Các yếu tố trường học tạo cảm xúc dương tính cho học sinh những phát hiện từ trải nghiệm của học sinh

CAC YEU TO TRUONG HOC
TAO C A M X U C DUONG TINH
CHO HOC SINH N H Q N G PHAT HIEN
TO TRAI NGHIEM CUA HOC SINH
Nguyen Minh Trang
Dinh Ngpc Binh
Thieu Gia An

Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, TrUdngDai hpc Supham Ha Npi.
*

TOM TAT

Muc tieu cua nghien cuu nhdm kham phd nhiing yiu td truang hoc tgo cam
xuc duang tinh cho hoc sinh. Mdu nghien cuu gom 292 hoc sinh THCS va THPT,
trong do 64,4% la hoc sinh THCS: 56,4% Id nam. Bang hoi tu diin gdm 1 cdu hoi
ma: "Diiu gi a truang ldm em vui ve, thich, cdm thdy de chiu, hung thu, tu hao... ? "
vd thong tin cd nhdn. Kit qud phdt hien 23 yeu to truang hoc duoc tong hap trong 5
nhom yeu to chinh tgo cdm xuc duong tinh cho hoc sinh. Cdc phdt hien chinh gom:
(J) Phdn Idn hoc sinh den truong deu co nhieu dieu khien cdc em vui ve, hgnh phuc;
(2) Co S nhom yeu to tgo cdm xuc duang tinh pho hien nhdt Id hgn be, moi trudng
trudng hoc vd hoc tap; (3) Hanh vi hgn be vd hogt dong khdc ngoai gia hpc. gid tri
hpc tap, CO sa vdt chdt cua truang hoc Id nhiing yeu to noi troi tao nen cdm xuc
duang tinh cho hpc sinh; (4) Yeu to (hay co vd yeu to cd nhdn hpc sinh Id 2 yiu td tgo
cdm xuc duong tinh cho mpt phdn nhd hoc sinh, (5) Co su khdc biet nhdt dinh vi cdc
yeu to truang hoc tgo cdm xuc duang tinh cho hpc sinh theo giai tinh vd cdp hpc. Kit
qud nghien cuu nay la nhiing gai y cho nhd truang, thdy co gido vd chinh hpc sinh di
gia tdng nhiing tinh huong tgo ra cdm xiic duang tinh a truang hoc cho cdc em.
Tir khda: Yeu to truang hpe; Cdm xiic duang tinh; Hpc sinh.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: \/4/2Ql9; Ngdy duyet ddng hdi: 25/4/2019.
1. Mo" dau

Cam xuc duang tinh la sir rung dong cua chii thg tnioc tae nhan b8n
trong va ben ngoai, phan ung thich nghi mang tinh tidn tri^n voi chijc nang xav
dung ngu6n luc Iau dai (Fredrickson, 1998; Fredrickson va Cohn, 2008^ h
vui ve, thoai mai, hanh phiic, thich thii, hung thii, tu hao, yeu thuang
Th ^

84

TAP CHI

TAM LV

HOC, S6 5 (242)

5-2019


quan niem cua Diener (2000), hanh phuc la su thudng xuyen trdi nghiem cdc
cdmxitc duang tinh, khong thucmg xuyen trdi nghiem cdc cdm xuc dm tinh vd
vi ting thi la hdi long vol cupc sdng. Neu hai ldng eung la mpt trong sd cac
cam xiic duang tinh, thi tu day, cd the hiSu cam xuc duang tinh la ndi bat va
rdt gSn vdi khai niem hanh phuc.
Xay dung trudng hpc hanh phuc, lam eho hpc sinh hanh phuc khi tdi
trudng la van de rat duoc quan tam cua cac nen giao due tren thd gidi va Viet
Nam. "Mdi ngay den trudng la mdt ngay vui" la khiu hieu dupe treo d nhi6u
trudng hpc tai Viet Nam vdi ham y trudng hpc la noi dd hpe sinh cam thdy vui
ve, Iran dSy hanh phuc. Mdt trong nhtrng sir menh cua viec tao dung trudng
hpc hanh phiic chinh la hinh thanh va nudi dudng nhung cam xuc tich eye d
hpc sinh vdi muc dich khien cac em hung thu va yeu thich hpe tap, tidp nhan
khdng chi nhQng tri thiic dupe truyen thu ma ea su giap due tu thay cd giap.

Nhidu nghien ciiu da dupe thue hien de chi ra vai trd cua cac yeu td
trudng hpc ddi vdi cam xuc eua hpc sinh (ca dupng tinh va am tinh). Ket qua
nghien ciiu cua Dpng va Yu (2007) chp thiy, su hd trp cua giao vien thue diy
nhftng cam xuc dutmg tinh tiong hpc tap d ngudi hpc nhu hung thu, phan
khich, hai Idng. Thep nghien cuu cua Phan Thi Mai Huong va cdng su (2017);
Lei, Cui va Chiu (2018), sir hd trp ciia ban be va thay ed giap la hai yeu td
hang dau lam tang hanh phiie cua tre. O'Rourke va Cooper (2010) eung da
chiing minh rang, nhiing diia tre cd nhieu ban va thudng xuyen tuang tae tich
cue vdi ban be se hanh phuc hem va ung phd tdt ban vdi cang thang. Hay hien
tupng tieu choc, chd gieu cua ban be ciing khien hpc sinh cam thay khdng an
loan khi d trudng (Truang Thi Khanh Ha, 2017). O'Rpurke va Cpoper (2010)
ciing xac dinh sir xa lanh va cd it ban choi cd mdi quan he chat che vdi cam
giac bat hanh d tre.
Ngoai ySu td ban be va fliiy ed giao thi hpe tap cQng la ydu tp anh hudng
dfa cam xuc cua cac em hpe sinh. George Essel va Patiick Owusu (2017) cho
ring, khdi lupng bai tap/cdng viec d tien Idp cin phai hoan thanh la nguyen nhan
chinh gay cang thing eho hpc sinh. Hay nghien cuu cua Duang Thi Didu Hpa
(2008) eung chp thiy, diem cao se khien hpc sinh vui ve, hanh phiie, trong khi
viec bi didm kem sd khidn cac em cam thay budn riu, chan nan, mat hiing thu.
Khdng chi cd cac yeu td hpc tap tae ddng ddn cam xiic cua ngudi hpc
ma ngay ca nhdng ydu td tidm tang ben trong cac em hpc sinh eung lam anh
hudng ddn cam xuc cua chinh cac em. Kdt qua nghien cuu cua O'Rpurke va
Cooper (2010) da chi ra ring, cac yeu td lien quan tdi ngoai hinh, kha nang the
hien dupe gia tij ben trong eua ban than hpc sinh cd lien quan tdi hanh phuc
ciia cac em.

TAPCHITAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019

85

Md hinh hanh phuc d trudng ciia Kohu va Rimpela (2010) da chi ra cac
ydu td CO ban d trudng hpc tap nen hanh phuc cua hpc sinh. Dp la eae yeu to.
Hoat ddng giang day va giap due cua giao vien; Hoat ddng hpc tap ctia hpc
sinh; Didu kien nha trudng; Cac mdi quan he xa hdi cua hpe sinh; Ban than hpc
sinh va Stic khde.
Cd the thay, khi ban ve cac yeu td trudng hpc tap cam xuc chp hpc sinh,
cac nghien cuu chu ydu dupe thuc hien d nude ngoai. d Viet Nam, cac nghien
ciiu ve chu de nay cdn chua nhieu. Ngoai ra, cac ket qua tien chii yeu dupe nit
ra tu nghien ciiu dinh lupng vdi eae yeu td da dupe thiet lap sin ma tieng ndi
cua ngudi trnng cudc tu chinh trai nghiem cua hp cdn rit it. Vi the, cau hdi dat
ra: (1) Tir trai nghiem cua minh, hpc sinh thay yeu td trudng hpc nao tao nen
cam xuc duong tinh d cac em?; (2) Cd su khac biet theo gidi tinh va cap hpe ve
cac yeu td trudng hpc tap nen cam xuc dutmg tinh eho hpc sinh khdng?.
2. Phutmg phap nghien ciru
2.1. Mdu chpn
Mau nghien cilu thuan tien gdm 303 hpc sinh d hai trudng phd thdng tai
Ha Npi, trpng dd cd 1 trudng hung hpc cp sd va I trudng trung hpc phd thdng.
Khi thu thap dQ lieu, ed 11 hpc sinh dua ra cau tra Idi vd nghia hoac khdng tra
Idi nen bi loai ra khdi phan tich. Vi vay, so lupng miu dupe dua vao phan tich
la 292 ngudi, trong dd 56,7% la nam, 43,3% ia nO; 67,1% la hoe sinh THCS,
32,9% la hpc sinh THPT.
2.2. Cong CII thu thap dir lieu
Du lieu dinh tinh dupe thu tiiap qua bang hdi vdi eau hdi md: "Didu gi d
trtrdng lam em vui ve, thich, cam thiy dd cMu, hung thu, tu hao...?". Hoc sinh
viet tdi da 5 dieu nhd nhit khiin chung cd dupe cam xuc duang tinh d trudng
hpc. Tuy nhien, dd khdng phai la con sd cd dinh. Hoc sinh cd thd vidt it hon
hoac nhieu ban sd nay. Ben canh dd, cac thdng tin ca nhan nhu gidi tinh khdi
Idp ciing dupe thu thap.
'

2.3. Phan tich dir lieu
Md hoa dit lieu: Trudc hit, cac ma ylu td trudng hpc duae xac dinh dua
tren su tuang ddng giua cac yeu td eu the dupe bao cao. Viec ma h'' rt
thuc hien bdi hai ngudi, sau dd, mdt ngudi khae danh gia dpc lap vl ''^,h'"'^
nhat giua bai ngudi tren ya thap luan nhirng trudng hpp khac biet Td 1 m o
cau tra Idi cua hpc sinh, ket qua thu dupe 23 ylu td trudng hpc duae' h i^ ^
5 nhdm yeu to chinh tap cam xuc duong tinh chp tre (dp la cac ylu t^'^r"-''
den ban be, thay cd giap, ban than ngudi hpc, hpc tap, mdi trudna n^h
'?"""
Idp hpe) va mdt ma cac yeu td dan le khac, khdng bao gdm nbuns. mA ,• !™™g'
51110 ta tren day.
86

TAPCHITAMLyHOC,Sd5(242),5-2019


Phdn tich: Da lieu diiac phan tich bing 2 phuang phap: (1) Phan tich
npi dung dupe thue hien nhim md ta tinh da dang eua cac ylu to trudng hpc
tao cam xiic duong tinh cho hpc sinh. Viee trich nit du lieu dupe hd trp bdi
phin mIm Excel; (2) Phan tich thdng ke vdi eae ma ylu td trudng hpc d tren
dupe thue hien voi thdng ke mdta (sd lupng, ty le %) vk phan tich bdng cheo
(crosstitbs) vdi su hd trp cua phin mIm SPSS. Phep phan tich vdi cau hdi da
phuang an (multiple respanses) dupe ap dung. Hai chilu canh phan tich sd lieu
dupe thuc hien la phan tich theo sd cau tia Idi va phan tich theo sd ngudi tra Idi.
3. Ket qua nghien ciru
3.1. Thuc trang cac yiu td trucmg hpc tao cdm xiic duang tinh cho
hoc sinh
Bang 1 eho tiiay, trung binh hpc sinh trong miu phan tich neu ra khoang
4 yeu td trudrig hpc tap ra cam xuc duang tinh. Chi cd mpt em tra Idi: d trudng
khdng cd dieu gi lam em thay vui ve, hanh phuc. Nhu vay, hiu hit hpc sinh

din trudng diu cd nhung dieu khiin cac em cam thiy hanh phuc, vui ve, thich,
thoai mai, hiing thu... Du la eon sd rat nhd nhung mpt em khdng thiy vui thu
khi d trudng hpc cOng la dieu rat dang quan tam.
Bang I: Bdng phdn bo cdc nhom yeu to trudng hpc tgo cdm xiic duang tinh
Yeu to

So cau tra IM

Ty le % so ngiriri

So liro-ng

Tv le %

(N = 292)

Veu to ban be

349

33,6

119,5

Yeu t6 moi trirdng nha trudng

257

24,7

88,0

Yeu 16 hoc tap

240

23,1

82,2

Ylu t6 th4y CO giao

82

7,9

28,1

Ylu 16 ban than

36

3,5

12,3

Khac

75

7,2

25,7

1.039

100,0

355,8

T6ng

Cac nhdm yeu td trudng hoc bap gdm:
/. Yiu td bgn be: la cac ylu td lien quan din ban be nhu hanh vi, dac
dilm eua ban be, cam xuc va thai dp cua ban be doi vdi minh, eung nhu eua
minh ddi vdi ban (choi vdi ban, giup dd/dupc giup do, ndi chuyen, tam su, ed
ngudi yeu xinh/dep...).

TAPCHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019

87


2. Yiu td thdy co gido: la eae yeu td lien quan den thay cd nhu hanh vi,
dac dilm cua thiy cd giao, thai dp va cam xuc cua thay cd giao ddi vai no
sinh (khen em, dpng vien, khich le, ndi chuyen, quan tam, ung xu tam ly> day
hay...).
3. Yiu Id bdn thdn ngudi hpc: la eae yeu td lien quan den ban than hpc
sinh bac gdm nang luc ban than (ngoai hpc tap), cam nhan/danh gia ve gia tn
cua ban than trong tap the va nhiing dac diem, sd thich khac cua ca nhan hpc

sinh d trudng (cac tai le ngoai hpe tap, xinh dep, ddng gdp cho Idp... )•
4. Yiu td hpc tap: la cac yeu td lien quan den van de hpc tap cua hpc
sinh bap gdm cac mdn hpc, ket qui! bpc tap, gia tri bpc tap va ap luc hpc tap.
5. Yiu to nhd trudng/lap hpc: la cac yeu td lien quan den mdi trudtig
xung quanh cua nha trudng va cac boat ddng trudng/ldp nhu co sd vat chat,
canh quan trudng hpc, boat dpng ngoai khda do trudng/ldp td chue va cac boat
ddng khac trpng nha trudng.
So sanh tan suat dupe de cap den cua cac nhdm ylu td tren, du lieu cho
thiiy, yeu td ban be cd sd lupng cau tra Idi nhieu nhat (349 cau tren tdng sd
1.039 cau) chiem 33,6% tdng sd cau tra Idi va ty le gdp len tdi gin 120% sd
hpc sinh. Dieu dd cho thay, day la yeu td quan trpng nhat khien cac em vui ve,
thich thii nhat khi tdi trudng, trong dd, mdt sd em de cap den da dang ylu td
ban be.
Yeu td bpc tap va yen td nha trudng chilm ty trpng eung rit cao trong
eae ylu Id trudng hpc chung td 2 ylu to nay la nhiing ylu td khiin cac em hanh
phuc. Ty le sd hpc sinh chi ra cac ylu td nay la tren 80%.
Trong khi dd, ylu td thiy cd giao tao cam xuc duong tinh cho hpc sinh
chilm ty le thip hon han so vdi 3 ylu td da nhic din d tren. Ylu td nay chi
chiem khoang 8% sd cau tra Idi va dupe dl cap din d khoang 28% sd hpc sinh.
Cudi eung, yeu tp eung dupe dl cap tdi nhung cd sp lupng it nhit la ylu
td ban than (75/1.039 cau) chilm 3,5% tdng sd cau tia Idi va dupe dl cap din d
12,3% sd hpe sinh. Cac ylu td nay cd dem lai cam xuc duong tinh cho cac em
nhtmg khdng phd bien.
Rd I'ang, so vdi cac ylu td ban be, mdi trudng nha trudng va hoc tao thi
vai trd cua cac yeu td thay cd giao va ban than chua Idn bing, chua tao r '
xuc ducmg tinh cho nhilu hpc sinh. Cd thi thiy, trong thuc tl'trai neti' • ^ ^^-^
sdng d trudng cua minh, nilm vui, hanh phuc d trudng cua tre din t d T '^T''^
hpc tap va mdi trudng nha trudng nhilu hon din tu thiy cd giao va b' " h - '
trong su nhin nhan eua cac em.
^" ^"^^

TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, Sd 5 (242)

-2019


Bang 2 the hidn chi tiet hon cac ylu td thanh phin eua nhdm cac ylu td
trudng hpc tao cam xuc duong tinh cho bpc sinh. Vl nhdm ylu td ban be, dd
lieu chi ra 3 yeu td hay thanh phin chinh. Dd la:
1- Hanh vi cua ban be ddi vdi minh va cua minh ddi vdi ban: la nhung
hoat ddng giao luu, chia se eua ban be danh cho nhau, nhu di choi cilng nhau,
vui chai, ndi chuyen, tam su vdi nhau, giup dd nhau.
2- Dac diem ban be: la nhiing dac dilm vl con ngudi (ca ben tiong eung
nhu ben ngoai) nhu tdt bimg, tin cay, than thien, thiu bilu, ling nghe, xinh dep.
3- Cam xuc/thai dp cua ban be ddi vdi minh va cua minh ddi vdi ban be:
la nhiing tinh cam, each ung xd than ai, tdt dep cua ban be vdi minh v^ eua
minh vdi ban be nhu dupe ban quy mIn, quan tam, thuang yeu, tdn trpng...
Trong sd cac yeu td nay, hanh vi ban be khiin cac em vui ve, hanh phiic
chilm sd lupng rat Idn (305/1.039 cau) dat 29,4%, tdng sp cau tra Idi va phd
biln d tat ca hpc sinh (md ta chi tiet ylu td nay d hop 1). Dac dilm ban be va
cam xuc ban be it phd bien ban.
Hop 1: Cdc hdnh vi lien quan den yeu to bgn be tgo cdm xiie
duong tinh cho hpe sinh
1. Giao luu: dupe gap ban be, ndi chuyen, tam su, chia se, than viin, tranh luan, tao
cSu chuy$n cudi vdi ban be, kit ban vdi nhieu ngudi, lam quen vdi ban, treu cac
ban nhiing liic ranh rdi, dupe giao lim, gap go nhieu ngudi ban mdi, ndi chuyen vdi
ngudi ban ma em yen quy, cd nhieu ban be, dupe gap ngudi minh thich, ngdi canh
ban than.
2. Vui choi: vui chai, cudi dila, choi tid choi eung ban be, ni dupe ban be di choi,
duoc choi eung ban be.

3. Loi ich vat chat: dupe an ke do an cac ban, dupe ban bao dd an.
4. Hoat ddng chung: ciing vdi ca Idp chien thang cupc thi, hpc ciing ban. Duoc xem
da bdng vdi ban. Dupe canh tianh vdi cac ban. Cai nhau vdi ban. Cung ban than ndi
xau ban khac, treu choc ban phat khdc. Cd ky niem dep ben ban be. Dupe thu lam
nhimg dieu mdi cung ban.
5. Cho dua: luc gap khd khan dupe cac ban giup dd, tuong trp. Dupe ban be khen.
Ban be ludn doan kit. Dupe cac ban bao ve, dupe cham sde, duoc ban be lang nghe.
Cac do lieu dinh tinh chp thiy, nhirng dilu hpc sinh cam thiy vui ve,
hanh phuc nhit d ban be la nhQng hanh vi eung nhau giao luu, vui chai, ho|t
ddng, la chd dua tinh thin eua nhau mdi khi khd khan, ddng vien nhau mdi
ngay. DQ lieu cQng cho thiy, nilm vui cua cac em cd thi tu nhung viec tieu

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5 - 2019

89


cue nhu cung nhau ndi xiu ban, treu chpc ban. Ddy la dieu can dupe luu y, bm
dd chinh la ngudn gdc eua bien tuong bit nat hpc dudng, can dupe giamtnieu
hien nay. Kit qua nghien cuu thuc tiln nay eung phu hpp vai dac diem tam ly
lira tudi vi thanh nien, dac biet la tudi thilu nien, tdc liia tudi hpc smb T HCb,
bdi le, trong giai dpan nay, boat ddng giao tiep vdi ban la mdt trong nhung
boat dpng chu dap cd anh hudng nhilu din cudc sdng va hpc tap cua cac em.
Trpng nhdm ylu td nha trudng, hai ylu td chinh la co sd vft chit, caiih
quan cua nha tradng va eae boat ddng ngoai khda do tradng/ldp td chue khien
cac em vui ve, thich thu. YIU td dupe nhic den nhieu nhat la nhung hoat dpng
tinh hudng, su kien khac ngoai hpc tap ma cac em dupe trai nghiem trpng nha
tradng nhu haat ddng ngoai khda, sinh boat dudi cd, di cam tiai cung lap,
tham gia cac mdn till thao hay van nghe toan trudng..., dac biet la nhung tinh
hudng nhu dupe nghi hpc, cd giap khdng din Idp, di hpc mudn nhung khdng bj

ghi ten... Mdt sd em nhic din sir saeh se cua nha ve sinh, ed nhieu cay cdi, hoa
la trong san tradng, phdng hpc ed dieu hda nhiet dp, caiig tin phuc vu nhanh,
cd nhilu mdn an phu hpp hpc trd... khiin cac em thiy dl chiu, thoai mai. Day
la nhung diem ma cac nha tradng can quan tam.
Bdng 2: Phdn bd chi tiet cua ede yeu to trudng hpc tgo
cdm xuc duang tinh cho hpc sinh

C^c nhom
yeu to

Cac thanh phan ciJa tirng nhom yeu to

So can tra \tf\ Ty le %
So
Tyle so nguoi
(N = 292)
lirffnj^

%

Ban be

Nha trudng

Hoc tap

90

Hanh vi cua ban be doi vai minh, ciia minh doi
vdi ban

305

29,4

104,5

Dac diem ban be

34

3,3

11,6

Cam xuc/thai do cua ban be d6i vai minh/ciia
minh vai ban

10

1,0

3,4

Co sd vat chat cua trircmg

77

7,4

26,4

Hoat dong ngoai khoa do trLrong/ldp to chirc

72

6,9

24,7

Hoat dong khac trong nha trirdng

108

10,4

37,0

Mon hoc

54

5,2

18,5

ICel qua hoc tap

75

7,2

_ 25,7

Gia tri hoc tap

89

86

_3(L5_

Hoc tap khong ap lire

22

2,1 L_Zi5_

TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, Sd 5 (242),5-2019


ThIiy CO giao

Ban than

Khac

Tanh vi cua thay CO giao

32

3,1

11,0

D?c diem cua thay c6 giao

32

3,1

11,0

Thai do/cam xuc thiy co giao ddi vdi hoc sinh

18

1,7

6,2

Nang lire ban than (ngoai hoc tap)

5

0,5

1,7

Gia tri ban thSn

18

1,7

6,2

Cam xiic/sd thich ciia ban than

13

1,3

4,5

Cac cau kh6ng lien quan

23

2,2

7,9

Cac yeu to khac ve ban be chua dirac de cap

22

2,1

7,5

Cac yeu to khac ve thay co chua duae de cap

26

2,5

8,9

Cac yeu to khac ve ban than chua duoc de cap

3

0,3

1,0

Kh6ng CO

1

0,1

0,3

1.039

100,0

355,8

Tong

Ghi chii: Do mdi hoc sinh co the dita ra nhieu cdu trd Idi cho mot yeu to nen tyle% tr
ngudi CO the Idn han 100%.
Hpp 2: Cdcyiu td vi gid tri hpc tdp tao cdm xiic duang tinh cho hpc sinh
Dupe nghe nhitng bai giang hay, thii vi va bd ich ciia cac cd giao.
Dupe bpc tlip, ren luyen. Dupe di hpc, trd thanh ngudi bilu biet, cd ich.
Dupe cac cd day nhQng dilu hay ma minh chua biet.
Bill lam tit ca cac bai, cd giang gi cung hieu. Giai dupe bai loan khd.
Duoc trao ddi kiln thuc. Cung cd them kiln thitc d mdn hpc ma minh thich.
Dupe md mang kiln thirc, sanh ngang vdi cac nude.
Duoc bd sung kiln thuc vl hpc tap vl cupc sdng tuoi dep xung quanh chung ta.
Trpng nhdm ylu td hpc tap, gia tri hpe tap mang lai cam xiic duang tinh
cho hoe sinh nhilu nhit dat 8,6% tdng sd cau tra Idi va cd d ban 30% sd hpc
sinh. Cac em thiy hung thu hpe tap ban khi nhan thay hpc tap mang lat ehp
minh nhilu kiln thiic b6 ich, nhd hpe tap ma cac etn trd thanh ngudi hieu biet,
cd ich sau nay (hdp 2). Cac em da nhan tbdc dupe rang, viec bpc ed dem lat gta
tri nhit dinh chp ban than minh. Kit qua hpc tap dat dupe nhu mpng mupn, dat
hpc sinh gidi, dat dilm cap trong cac ky thi, kiem tra cung la yeu td quan tipng
khiin hon 1/4 s6 hoc sinh vui mung, hanh phuc. DQ lieu ciing cho thay, hau

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, S6 5 (242), 5-2019

91


nhu mpi mon hoc tir the due, my thuat, ddn toan, van, sinh, vat ly, hoa hpc..^
dSu CO the khi6n hpc sinh thich thii. Yeu thich mpt mon hpc nao do c6 the
khi6n nhi^u hoc sinh vui ve d6n truang d6 dupe hoc. Bdn canh do, viec hoc t^P

khong CO ap luc nhu s6 lirgmg bai tap vh khong qua nhiiu, thi cu, kidm tra nhe
nhang, khong bi ap luc dilm cao, khong bj gpi len bang... lam mot so em thay
vui ve, thoai mai han khi ddn truang (khoang 7,5% mau nghien cuu).
Nhom ydu t6 th^y co giao bao gom cac yeu t6 hay thanh phan khien cac
em thSy vui, thich, hanh phiic... nhu: Cac hanh vi ciia thay co giao ling xur vm
hpc sinh; Nhung dac dldm ve giang day, ve tinh each cua thay co giao; Thai
dp/cam xuc ciia thay co giao vai hpc sinh.
Dudfi day la mot so mo ta cu the ciia hpc sinh ve nhiJng dieu ma thay co
giao khien cac em thich thii, vui ve.
Hop 3: Cac yeu to thdy co giao tgo cdm xuc duang tinh cho hoc sinh
Hanh vi cua thay co giao

Dac diem cua thay co giao

Khong bi co giao mang, phat

1. Gidng day toi: Thay giao day hay; Giao vien
Dugc thay co giao giup da khich day de hieu; Bai giang hay; Co giao day toan;
le, dpng vien, day bao, quan tani. Co giao day hay.
Dugc thay co giao an ui, khen, d6i 2. Tinh each: Vui ve, tuyet vai, chieu hpc sinh,
vui tinh, nhiet tinh, t6t, hidn, hai uac, tam ly,
xir cong bang.
than thien, chia se cai ma, co giao dl mdn, co
Giao vien khao an. Co giao cho tam huyet vai cong vide, th4y co giao hang hai.
em tan hgc som. Gid thi cac co
3. Duae giao luu: Gap thay co giao; Dugc nghe
giao trong de.
CO giao chu nhiem noi.
Noi chuyen, tam sir vai th4y co
giao

Yeu to ban than hpc sinh la ydu to dupe nhic ddn kha it, bao a6m 3
'
°
thanh phan. Do la:
^ Gia tri ban than: Cam nhan dugc nhirng gia tri ciia ban than trono tSn
thd nhu lam lop truang, dupe cong nhan.
^ •^
Nang luc ban than ngoai hpc tap hay dupe gpi la nhung tai le nb,r th'
thao, chai game...
' ""^ ^"^
Cam xiic/sa thich ciia ban than: la nhtrng cam xiic va sa thich
ciia hoc
sinh, dap ling nhu cau ctia ca nhan cac em.

92

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, 86 5(242),

-2019


Trong yeu to ban than thi gia tri ban than dupe cac em dl cap din nhilu
nhit chiem l,7%i tdng sd cau tra Idi va cd d 6,2% sd ngudi tra Idi (hdp 4). Cac
em hpc sinh da hiSu ro ve gia tri cua ban than va cam thiy tu hao vl chinh ban
than minh.
Hpp 4: Cdc yeu to ve gid tri bdn thdn tgo cdm xiic duang tinh cho hpc sinh
Em xinh gSn nhit lop

Dugc lam lop truang

Dugc nhieu nguai de y

Dugc mpi nguai khen nggi, cong nhan

Dugc song diing voi tinh each

Dugc neu y kien; Dugc gia tay phat bidu
Dugc vinh danh truoc toan lop
Dugc cong nhan la hgc sinh cham ngoan. hgc gioi

Cd the thay, cac yeu td trudng hpc tao cam xuc duong tinh cho hpc sinh
rit da dang va bao quat hau hit eae ddi tupng trong nha trucmg nhu; thay cd
giao, ban be, ban than hoc sinh cung nhu cac ITnh vuc hoat ddng trpng nha
trudng: hpc tap, giang day, ngoai khda. Nhu vay, den trudng, dupe hpc tap,
dupe giao lim, dupe hpat ddng la co sd de bpc sinh cam thay hanh phuc, vui ve.
3.2. So sdnh cdc yiu ti trudng hpc tao cam xiic duffng tinh cho hpc
sinh theo gi&i linh vd cip hpc
Gidi tinh va tudi tae (bae hpc) la nhimg ylu td chp thiy rd sir khae biet
CO ban d nhilu dac dilm tam ly eua hpc sinh ma cac nghien ciiu deu chi ra. O
day, cau hdi dat ra la lieu cac ylu td tap cam xuc duong tinh cho hpe sinh nam
cd hiang tu nhu d hpc sinh nu, cho hpc sinh tudi nhd ban, d bac hpc THCS cd
nhu eho hpc sinh Idn ban, d bac THPT?
Sa sanh tin suit cac ylu td trudng hpc tap cam xuc dupng tinh chp hpc
sinh nam va nQ (bang 3) da chi ra sir khac biet va tuang ddng giQa chung. Ve
sir gidng nhau, ca nam va nu diu chi ra nhilu nhit cac ylu tP tap nen cam xuc
duong tinh d trudng hpc la nhdm ylu td ban be trpng dd ty le gdp cua nam la
113,9% va ty le eua nQ la 127,0%. Khdng chi cd ylu td dupe de cap nhieu nhat
ma ca ylu td dl cap it nhit la ylu td ban than thi bai gidi nay cung cd su tuong
ddng. Ylu td ban than la ylu td tao nen cam xuc duang tinh dupe de cap it hon

ca trong 5 ylu td, trong dd cd d 12,7% sinh nam va d 14,3% sd hpc sinh nu.
v l sir khac biet, trpng long so ban nam tham gia khao sat thi chi cd 22,4%
ban cho ring, ylu td thiy ed giao dem lai cam xiic duong tinh, cdn ddi vdi nu con
s6 nay len din 35,7%. Ngupc lai ddi vdi ylu td hpc tap, 89,1% sd hpc sinh nam

TAPCHITAM Ly HOG, Sd 5 (242), 5 - 2019

93


ehp ring, ylu td nay chinh la tae nhan tap ndn cam xuc duan^ tinh c
^^
trudng hpc, cdn vdi nQ con sd nay la 73,8%. Ddi vdi nii, yeu to nha trucmg .
nen elm xuc duong tinh cho 94,4%, nhmig chi cho 83% sd hpc smb nam.
^^^
Nhu vay, dilu lam chp hpc sinh ndi chung, ea nam va nQ, i^«S ^
phuc d trudng chinh la dupe giao luu vdi ban be, cd ban be tin c|y a«^
nghe, chia se... Nhung su khac biet giQa nam va nu la a cho: yeu to W "^ 8
vl nha trudng it dem lai cam xuc duong tinh eho nam ban cho nu, nhung ng .
lai, ylu td hpe tap dem lai cam xuc duang tinh eho nam nhieu ban cho nu.
Bdng 3: Cdc yiu td tgo cdm xuc duang tinh a truang theo gicn ttnh
vd cdp hpc (ty le % theo so nguai)
Cap hoc

Gioi tinh
Cac yeu to

Nam

Yeu to hoc tap

ylu t6 ban than

Yeu 16 trirdng hoc

Khac

THCS

Tong

THPT

188

160

264

85

Ty 16 %

113,9

127,0

134,7

88,5

S6 luong

37

45

65

17

22,4

35,7

33,2

17,7

Yeu 16 ban be

Y£u to thiy c6

Nir

Tvl?%
So lugng

147

93

184

56

Ty le %

89,1

73,8

93,9

58,3

So luong

21

15

28

8

Ty le %

12,7

11,9

14,3

8,3

So lirang

137

119

186

71

Tyle%

83,0

94,4

94,9

74,0

S6luang

43

32

43

32

Ty le %

26,1

25,4

21,9

333

Tons

165

126

196

96

Tv le %

100

I 100

100

100

348

82

240

36

256

75

291

i; KhuySl ihiiu 1 trudng hap khong khai ve gidi tinh.

Xet theo eip hpc, ca hpc sitih THPT va hpc sinh THCS diu cho thiy
ylu td ban be dupe danh gia la ylu td tap cam xuc duang tinh cho cac eni
nhilu nhit trong sd 5 nhdm yeu td trudng hpc. Tuy nhien, ylu td nay d hoc
sinh THCS chilm nhilu ban hpc sinh THPT. Ty le tdng gdp cho ylu td nay d

94

TAP CHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5 . 2019

hpc sitih THCS la 134,7% va ty If cua hpc sinh THPT la 88,5% tuong ling.
Chd ylu su khic bidt din tir ylu td hanh vi ban be ddi vdi nhau: ed 118%i sd
hpc sinh THCS (tdng gdp) dl cap din ylu td nay, nhtmg chi cd 76%i sd hpc
sinh THPT chi ra ylu td nay ma thoi.
Ve sir khac biet, ty le hoc sinh THPT danh gia ylu td thiy cd giao dem lai
cam xuc ducmg tinh la 17,7%, cdn ddi voi hpe sinh THCS, con sd nay len din
35,7%. Chu ylu, sir khac biet nay xuat phat tu ylu to hanh vi cua thiy cd giao:
ylu td nay tao cam xuc duang tinh cho 15,3%o sd hpc sinh THCS nhung chi cho
2,1% sd hoc sinh THPT. Ddi vdi ylu td hpc tap, 93,9% sd hpc sinh THCS ehp
ring, ylu td nay cht'nh la tae nhan tao nen cam xuc duong tinh cho cac em d
ttudng hpc, cdn vdi hpe sinh THPT cpn sd nay la 58,3%i. Chi tiet cac yeu td hpc
tap CP dieu kha ly thu, cac em hpc sinh THCS de cap den nhieu hon ve kit qua
hpc tap khien cac em vui ve, thich thu (36,2%i), cdn d hpc sinh THPT thi cpn sd
nay chi la 4,2%). Nhtmg ylu td gia tri hpc tap lai dupe hpc sinh THPT de cap den
nhilu han (37,5%i), cdn vdi hpc sinh THCS thi can sd nay la hpn 27%>.
Ddi vdi hpc sinh THCS, yeu td nha trudng tap nen cam xuc duang tinh
cho din 94,9%i, ddi vdi hpc sinh THPT chi ed 74% sd hpc sinh danh gia nhu tren.
Cd thi thiy, su khac biet giQa hpc sinh Idn (THPT) va hpc sinh be
(THCS) rd ret ban sp vdi chilu canh gidi tinh. Tit gdc dp sd lupng cac yeu td
trudng hpe nhu nhQng tae nhan tap cam xuc duang tinh thi hpc sinh THCS
hanh phuc ban hoc sinh THPT. Hpc sinh THCS cd ty le cap ban d hiu hit eae
nhdm ylu td trudng hpc khiin eae em vui ve, dl chiu, thpai mai d trudng: ban
be, thiy ed giap, hpc tap, nha trudng, ban thSn.
4. Ket luan
Tu kit qua nghien ciiu d tren ed thi thiy mdt sd dilm chinh sau day.
Thii nhit, hiu hit hpc sinh diu tim thiy dilu gi dd tu trudng hpe khien
cac em cd cam xuc duang tinh. Chi ed duy nhat mdt hpc sinh khdng tim thay
dilu gi d ttudng hpc khiin minh thiy vui ve, hanh phuc; mac du la trudng hop
ca biet nhtmg la dilu can quan tam.

Thu hai, trang sd cac ylu td trudng hpe, ed 3 ylu td tap ra cam xuc
duang tinh phd biln nhit cho da sd hpc sinh la ban be, mdi trudng trudng bpc
vii hpc tap.
Thir ba, hanh vi ban be, hoat ddng khac ngoai gid hoc ma hpc sinh da
thuc hien trong nha trudng, gia tri eua hpe tap va ca sd vat chat cua nha trudng
la nhQng ylu td ndi trdi, tao cam xiic duang tinh cho hpe smb.
Thir tu, ylu td thiy ed giap, ylu td ban nhan hpc sinh la hai yeu td tao ra
cam xuc duong tinh cho mdt phan nhd hpc sinh.

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5 - 2019

95


Thii nam, cd nhQng khac biet nhit djnh vl^cae ylu td trudng hpc tap
cam xuc duong tinh cho hpc sinh theo gidi tinh va cap hpc.
Tdm lai, nhilu ylu td cu thi khiin cac em hpe sinh duae hanh phuc, Wi
ve khi din trudng da duae clii ra. Dd chinh la nhQng dieu ma chung ta call
quan tam trudc hit. Ben canh dd, cd nhung hien tupng can luu tam ' " " 8 ™
eae ylu td nay. Thii nhit la hien Wpng mdt sd hpc sinh cam thay vui ve khi
dem lai su tdn thuang cho ban be. Thit hai, cd em den trudng ma khdng thay
dilu gi kliiln cac em vui ve. Chua cd minh chutig ve mdi lidn he giQa hm hipn
tupng nay vdi nhau cung nhu vdi nhQng ylu td khac, nhung dd cung la dteu
ma cac nha giap due, eae bac phu huynh nSn chu y nhieu ban.
Kit qua nghien ciiu nay cd gia tri Idn vl mat thuc tiln. Dua thep ket qua
dupe rut ra, cd thi dl xuit ring, cam xuc duong tinh hay hanh phuc d trudng
cua hpc sinh la dilu rit cin dupe quan tam eua nha trudng, giao vien va ca hpe
sinh. Tire la, cac em din trudng khdng chi hpe, ma d dd, cac em trai nghiem
mdt phin cudc sdng ciia minh. Trudng hpc hanh phuc chi khi hpc sinh cam
thiy hanh phuc va thay ed giao ciing cam thiy hanh phuc.

Tuy vay, nghien ciru nay ciing cd nhQng ban che nhat dinh can dupe khac
phuc trong cac nghien cim tiep theo dl cd nhtrng ket qua hoan thien ban, tir do,
cd the img dung hieu qua tren thue tien nha trudng bien nay. Trudc bet, mau
nghien cdu d day chi gdm hpc sinh d mdt trudng trung hpc ea sd va mpt trudng
trung hpc phd thdng tai Ha Ndi. Mau can dupe md rpng ra cac dia ban khac
phong phu ban de hue tranh ve eae yeu td trudng hpe tao cam xuc duong tinh
cho hpc sinh phan anh thue tien da dang ban. Mat khac, day la kit qua cua
nghien ciiu dinh tinh, chi mang tinh phat hien ma chua dupe khai quat hda. Vi
the, rat can thuc hien cac nghien cuu dinh luong tiep thep tren co sd cac phat
hien nay de khai quat hda van de.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Diener E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal
for a national index. American Psychology. 55 (1). 34-43. Doi; 10.1037/0003-066x
55.1.34.
2. Dong Y. and Yu G.L. (2007). The development and application of an academic
emotions questionnaire. Acta Psychologica Sinica. Vol. 39. P. 852 - 860
3. Fredrickson B.L. (1998). What good are positive emotions'' Review nf r
i
Psychology. 2 (3). 300 - 319.
ueneral
4. Fredrickson B.L. & Cohn M.A. (2008). Positive emotions, bi M. Lewis J H 1 H
Jones & L.F. Barrett (eds.). Handbook of Emotions (3rd edl (P in' ^n;f7^, '
•'• ^ • ' " - 796). New
York; Guilford Press.

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5. George Essel and Patrick Owusu (2017). Causes of students' stress, its effects on
their academic success, and stress management by students. Thesis, Faculty; School
of Business and Culture, Seinajoki University of Applied Sciences.
6. Truong Thi Khanh Ha (2017). Su hdi long vdi cupc sdng dia tre em: Mpt sd khia
canh lien quan den gia dinh yd truang hpc. Ky ylu Hdi thao qudc tl Tam ly hpc khu
vuc Ddng Nam A iin thu nhit. Quyin 1. Tr. 65-73. NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
7. Duong Thi Dieu Hpa (2008). Gido trinh tdm ly hpc phdt triin. NXB Dai hpc Su
pham.
8. Phan Thj Mai Huong va Nguyin Thi Tbiiy Anh (2017). Diiu gi khiin tre hgnh
phiic khi den trudng? Du bdo cua ede yeu to trucmg hpc. Ky yen Hpi thao qudc te
Tam ly bpc khu vuc Ddng Nam A lan thit nhit; Hanh phuc con ngudi va phat trien
bin vimg. Quyen 1. Tr. 54-64. NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
9. Kohu A., Rimpela M. (2002). Well-being in schools: a conceptual model. Health
Promotion Intemational. Oxford University Press. Vol. 17. No. 1. P. 79 - 87.
10. Lei H., Cui Y. and Chiu M.M. (2018). The Relationship between teacher support
and students' academic emotions: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 8.
P. 1-12.
11. O'Rourke J. and Cooper M. (2010). Lucky to be happy: A study of happiness in
Australian primary students. Australian Joumal of educational & Developmental
Psychology. Vol. 10. P. 94 -107.

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