Báo cáo khoa học: So sánh tự giác văn học của Thi Tăng Đinh Lê, Lý với thi tăng đường, tống pot

TRI^T HOC, S 6 2 (225), T H A N G 2-2010

SO SANH "mClAC VAN HOC" CUA
THI TANG DINH, LE, LY vAl THI TANG DUfiTNG, TONG
TifiU Lfi HOA ^>
*
So sanh "tit gidc vdn hgc" ciia thi tdng Dinh, Li, Ly vdi thi tdng Dudng, Tdng, trong phdn
tha nhdt ndy, trOdc hi't, bdi vii't di cap tdi "Nhdn duyin vdn hgc Phdt gido Viet Nam - Trung
Quoc". Theo tde gid, tO giOa theky VII, quan hi giOa gidi Phdt gido Trung Quo'e vd Viet Nam
ngdy cdng mat thii't. Sit giao litu vdn hda Phdt gido ndy khong chi co ich cho viic hgc tap thd
Dudng vd thuc ddy sU phdt triin vdn hgc co dien Viet Nam, md con gop phdn ldm nin cong lao
"vdn tri" (dimg vdn degiO nOdc) vd dia vi trgng yi'u cda thi tdng ba triiu Dinh, Le, Ly.
1. Nhan d u y e n v a n hoc Phat giao
Viet N a m - Trung Quoc
vao thdi ky Dfldng, Td'ng cua Trung
Qud'c, Viet Nam dfldc goi la "An Nam". So
vdi sfl phat trien Phat giao tai cae qud'e
gia thuoe ban dao Trung Nam (Ddng
Nam A) khac, trfldng hdp Viet Nam vd
cung dac thu. Khoang the ky thfi II TCN,
Trung Qud'c da lap quan tai dat Linh
Nam; trong thdi gian dd, tuy cd tfidng
nha Han la Trieu Da tfi lap ra vfidng
qud'c Viet Nam, mud'n sat nhap cac nadc
nhd lan can lai de do'i khang vdi dg' qud'e
Trung Hoa, nhang lai hi diet vong nam
111 TCN. Tfi dd ve sau, Trung Qud'e
chinh thfie thd'ng tri Viet Nam khoang
hdn 1000 nam, cho dg'n khi lap nfidc An
Nam ddc lap d gifia the ky thfi X.
Phat giao dfidc truygn ba tfi An Do vao

Giao Chi rat sdm, nhfing ehi ehinh thfie
ed dfidc anh hadng rong Idn trong xa hoi
Viet Nam sau khi phadng phap Thien
Trung Qudc du nhap vao. Khong ro mot
trong hai dong Thien thdi ky d i u ci Viet
Nam la Ty ni da lau chi (tfic la ddng Vo
Ngdn Thong) cd phai la la'y Kinh va hoc
24

tap vdi To thfi ba cua phai Thien Trung
Qud'c la Tao Dong (?- 606) hay khong,
nhfing sfi phat trien cua ca hai ddng
Thien nay ddu chiu anh hfidng sau sic
eua van hda Trung Qud'c, didu nay khdng
cd gi phai nghi ngd(l).
Giai doan hfidng ve phia Ddng hinh
thanh he thd'ng tfi duy eua dan toe Viet
Nam tfidng fing vdi thdi ky tfl T i n Han
cho de'n Td'ng sd(2) va ci giai doan nay,
giao lfiu gifla hai vflng da't Viet - Trung
khdng chi gidi h a n ci linh vflc ton giao.
"Giao chau" thdi ky Luc trieu cua Trung
Qud'e, do p h i n dong tri thflc danh tieng
Trung Nguygn di lanh n a n tai nfidc Sd,
ma tao ra sfi thuc day manh me phong
(*) Giao sU, Khoa Van hpc Trung Quoc, Dai hpc
Quoc gia Dai Loan.
(1) Xem them: [Nhat] Nhom Ly Dao Diic Hing, Du
V^n Cii dich Dong A Phat giao khai thuyet (Dai
Bac: Hoa Vii xua't ban xa, 1985), The gidi.Phdt gido

danh trQ dich tdng, quyen 56, chiidng 4 'That giao
Viet Nam" (chiidng nay do Xuyen Ban Bang Ve
viet), tr.255-328.
(2) Vu Hii6ng Dong. "Nhiing giai doan phat trien
va mot so' dac trUng ciia lich sfi tii txibng Viet
Nam", Hgc bdo Dgi hgc Trinh Chdu (ban Khoct hgc
Triet hgc xd hdi), so 3/2001, tr.72-77.


s o S A N H "Ty-QlAC V A N H O C - C I J A T H I T A N G DINH, LE, LY ...
trao van hoa, hoc thuat dia phfidng(3).
Cho den gifla nha Dfldng, tham ehi vung
d i t An Nam da ed ngfldi ten la Khfldng
Cdng Phu dd tig'n sy va linh nhsln ehfle vu
tridu dinh quan trong. Sach Todn Dudng
vdn cd ghi lai bai phu Bgch vdn chieu
xudn hdi cua Khfldng Cdng Phu va Ddi
triic ngon ciic gidn sdch. Trong cac tri
thfie An Nam, Khfidng Cdng Phu chinh la
ngfidi d i u tidn ed tae pham dfidc ghi vao
sfi sach Trung Qud'e(4). Nhfing vdi ndn
thd ea coi trong sfi phong phu cua so
Ifidng nhfi ddi Dfidng, qua Todn Dudng
vdn, lai ehi tha'y chep mot "cfi nhan trieu
Y Tdng" khdng ro ten tudi da vig't ra Tha
An Nam sU thi (mot vi quan An Nam
theo ddi nghigp thd) ma thdi(5). Tuy
nhign, dd la nhin nhan tfi gde do Trung
Qud'e, chi la sfi thu thap tuy tien kigu
"long phfidng, vud't lan", chfi khdng ed

nghia la ndn thd ea ban dia An Nam ehi
la mot khoang khdng vang lang.
Vay tinh hinh phat trien thd ea ban
dia An Nam ra sao? Can he gi vdi gidi tu
sy Phat giao khdng? Do khd khan ve tfi
lieu van ban nen de'n nay, moi nghien
efiu mdi ehi dfing lai d mfic suy doin.
Lfl Sy Bing viet Viet Nam thdi ky Bac
thugc tflng la'y ban Dudng thU cfl, mdi va
Todn Dudng thi lam tfl lieu khao sat
ehinh, tap trung nghign efiu "van hda hoc
thuat An Nam ddi Dfidng"(6). Cdn Trinh
Vinh Thfidng, trgn ed sd nghign efiu eua
Lfl Sy Bing, da di vao ehi tidt hdn vd
Tinh hinh phong trao thd ca nhd DUdng
chuyen dich xuo'ng An Nam{l).
Qua
nghign cflu ve thd ca An Nam eua hai t i e
gia nay, dai khai co the quy nap va suy
luan miy diem sau day: Tha nhdt, van sy
ndi tie'ng ddi Dfldng tflng l i n h nan ci An
Nam tinh ra cd Vfldng Phuc Chi, Do
Thim Ngdn va Tham Thuygn Ky, ho hoac

day ehfl tai day, hoac lflu truydn tae
pham, da anh hadng len sii hang thinh
eua van hda hoe thuat An Nam(8); hdn
(3) Toan bp sii lieu lien quan, co the xem: LQ Si
Bang, Viet Nam thdi ki Bac thugc - Mot lich sQ cua
quan he Trung Viet (Hudng Cang: Sci nghien ctfu

Tan A Dai hpc Trung van Hong Kong), 1964,
chiidng 3, tiet 5 "Van phong va hpc thuat Giao
Chau", tr. 1 0 8 - 1 1 6 .
(4) Nhflng van hien va ly giai lien quan den
Khiidng Cong Phu, xem them: Trinh Vinh ThUdng.
Su trdi day cua vdn hgc chUHdn tgi An Nam, (Dai
Bac: Dai Loan thUdng vu an thU quan, 1987),
chiidng 4, thien 2 "Tinh hinh phong trao thd ddi
Diidng chuyen dich xuo'ng An Nam", tr.45-49.
(5) Y Tong trieu eii tii trong Thich An Nam sii thi
viet: "PhUdng Nam khong chon quan lai, do la cai
thua ciia Giao Chi ta. Bi xam lang lien trong ba
bo'n nam trdi, do la cai nhuc eua Giao Chi ta. Nha
Nho thoi lui, ke vii lit thi nhieu len. Quan dung
day ea thien ha, chien tu6ng day vang ngpc. Boc lot
khien dan dau kho, Dinh phan de si huSng loc.
Quan Hiia Xudng oai phong, trung thanh vii diing
hdn het. De'n thi gay gio do van linh cU3i ngUa,
Ngiing thi quay ra nau thit an. Nhiing khi quan
tan ac trcl ve, Ca ngan van gia dinh khoe than.
Tie'ng ihUdng dau dong lang x6m, Khi oan than
thanh mii cao. Ai ma nghe dUdc tie'ng trong tran,
Khong the khong xem mui ten vang. Cang nghi
cang chay nii6c mat, Xa xoi xanh ngat dong song
Dinh". Bdc mgng toa ngon viet "Trieu Y Tong, An
Nam khong con diidc vo ve nfla, lao dong binh dich,
C ke si tii nghe dUde chuyen hai nghin quan Hiia
O
chet b da't la, nen eo thd de cham biem, ngam nga,
biet la ma't chflc, gay chuyen vi nUde minh vay".

Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuo'n 22, quyen 784.
(6) Lfl Si Bang. Viet Nam thdi ki Bdc thugc - Mot
lich sQ ciia quan he Trung Viet (Hudng Cang; S5
nghien cflu Tan A Dai hpc Trung van Hong Kong),
1964, chfldng 3, tiet 5 "Van phong va hoc thuat
Giao Chau", tr.135-140.
(7) Trinh Vinh Thfldng. SU trdi day cda van hgc
chQ Hdn tgi An Nam, (Dai Bac: Dai Loan thfldng
vu an thfl quan, 1987), chfldng 4, tr.42-56.
(8) Lay bai Lu ngu An Nam cua D6 Tham Ngon lam
thi du, viet "Giao Chi thu phong hau, Han tri noan
phuc thoi. Trong dong sdn qua thuc, Chinh nguyet
da hoa khai" (Giao Chi phong tue va khi hau dac
thii. Lanh cham troi a'm giuc t6i. Gifla dong hoa qua
chin, Thang 1 hoa dai n3). "Tich vu sinh hon vu,
Khinh sfldng ha chan loi. Co hfldng du van li, Khach
tfl boi tong lai". Co the thay dfldc tam tinh cua cfl
khach. Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuon 3, quyen 62 (Bac
Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cu, 1960), tr.734.

25


TIEU LE HOA
nfla, cac quan thfi sii hay do hd ddng
quan phdng thu An Nam, nhfl Cha Toai
Ladng, Td'ng Chi Di, Ma Thong, Ma
Thiic, Cao Bien deu ed sang tac(9). Tha
hai, ngadi Dadng thich xadng hoa, ed dd'i
phai ed dap. Qua cie bai thd tang tiin

ban An Nam, n h a Cung Phung Dinh
phdp sU quy An Nam (Cung Phung Dinh
Phap sa trd ve An Nam)(10) cua Dadng
Cii Nguygn, Trung Sdn tdng sU Nhdt
Nam{ll) ciia Tradng Tich, Tiin phdp sU
An Nam Duy Gidm va Tiin Hodng NhU
Tdn trd vi An Nam{12) ciia Gia Dao, v.v.,
ed thg suy doan so' ladng nha thd ban dia
la khdng it, trong dd cd khdng it thi tang,
n h a "sa Nhat Nam", "Dinh phap sa",
"phap sa Duy Giam", v.v.. Tha ba, Sach
Todn Dadng vdn chep mot "cut nhan trieu
Y Tdng" khdng ro ten tuoi vie't Tha An
Nam sU thi, dung thg thd cau nam chfi cd
de quan xuyen cae noi dung nghi luan,
cham big'm, giai biy, v.v., cho t h i y mot sfi
bat d i u eua truyen thd'ng '^ngdn e h f
(dung thd van dg ndi chi) trong sfi phat
trien thd ca An Nam.
Hdn nfla, ngoai viec cac t i c pham ciia
Dd Phu(13), Bach Cfl Di(14), Dadng Hanh(15),

(9) Tflc la'y Cao Biln v i cac tho ca lien quan a An Nam
lam thi du. Bai Xu An Nam nhi ki Dai tU vie't: ' T i n g khu
van ma thiidng thien son, Phong khfl van hoi khuynh
k h i c gian. Kim nhat hai mon nam di^n sfl, Mac giao
hoan tfl phupng lam quan" (Tfl thuc van ngiia len nui
trdi, Gio di may tdi trong choc lat. Horn nay a cfla bien
nhin ve phia nam, ChSng hen ma gio'ng nhu cl ciia quan
ai PhUOng Lam). Ngoai ra co bai An Nam tong Tao biet

sac quy trieu: "Van thuy thiidng mang nhat due thu, Da
yen tham xfl cha co sSu. Tri quan van ly triiu thien khfl,
Vi thuyet chinh nam di ngu thu" (MSy nU3c menh mong
mat trdi s i p ISn, Khoi md xa chim ngoi keu s l u . BiS't
ngUdi van dam ve lai nUdc, de noi viec di phia nam da
nam thu). Xem: Todn Budng thi, cuon 18, quyen 598 (Bic
Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.6919-6922.
(10) Dfldng Cfl Nguyen Cung Phung Binh phdp sii quy
An Nam viet: "Co hfldng Nam Vi$t ngoai, Van ly bach
van j)hong. Kinh luan tfl thien khfl, Hfldng hoa nhap hai
phung" (Ngoai co hfldng Nam Viet, Van U nui t r i n g may.
Kinh luan tfl ta di ve chan trdi, Hfldng hoa nhap vao vdi

26

ngon song). "Lo dao t h a n h phan tri§t, Than cac h6a
t h a n h trung. Tam dao Trfldng An mach, Giao chau hau
da chung". Xem: Todn DUcfng thi, cu5'n 10, quyIn 333
(Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa t h u cue, 1960), tr.3722.
(11) TrUdng Tich bai Sdn t r u n g tang Nhat Nam tSng viet:
"Doc hudng song phong lao, Tiing mon be Ifldng nhai.
Phien kinh thUdng tieu digp, Quai nap lac d i n g hoa.
Trflu thach tan khai tinh, Xuy§n lam tfl chung t r i . Thdi
phung hai nam khach, Man ngfl va'n thiiy gia" (Nha kep
gifla hai ngon nui, Cfla tung cai then dong. Gici kinh tren
la chuoi, Treo ao tang lam rdi hoa. Due da lam gieng mdi,
Xuyen rflng tfl trong t r i . Khi gap khach Hai Nam, Dung
tieng Man (tie'ng ngudi phUdng Nam) hoi nha ai). Xem:
Todn Diidng thi, cuo'n 12, quyen 384 (Bic Kinh: Trung
Hoa thu cue, 1960, tr.4308.

(12) Gia Dao trong bai To'ng An Nam Duy Gidm phdp sii
viet: "Giang kinh xuan dien K, Hoa nhilu ngfl sang phi.
Nam Hai ki hdi do, Cflu sdn lam lao quy. Xuc phong huong
ton i n , Chiem vu khanh sinh y. Van thiiy lo diiu de, Vang
lai tieu tflc hi" (Giang kinh trong dign xuan, Hoa bay vong
tren giUdng ngii. Nam Hai ma'y iSn tdi. Nui cu tudi gia quay
ve d, Mfla tha'm Udt ao, Duong may heo hut. Tin tflc qua lai
it 6i". Bai To'ng Hodng Tri tdn phu An Nam viet: "Tri niiih
t r i m ^m bien. Phi doc khue giang hoa. Dia viin lo xuyen
hai, Xuan quy dong dao gia. Hoa sdn nan ha tuyet, Chfldng
thd ba't sinh tra. Tri quyet thu lai \iM, Tudng phiing ki
thfldng xa" ^ i n h ao chim trong nidu, Khong phai chi co mot
khiic ca giang hoa. Da't rong dUdng xuyen bien. Xuan di
dong mdi tdi nha. Nui liia kho rdi tuyet, Da't cin kho ra tra.
Da quyg't tinh miia thu de'n, Ngay tuong phung con ra't xa).
Xem: Todn Diidng thi, cuo'n 17, quyin 572, 573 (Bic Kinh:
Trung Hoa thU cue, 1960), tr.6639-6665.
(13) D 5 Phu trong ChU tUdng so 4 vie't: "Hoi thu Phu Tang
dong tru tieu, Minh minh phan tam vi toan tieu. Viet
ThUdng phi thuy vo tigu tflc. Nam Hai minh chau cflu tich
ligu. Thu tich t i n g vi dai Tu ma, Tdng nhung giai sap thi
trung dieu. Vigm phong soc tuyet thien vuong dia, Chi tai
trung t h i n duc thanh trieu". (Mat hfldng Phfl Tang kie'm
cot ddng. U linh chfldng khi v i n con xong. Chim phi thuy
Viet Thfldng ching co tin tflc. Xfla tflng dfldc ban chflc Dai
tfl ma. Quye'n binh trong tay bon can vUdng. Tuyet b i e gi6
nam deu da't cliua. Trieu dinh trong cay bac trung lUdng).
Xem: Todn Diidng thi, cuoh 7, quyen 230 (Bic Kinh: Trung
Hoa thu cue, 1960), tr.2512.
(14) Bach Cu Di trong bai Hong anh vu. Thiidng scfn 16

phiing vie't: "An Nam viin tig'n hdng anh vu, S i c tu dao
hoa ngfl tu nhan. VSn chUdng bign hue giai nhu thfl. Long
giam ha nien xua't die than" (Xfl An Nam xa xoi edng nop
con vet do, sic dep nhu hoa dao noi nhu ngfldi. Nhiing ke
tai gioi vSn chUdng cung nhu the', Ldng son biet tdi nam
nao mdi thoat than). Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuo'n 13, quyen
438 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thu cue, 1960), tr.4780.
(15) Duong Hanh trong bai Tong Vuang tu tdi vdng An
Nam viet: "Quan vi thao hai khach, Khach 15 thfly am
thai. Kinh do sa nghi sdn. Kg mirih tign kig'n nhat. Sd sai
hdi trao van, Boi kg't U tinh mat. Vo t h a m Hdp Phd chau,
Niem thu Giang Lang qua't" (Ngudi la khach trgn biln,
Dudng la ai ngudi quen. Gap ca kinh bong tfldng la niii,
Ga gay tha'y mat trdi. Ca t h a n quay chgo vg muon. Kg't
giao nhieu chia tay bin rin. Khdng t h a m ngpc Hop Phd,
Chi gifl lai cay qutft Giang Lang). Xem: Todn Budng thi,
cudn 14, quyIn 465 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960),
tr.5283.


so SANH "TI;GIAC VAN HOC CUA THI TANG DINH, LE, LY ...
Hung Nhu Dang(16), v.v. trong Todn
Dadng thi ed thd bd sung thgm cho luan
didm nhieu van sy ndi tig'ng ddi Dadng
tiing lanh nan d An Nam n h a da ndi, sach
An Nam chi lUdc dadc hoan thanh khoang
thap nign thfi ba eua thg' ky XTV bdi sfi gia
An Nam Lg Tie ghi chep ring, tfi Ddng
Han ddn nha Td'ng, 36 tri thfie Trung
Nguygn bi di day hay quan thuc d An

Nam, tfi cud'i Dfidng ve trfidc chig'm dg'n 33
ngfidi(17); hien tfidng nay ed anh hfidng
den sfi phat trign van hda An Nam hay
khdng cflng dang de tim hieu. Mot diem
dae biet khig'n ta phat hien ra mue tigu la,
trong eac dd'i tfldng dfldc tang thd ndi d
diem thfi hai, thi tang chidm ty le tfidng
ddi cao. Diem nay, neu cd thg phan anh
kdt cau eua nen thd ea An Nam trong viec
ddi chieu van hda Trung - Viet thi se dem
lai mot hfidng tim tdi khdng d i bo qua.
Tfi gifia thd ky VII, quan he gifia gidi
Phat giao Trung Qud'e va An Nam ngay
cang mat thig't. Qua cae bai thd Tien sU
di An Nam{18) ciia Quan Hfiu, Tiin Vdn
Khanh thUdng nhdn di An Nam eua Ly
Ddng(19), v.v. cd thd tha'y boat dong giao
lfiu sdi ndi eua cae sfi tang Trung Nguygn
vdi vung An Nam xa xoi. Vdi sfi tang An
Nam sang Trung Quoc, ngoai ke't giao
rong rai ban hflu, edn la giao lflu vdi
hoang de, cung nhfl vdi ra't nViieu cfl sy
kigm nha thd, nhfl vdi Dfldng Cfl Nguygn,
Trfldng Tich, Gia Dao, v.v. da ndi d diem
thfi ba. Ban than sfi giao lfiu gifla nha sfl
An Nam vdi nha thd Trung Nguygn da
cho tha'y ring, no cd ich cho viec hoe tap
thd Dfldng va thuc d i y sfl p h i t trien van
hoc cd dien Viet Nam(20). Trong bd'i canh
dd, bai viet thao luan vd thi tang (cung

chinh la tri thflc tang) ba triiu Dinh, Le,
Ly ed dfldc dia vi cao quy trong lich sii An
Nam cung khong lam ai bat ngd.

2. Cong lao " v a n t r i " ( d u n g v a n de
gifl nfidc) c u a t h i t a n g ba t r i e u Dinh,
Le, Ly c u a An N a m
Ba tridu Dinh (968-1009), Le (10101054), Ly (1055-1225) eua An Nam tadng
flng vdi Td'ng Thai To nam Khai Bao thfi
nhat cho ddn nam thfi 18 Td'ng Ninh
Tdng Gia Dinh d Trung Qudc(21), la giai
doan d i u cua vfidng qud'c An Nam doc
lap. Trong thdi ky nay, du vd mat van
(16) Hung Nhu Dang trong Td'ng Md phdn quan xu
An Nam vie't: "Cd nhan Giao Chi khfl tdng quan,
flng tieu cuong sinh huy tran van. Tinh die Sai
chau kim nhat sfl, Cflu t i n g do ho trfldng tien van"
(Ngfldi cu tdng quan di Giao Chi, Nen cfldi ke
cuong xong vao tran. Khi tinh ra da la chuyen Sai
chau hdm nay, Trfldc trfldng nghe chuyen xfla tflng
dd hd An Nam), Bai Ki An Nam Md Trung Chiing
vie't: "Long thao nang chi hd phu phan, Van li
sfldng dai ye'm chfldng van. Phien khach ba't tu sau
hai Id, Ba than kim phuc ma tfldng quan" (Tai thao
Ifldc nhfl rong hd, Dai sfldng van li at may chfldng.
Khach bien ai khdng can phai budn vi dfldng bien.
Than sdng nay nep minh trfldc Ma tfldng quan).
Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cud'n 14, quyen 476 (Bac
Kinh: T'rung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.5420 - 5421.
(17) [Viet] Le Tie viei, Vu Thfldng Thanh hieu

chinh. An Nam chi lUdc (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl
cue, 1995), tr.250-269.
(18) Quan Hflu trong bai Tdng tang chi An Nam
vie't? "An Nam thien van li, Sfl khfl thu ha trfldng.
Ta'n hflu viem chau tuyet, Tam vi di qudc hfldng.
Thd'i nha sdn tfldng d'. Qua hai bd pham hoang. Tao
tac quy Ngd ke, Vd vong phu m i u hfldng" (An Nam
nghin van dam, Sfl di xa biet bao. Tdc mai da diem
tuyet Viem chau, Ldng thanh hfldng nfldc la. Rang
rung lam voi nui then. Vfldt bien budm vai tung.
Sdm ed y quay ve Ngd, Khdng quen que hfldng cha
me). Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cud'n 23, quyen 833
(Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960) tr.9393. .
(19) Ly Ddng trong Tdng Vdn Khanh thuang nhdn
du An Nam viet: "Xuan vang Hai Nam bien, Thuvan ban da trien. Kinh thdn tay ban thuy, Dao tfl
phan chfl qud'c, Tinh ha cdng nhat thien. Trfldng
An khflde hdi nhat, Tflng yem cflu ghdng tien".
Xem: Todn DUdng thi, cud'n 21, quyen 721 (Bac
Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.8271.
(20) Vu Tai Chieu. "Nhap the' ciia Phat giao trong
lich sii Viet Nam va sii san sinh, phat trien ciia
van hoc eo dien Viet Nam", Dong Nam A nghien
ci?u, sd 2/2006, tr.65.
(21) Tai day dfla vao Tran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu
chinh Ban Dai Viet svi ki todn thU hieu chinh
( [ ^ ^ ^ X l ^ ' t ^ ^ :^ thupc Ddng Kinh dai hpc
Ddng Dfldng van hoa nghien cflu sci - Hdi ddng
"phat hanh tap chi, 1984 - 1986).

27

TifiU LE HOA
hda hay chinh tri, nha sfi ddu ddng vai
trd quan trong. Vdi tinh trang Tiet do sfi
trung fidng cud'i Dfldng khdng thd khd'ng
che ed hieu qua sii phan khang cua eic
liic ladng dia phadng An Nam, dg'n sau
khi nha Dadng diet vong. An Nam cing
rdi vao tinh trang cae the liic tranh cha'p
quyen liic chinh tri keo dai(22). Do cae
ngdi chua tranh xa dade cie hau qua
tranh chip dd, ngn eac boat dong giao
due van hda phai diia nhidu vao eac nha
sa, "cac nha sa khdng ehi la nha truyen
ba Phat hoc, ma ddng thdi cdn la nha
truyen b i H i n hoc"(23). Trong thdi ky
d i u diing nade An Nam ddc lap, dg'n nam
Thai Ninh thfi 4 (1075) ddi Ly Nhan Tdng
mdi b i t d i u td chfic thi tuyen, xay dfing
he thd'ng quan chfic hanh ehinh(24), cho
nen "van tri" phai dfia nhieu vao eac nha
sfi. Nhfi Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dfic
Niem) dan each ndi ciia hoe gia Viet Nam
Hoa Bing r i n g : "Cae Thien sfi ganh
trong trach van tri, truyen giao, ngoai
giao, ngay ca dg'n edng van thfi tfi gfii nha
Td'ng deu do eac Thien sfi Do Phap
Thuan, Ngd Chan Lfiu, v.v. vig't, do dd ma
ho deu la cac nhan vat thd van kiet x u i t

trieu Dinh, Lg"(25). Ldi eua Hoa B i n g ed
the dfidc xac nhan qua cac sach Dgi Viet
sa ky todn thU, Dgi Nam Thiin uyen
truyin ddng luc, v.v..
Hd Huyen Minh d i n nhflng ghi chep
trong Dgi Nam Thiin uyin truyin ddng
luc ring, eac Thien sfl Dd Phap Thuan
(916-992) va Ngd Chan Lflu (Khudng
Viet, 930-1012), do vai trd va trinh do hoe
thfie ciia minh, nhan dfidc sfi tdn trong
cua cae nha cam quyen luc ba'y gid va
thfie tg', eac nha sfi nay tham gia edng
viec chinh tri trieu dinh(26). Qua viec
Dgi Viet svi ky todn thU ghi ehgp viec di
sfi An Nam cua Ly Giac nam thfi 4 ddi

28

Td'ng Ung Hi (987) co the thi'y ra't cu thd,
md'i lien quan gifla "nha thd bac hoc" va
"ngfldi tai giup vua" trong D6 Phap
Thuan, cflng nhfl vige Ngo Chan Lflu vdi
tfl each "thig'u nghiep Nho" (nha Nho
nhd) tham gia "vige chinh tri, quan sfl
eua trieu dinh" nhfl the nao.
(22) Xem them: Lii Si Bang. Viet Nam thdi ki Bdc
thudc - Mdt lich sit cua quan hi Trung Viet (Hfldng
Cang: Sol nghien cflu Tan A Dai hpc Trung van
Hdng Kdng), 1964, chfldng 3, tiet 5 "Van phong va
hpc thuat Giao Chau", tr. 140-148.

(23) Tai day theo quan diem cua Trinh Vinh
Thfldng. Xem: Sii trdi day cua vdn hgc chU Hdn tgi
An Nam ciia dng, thien 3, chfldng 2 "Van hpc chfl
Han hai trieu Dinh, Le", tr.61.
(24) Xem [Thanh] Nhdm Tran Van Vi bien soan,
Khdm Dinh Viet sit thdng gidm ciidng muc (Dai Bac,
Nxb Thfl vien qud'c lap trung fldng, Hiep hdi kinh te
van hoa Trung Viet, 1969) quyen 3, tr.684-685.
(25) Xem Hd Huyen Minh (Thi'ch Dflc Nipm),
Nghien cOu vdn hoc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet
Nam triiu Ly, hxka van tien si ciia Sb nghien cflu
van hpc thudc vien qudc lap chinh tri Trung Qud'c,
1978, tr. 107-108 va chu thich 5.
(26) Nay xin dan lai nhflng chuyen ghi chep ve Dd
Phap Thuan va Ngd Chan Lflu nhfl sau: "Khdng ro
Thien sfl Phap Thuan chua Cd Sdn la ngflcli the
nao? Ho Dd, hpc rong gidi thd, cd tai phu giup vua,
ndi danh dfldng thdi. Thuci nhd xua't gia, dfldc sfl
Long Thu giup dd. Khi dac phap, ndi ldi nao deu
hdp vdi sa'm vi. Khi nha Le mdi b i t dau sang
nghiep, tru van dinh chinh sach, t h a m dfl nhieu
cdng sfle. Khi thien ha thai binh, khdng nhan
phong thflSng. Le Dai Hanh hoang de lai cing
trpng vpng, thfldng khdng gpi ten ma gpi la Dd
Phap Thuan, ganh vac viec van hpc". ' T h a i sfl
Khudng Viet chua Phat da thdn Cat Ldi b Thfldng
Lac, xfla cd ten Chan Lflu, ngflcli Cat Ldi. Hp Ngd,
eon chau vua Ngd Thuan. Tfldng mao dep de, chi
hfldng phi thfldng. Thdng dao Nho nhiing theo dao
Thich, cung vdi ban hpc tru tri, md chua Khai Qud'c

tren nui Van Phong thu gidi. Do da n i m het cac
diem can ed't ciia sach vd Thien, n a m 40 tudi danh
vang tdi trieu dinh, Dinh Tien Hoang mdi vao
cung, bai lam tang thd'ng. Nam Dai Binh thfl hai
(970), dfldc ban hieu Khudng Viet dai sfl. Le Dai
Hanh hoang dd^ lai cang kinh ll, cac vi§c quan qudc
trong trieu, sfl deu t h a m dfl". Xem Hd Huyen Minh
(Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien cOu vdn hgc Trung
Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan vSn tien
si cua Sd nghien cflu vSn hpc thudc vien qud'c lap
chinh tri Trung Qudc, 1978, tr.108, 110.


so S A N H

"TIJGL^C V A N

HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, LE, LY ..
.

Lin di An Nam nay eua Ly Giac ehi
each l i n d i u di sfi An Nam m i y thang.
Lin trfidc Ly Giac di vdi tfi each tien sy
Qudc tfi giam, cfing vdi Ta bd khuyg't Ly
Nhfide Chuyg't, mang lenh bd nhiem
Hoang de Lg Dai Hanh lam Tig't do sfi
l l n h hai quan thuoe 'Tjo may do ho" eua
nha Td'ng tai An Nam. Vfia la dn dinh
quan hg bign gidi, vfia la gifi gin tfi each,
Hoang dd Lg Dai Hanh trong Ifia chon

each ddn tidp Ly Giac dfidng nhign phai
tigu phi khdng it tri liie. Do Phap Thuan,
mot vi tang thd ea xuat sic, gia trang
thanh "giang lenh" (quan trdng coi ben
sdng) dfia Ly Giac "gioi ban van thd" qua
sdng. Dd Phap Thuan qua nhign khdng
phu sfi uy t h i c nay, khi Ly Giac budt
migng ngam nga, Phap Thuan ben gieo
vin hoa lai b i n g mot cau thd: "Bgch mao
pho luc thuy, Hong trgo bdi thanh ba"
(Ldng trang phd trdn nfidc xanh, Cheo
hdng gat sdng trong), khig'n cho Ly Giac
phai ng trong, khdng dam coi thfidng van
minh An Nam, tham ehi edn ehu ddng
tang lai thd de bigu dat thien y. Cdn khi
Dd Phap Thuan dem thd Ly Giac tang ve,
Hoang de Lg Dai Hanh lien de Ngd Chan
Lfiu giai thich cae y trong dd. Ngd Chan
Lfiu ehi ra trong thd an chfia y coi hai
nfidc ngang nhau, ddng thdi viet ra bai
hat Nggc Lang quy de tiin biet Ly Giac:
"Tfidng quang phong hao cam pham
trfidng, Dao vong t h i n tien phuc dd
hfidng, Van trung sdn thuy thiep thfidng
lang, C^u thign quy Id trfidng. Tinh tham
thiet, dd'i li thfidng, Phan luyg'n sfi tinh
lang. Nguygn tfidng tam y vi bign cfidng,
Phan minh ta'u nga hoang"(27) (Anh sang
lanh gid td't gifidng budm lua, Doi theo
ding t h i n tien trd ve de hadng (qug cua

hoang de, y chi Trung Qud'e), Ngan trung

non nade vadt dai dadng, Dadng vd hfit
dam trfidng. Tinh t h i m thidt, cung nang
chen rfidu biet li, C i m tay nhau long v i n
vfidng. Xin dem y eua ngfidi bidn cfidng,
minh td vdi hoang de).
Viec Dd Phap Thuan va Ngd Chan Lfiu
dd'i dap kheo leo khdng ehi hoan thanh
(27) Doan nay dfldc ghi chep toan van nhfl sau:
"Nha Td'ng lai sai Ly Giac de'n chua Sach Giang
(cdn gpi la chua Sach), vua sai phap sfl ten Thuan
gia lam giang lenh de tiep ddn. Giac rat gioi van
thd, khi a'y ed hai eon vit ndi trfldc mat, Giac thich
thu ngam thd: "Nga nga Ifldng nga nga, Ngfldng
dien hfldng thien nheii" (Hai con vit xinh dep,
Ngfla cd nhin chan trdi). Phap Thuan dem am
"cheo" trong mai cheo ra gieo van lai: "Bach mao
pho luc thiiy, Hdng trao bai thanh ba" (Ldng trang
pho nfldc biee, Cheo hdng gat sdng trong). Giac lay
lam ki la. Khi ve chd nghi, Giac dem thd de tang
lai: "Hanh ngd minh thi tan thinh du, Nha't than
nhi dp sfl Giao chau. Dong do Ifldng biet tam do
luyen. Nam Viet thien li vpng vi hflu. Ma dap yen
van xuyen lang thach, Xa tfl thanh chfldng phiem
trfldng lflu. Thien ngoai hflu thien flng vien chieu,
Khe trach ba tinh kien thiem thu" (May m i n dflpc
gap ngfldi thd gidi dflc day, Mdt than nay hai lan di
sfl Giao Chau. Hai lan tfl biet Ddng dd long edn
vfldng van, Nghin dam ngdng ve Nam Viet van

ehfla thoi. Ngfla dap khdi may vfldt nui trung, Nui
bie'c dan xa. Ngoai trdi cdn ed trdi can nhin rong,
Nfldc dam song tinh thay con e'ch mua thu). Thuan
dem thd dang len cho vua xem. Vua sai tang Ngo
Khuong Viet dpc, Khudng Viet ndi: "Bai thd nay
tdn be ha ngang vdi vua ciia dng ay". Vua vui
mflng, tang qua Giac hau hinh. Giac ta tfl de ve,
vua ha chieu Khuong Viet lam bai tfl de tien, bai
tfl viet: "Tfldng quang phong hao cdm phdm
trUdng, Dao vgng thdn tien phuc de hUdng, Vgn
triing sdn thiiy thiep thUdng ldng, Ciiu thien quy lg
trUdng. Tinh tham thiet, ddi li thUdng, Phdn luyen
sic tinh lang. Nguyen tUdng tdm y vi bien cUdng,
Phdn minh tau ngd hodng" (anh sang lanh gid tdt
gifldng budm lua, Doi theo da'ng than tien trd ve de
hfldng (que ciia hoang de, y chi Trung Qud'c), Ngan
trung non nfldc vfldt dai dfldng, Dfldng ve hut dam
trfldng. Tinh t h i m thiet, cflng nang chen rfldu biet
li, Cam tay nhau long van vfldng. Xin dem y ciia
ngfldi bien cfldng, minh td vdi hoang de). XemTran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu chinh, Hieu hop bdn

Dgi Viet sit ki todn thU {'^W^'XW^'^

> ^

thudc Ddng Kinh dai hpc Ddng Dfldng van hda
nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap chi, 1984 1986) phan "Ban ki" quyen 1, tr. 191-192.

29

TIEU LE HOA
nhiem vu ngoai giao mdt each vign man,
ma cdn dat nen mdng cho md thfie tiep ddn
sfi t h i n Trung Quoc: Ly Giac quay trd ve,
Khudng Viet lam bai hat de tiin. Theo sfi
thu tiep vdi sfi nha Td'ng, nhieu cam tinh
ve thd van. Cii dep cua bai tfi du dg khoe
ngfidi tai, tang thgm sfi tdn trong quoc the,
cd the khuat phuc dfidc sfi phfidng Ble.
Sau dd, mdi l i n sfi phfidng Ble quay lai
deu cd thd tang dd roi sing nhan van, ky
thfie deu b i t dau tfl day ea(28).
Cd the ndi, hai vi phap sfl cd vai trd dd'i
vdi tridu dinh nhfl nhflng quan van. Dac
biet la Ngd Chan Lflu, tai tidn trieu Dinh
Bd Linh, dng da dfldc vua phong la
"Khudng Viet dai sfl"; cac sii gia ghi chep
lai la trieu Ly Nhan Tdng sung Phat, tdn
tang nhan lam qud'c sfl dg hoi viec chinh
sfl, lai ndi: "Gid'ng nhfi Lg Dai Hanh dd'i
vdi Ngd Khudng Viet vay"(29). Tao Si
Bang tfing d i n ldi nay cung vdi mot sii
lieu khac vd hoang de Le Ngoa Trieu de
lam thi du chfing minh thdi dd tang lfl
ddng vai "trieu t h i n " ben canh cie hoang
dg'(30).
Sau nha Dinh, Lg, den trieu Ly tang
nhan cang cd quan he mat thiet va hflu
dung dd'i vdi ngfldi c i m quydn, nhfl Van

Hanh vdi Ly Thai To, Thao Dfldng vdi Ly
Thanh Tdng, Khd D i u vdi Ly Nhan Tdng,
Minh Khong vdi Ly T h i n Tdng, deu la'y
than phan "qud'c sfl" de phu giup ehinh
sfl: "trieu Ly tdng cong cd chin vi hoang
de', ma nam vi d i u tidn (ngoai Thai Tdng)
ddu cd "qud'c sfl" phu chinh, vdi nhflng sfl
thie'u sdt trong sii heu Viet Nam thdi ky
d i u ma ed sfl ghi chep nay, nfldc An Nam
sau khi thoat ly khoi Trung Qud'e ed the
dat ra mot cd sd dflng nfidc eiia minh, thi
ehung ta cd the tfidng tadng ra sfie manh
hd trd ma cac tin dd P h i t giao phai bo ra

30

trong giai doan dau"(31). Sfi quan sat cua
Tao Si Bang v i n la'y nhflng khao cfi diy
du lam cd sd, didu dng noi tdi s^ heu thidu
sot ciing la sfi thfie. Cung bdi vay, cho tdi
nay, viec tang lfl trd giup van tri cho ba
tridu Dinh, Lg, Ly nhfl the nao va lam sao
de didu hda dfidc cac vai trd xuat the,
nhap the v i n cdn dfidc biet den ra't it.
Mac du vay, tfl viec Do Phap Thuan va
Ngd Chan Lfiu tiep ddn sfi nha Td'ng Ly
Giac, chung ta v i n co the n h a n ra nang
liie s i n g t i e va giai thich van hoc la
nhfing nhan td trong yeu trd giup cho nha
c i m quydn. Cai goi la "SU Thudn thi phu,

Tdng sa kinh di; Chdn Liiu ta dieu, danh
chdn nhdt thdi" (thi phu cua Dd Phap
Thuan khien sfi nha Td'ng kinh ngac; bai
tfl eua Ngd Chan Lfiu vang danh mot
thdi)(32) da the hien van tai cua cac phap
(28) Gde tfl [Viet] P h a n Huy Chu. Lich triiu hien
chUdng logi chi, quyen 48; chuyen d i n tfl Tao Si
Bang. Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam ba triiu Ly,
Trdn, Le, dfldc lflu trong Trfldng Man Dao (chii
bien), Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai thfla
van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt gido hgc
thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, t r . l 3 2 .
(29) Tran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu chinh, Hieu hdp
^ ^
bdn Dgi Viet sU ki todn thU {M^9'%'^-^
thudc Ddng Kinh dai hoc, Ddng Dfldng van hda
nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat h a n h t a p chi, 1984 1986) p h i n "Ban kf' quyen 3, tr.251.
(30) Tao a Bang. Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam
ba triiu Ly, Trdn, Le, dfldc lflu trong Trfldng Man
Dao (chii bien). Phat gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai
thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt
gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, tr.132-133.
(31) Tao Si Bang. Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam
ba trieu Ly, Trdn, Li, dfldc lflu trong Trfldng Man
Dao (chii bien). Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic,
Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi
Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, tr.l32147, doan dfldc d i n xem t r . l 4 7 .
(32) Gde b: hpc gia Viet Nam Le Quy Don (17261784). Kien vdn tieu luc. D i n lai tfl: Ho Huyen
Minh (Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien cvtu vdn hgc
Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan

vSn tien si ciia Sci nghien cCtu van hpc thupc viSn
qudc lap chinh tri Trung Qudc, 1978, t r . l l O - i l l .


s o S A N H "TUGLiC VAN HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, LE, LY ...
sfi. Ngoai hai vi sfi Do, Ngo, cdn ed
Nguyin Van Hanh (939 - 1018) ed thd
cho ta tha'y mot hinh thai khac eua sfi kdt
hdp gifla thi tai tang lfl vdi chinh tri. Van
Hanh gioi vig't nhflng bai thd gid'ng nhfl
i n ngfl, sa'm ki, nhfl "Thd mdc tfldng sinh
ngan dfl kim, vi ha mflu nga u i n linh
kham. Dfldng thdi ngu k h i u thu tam
tuyet, Trfle ehi vi lai ba't han tam", eac td
hdp tfl la lung h i u nhfl khdng the giai
doan. Nhflng, cau d i u bai thd nay lai
dung phfldng thflc chig't tfl dg i m ehi ho
tgn, chinh la ke dfl mflu lam phan Dd
Ngan dfldng thdi. Tfldng truyen ring, sau
khi ho Dd doc xong bai thd nay lidn bidt
ring am mfiu cua minh da hi Van Hanh
nhan ra(33). Ndi each khac, bai thd nay
vd'n da big't trfidc doc gia la ai, Van Hanh
lam thd thfie sfi de chfia dfing y dd chinh
tri; viec Dd Ngan sd di doan dfldc ngu y
trong dd cung cho tha'y loai van the nay
cd tinh phd thdng vao thdi ba'y gid.
Didu dac biet c i n chu y la, loai van the
nay ludn lidn quan dg'n sii giai nghia eac
sii kien trong dai. Vi nha, viec Dinh Bo

Linh hi mau sat dadc cho la "so' trdi tii
dinh", tfic la ed sfi lidn quan mat thidt tdi
sim van; ma sa'm van trong sfi t r i n thuat
cua sut gia lai fing hdp vdi nhflng ldi dfl
bao eua tang nhan ve Dinh Bd Linh tfl
sdm(34). Dien hinh hdn nfla la, lich sii md
nfidc cua tridu Ly cd md'i rang budc chat
che vdi sam thi. Than the cua Ly Cdng
Uan (Ly Thai Td') vd'n ed mau sac cfic ki
huyen hoae(35); cung vdi dd, sii giai thich
cua Nguyin Van Hanh dd'i vdi s i m thi ro
rang cang cung ed' cho dia vi thay the hdp
phap cua "Ly" vdi "Lg":
"Ngay xfia, chau Co P h i p thdn Dign
U i n C cay gao bi sgt dinh, ngfidi trong
O

lang doe thay nhfing dau tich ma set dd
trgn cay gao la mot bai thd: "Thu can dieu
dieu, Mdc bieu thanh thanh, Hda dao mdc
laeh, Thap bat tfi thanh. Ddng A nhap
dia, mdc di tai sinh, Chan cung kig'n
nhat, Doai cung an tinh. Luc that nien
gian, Thien ha thai binh" (Gd'e cay tham
tham, Ngon cay xanh xanh, cay hda (lua)
rung dao, Mfidi tam eon thanh. Ddng A
vao dat, cay lai tai sinh, Phia ddng mat
trdi moc, Phia tay sao nau minh. Trong
vdng sau bay nam nfla, Thidn ha thai
binh). Tang Van Hanh tfl binh ring: "Ri

(33) Thd dan va cae ghi chep lien quan xem: Hd
Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien cUu vdn hgc
Trung Qud'c vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan van
tie'n si eiia Sd nghien cflu van hpc thudc vien qud'e
lap chinh tri Trung Qud'c, 1978, tr.114-115.
(34) "Thang 10 mua ddng nam thfl 4 Thai Binh
hflng qud'c nha Td'ng, vua hi ke hau trong cung Dd
Thich giet b cung dinh, nhdm Dinh edng Nguyen
Bac giet h i n . . . Hdi dau, khi vua cdn han vi,
thfldng cau ea b sdng Luc Thiiy, b i t dfldc vien ngpc
Idn, dfla thuyen dd vao ben. Dem ay, de nghi d
chua Luc Thiiy, gia'u ngpc dfldi day spt, ddi sang
dem ban ca. Khi de mdi ngii say, chd spt phat ra
anh sang la. Tang trong chua ben hoi duyen ed, de
cfl thflc ma tra ldi, rdi lay ngpc dfla xem. Tang
than ring: "Nha ngfldi ngay nao dd se phu quy
khdng ai sanh bing, nhflng han la phuc khong
dfldc lau vay". Rdi nam Thai Binh thfl 5 (974) cd
bai sam la: "Dd Thich thi Dinh Dinh, Le gia xua't
thanh minh. Hach dau da hung nhi, Dao Id. tuyet
nhan hanh. Thap nhi xflng dai vfldng, Thap ac vd
nha't thien. Thap bat tfl dang thien, Ke dd nhi thap
thien". Ngfldi ddi cho r i n g dd la sd' trdi da dinh
vay". Xem: [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu chinh. Hieu hdp
bdn Dgi Viet sii ki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh:
'MW^XMk-^
^ ^thugc
Dong Kinh dai hoc,
Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng
phat hanh tap ehi, 1984 - 1986), Phan "Ban ki",

quyen 1, tr.l83.
(35) [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu ehinh, Hieu hdp bdn
Dgi Viet sitki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh:
'W-W^XWi'^
> ^ thudc Ddng Kinh dai hoc, Ddng Dfldng van
hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap ehi,
1984 - 1986), "Ban ki" quyen 2, tr.207.

31


TIEU LE HOA
cay tham tham, r i la gd'e, go'c la d vua.
Dieu ddng am vdi ygu, ngn la ygu. Mdc
bieu thanh thanh, bieu la gd'e, ngon la
than. Thanh vdi tinh g i n nhau, thanh la
tinh, nghia la thinh. Hda dao moc la ehfl
Lg. Thap bat tfi la chfl Ly. Ddng A la ho
Trin; nhap dia la ngfldi phfldng Ble vao
cfidp p h i . Moc di tai sinh la ho Lg tai
sinh. Cha'n cung kie'n nhat, chin la phfidng
ddng, kig'n la ra, nhat la thien tfi. Doai
cung i n tinh, doai la phfldng tay, an la
mat, tinh la thfi nhan. Cau ndi nay nghia
la vua yg'u di be tdi thinh Idn, nha Lg
xud'ng nha Ly thanh lap, phfidng ddng cd
thien tfi, phfidng tay ma't thfidng dan.
Trai qua sau bay nam, thien ha se thai
binh"; rdi ndi vdi Ly Cdng Uan: "Gin day
t h i n thay nhfing diem sam khac la, bie't

nha Ly manh Idn va ta't se hfing nghiep.
Nay xem k h i p trong thien ha, ho Ly
nhieu nhat, nhfing khdng ai khoan hau
nhan thfi dfidc n h a dng, cd dadc long
ngadi. Neu n h a nam quyen binh thi lam
ehu van dan. Ng'u khdng phai dng thi ai
lam ndi viec dd? T h i n nay da hdn 70 tudi,
chi mong khdng chg't sdm dg xem dfic hda
ra sao, thi that la cai hanh phuc nghin
nam mdi ed dfidc va3^'(36).
Tfi chuyen sam thi t h i n bi xuat hien
sau tran dong da't tdi sfi binh luan sam
thi cua Nguyin Van Hanh, rdi tdi viec Ly
Cdng u a n dfidc dng nhiet tam khuygn
bao deu quan xuyg'n mot true sfi kien, dd
la sfi van tae cua quan diem "y trdi tfi
dinh". Trong sa'm vi nay, dau la sfi bigu
hien cua thien y, nhfing ng'u khdng qua
sii giai thich cua Nguyen Van Hanh, cai y
i n gia'u "Lg xuo'ng Ly thanh" ra't khd ed
the nhan ro; ma ldi hoc bach "ehi mong
khdng chet sdm de xem dfic hda the nao"

32

eua dng tfldng dfldng vdi viec cho r i n g , Ly
Cdng u i n thay trdi lat do quyen binh
tidn trieu. Trong toan bo doan mo ta trgn,
dfldng nhfl Nguyin Van Hanh mdi la ke
thuc day cac sfl kien lich sfi; rdi sau dd cd

sii ghi ehgp ke tig'p rang, "Cdng U i n eu
ngfl tiet, khien ki huynh tfldng Van Hanh
nae fl Tigu Sdn, nhign diec di t h ^ tfl phu,
thuy manh ki du t h i n khi chi tam"(37)
(Cdng Uan sd ldi Van H a n h tig't lo ra
ngoai, bao anh dfla Van Hanh vao d an
tai Tigu Sdn, rdi cung tfl phu, bat d i u
sinh ldng mud'n t r a n h de vi) lai cang cho
tha'y vai trd xoay chuyen can khdn cua
nha sfl Van Hanh "thflc dung" va nhflng
sa'm vi cua dng.
Tao Si Bang tflng cho tha'y tinh dae
thu va t i m quan trong eua tinh hinh "dg'
vdi tang cung chung thien ha" ra't khac so
vdi viec Trung Qud'c luc nao cung la'y Nho
gia lam trung tam lanh dao chinh tri va
xa hoi d Viet Nam thdi ky dau doc lap dd'i
vdi lich sii van hda Viet Nam trong cac
nghien efiu eua minh(38). Bai vig't nay
quan tam tdi viec trong tinh hinh dd, tfi
giac cua ban than tang n h a n nhfl the
nao? D i u r i n g , trfldc m i t , eic van hien
ed the xem dfldc la cflc ki h a n hflu, nhfing
tfi nhflng gi Dd Phap Thuan tra ldi Lg
Dai Hanh dfldc chep trong Dgi Nam
Thiin uyen truyen ddng luc: "Qud'c to nhfl
d i n g lac, Nam thign ly thai binh. Vo vi cfl

(36) Sdd., tr.202.
(37) Sdd.,.

(38) Xem: Tao Si Bang. Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet
Nam ba triiu Ly, Trdn, Le, ghi chep trong Trfldng
Man Dao (chii bien), Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai
Bic, Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien
dgi Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61,
tr. 128-130.


so S A N H

"TUGL\C V A N

HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, L i LY ..
f,
.

dign cac, Xfi xfi tfic dao binh"(39) (Van
nfidc nhfi day cud'n, Trdi nam dfidc thai
binh. Vd vi trong cung dien, Ndi ndi dfing
dao binh), ed the thiy, tai thd eua dng
khdng chi dung vao viec phu giup vua,
ma edn ed thg thfla cd khuygn bao dng
chu eua minh tfl bi bao vg ehung sinh.
Cdn tfl nhflng bai thi ke dan dd eua Ngd
Chan Lflu cho den Nguyin Van Hanh:
"Hoc trung nguygn hflu boa, hflu hda hda
hoan sinh. Nhfldc vi mdc vd hoa, Toan
toai ha do manh" (Trong gd vd'n ed Itta, ed
liia liia hoan sinh. Neu ndi gd khdng ed
liia, thi dui la'y l^a d dau ma cd); "Than

nhfl dien anh hflu hoan vd. Van mdc xuan
vinh thu hflu khd. Nham van thinh suy
vd bd' uy, Thinh suy nhfl Id thao d i u
phd"(40) (Than nhfl anh chdp ed rdi khdng.
Van cay xuan tfldi thu lai tan. Thdi cude
thinh suy khdng sd hai, Thinh suy nhfl
sfldng dong d i u ngon co), cd thd thiy, hai
dng ngoai tham ehinh nhap the, edn ed
mat tu hanh tham chfing ban the, khdng
vfidng mac viec ddi.
Thfie ra, xgt trong phd he Thidn tdng An
Nam, vi tri cua Phap Thuan va Nguyin
Van Hanh thuoe vao td thfi 10 den 12 phap
1^ ni da lfiu ehi, cdn Ngd Chan Lfiu la td
thfi tfi eua phai Vd Ngdn Thdng.
Hd Huydn Minh (Thich Dfic Niem)
tiftig dfia vao Nguyin Lang trong Viet
Nam Phdt gido sa ludn ma ndi r i n g ; "Cac
nha thd van tridu Ly [d day ehi nhflng ai
lam thd, van] khdng lu^in la tang hay tue,
cac tap thd van hien cdn du cfic ki it,
nhfing thdi a'y I t phai cd nhfing tac p h i m
lfiu truyen. Cae Thidn sfi dfidng thdi ai
cung cd thi tap rigng, tham chi cd nhieu
ngfidi cdn lam tdi hdn mot nghin bai
thd"(41). Sfi thd'ng kg sd Ifidng kieu "It ed

t i e pham lfiu truyen" hoac "hdn nghin bai
thd" tuy khdng t h i y sfi xac chfing vd mat
van hig'n, nhfing tfi sfi da dang eua thi

thg tridu Ly dfidc dan ra, chung ta cung
ed the t h i y qua sfi thinh dat eua thi dan
dfidng thdi. Nay xin lay tfi ngdn, ngu
ngdn, that ngdn, tap ngdn mdi thfi mot
bai de ehung ta cung nhin lai dien mao
thd thdi biy gid:
Dieu nhdn
Sinh lao benh tfi, Tfi cd thfidng nhign.
Due cau xuat ly, Giai bac thigm tridn.
Mg ehi c i u Phat, Hoac ehi ciu Thidn.
Thien Phat b i t ciu, Do khau vd ngdn.
(Sinh lao benh tfi, chuyen thfidng tfi
xfia. Mong cau xuat li, Giai phdng khdi
moi rang budc.
Ke mg ciu Phat, ke nghi ciu Thidn.
Thien Phat khdng ciu. Im lang chang ndi.)
Hue minh
Tich tich lang gia nguyet, Khdng khdng
do hai chu. Tri khdng khdng giac hfiu,
Tam muoi nham thdng ehu.
(Ving lang trang lang gia ving lang,
Hfi khdng nhfi eon thuyen da cap ben
giac. Bidt le khdng rdi lai bidt lg cd. Dung
tri tam muoi hieu thau tat ca).
Khanh hi
Lao sinh hfiu v i n sic kigm khdng, Hoe
dao vd qua phdng td tdng. Thien ngoai
(39) Din tfl: Trinh \^nh Thfldng. Sit troi day cua vdn
hgc cha Hdn tgi An Nam, (Dai Bic: Dai Loan thfldng
vu a'n thfl quan, 1987), thien 3, chfldng 1, tr.64.

(40) D i n tfl: Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem).
Nghien cvtu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet
Nam triiu Ly, luan van tie'n si ciia Sd nghien cflu
van hpc thudc vien qud'c lap ehinh tri Trung Qud'c,
1978, t r . l l l , 112.
(41) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien
cvtu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam
triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.258.

33


TIEU LE HOA
mieh tam nan dinh the, Nhan gian thfie
que khdi thanh tung? Can khdn tan thi
mao d i u thfidng, Nhat nguyet bao ham
gidi tfi trung. Dai dung hien tien quyen tai
thu, Thuy tri pham thanh dfl tay ddng?
(Nhoe cdng va'n hoi sic vdi khdng. Hoe
dao chang qua noi theo td tdng. K3id long
tim tam bdn ngoai nga, Trdng que chdn
t r i n ai sao thanh rflng dfldc? Trdi dat
treo trgn d i u sdi ldng, Mat trang mat trdi
n i m ea trong hat cai. Cai dung Idn trfldc
m i t n i m trong long n i m tay. Ai big't dfldc
pham vdi thanh, ddng vdi tay?)
Man gidc
Xuan khfl bach hoa lac, Xuan dao bach
hoa khai. Sfl true nhan tidn qua, Lao
tdng d i u thfldng lai. Mae vi xuan tan hoa

lac tan, Dinh tidn tac da nha't chi mai.
(Xuan di tram hoa rung, Xuan tdi
tram hoa cfldi. Trfldc mat viec di mai,
Trgn d i u gia den rdi. Dflng bao xuan tan
hoa rung het, San trfldc dgm qua mot
nhanh mai) (42).
Cac t i c gia cua cae vi du trgn deu la
eac Thien sfl, ma thi nhan dfldng thdi
p h i n nhidu cung "thuoe vao ehd'n ciia
Thien"(43). Hai bai d i u t h u i n tuy la thi
ke truyen dat giao ly nha Phat, hai bai
sau la sfl s i p dat gdp ca kdt cau thd ea
l i n y tfldng. Cflng do d i u thdi Ly, eac vi
vua khdng ai khdng sung thfldng Phat
giao(44), "trgn tfl vua tdi, dfldi tdi eac giai
tang trong xa hoi, da p h i n deu giao
eon(45) em minh cho cae Thien tang giao
duc"(46), cho ngn trfldc khi Ly T h i n h
Tdng (1054 - 1072) ra sfie thuc day Nho
giio, khdng ke cac tang do, eac s i n g t i c
thd ca dfidng nhfi deu la'y thd Thien lam
chu yg'u. Ndi cich khac, ngon gid Thien
da cuon khIp thi dan, cho ngn viec Thien

34

sfi d vao dia vi trong yeu la didu khdng can
noi thgm ciing hinh dung ro dfidc. •
(Con nOa)
N g i f d i d i c h : LE THANH THUY

{Trung tdm Gido due Qudc

ti'UNESCO)

TRAN THUY NGOC
{Khoa Triet hgc, trUdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd
hgi vd Nhdn

vdn, Dgi hgc Quo'e gia Hd

Ngi)

(42) Din tfl: Hd Huyin Minh (Thich Dflc Niem).
Nghien cOu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam
triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.2'32-2333,233-234, 235,237-238.
(43) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien
cOu vdn hgc Trung Qud'c vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam
triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.238.
(44) Dgi Viet sit ki todn thU ghi ldi sii gia Le Van
Hflu: "Ly Thai To' len ngdi, sau 2 nam, tdng mi^u
ehfla xay, xa t i c ehfla dflng, d i u tien b phu Thien
Dflc xay tam ngdi chua, sau dd lai trung tu cac con
dfldng tdi chua, rdi dp cho kinh sfl hdn nghin ngfldi
la tang, nhflng phi tdn ve thd mdc tai Iflc khdng
t h i ndi het... Cac chua sang nghiep, hanh vi cung
kinh c i n kiem, cdn lo con chau sa dpa, the ma
phep ru ao ciia Thai Td' lai la nhfl v^y. Cha trach
ddi sau xay thap cao nga't trdi, dflng cot chua b i n g
da, cung Phat trang lg, long l i y hdn cung vua. Rdi
ngfldi dfldi b i t chfldc, cd ke h i y t h a n the, ddi ldi

mac, bd san nghiep, trd'n t h a n thich, dan chung
qua niia lam sfl, trong nfldc di dau cung cd chua,
ngudn goc c h i n g phai tfl dd sao!". Nhflng binh luan
ciia hp Le tuy dflng tren lap trfldng ciia nha Nho,
nhflng nhiing ldi tren cung phan anh tfldng ddi
chinh xac trieu Ly sd, n h a vua ra sfle ung hp Phat
giao. [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu chinh, Hieu hdp bdn
Dgi Viet sitki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh:

^W^jCW.

•^y if thudc Ddng Kinh dai hpc, Ddng Dfldng
van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap
ehi, 1984 - 1986), "Ban ki" quyen 1, tr.208-209.
(45) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem). Nghien
cihi vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam
triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.239.
(46) Lflu Vii Tich trong Tdn thiidng nhdn vdn tap
tu tflng binh lulin ve sfl hflng thinh ciia thi tang
thdi trung Dfldng: "Ngfldi ddi ndi ve cac thi tang,
da phan deu tfl giang ta" (Lflu Vii Tich. Vdn tap,
quyen 19, Bic Kinh, Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1990,
tr.240). Theo sfl khao chflng Thi tdng giang td sd
ki trung Dudng ciia Thi Nguyen Hanh Cat (Nhat),
bai tfl ciia thi tang sdm nha't xua't hien b Giao
Nhien Thii biet Niidng DUdng thi tdng thieu vi,
dfldc sang tac khoang nSm Dai Lich thfl 10 (Hpc
bao Ddng phfldng sd^28, thang 4 nSm 1958), tr.219.