Ca dao cổ truyền người Việt với tính mơ hồ đa nghĩa trên bình diện ngôn ngữ văn học ppt

SO
4-2011
^mf^-
VAN
WO/t ;
KHQ/ViQCaTHi-^^
1:
Ca dao co truyen
ngutfi
Viet
vcfi
tinh mcf
ho
da
nghTa
tren
binh
dien ngon
ngu'van
hgc
Ca dao c6 truyen ngudi Viet vdi tinh md hb da nghTa tren
binh
dien ngbn ngQ van hpc
Ngbn ngQ cd vai trd dae biet quan trpng trong ddi sbng
xa hpi. Bdi vay, nghien
cQu
ngbn ngQ tQ nhieu gdc dp dang
trd thanh nhu eau tat yeu hien nay.
6
nQdc ta, cd the nghien
cQu nhOng van de ve ly thuyet ngbn ngQ hpc; nhOng van de

ve tieng Viet va cac ngon ngQ khae d Viet Nam;
nhOng
van
de ve tiep
xue
ngon ngQ va dich thuat;
nhOng
van de vl day
hpe tieng Viet, tieng nQdc ngoai trong va ngoai nha trQdng;
nhQng van dl ve ngbn ngQ tac pham van chQdng. Trong dd,
tlm hieu ngbn ngQ vdi tQ each la phQdng tien bieu dat cua
tac pham van chQdng la mot gdc dp nghien
cQu
khbng may
dl dang nhQng eung day thi vi.
Nghien
cQu
tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO
van hpe
b
nhQng Idi ca dao eo truyen la van de ehung tdi dat
ra trong bai viet nay. Tuy nhien, do dac trUng the loai va
trong khudn khb bai viet, ehung tdi
chi
nghien cQu nhQng
bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong mot sb Idi
ca dao cb truyen. Nghien
cQu
dd nham muc dich nhan dien
tinh md hb da nghTa tren

binh
dien ngbn ngQ eung vai trd
eua nd d nhQng Idi ca dao cb truyen, lam tien de eho sQ binh
gia ed ed sb va sQ tiep nhan sau sic tae pham.
1.
Khai niem ea dao co truyen va tinh md ho da nghTa
trong van hoc nghe thuat
1.1.
Khai niem ca dao cd truyen
Thuat ngQ ca dao da tQng dupe dung vdi nhieu nghTa
rpng,
hep khae nhau
Theo nghTa gbe thi ca la bai hat cd khuc
dieu,
dao la
bai hat khdng cd khue
dieu"
[5,26].
Va mot thdi "Ca dao la danh tU chung ehi toan bd
nhQng bai hat
lUu
hanh pho bien trong dan gian cd hoac
khbng ed khuc
dieu"
[5.25].
d trQdng hdp nay, ca dao dbng
nghTa vdi dan ca
Tren thQc te, khai niem ca dao da dan dan cb sQ thu hep
nbi ham.
Hien nay, eae nha nghien

cQu
van hpc dan gian Viet
Nam "dung danh tQ ca dao de ehi rieng thanh phan nghe
thuat ngdn tQ (phan Idi thd) eua dan ca (khdng ke nhQng
tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dUa hdi)," [5.26]. Vdi nghTa
nay.
TS.
NGUYEN HANG
PHlJCfNG
Khoa NgO van - TrUdng OH SU pham - DH Thai Nguyen
ca dao la bp phan chu yeu va quan trpng nhat
cQa
thd dan
gian truyen thb'ng.
Sau each mang thang Tam
(1945),
gidi nghien cQu nUdc
ta da sQ dung tap hdp tQ ca dao mdi (hay ca dao hien dai)
de phan biet vdi ca dao eb (edn gpi la ca dao cb truyen).
NhQ vay, ca dao cb (hay ca dao cb truyen) la khai niem chi
rieng thanh phan nghe thuat ngbn tQ eua dan ea (khbng ke
tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dQa hdi) dQdc sang tac
tO
each
mang thang Tam trb ve trudc.
6
day, pham vi khao sat cua
chung tdi la mbt sb Idi ca dao cb truyen da
dUde
sUu tap

trong sach Kho tang [6].
1.2. Khai niem tinh
ma
ho da
nghTa
trong van hoe nghe
thu$t
Khdng phai den tan bay gid, tinh md hb da nghTa mdi
dUde
biet tdi. TQ xa xUa,
ngUdi
ta da quan tam den tfnh md
hb,
da nghTa cua van hpe nghe thuat Dd la eai "y tai ngon
ngoai"
(y
b
ngoai Idi cua van cua thd). Nha triet hpc Dong
Trpng ThQ ddi Tay Han da eho rang thd, kinh thi khdng the
giai thfeh dQdc ro rang (thi vd dat hb). Nha thi thoai thdi
Minh Ta Tran cung ehu trUdng ta canh, thuat sU khbng nen
gib'ng nhu
thUe
ma phai khae la khien cho ngudi tiep nhan
cd cam giac md hb, bi an (dieu tai ham hb)
Tuy nhien, ngay nay khi tinh tfch cUc, sang tao cua ngUdi
tiep nhan dupe y thQc ro ret; tfnh ban the cua ngbn ngQ van
hpc dQde phat hien
thi
md hb da nghTa - mot thupc tinh

ciJa
van hpc nghe thuat - cang dUde dac biet eoi trpng.
"Theo W.Empdxdn, md hb la mot y nghTa khong xae
djnh,
mot y dinh mubn bieu dat nhieu loai
sU
vat, cho phep
ed nhieu each giai
thich'[8.151].
Vay, tinh md hb da nghTa
trong van hpe nghe thuat cd the hieu la mot y nghTa khbng
xae
dinh,
mbt hinh thUc tham my mubn bieu hien nhieu loai
su vat, cho phep nhieu each giai thich hinh tUdng nghe
thuat
2.
Ca dao co truyen
ngUdi
Viet v6l tinh
ma hd
da
nghTa tren binh dien ngon
ngu"
van hpc
2.1.
Tim hieu tinh ma
ho da
nghJa tren binh di^n
ngon ngd

van hoc trong ca dao
co
truyen la nghien
edu
van
chuang
dan gian theo
each
tiep
e$n
mdi
6 Viet Nam nhQng nam qua, nghien cQu ea dao
tJac
UvaH?C:
SGAYS,.Y^±mL
63
biet la ngdn
ngO
ca dao
da
cb nhieu thanh
tUu.
Xin ddn cii
vai vi du. Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Kfnh nghien cQu mot
sbye'u
tb cd ban cua chinh the
nghe
thuat
ca
dao trong db chu y

dung mQc den dac diem chung cua
each
sQ dung va tb
chUe
ngbn ngQ, each dung ten
rieng
chi dja diem trong ca dao.
Tac gia Mai Ngpe ChQ
nghiln
cQu vl nhQng dac diem rieng
biet dpc dao cua ngbn ngO ca dao Viet Nam tQ viec phan
tfch
"nhOng
dac diem thd" dUdc tao nen bbi cac bien phap tu
tQ,
each
nglt
nhip, Ibi hiep van den viee xem xet sU ket hdp
nhuan
nhuyin
tfnh chat bac hpc va tfnh chat khau
ngO
eua
ngbn
ngO
ca dao Viet Nam. Tac gia Pham Thu Yen nghien
cQu mbt sb yeu tb tieu bieu trong the gidi nghe thuat ea dao
va dac biet da chu y den Ib'i mieu ta
va
bieu hien true tiep

trong thd ca dan gianw
Nhu vay, xae dinh sU cd mat va vai trb, vi trf cua tfnh md
hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn
ngO
van hpc trong ea dao
vIn
cdn la van de mdi me. Tuy nhien, thanh tuu nghien
cQu
trUdc
ddeCiaeae
nha khoa hpc thUe
sUla
nhOng gdi
mdcan
IhiS't
giup chung toi cb ed sb de then khai van de nghien
cQu
oOa
minh.
Song, tlnh
mO
h"6 da
hghla
trong van hpe nghe
IhuSt
nbi chung
vi
trong ca dao nbi
riSng dUcic xae
djnh dua

trSn
cd sd
n&o?
W.Empdxdn vdi cbng trinh nol tieng Bay loai y nghTa md
hb (1930) da
chi
ra
cde
loai
</
nghTa md hb (cac hinh thQc
bieu
hiSn cCia
tinh md hb da nghTa)
trSn cSp
dp ngbn ngO
van hpc va md ra mot trien vpng
nghi&n
cQu c6 cd sb khoa
hpc ve van
d^
nay. Theo tac
gi^
sach Ly
lu^n
va
ph§ binh
van
hpc , each
phSn

loai cac y nghTa
mdhb
cua W.Empdxdn
chua that rach roi, chat che, nhat
qudn
song da cho thay
tlnh mcf hb da nghTa cb
nhi'Su hinh
thQc the
hiSn
va cbng
trinh khoa hoc trSn
cCia
bng "thQc sQ la mbt kiet tac ma bat
ky ai dpc xong
diu
khong
thi
cbn dQng lai vdi niem tin eu"
[8.71].
Do trong
thUc
te, cac loai y nghTa md hb 6, 7 cd phan
nhu trung
l§p
vdi
c6c lo^i
2, 3, 4; do dac trUng the loai va
trong khubn kho bai viet, ehung tbi chi nghien cQu ba hinh
IhQc

the hien cua tlnh md hb
\k
"Nbi
vSt nky
n\&
nhU
nbi tdi
vat
kh^c,
vl giQa
cde
sQ vat
Sy
cd nhieu
dllm
gib'ng nhau";
"'^
nghTa md hb do quan he ngO
phip
khbng chat che
vi
ngQ
cinh
cho phep"; "Mbt tQ trong mbt van canh ma giang hai
nghia
deu thbng".
2.2.
Tlnh
ma ho da
nghTa

tren binh dien ngdn ngd
van
hoc
trong ca dao
cd
truyen
2.2.1.
Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao co truyen dQdc
sUu
tap
trong sach Kho
ting
[6] dl
xic
djnh
cic
loai y nghTa md
hb (hay ndi
each khae
la tlm
cic
hinh thQc bleu hien eua tfnh
md hb),
ehCing
tbi
tht/c
hien theo
cich nglu
nhien dam bao
cho sU

nghjSn
cQu
tUdng
dbi khach quan khoa hpc
Dd la nhQng |di ca dao dQdc
xIp
theo trat tQ
chO
eai
trong tap II bb sich Kho tang
Kit
qui thu
dUde
nhu sau:
2.2.1.1.
Loai y nghTa md hb c6
dUde
khi "ndi vat nay ma
nhu ndi den vat khae, vi
giOa
cic
sQ
vat
Siy
cb nhieu diem
gibng nhau".
- De tlm loai y nghTa md hb niy,
chQng
tbi khao sit
nhQng Idi ca dao ed sQ

dyng
mot s6
biSn
phap tu tQ
tiSu
bieu eau tao theo quan he
liSn
ludng gbm so sanh, an dy,
hoan du va tUdng trUng. NhOng
biSn
phap tu tQ nhU diep tQ
ngQ,
ehdi chQ, dbng nghTa kep khbng
nim
trong pham vi
khao sat bdi chung toi quan niem do cau tao theo quan he
to hdp, cac bien phap tu tQ vQa neu khbng cb hoac cb rat it
kha nang tao y nghTa md hb.
Thidu
1:
397 (b) NgQdi khbn nhQ mieng thjt gi
Tuy rang an ft nhQng ma ngon lau
NgQdi dai nhu cu bb nau
Den khi khbn khb cd cau phai an.
CDTCM
172
Thfdu
2:
307.
Cay da eu ben db xUa

Bp hinh ed nghTa, ning mUa cung cb
DCNTB I 188 HHDN 216 NT 164 TCDQ 61 VNP 7 214
Thfdu
3:
65.
Chd anh eho tuoi em cao
Cho duyen em
lat,
ma dao em phai
HPV 1,17
Thfdu
4:
684.
True nhd mai, trQc bubn ngao ngan
Mai trd ve, mai nhd true chang
CDTCM 52
Bang each diln dat
cy thi
vi
gi^u
hinh anh, cic bien
phip tu tQ
trfen
da gdi
du^c
sQ
Ii6n tufing
phong phQ va sau
sic. NgQdi
tilp

nhin thQc sQ phai
IQa
chpn trong sb nhQng
liSn
tQdng phong phu, siu sic ay mbt each hieu cho minh.
Md hi, da nghTa phit sinh tQ
dly.
Chang han,
6
thi du 1,
mieng thit ga, eu bb niu dQdc vi vdi ngQdi khbn, ngQdi dai.
Vi ngon, db cua mieng thit gi vi eu bb nau ra sao cung nhQ
dU
vj
cube
sbng khi d vdi ngQdi khdn, ngQdi dai the nio li
phy
thubc vio sQ lien tudng tQ do nhQng cd cd sd cua ngQdi
tiep nhan. 6 thf du 2, ldi ca dao nhQ mbt sQ nhln gQi: khach
qua dudng co nghTa
thi
ning mUa cung chb vi ndi chd dpi li
"ciy da cu, ben db xQa"? NhQng d day, Idi nhan gQi that
bang qud, "tbi nghia"; ai nhin vi chd ddi vdi muc dfeh gi?
"Cay da eu, ben do
xUa"
la mbt dia diem cd that ma khich
bp hinh da dQng chan hay ehl la mbt an dy chi dja diem
quen thubc cd y nghTa nhat djnh vdi nhan vat
trO

tlnh va
ngQdi khach bp hinh? (Ngay ca tQ "nghTa" va "ning mQa"
b
day eung rat md hb, khb
xae
dinh ) Ldi ca dao chi gbm hai
ddng luc bit mi c6 khong It dau hbi, bdi vay, nd ham chQa
bao nhieu cich lien tUdng khic nhau. Se khdng bao gid li
thba ding
niu
ngUdi tiep nhan chi xae djnh mdt cich
hilu
duy nhat d Idi ca dao nay. Du vay, moi Idi
v3n
li mbt the gidi
nghe thuat rieng biet dbi hoi phai tiep
nhin,
khim phi.
- Trong sb
3.481 Idi
ca
dao khao
sited
1.511
IdisQdung
eae bien phip tu tQ, chiem khoing 43,4%. Cu
thi,
sb Idi ea
dao chQa bien phap so sanh tu tQ la 666 Idi,
chilm

khoang
44,1%;
sb Idi ca dao chQa bien phip an du tu tQ
ji
701 Idi,
chiem khoing 46,4%;
sbldi
ea dao chQa bien phip hoan dy
tu tQ vi
tUdng
trQng la 144 Idi, chiem khoang 9,53% trong
tbng sb Idi ca dao c6 sQ dung cac
biSn
phap tu tQ.
.2.1.2.
Loai y nghTa md hb ed
dUdc
"do quan he
ngO
phap khbng chat che vi
ngO
eanh cho phep"
- Loai y nghTa md hb nay xua't hien khi mbi quan he to
hdp
giQa cic tQ, cac vl trong cau khbng chat che va do sU
cho phep eua
ngO
eanh. Co the xay ra ba tlnh hubng: thQ
nha't, quan
hS

ngQ phip khdng chat che do la y thQc nghe
thuat cua chu the sang tao; thQ hai, ehu the sang tao bupc
64
SO4-2011
Daiji'^i^^
phai han djnh ve sb
lUdng
cau
chO
do sQ chi phbi cua
thi
loai;
thQ ba, c6
thi
do ea hai "nguyen nhan" b hai tinh hub'ng
tren.
Theo su phan tieh cua chung tbi, 1 sb Idi ca dao cb
chQa loai y nghTa md hb niy thQdng rdi vio tinh hub'ng thQ
ba.
- Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao eb truyen vQa neu
tren,
chung toi thay 350 Idi cd loai y nghTa md hb do quan he ngQ
phap khbng chat che va ngQ eanh mang lai, chiem khoang
10,05%.
Thf du:
5. Da cd mot
lupt thi
thbi
LUdt nay,
lUdt

khae ngUdi ddi khinh che.
TOBD
II 250TNPD
1111
6
ldi ea dao
tren,
quan he tb hdp giQa cac tQ khbng chat
che{tQ
'IQdt
thieu djnh ngQ) gay nen sQ md hb da nghTa.
2.2,1.3.
Loai y nghTa md hb xua't hien khi "mot tQ trong
mbt van canh ma giang hai nghTa deu thbng"
- Day la loai y nghTa md hb dQde tao nen khi mbt phUdng
tien ngbn ngO
(S
cap dp tQ) cd hai nghTa trong mbt van eanh
eu the.
3,45%. Thi du:>>- Trong 3.481 ldi ca dao khao sat, ehl
ed
120
Idi
chQaphUdng
tien ngon ngQ da nghTa nay, chiem
805.
Cbn trdi cdn nude eon non
Cdn ed ban rUdu anh cdn say sUa.
ANPT 6a DNQT 102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
TQ 'say sQa" trong Idi ca dao tren cd the hieu theo 2

nghTa: say sUa vi rUdu va say sUa cb ban rUdu
Nhu vay, trong sb 3.481 Idi ca dao khao sat cd tbng
cbng 1.981 Idi chQa eae bieu hien eua tfnh md hb da nghTa
tren binh dien ngon ngQ van hpe, chiem khoang 56,9%.
2.2,2.
Qua khao sat
nhOng
bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh
md hb da nghTa trong ca dao cb truyen, chung tbi cd mbt sb
nhan xet:
2.2.2.1.
Ca dao eb truyen cd nhQng hinh thQc bieu hien
cua tinh md hb da nghTa. Hay ndi each khae, trong ca dao
cb truyen ed mot sb loai y nghTa md hb. Cd the dat hinh
hubng ring nhQng Idi ca dao chUa khao sat va ea nhQng ldi
ea dao con tbn tai trong mbi trUdng sinh hoat cua dan ehung
ehUa ehae da ed
kit
qua tUdng tU? Dieu dd hoin toan cd the
xay ra. Song, eho du nhU vay
thi
nhan xet tren van tbn tai,
bbi ty le cao, thap cua cac loai y nghTa md hb trong ea dao
cb truyen khdng phai la dieu quan trpng nhat Dieu quan
trpng nhat la sU eo mat va vai trd eua nd trong nhu'ng Idi ca
dao eb truyen.
Tuy nhien, ket qua khao sat d tren
vIn
li dieu dang luu
y. Sb Idi ea dao cb truyen cd hinh thuc bieu hien cua tinh md

hb da nghTa chiem ti le khong nho khoang 56,9%. Dd mdi
chf la ket qua khao sat bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa
trong cac Idi ca dao eb truyen tren binh dien ngon ngQ van
hpc. (Xem ket qua tong hdp
d
cubi muc 2.2.1.3). Trong dd,
bieu hien thQ nha't cua tinh md hb da nghTa chiem khoang
43,4%.(Xem kit
qua thbng ke d mue
2.2.1.1),
NhQng hinh
thQc
bilu
hien khae cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong ea dao
CO truyen chi chiem mbt ti le rat nho khoang 10,05% va
3,45% (Xem
kit
qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.2 vi 2.2.1.3).
Tlm hilu dae diem eua cac bien phap tu tQ dQde dung
trong nhOng Idi ea dao khao sat d mue
2.2.1.1,
chung toi
thay dd deu ia nhCfng each diln dat bdng bay, gdi earn ed
sQe hap
din
va loi cubn khi trinh bay [9]. Nhd cac bien phap
tu to, sQ diln dat vQa mang tfnh cu
thi,
hinh anh do nghTa
den gpi ra, vQa mang tinh khai quit, ham sue do nghia

bdng chQa dung. Tfnh md hb, da nghTa tren cd sd dd mi
phat
sinh.
Bbi vay, su cd mat vdi tan sb cao cua eae bien
phap tu to (die biet li so sinh vi an du tu tQ) trong ca dao
CO
truyen li dieu cb the ly giai dQdc.
2.2.2.2. Cd
nhOng
trQdng hpp, mot ldi ea dao cb truyen
ChQa hai, ba
hinh
thQc bilu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa.
TQc trong mot Idi ea dao cb truyen cd tdi hai, ba loai y nghTa
md hb.
Thfdu:
91 (a) Cai
CO
may di an dem •
-
Dau phai cinh mem Ion cb xub'ng ao
"-' '
Ong di dng vdt tbi nao
Tbi eb Idng nio, bng hay xao mang
Cd xio thi xao nude trong
DQng xao nQdc due dau Ibng cb con
TOBD I 553 TNPD II 31
6
ldi ea dao
tren,

ngoii y nghTa md hb "ndi vat niy ma
nhQ ndi tdi vat khae" (eb chi ngudi ndng dan?) cbn cd them
loai y nghTa md hb do sQ da nghTa cua tQ trong van canh eu
thi
nay mang lai. (cd eon la eon eb be hay li con cua con eb
me?).
Nhu vay, cb the ndi, d
nhOng
Idi ea dao ay, md hb
chbng len md hb, da nghTa eing them da nghTa.
Tinh md hb da nghTa phai chang la mbt trong
nhOng
'ma
iQc"
chinh tao nen sQe hut lau ben eho ea dao eb truyen.
ThQ so sanh them hai Idi ca dao sau, chung ta se cang thay
rd dieu dd.
805 Con trdi con nude cbn non
Cdn ed ban rUdu anh edn say sUa.
ANPT 6a DNQT102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
79.
Cdn trdi cdn nude edn non "
" •"')
Cdn ngUdi that hpc ta edn phai
lo.
CDVN 1945- 1975.
,. ' •-' '
i.'^'-i
2.2.2.3. NhQng Ibi ca dao cb truyen gay nhieu tranh luan
hau

hit
li
nhOng
Idi eo chQa eae loai y nghTa md hb.
Thidu
1:
92 (a) Cai eb may mb eai tbm
Cai tom quap lai, lai bm cai cd.
;
Cai ed miy mb cai trai
Cai trai quap iai, lai nhai eai ed.
HT 286 TOBD IV 335 TNPD II 28 VNP1 II 33
Thi du 2:
103.Gid
sao thbi mat sau
iQng
,
''•
i'
Da sao da nhd ngQdi dQng vo eung.
'."
HHDN 174 TOBD
1
144
,, ,
b thf du
1,
theo thbng ke eua tie gia Thi phip ea dao, cd
den
bacaeh

hieu khae nhau ve hinh anh
torn,
trai,
co. Nguyin
Dang Chau cho ring ed,
torn,
trai li giai cap thbng tn. Cao
Huy Dinh thi eho
ring
cd la giai cap thbng trj, cdn tbm, trai
li tap the nhan dan. Vu Ngpe Phan lai eho rang tdm,
trai,
ed deu la nhan dan lao dpng. Tac gia Thi phap ca dao iai eb
nhQng phat hien khae. Qua khao sat mbt chudi Idi ea dao ve
tom,
trai,
cd, tic gia
kit
luan:
d day con cb khdng phai giai
cap thbng tn eung khbng phai nhan dan lao dpng, Quan
niem nhU tren dan den nhOng each hilu rat khae nhau ve
ehu de, npi dung Idi ea dao, Sb
dTed
hien
tUdng
dd bbi tic
gia dan gian da khdng gpi thing ten sU vat hien tUpng. Ho
DmvaHQC
~fs

G
A
Y
S
A
y
WlW so
4-2011
65
"ndi vat niy ma nhQ noi tdi vat khic " nhU WEmpdxdn da
tQng chi ra.
d thi du 2, tinh
hinh
eb khae dbi chut SU md hb, da
nghTa lai tap trung vio hinh anh bat thudng "gib mat sau
IQng"
vi
to
"ngQdi dQng" trong
Idi.
ea dao. Cac tic gia sach
Kho tang di
din
ra hai each cam thu, phan tfch Ibi ea
dao
tren.
Theo Tran Bao HQng, cai than eua Idi ca dao li
hai
chO
"ngQdi dQng" vi eho rang db li cau hat, li manh tim

tlnh cua
nhOng
ngQdi lam nghe ehd db dpc tren sbng. (Gid
thoi mat sau IQng la gib thuan, thuyen
xubi,
ngQdi ta mdi
thanh than
nghT
gan,
nghTxavi
nhd ngQdi yeu). Van Tin lai
cho rang tinh than chung eua Idi ea dao nay lien quan khong
chi den ngUdi lim nghe ehd db dpc ma lien quan den nhieu
ngUdi lim b nhieu nghe trong cupc
ddi
va dang lam vio
tinh hub'ng yeu, mi lai yeu ddn phUdng. Cung eb the dUa ra
mbt cich hieu nOa: "gid mat sau
lung"
la sU bat thUdng, "da
nhd ngUdi
dUng"
lai eing phi ly. Song hai cai phi ly lai bilu
dat mot thUc te
hiln
nhien, rat ed ly cua "nhQng ngQdi dang
lam vio tlnh hub'ng
yeu"
"NgQdi dQng" d day nen hilu nhQ
tac gia NhQng

thi
gidi nghe thuat ea dao, dd la
nhOng
ngQdi
"chQa du dp chin dl than mat nhQng cung khbng he xa
cich lanh IQng'"'
[11.55].
Vay, nguyen nhan chfnh gay nen
tfnh md hb, da nghTa trong Idi ca dao niy li sQ da nghTa cua
tQ (d day la tQ xQng hb) va hinh tQdng van chQdng trong mbt
van eanh cu the.
2.2.3. NhQng nghien cQu d tren cho phep ehung toi rut
ra mot sb
kit
luan sau:
2.2.3.1.
Tfnh md hb da nghTa la mbt
die
trQng eua van
hpe nghe thuat Tfnh md hb da nghTa dem lai sQ me hoac,
hap
din
cho khach the tham my. Nghien
cQu
tfnh md hb, da
nghTa tren
binh
dien ngbn ngO van hpe thu'c chat li nghien
cQu thi phip ngon ngQ tac pham. TQ y nghTa dd, xem xet ea
dao

CO
truyen vdi tfnh md hb da nghTa tren
binh
dien ngbn
ngO
van hpc li nghien
cQu
thi phip ngbn ngO ca dao - mbt
trong nhQng
ylu
tb thi phip thubc hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu
eua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao.
(Hinh
thQc tb chQc vat lieu
li chQ dQng cua Bakhtin).
2.2.3.2. "Tfnh md hb, da nghTa khbng ehi li
die
trQng
mi cdn li sb phan eua van hpc"
[8.162].
Db li nhan djnh ed
ed sd bdi thQc te tiep nhan van hpc nghe thuat cho thay
nhQng tie pham cd sQc cubn hut vi trQdng tbn qua thdi gian
hau
hit
li nhOng tie pham gay nhieu tranh eai. Nguyen
nhan chinh gay nen sQ tranh cai lai li d chb eb dau hieu eua
tfnh md hb da nghTa. (Tuy nhien, d day chung toi mdi ehi de
cap
din

dau hieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien
ngbn ngQ van hpe).
Kit
qua khao sit vi phan tich nhOng
bilu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa d nhQng Idi ca dao cb
truyen cho thay nhan djnh tren khbng chi dung vdi bp phan
van hpe thinh van mi edn dung vdi bp phan van hpc truyen
mieng,
die biet la ea dao eo truyen. Cd
dieu,
ea dao cb
truyen - mot the loai tieu bieu cua van hpe dan gian - thudng
la
ngin,
tham ehi rat ngin (hai dbng thd). Dac dllm dd
eing lim cho sQ "giai ma" nhQng bieu hien md hb da dang
hdn,
phong phu hdn. Nb khien nhieu Idi ca dao co truyen trd
thinh ndi vb tan vl nghTa de ngQdi tiep nhan tim tbi, kham
phi.
Cube
chay dua di tlm cai dep trong nhQng Idi ca dd
cQ
nhQ mai
tilp
diln khbng bao gid ngQng.
2.2.3.3. NhQng kiln giai cb cd sd khoa hpe ve sQc hap
dan vi sQ trQdng tbn cua ca dao cb truyen d tren he ra
nhQng tia hy vpng ve sQ trd lai cua ca dao - mbt
thi

loai tieu
bilu eua sing tie dan gian trong ddi sbng sinh hoat eua con
ngUdi d xa hbi hien dai. Mbt khi ca dao thQc sU ii sang tie
van hpe nghe thuat dich thUe
thi
khbng ai phu nhan dUde vai
trd va vj tri cua nd trong ddi sbng van hoi tinh than eua
ngUdi Viet Nam ndi rieng, eua nhan loai nbi chung.
Cubi cung, chung tbi xin
mUdn
Idi tie gia ehuyen luan
Ly
luan vi phe
binh
vin hpc de
kit
thuc bii viet. "Tfnh md hb,
da nghTa li sQ me hoac hap
din
eua nghe thuat Hoin toin
kfn mit, khbng nhln tha'y y nghTa li vb vj, ma nhln mbt eai
nhan ra ngay
hit
mpi y nghTa cung li
hit
vi. Tfnh md hb da
nghTa dam bao thu hut ngQdi dpc di vao cube tlm tdi bat tan
ve
)/
nghTa, vi chi ed tie pham nghe thuat dfeh thQc, phong

phu mdi
giQ
dQdc sQc
quyin
ru lau ben" [8.162]. Phai chang,
tinh md hb da nghTa tren
binh
dien ngdn ngQ van hpc trong
ca dao eb truyen da gdp phan tich cQc tao dQdc sQ me hoac,
hap
din
vi sQo quyen ru lau ben eho bb phan thd dan gian
nay!
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
Mai Ngpe ChQ: "Ngbn ngQ ea dao Viet Nam", Tap chf
Van hpc sb
2/1991.
2.
Nguyin NghTa Din: Ca dao Viet Nam
1945
- 1975,
NXB Van hoa thbng tin, 1997.
3. Vu Cao Dim: PhQdng phip luan nghien cQu khoa
hpc, NXB Khoa hpe Ky
thuat.
Ha Nbi, 1996.
4.
Hi Minh DQc (chu bien): Ly luan van hpc, NXB Giao due,
1993.

5. Le Ba Han, Tran
Dinh
SQ, Nguyin Khic Phi (chu
bien):
TQ diln thuat ngQ van hpe, NXB Dai hpe Qub'c gia Ha
Npi,
1999 (in fan 3).
6. Nguyen Xuan Kfnh, Phan Dang Nhat (ehu bien): Kho
ting ea dao ngQdi Viet, NXB Van hoi Thbng
tin.
Hi Nbi,
1995.
7. Nguyin Xuan Kinh: Thi phip ca dao, NXB Khoa hpc
Xa hbi, Hi Nbi, 1992.
8. Tran Dinh SQ: Ly luan vi phe binh van hpe, NXB Hbi
nhi
van.
Hi Nbi, 1996.
9. Tran DQc Ngbn: "Mbt sb van de ly luan chung quanh
viec nghien cQu van ban van hpe dan
gian",
Tap chf Van
hoa dan gian sb
3/1990.
10.
CQ
Dinh
Tu: Phong cich hpc vi dac
dilm
tu

tQ
tieng
Viet, NXB Khoa hpc Xa
hbi.
Ha Npi, 1983.
11.
Pham Thu
Yin:
NhQng
thi
gibi nghe thuat ca dao,
NXB Giao due, 1998.
(Ngubn:
cadao.com)