as 4749 2001 non destructive testing terminology of and ab

Title



Licensee




Conditions of use

This is a licensed electronic copy of a document where copyright is owned or managed by
Standards Australia International. Your licence is a single user licence and the document may not
be stored, transferred or otherwise distributed on a network. You may also make one paper copy
of this document if required.

Web Check-up



AS 4749-2001 Non-destructive testing - Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion
weld imperfections as revealed by radiography
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002
AS 4749—2001
Australian Standard

™
Non-destructive testing—Terminology
of and abbreviations for fusion weld
imperfections as revealed by
radiography
AS 4749
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructive
Testing of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 30 April 2001 and published on 20 November 2001.
The following interests are represented on Committee MT-007:
Australasian Railway Association
Australian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing Committee
Australian Industry Group
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization
Australian Pipeline Industry Association
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Civil Aviation Safety Authority
Industrial Research Limited, New Zealand
Institution of Engineers, Australia
National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia
New Zealand Non-Destructive Testing Association
Society of Automotive Engineers

—

Australasia
TestSafe Australia
Victorian WorkCover Authority

Welding Technology Institute of Australia
WorkCover New South Wales
Additional interests:
NDT Testing Laboratories
Keeping Standards up-to-date
Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and
new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves
they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which
may have been published since the Standard was purchased.
Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards
Australia web site at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standard
in the on-line catalogue.
Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each
year, and the monthly magazine, The Australian Standard, has a full listing of
revisions and amendments published each month.
We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially
encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or
ambiguities. Contact us via email at , or write to the Chief
Executive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney,
NSW 2001.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00088.
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
Australian Standard
™
Non-destructive testing—Terminology
of and abbreviations for fusion weld
imperfections as revealed by

radiography
Originated as AS Z5.2—1968.
Revised and redesignated as AS 4749—2001.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 3906 7
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749— 2001
2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials, to supersede, in
Australia, AS Z5.2—1968, Glossary of metal welding terms and definitions, Part 2:
Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by
radiography.
AS Z5.2 was an endorsement of BS 499: Part 3:1965, Welding terms and symbols Part 3:
Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by
radiography, which has been withdrawn.
This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand
representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard.
The objective of this revision is to upgrade the Standard which is widely used by the non-
destructive testing industry in Australia.
Cognizance has been taken of the International Standard, ISO 6520-1:1998
, Welding and
allied processes


Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials, Part 1:
Fusion welding and AS 2812—1985, Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of
terms.
Acknowledgment is given to Agfa (Australia) for supplying many of the radiographs
contained in this Standard.
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749— 2001
3
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE 4
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 4
3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT
PARENT METAL (TABLE 1)
Excessive penetration 5
Root concavity (suck back) 5
Incompletely filled groove 5
Shrinkage groove 6
Undercut 6
Excessive dressing (underflushing) 6
Grinding mark 7
Tool mark (chipping mark) 7
Hammer mark 7
Torn surface 8
Surface pitting 8
Spatter 8

Linear misalignment 9
4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD (TABLE 2)
Cracks

—

Longitudinal 10

—

Transverse 10

—

Crater 11
Lack of fusion

—

Lack of side fusion 12

—

Lack of root fusion 12

—

Lack of inter-run fusion 12
Incomplete root penetration 13
Inclusion

—

Linear inclusion (slag line) 14
—Oxide inclusion 14
—Tungsten inclusion 15
—Copper inclusion 15
Gas pore 15
Worm hole 16
Crater pipe 16
Porosity
—Localized porosity 17
—Linear porosity 17
—Elongated cavity (hollow bead) 17
—Uniform porosity 18
Burn-through (melt-through) 18
Diffraction mottling 18
APPENDICES
A CODING OF IMPERFECTIONS AND THEIR LOCATION 19
B IMPERFECTION ABBREVIATIONS 20
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749— 2001
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Non-destructive testing—Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion
weld imperfections as revealed by radiography
1 SCOPE
This Standard defines and describes weld imperfections using, where appropriate,

schematic diagrams and reference radiographs, as follows:
(a) Surface imperfections in the weld or the adjacent parent metal.
(b) Internal imperfections in the weld.
It also includes abbreviations for the imperfection types.
NOTES:
1 A scheme for the coding of imperfections and their location is given in Appendix A.
2 Methods of carrying out radiography on welded butt joints in metal are given in AS 2177.1.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
2177 Non-destructive testing—Radiography of welded butt joints in metal
2177.1 Part 1: Methods of test
2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms
3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT PARENT METAL
Descriptions of typical surface imperfections, in or adjacent to a weld, as revealed by
radiography, are given in Table 1.
NOTE: A visual examination of surface imperfections revealed by radiography should be carried
out, where possible, to assist interpretations.
4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD
Descriptions of typical internal imperfections in weld metal, as revealed by radiography, are
given in Table 2.
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
5
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
TABLE 1
SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration

Definition and radiographic
description
Typical radiographic image
Excessive
penetration
(SXP)
Excess weld metal protruding through
the root of a fusion weld made from one
side only
Excessive penetration appears as a
continuous or intermittent light irregular
band within the image of the weld
Root concavity
(suck back) (SRC)
A shallow groove which may occur in the
root of a butt weld
Root concavity appears in the radiograph
as a series of dark areas along the centre
of the weld varying in density according
to the depth of the imperfection
Incompletely filled
groove (SGI)
A continuous intermittent channel in the
surface of the weld, running along its
length, due to insufficient weld metal.
The channel may be along the centre or
along one or both edges of the weld
An incompletely filled groove shows in
the radiograph as a dark band or dark
patches within the image of the weld.

(continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
6
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration
Definition and radiographic
description
Typical radiographic image
Shrinkage groove
(SGS)
A shallow groove caused by contraction
in the metal along each side of a
penetration bead
The radiograph shows each groove as a
dark band varying in density according to
its depth. It should not be confused with
undercut
NOTE:

Although a shrinkage groove may
show in the radiograph it may not be possible
to detect it visually if a backing strip is used.
(a)
Undercut (SUC)
(b)
An irregular groove at a toe of a run in
the parent metal or in previously

deposited weld metal, due to welding
Undercut appears in the radiograph as a
dark irregular band, in a position
adjacent to the toe of a weld run. Its
image may, therefore, occur within the
weld image
Excessive dressing
(underflushing)
(SED)
A reduction in metal thickness caused by
the removal of the surface of a weld and
adjacent areas to below the surface of the
parent metal
The imperfection produces a
characteristic appearance of dark areas
with diffuse edges
(continued)
TABLE 1 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
7
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration
Definition and radiographic
description
Typical radiographic image
Grinding mark
(SMG)

Grooves in the surface of parent metal or
of a weld made by a grinding wheel or
surfacing tool
A grinding mark, if of sufficient depth,
may give a radiographic appearance in
the form of parallel dark lines
Tool mark
(chipping mark)
(SMT)
An indentation in the surface of the
parent metal or a weld, resulting from the
application of a tool, e.g. a chipping tool,
during preparation or dressing
Imperfections produce dark shadows of
corresponding shape, usually with
straight edges
Hammer mark
(SMH)
An indentation in the surface of the
parent metal or a weld due to a hammer
blow
A hammer mark produces a dark shadow
of corresponding shape in the radiograph
(continued)
TABLE 1 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
8
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and

abbreviation
Schematic illustration
Definition and radiographic
description
Typical radiographic image
Torn surface (STS) A surface irregularity formed due to the
breaking off of temporary attachments
The radiographic appearance corresponds
in outline to that of the affected area and
may be either light or dark, depending on
whether the tack or the parent metal has
been torn
Surface pitting
(SPT)
An imperfection in the surface of the
parent metal usually in the form of small
depressions
Surface pits may be so close to a weld as
to be mistaken in the radiograph for a
welding imperfection
Surface pitting appears in the radiograph
as small dark images. It usually shows in
the image of the parent metal only but
may encroach on the weld image area in
asymmetric welds
Spatter (SSP) Globules of metal, expelled during arc
welding, on the surface of parent metal
or on the weld
Spatter appears in the radiograph as
small light spots. It is generally seen in

the image of the parent metal, but may be
in the image of the weld
(continued)
TABLE 1 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
9
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration
Definition and radiographic
description
Typical radiographic image
Linear
misalignment
(HiLo)
A misalignment of the pieces to be
welded
TABLE 1 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
10
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
TABLE 2
INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image
Cracks:

—longitudinal (KL)
Generally, planar imperfections produced by
incomplete fracture. Cracks may be longitudinal
or transverse located in the weld metal or parent
metal at the edge, crater, centre-line, fusion
zone or underbead
—transverse (KT)
Cracks are revealed in a radiograph as fine dark
lines, which may sometimes be diffuse but are
generally discontinuous. The detection of a
crack is dependent on its orientation relative to
the source of radiation. Divergence from the
optimum orientation results in a broadening of
the shadow which may become difficult to
recognize or be entirely lost
(continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
11
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image
—crater (KC) A crack in the end crater of a weld
It may be—
(a) longitudinal;
(b) transverse; or
(c) radiating, also referred to as a ‘star crack’
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)

Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
12
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image
Lack of fusion: Lack of union in a weld
The detection of lack of fusion depends on its
orientation with respect to the beam direction

—

lack of side fusion
(LS)
Lack of union between weld metal and parent
metal at a side of a weld
Its image appears in the radiograph as a dark
straight line or band, depending on beam
direction, and may be continuous or
discontinuous

—

lack of root fusion
(LR)
Lack of union at the root of a joint
Its image appears in the radiograph as a dark
line along or near the centre of the weld image

—

lack of inter-run
fusion (LI)
Lack of union between adjacent runs of weld
metal in a multi-run weld
When revealed in the radiograph it appears as a
faint dark line with sharply defined edges.
When this imperfection occurs as illustrated in
the sketch, it might not be clearly indicated in
the radiograph
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
13
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image
Incomplete root
penetration (LP)
Failure of the weld metal to extend into the root
of a joint
Incomplete root penetration appears in the
radiograph as a dark continuous or intermittent
linear shadow, the edges of which may be
straight or irregular
In close square butt joints, or other joints with
no root gap, it may appear as a single

continuous or intermittent dark line
Inclusion (IN): Slag or other foreign matter entrapped during
welding. An inclusion is usually more irregular
in shape than a gas pore
The radiographic appearance of an inclusion
may show variations in density within the image
itself, which in turn may be either light, if it is a
metallic inclusion, or dark, if it is a non-
metallic inclusion
A large isolated inclusion appears in a
radiograph as a dark or light image of irregular
contour
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
14
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image

—

linear inclusion
(slag line) (IL)
An inclusion of linear form situated parallel to
the axis of the weld
Linear inclusions appear in the radiograph as a
dark band with irregular edges along the weld,

often occurring in a long, continuous run. They
can occur along one or both edges of a weld

—

oxide inclusion
(IO)
Metallic oxide entrapped during welding
Oxide inclusions appear as a dark irregular
image in the radiograph. They occur in welds in
non-ferrous materials
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
15
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image

—

tungsten inclusion
(IT)
An inclusion of tungsten from the electrode
used in GTAW-welding
A tungsten inclusion appears in the radiograph
as a sharp-edged light image of any shape

—

copper inclusion
(IC)
An inclusion of copper due to the accidental
melting of the contact tube or nozzle in self-
adjusting and controlled-arc welding, or due to
pick-up by contact between the copper nozzle
and the weld pool in GTAW-welding
A copper inclusion appears in the radiograph as
a light image of any shape, often having
indistinct edges due to partial alloying, and may
thereby be differentiated from a tungsten
inclusion
Gas pore (GP) A gas cavity of essentially spherical form
The radiographic appearance of a gas pore is a
sharply defined dark shadow of circular contour
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
16
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image
Worm hole (WH) An elongated or tubular cavity in weld metal
caused by entrapped gas
A worm hole appears in the radiograph as a
dark shadow the shape of which depends on the

orientation of the imperfection. If the worm
hole is end-on to the radiation beam a very dark
rounded shadow is produced. Porosity may give
a similar appearance but a distinguishing
feature is that in some instances a worm-hole
may show diffuse edges; the image of a worm-
hole is very dependent on beam direction. If it
is at an angle to the beam an elongated shadow
is produced. Sometimes the image is in the form
of a dark spot with a dark tail of lower density;
other times the images are elongated and
distributed in herringbone fashion
Crater pipe (CP) A surface connected pipe created by metal
shrinkage in a crater
A crater pipe appears in the radiograph as a
dark circular or elliptical shadow of graduated
density, blackest in the centre and varying in
shape with the dimensions of the imperfection
NOTE:
A crater pipe may also appear as a surface
imperfection
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
17
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image

Porosity: A group of gas pores
The radiographic appearance and description of
porosity are dependent on the manner of its
distribution, i.e. uniform, localized or linear

—

localized porosity
(PG)
Porosity confined to a small area of the weld
Localized porosity has a similar radiographic
appearance to uniform porosity

—

linear porosity
(PL)
A string of gas pores situated parallel to the
axis of the weld
Such porosity is frequently accompanied by
lack of fusion which may or may not be
apparent in the radiograph. A second type of
linear porosity may occur at weld boundaries, in
which case strict linearity may not exist. Fine
worm holes may give a similar appearance

—

elongated cavity
(EC) (hollow

bead)
A non-spherical gas cavity with its major
dimension approximately parallel to the axis of
the weld
The appearance in the radiograph is of dark
shadows varying in size and shape that are
substantially parallel to the axis of the weld
(continued)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
18
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
Type and
abbreviation
Schematic illustration Definition and radiographic description Typical radiographic image

—

uniform porosity
(PU)
Porosity distributed in a substantially uniform
manner throughout the weld metal
Uniform porosity appears in the radiograph as
dark circular images
Uniform porosity may be classified according to
the size of pores and the number of pores per
unit volume
Burn-through (melt-
through) (BT)

A localized collapse of the weld pool due to
excessive penetration resulting in a hole in the
weld run
Burn-through appears in the radiograph as a
globular dark area. If the hole is incompletely
filled it is revealed as a central dark area. Non-
metallic inclusions are often associated with
this type of defect
Diffraction mottling
(DM)
An efft produced in the radiograph due to
diffraction of the radiation by the grains in the
metal. The image appears as diffuse light and
dark spots or streaks extending over an area
NOTE
: As the radiographic appearance given by a
sound weld showing diffraction mottling may be
confused with that of an unsound weld containing
microporosity or segregation, care should be taken to
verify the validity of the diagnosis by further
examination with a different radiographic technique.
Diffraction mottling may be relevant only in welds in
which large grain size is undesirable
TABLE 2 (continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
19
APPENDIX A
CODING OF IMPERFECTIONS AND THEIR LOCATION

(Informative)
Imperfections and their location in a radiograph may be coded and reported in an
abbreviated form. The code comprises the following characters:
(a) A number to denote the horizontal or vertical distance, in millimetres, of the start of
the imperfection from the reference mark of the lowest number on the radiograph.
(b) Letters to denote the type of imperfection (see abbreviations given in Tables 1 and 2).
NOTE: The abbreviations used in this Standard are also listed in Appendix B.
(c) A number to denote the length, in millimetres, over which the particular imperfection
extends.
Each of the three parts of the coding is separated from the next by a dash, and where more
than one type of imperfection occurs in the same radiograph, or where the same defect
occurs more than once, a colon is placed between each complete coding.
Example: A radiograph shows the existence of linear porosity over a length of 180 mm
commencing at 48 mm from the reference mark, and also lack of root fusion for
12 mm at a distance of 110 mm from the reference mark.
The coding would be: 48—PL—180:110—LR—12
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
20
APPENDIX B
IMPERFECTION ABBREVIATIONS
(Informative)
Abbreviations Description
BT Burn through (melt-through)
CP Crater pipe
DM Diffraction mottling
EC Elongated cavity
GP Gas pore
HiLo Linear misalignment

IC Copper inclusion
IL Linear inclusion (slag line)
IN Inclusion
IO Oxide inclusion
IT Tungsten inclusion
KC Crack, crater
KL Crack, longitudinal
KT Crack, transverse
LI Lack of inter-run fusion
LP Incomplete root penetration
LR Lack of root fusion
LS Lack of side fusion
PG Localized porosity
PL Linear porosity
PU Uniform porosity
SED Excessive dressing (underflushing)
SGI Incompletely filled groove
SGS Shrinkage groove
SMG Grinding mark
SMH Hammer mark
SMT Tool mark (chipping mark)
SRC Root concavity (suck back)
(continued)
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AS 4749—2001
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
21
Abbreviation Description
SPT Surface pitting
SSP Spatter

STS Torn surface
SUC Undercut
SXP Excessive penetration
WH Worm hole
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
Standards Australia
Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes
most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are
invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,
Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak national standards body.
Australian Standards
Australian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers
and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are
a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from
other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept
under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing
technology.
International Involvement
Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring that the Australian viewpoint is considered in the
formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in
national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets.
Standards Australia represents Australia at both ISO (The International Organization
for Standardization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Electronic Standards
All Australian Standards are available in electronic editions, either downloaded individually from our Web
site, or via on-line and CD ROM subscription services. For more information phone 1300 65 46 46 or
visit us at
www.standards.com.au
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.