens

Symbol
Variety name
length
length
Pistil color
color
(cm)
(cm)
Lemon
Orange MV1
Yen Tu Ochna
0,92±0,01 1,70±0,01
yellow
yellow
Lemon
Orange MV2
Hue Ochna
0,81±0,02 1,64±0,02
yellow
yellow
Orange MV3
Cam Ochna
0,81±0,01 1,66±0,01
Dark yellow
yellow
14


Symbol

Variety name

Stamens
length
(cm)

Pistil
length
(cm)

Stamens
color

Pistil color

Orange Dark yellow
yellow
Orange MV5
Five-petaled Ochna 1,00±0,01 2,00±0,01
Dark yellow
yellow
Orange MV6
Giao Ochna
0,81±0,01 1,59±0,01
Dark yellow
yellow
Lemon
Orange MV7
Vinh Hao Ochna
0,78±0,01 1,62±0,01

yellow
yellow
Orange MV8
Quan Ochna
1,00±0,02 1,68±0,01
Dark yellow
yellow
Light
MV9
Kem Ochna
1,00±0,01 1,70±0,01
Light yellow
yellow
Orange MV10
Trau Ochna
1,15±0,01 2,02±0,01
Dark yellow
yellow
Almost all Ochna varieties have a longer pistil length than the stamens, and
different varieties have different pistil lengths. Monitoring 10 varieties showed that the
stamens length ranged from 1.59 to 2.02 cm, the shortest was MV6 1.59 cm and the
longest was MV10 2.02 cm. The remain varieties have average length in range 1.70 2.02 cm, such as MV1 and MV10 are 2.02 cm.
3.1.2. Growth and development characteristics of Ochna varieties
Growth and development characteristics of the variety are closely related to the
genetic characteristics of each variety (Hoang Minh Tan et al., 2006). In which, the
indicators of number of branches, number of leaves, diameter of branches... are
important indicators which help evaluate the growth and development of Ochna
varieties.
Table 3.9. Growth characteristics of Ochna varieties
in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016 – 2017

Number of
Growth Number of
leaves/the
ability the first level Branching
Symbol
Variety name
length (cm)
first level
branches
(1-7)
branch
MV1
Yen Tu Ochna
7
12,8±0,2
7,8±0,1
21,1±0,1
MV2
Hue Ochna
7
12,1±0,1
8.0±0,1
18,6±0,1
MV3
Cam Ochna
5
10,2±0,2
8,3±0,1
19,0±0,2
MV4

Se Ochna
5
11,3±0,1
8,2±0,2
19,8±0,1
MV5 Five-petaled Ochna
7
12,2±0,1
8,1±0,1
20,1±0,1
MV6
Giao Ochna
5
11,3±0,1
8,1±0,1
19,8±0,2
MV7
Vinh Hao Ochna
5
11,4±0,1
8,6±0,1
19,8±0,1
MV8
Quan Ochna
7
12,2±0,1
8,1±0,1
18,6±0,2
MV9
Kem Ochna

5
11,1±0,2
8,2±0,2
19,1±0,1
MV10
Trau Ochna
5
11,0±0,1
8,0±0,1
18,3±0,1
MV4

Se Ochna

0,82±0,01 1,68±0,02

15


Evaluation of 10 Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, the data in Table 3.9 show
that the varieties in the study all grew well, none of which were weak or poorly adapted.
There were 6 varieties like MV3, MV4, MV6, MV7, MV9, MV10 at level 5 (normal
growth and development, capable of adapting) and 4 varieties at level 7 (plant with
strong growth and high adaptability) are MV1, MV2, MV5, MV8.
The results of research on agro-biological characteristics of 10 Ochna varieties
shows that all varieties are adaptable, capable of growing, developing and flowering in
Hanoi. However, the biggest disadvantage of them when is grown in natural conditions
in Hanoi is bloomming after Tet holiday.
3.1.5. Flower sprout differentiation characteristics of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi
The results of research on flower sprout formation of Yen Tu Ochna are presented

in Table 3.15. Leaf axillary anatomy shows that when the buds reached 75 days of age
(May 5), flower buds still not appeared until it reaches 85 days.
Table 3.15. Size and characteristics of flower buds of Yen Tu Ochna according to
shoot age in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2017 – 2018
Flower bud size (µm)
Shoot age
Flower bud characteristics
(day)
Length
Width
75(5/5)
Not formed yet
85(15/5)
30,5±1,5
24,0±1,2
Formed with block shape
Formed with slightly obtuse block
100(30/5)
37,1±2,0
28,9±1,5
shape
115(15/6)
46,2±2,0
37,5±1,5
Formed with round block shape
The groomy little round inside the
130(1/7)
56,9±2,2
46,2±1,4
round block

145(15/7)
72,6±3,0
61,1±2,2
The little round inside the round block
The clearly little round inside the round
160(4/8)
82,4±3,2
70,2±2,1
block
The sprout emerge from leaf axil and
175(19/8)
develop to flower bud
Based on research results of the differentiation and formation of flower sprouts,
technical measures should annual apply such as pruning at the beginning of the year
(about a month after planting) and changing the suitable medium for the plant
3.2. EFFECT OF TECHNICAL MEASURES ON THE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI
3.2.1. Effect of substrate on growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna
After being uprooted, which the Ochna tree was planted in a pot or transferred to
a replace pot with new substrate has greatly affected the survival rate of the tree.
According to this monitoring indicator, the results in Table 3.17 show that the survival
rate ranges from 83.3 - 92.2%. And Formula 4 (Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure)
gave the highest survival rate 92.2% and the lowest was Formula 1 (Control) 83.3%.
The remaining Formula 2 (Alluvial soil + rice husk) 85.5% and Formula 3 (Alluvial soil
+ rice husk + manure) 89.8%.

16


Table 3.17. Effect of substrate on survival rate and growth stage time of Yen Tu

Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Number of days from planting to…
Survival
Formula
Blooming
Green
Budding
Blooming
rate (%)
anise
50%
100%
30%
F1
83,3
18
270
374
385
F2
85,5
15
269
368
380
F3
89,8
14
267
367

378
F4
92,2
13
260
360
371
CV%
11
11,2
10,5
LSD0,05
5,5
7,5
8,5
Note: F1: Alluvial soil (control); F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3)
F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1)
F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1)
The data presented in Table 3.18 shows that F4 (Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir
+ manure) gives the highest results. The monitoring indicators all increased compared
to the control formula.
Table 3.18. Effect of growing medium to growth dynamic of Ochna branch length
(cm) in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Unit: cm
The final
Formula
Start day After 30 days After 60 days After 90 days
branch
F1
3,1

5,1
7,0
10,1
17,8
F2
3,1
5,3
7,5
12,5
19,3
F3
3,2
5,4
7,6
12,7
19,4
F4
3,1
5,9
8,8
14,2
23,1
CV%
11,3
10,6
LSD0,05
3,1
4,5
Note: F1: Alluvial soil (control); F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3)
F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1)

F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1)
3.2.2. Effect of pruning measures on growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna
Research results on the effect of pruning measures on height growth of Yen Tu
Ochna are presented in Table 3.20.
Table 3.20. Effects of pruning measures on height growth of Yen Tu Ochna in
Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Research time
Formula
March, 5
April, 5
June, 5
August, 5 November, 5
F1
96,7
98,9
102,1
104,5
112,8
F2
95,8
99,3
104,2
108,8
115,8
F3
96,7
99,1
102,3
106,7
113,9

F4
96,6
99,1
102,5
106,8
113,8
Note: F1: No pruning (control); F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for 5 months.
F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months; F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first
level branches.
17


The study results of the pruning regime effect on the growth dynamics of stem
diameter in the experimental formulas are presented in Table 3.21.
Table 3.21. Effect of pruning measures on stem diameter growth of Yen Tu
Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Unit: cm
Research time
Formula
March, 5
April, 5
June, 5
August, 5 November, 5
F1
3,50
3,61
3,74
3,93
4,22
F2

3,47
3,62
3,95
4,37
5,21
F3
3,49
3,60
3,75
3,97
4,41
F4
3,48
3,61
3,76
3,98
4,43
CV%
10,5
11
LSD0,05
0,04
0,09
Note: F1: No pruning (control); F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for 5 months.
F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months; F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first
level branches.
On November, 5 the highest stem diameter was formula 2 plants at 5.21 cm,
followed by formula 4 at 4.43 cm, formula 3 was 4.41 cm and finally formula 1 was
4.22 cm. Thus, different pruning measures made different parameters of stem diameter.
3.2.3. Effect of fertilizers on the leaves and flower buds growth stage of Yen Tu

Ochna
Evaluation of fertilizer effects on growth of stem, leaves and flower sprouts of Yen
Tu Ochna is presented in Table 3.24.
Table 3.24. Fertilizer effects on growth parameters of Yen Tu Ochna
in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Stem diameter
Plant
Number of
Number of
Formula
(cm)
height(cm)
leaves/branch
buds/plant
F1
4,40
115,5
33,6
15,3
F2
5,31
117,7
36,2
18,0
F3
4,42
115,9
33,8
16,0
F4

4,43
116,1
33,9
15,7
CV%
8,8
9,5
7,9
LSD0,05
0,9
2,0
2,63
Note: F1: No fertilizer (Control); F2: NPK:30 -10-10+TE
F3: NPK:20-20-15+TE; F4: NPK:16-12-8+TE
Experiment period: From March to August 2018
In leaf growth and flower sprout formation stage, the usage of fertilizer (NPK: 3010-10+TE) with dose of 20g/pot/plant is applied once a month from March (after the first
pruning) until August when 10% buds appeared are best formula for Yen Tu Ochna. The
tree reach height 117.7cm, stem diameter 5.31cm and 36.2 leaves and 18 buds/ tree.
3.2.4. Effect of fertilizers on the bud development and flowering stage of Yen Tu
Ochna
The data in table 3.25 shows that the number of buds/plant ranges from 91.7 - 94.3
buds, F2 (NPK:10-60-10+TE) gives the highest number of buds/plant at 94.3 buds,
18


followed by 94.3 buds/plant F3 (DAP 18% N - 46% P2O5) 91.9 buds, F4 (NPK: 9-2517 +TE) was 92.0 buds and the control treatment was the lowest 90.0 buds/plant. The
experimental treatments that showed a significant difference at the 95% confidence level
in the number of buds/plant of F2 compared with other treatments.
Conclusions, in the vegetative growth period (bud development and flowering
stage of Yen Tu Ochna), NPK:10-60-10+TE fertilizer was used at a dosage of

20g/pot/month is the most appropriate. for Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi.
Table 3.25. Effects of fertilizers on quantity, quality of buds and flowering rate of
Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Number of
Bud length
Bud diameter
Flowering rate
Formula
buds/plant
(cm)
(cm)
(%)
F1
91,0
1,20
0,76
88,0
F2
94,3
1,27
0,90
92,5
F3
91,9
1,23
0,79
89,1
F4
92,0
1,23

0,80
89,2
CV%
9,0
8,8
LSD0,05
2,0
2,5
Note: F1: No fertilizer (Control); F2: NPK:10-60-10+TE
F3: DAP: 18%N - 46% P2O5; F4: NPK:9-25-17 +TE
The experimental was crarried on September to December 2018.
3.2.5. Effect of Paclobutrazol on growth, flowering and flower quality of Yen Tu
Ochna
The results of this study are presented in Table 3.27.
In terms of stem diameter, it showed that: F2 (concentration 800 ppm) had the
widest stem diameter 5.40 cm, F4 (control without spraying) was 4.43 cm, F1
(concentration of 400 ppm) was 4.47 cm and F3 (concentration 1.200 ppm) 4.46 cm.
The difference between F2 (concentration 800 ppm) and F4 (control) is significant at
the 95% statistical level.
Table 3.27. Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration (PBZ) on growth parameters
and number of buds of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Number of
Formula
Stem diameter (cm)
Plant height (cm)
bud/plant
F1
4,47
118,0
91,9

F2
5,40
119.7
94,0
F3
4,47
117,9
91,7
F4
4,43
117,7
88,2
CV%
10,2
11
10,4
LSD0,05
0,84
2,0
5,2
Note: F1: spray PBZ 400 ppm; CT 2: spray PBZ 800 ppm
CT 3: spray PBZ 1.200 ppm; CT 4: Control - no spray
Spraying date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018
The study results on the effect of Paclobutrazol treatment concentration on the
flowering ability and flowering rate of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.28.

19


Table 3.28. Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration on flowering ability of Yen Tu

Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Indicators Number of days from the spraying day to…
Number
Flowering of day to
Budding
Budding
Flowering
10% date
Tet
10%
90%
10%
Formula
holiday
F1
60
226
237
11/2/2019
-7
F2
55
223
232
6/2/2019
-2
F3
62
229
241

15/2/2019
-11
F4 (C)
68
235
250
24/0/2019
-20
CV%
9,5
10,5
LSD0,05
12
17
Notes: F1: spray PBZ 400 ppm; F2: spray PBZ 800 ppm
F3: spray PBZ 1.200 ppm; F4: Control - no spray
Spraying date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018
Conclusions, F2 which treated with Paclobutrazol 800 ppm was the most suitable for
flowering because it is blooming 2 days after Tet. The results were statistically significant
at 95% compared to the control. This result also serves as a basis for the topic of further
studies that Yen Tu Ochna can flowering on the right occasion of the Lunar New Year.
3.2.6. Effect of Thiourea concentration on deciduous and flower quality of Yen Tu
Ochna
Research results on the effect of Thiourea concentration on the ability to deciduous
of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.30.
After Thiourea treatment, it was shown that the number of leaves falling reached
50% at F4 (concentration 2.0 %) at the earliest 4.7 days, followed by F3 (concentration
1.75%) 5.2 days, and F2 (concentration concentration). 1.5%) 6.7 days and F1
(concentration 1.0%) 8.3 days at the latest, showed that Thiorea concentration had a very
clear influence on the time of deciduous on Ochna.

Table 3.30. Effect of Thiourea concentration on deciduousness of Yen Tu Ochna
in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Number
of days after
Burned
Indicators
Morphological
spaying Thiourea
bud
characteristics of buds after
rate
Shedding Shedding
spraying
Formula
(%)
50%
100%
The buds are round with
0
8,3
14,2
F1
natural brown
The buds are round with
0
6,7
10,2
F2
natural brown
The bud is slightly flattened,

25
5,2
8,1
F3
the bud tip is slightly burned
The bud is flattened, the bud
50
4,7
7,8
F4
tip is burned
CV%
9,3
LSD0,05
2,0
Note: F1: Spray Thiourea 1.0%; F2: Spray Thiourea 1.5%
F3: Spray Thiourea 1.75%; F4: Spray Thiourea 2.0 %
Spraying date: December 16, 2018
20


Conclusions, treamnent with Thiorea 1.50% is most suitable formula for Yen Tu
Ochna trees in deciduousness as well as the best quality of buds.
3.2.7. Effect of temperature on the flowering of Yen Tu Ochna on the occasion of
Lunar New Year
The results of the study on the effect of temperature on the budding ability of Yen
Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.32. It shows that F3 (temperature 28 0C ± 1 0C) gave
the highest number of buds with 95.2 buds/tree., followed by F4 (temperature 32 0C ±
1 0C) 90.0 buds/plant, F2 (temperature 24 0C ± 1 0C) 92.0 buds/plant and F1 (Control)
to naturally at least 88 buds. /tree.

Table 3.32. Effect of temperature on the number and time of budding and
flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Number of
Number of
days from
days from
Flowering
Number of heat treatment
heat
Flowering
Formula
10% date to
buds/plant to maximum treatment to 10% date
Tet holiday
budding
flowering
(90%)
10%
F1
88,0
52
62
26/2 /2019
-22
F2
92,0
41
52
16/2 /2019
-12

F3
95,2
30
38
02/2 /2019
+2
F4
90,0
25
30
25/1 /2019
-21
CV%
11,2
LSD0,05
1,8
Notes: F1: to be natural, not processed; F2: Temperature 240C ±10C
CT3: Temperature 280C ±10C; CT4: Temperature 320C ±10C
Processing time December 25, 2018 – January 24, 2019
3.2.8. Effect of GA3 on flowering and quality of Yen Tu Ochna flowers
Research results in Table 3.34 shows that all GA3 concentration which were
sprayed are effective and faster than the control formula.
Table 3.34. Effect of GA3 concentration on concentrated flowering ability of Yen
Tu Ochna tree in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Indicators
Number of day from the
Flowering 80%
Flowering
spraying day to…
date to Tet

80% date
holiday
Flowering 50% Flowering 80%
Formula
12/02/2019
-8
13
16
F1
09/02/2019
-5
10
13
F2
11/02/2019
-7
12
15
F3
15/02/2019
-10
15
19
F4 (C)
CV%
10
LSD0,05
2,0
Note: F1: Spray GA3 20ppm; F2: Spray GA3 40ppm F3: Spray GA3 60ppm;
F4: Control - no spray

Spraying time: January 27, 2019 and January 29, 2019
21


Conclusions, GA3 40 ppm allowed flowers to bloom 80% during 7 days after Tet
holiday that meet consumer demand and bring high economic efficiency to producers.
The data in Table 3.35 shows that the GA3 spraying process did not affect to color
and aroma of Ochna flowers compared with the control formula (no spray). Spray and
non-spray formulas still keep Ochna blossoms with their lemon yellow color and slidely
fragrance.
Table 3.35. Effect of GA3 concentration on flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna in
Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019
Durability
Indicators
Flower
Bud
Bud
of the petals
Flower
Flower
diameter length diameter
(Number of
color
fragrance
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
Formula
days)
Lemon

Slidely
0,96
1,34
F1
3,84
4,5
yellow
fragrance
Lemon
Slidely
0,99
1,43
F2
3,96
5,8
yellow
fragrance
Lemon
Slidely
0,96
1,33
F3
3,83
4,3
yellow
fragrance
Lemon
Slidely
0,95
1,32

F4 (C)
3,82
4,0
yellow
fragrance
CV%
8,4
9,2
9,5
LSD0,05
0,08
0,11
1,2
Note: F1: Spray GA3 20ppm; F2: Spray GA3 40ppm
F3: Spray GA3 60ppm; F4: Control - no spray
Spraying time: January 27, 2019 and January 29, 2019
Conclusions, the treatment of GA3 40 ppm stimulated bud development and
flowering more concentratedly than other concentrations and compared with the control
formula (without spraying). Spraying GA3 also did not affect flower quality in terms of
color and fragrance compare with the untreated formulas.
3.3. APPLICATION OF GENERAL TECHNICAL MEASURES IN
MANUFACTURER YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI
3.3.1. Effect of technical measures on the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna
in localities
The evaluation results of general technical measures application for the Yen Tu
Ochna in the localities in Hanoi are presented in Table 3.36.
Table 3.36. Growth characteristics, flowering ability and flower quality of Yen Tu
Ochna in different localities (year 2019 - 2020)
Gia
Soc

Morphological
No.
Evaluation Indicators
Ba Vi
Lam
Son
characteristics
1 Survival rate (%)
98,5
93,2 94,5 Strong stems,
many well2 Plant heigh (cm)
120
117
118
3 Number of the first level branch
13,8
12,5 12,7 balanced side
branches, with
4 Flower bud differentiation rate (%)
100
100
100
green leaves,
5 Number of buds/plant
95,2
92,3 93,5
22


No.

Gia
Lam
97,2
3,9
25

Evaluation Indicators

6
7
8

Soc
Morphological
Ba Vi
Son
characteristics
large buds,
95,2 95,7
beautiful
3,7
3,8
yellow flowers,
22
23
against pests
and diseases,
popular in the
+4

+3
market.
91
90

Flowering rate (%)
Flower diameter (cm)
Durability of flower (Number of
days)
Flowering 10% date to Lunar New
9
+2
Year (Number of days)
10 Flowering rate on Lunar New Year
93
(%)
Note: +: Flowering 10% before Lunar New Year
The evaluation results in Table 4.36 show that Gia Lam, Soc Son and Ba Vi all
have good growth and development indicators such as survival rate 93.2 - 98.5%, tree
height 117 -120 cm, the number of the first level branches from 12.5-13.8, the number
of buds/plant from 92.3 to 95.2 buds.
3.3.2. Economic efficiency evaluation when general technical measures be applied
to the project for Yen Tu Ochna in localities in Hanoi
Economic efficiency evaluation when general technical measures and planting and
controlling flowering be applied to production practice is to determine the technical
measures that can be transferred to production and bring economic efficiency for Ochna
growers. The conclusions of this study are presented in Table 3.37.
Table 3.37. Economic efficiency of Yen Tu Ochna in localities where apply
research techniques
(Calculated on an area of 500m2 with the quantity of 250 pots with 5-year-old

trees)
Floweri
Price/
ng pot Number plant Revenue Expense Revenues
Technical
Economic
in right
of
Location measures
efficiency
Tet
selling (Thousa (Million (Million (Million
(TM)
(times)
holiday
pot
nd VND) VND)
VND)
VND)
rate (%)
Apply
93
232
1.100
255.750 137.950 117.800
1,6
TM
Gia Lam
Traditiona
85

212
1.000
212.500 140.050 72.450
1,0
l
Apply
90
225
1.100
247.500 137.950 109.550
1,5
TM
Ba Vi
Traditiona
85
212
1.000
212.500 140.050 72.450
1,0
l
Apply
91
227
1.100
250.250 137.950 112.300
1,6
TM
Soc Son
Traditiona
84

210
1.000
210.000 140.050 69.950
1,0
l

23