Phân biệt tuổi tác đối với người cao tuổi khái niệm và phương pháp đo lường

wgnien ciju
Gia dinh v4 Giai
sg 5 - 2019

Phan biet tuoi tac floi vdi ngirofi cao fuoi:
Kiiai niem va piiueng phaptfoiifofng
Trjnh Thai Quang', Lwang Ngoc Thuy"

Tom tat: Phan biet tudi tac d6i voi nguoi cao tuffl la mot dimg pMn
biet 46i xii dua tren do tu6i, la mgt kigu ky thi pM bien nhat nhung
duoc binh thucmg hoa nhiSu nhat va ttoong xuSt hien trong nioi
trucmg lao ddng, viec lam, cham soc y t j va trong doi song hang ngay.
Thi Men cua su phan biet tu6i tac la o thai do va hanh vi doi voi turn
gia. voi ngucri cao tu6i. Dan s6 ngiroi cao tuoi 6 Viet Nam dang gia
tang nhanh chong, diiu do ciing co tha din den sir gia tang cua ph3n
biet tuii tac doi voi nguoi cao tuii, ding thoi dat ra nhieu thach thuc
vi kinh ti, xa hgi va cong tac cham soc, bao ve va ho tro nguoi cao
tuoi. Phan biet tuii tac da dugc nghien cau tir rat som a cac nuoc phat
trien, tuy nhien, 6 Viet Nam hiu nhu chua c6 cac nghien ciiu tap
trung vao khia canh nay. Bai viet nay cung cap nhung Iden thiic co
ban ve khai mem, cac tac dgng, va cac phuong phap do luong, ding
thoi de xuat huong nghien cim ve phan biet tuoi tac doi voi nguoi cao
tuii<">.
Tir khoa: Ngucri cao tuii; Phan biet tuii tac; Khai niem; Phuong
phap do luong.
Ngay nhan hai: 10/9/2019; ngay chinh siia: 25/9/2019; ng^y j^ygj
dang: 16/10/2019.

• TS Vien Nghien ctru Gia dinh va Gioi, Vien Hanlam Khoa hgc xa hoi ViJt ^^
•• ThS., Vien Xa hgi hgc, Vien Hta lam Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam.

Trinh Thai Quang & Lirong Ngoc Thuy

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1. Gio'i thieu
Dan sd toan cau dang gia di nhanh chong. Theo bao cao Sue khoe va
Gia hda toan cau 2011,^ tinh din nam 20 ] 0, cd 8% dan sl thi gidi la ngudi
cao tuli (NCT)_ (65 tudi trd len) va du kiln tang len 16% vao nam 2050.
Dang luu y la hau h6t NCT dang song tai cac nudc kem phat hiin va tic do
gia hda dan s l ciing nhanh nhat d cac quic gia nay (WHO, 2011). Diiu nay
dat ra nhieu thach thdc cho hS thong an sinh xa hpi tai cac nudc nay va vdi
ban than NCT, dac biet ve kinh tl va sdc khde. Ben canh do, mpt vin dh xa
hpi khac ma^NCT cd the phai ddi mat la phan biet tuli tac (ageism).
Nghien cdu v l phan biet tuoi tac dii vdi NCT da dugc thuc hien sdm d cac
nudc phat triln, tieu biiu la My tu nhd'ng nam 1960. Bdi vi, theo cac
nghien cuu do, phan biet hidi tac dii vdi NCT c6 anh hudng tieu cue din
ddi song cua hp va nd xuat hien d mpi mat cua ddi song xa hgi, dong thdi
la loai dinh kien dupc "binh thudng hoa" vl mat xa hpi nhiiu nhit va
khong bi phan doi mgt each rgng rai nhu cac loai dinh kien khac. Chinh vi
the ma mgt khi xay ra, NCT bi anh hudng se bi thiet thoi hong cong ding,
dac biet la vdi "sdc khoe va hanh phuc" cuahg (WHO, 2019a).
Viet Nam la mpt trong nhirng nudc cd toe do gia hoa nhanh nhat
(UNFPA, 2011), ty trpng NCT tu' 60 tuli trd len d thdi dilm 2016 la 11,9%
tong dan sd (GSO, 2017). Nghien curu ve NCT cua Viet Nam hien tap trung
nhieu hon ve cac khia canh cham soc, h6 trp, him tri, an sinh xa hpi, va hau
nhu chua co nghien cdu nao ve phan biet tuoi tac doi vdi NCT. Bai viet
gidi thieu ve chu de nghien cuu nay thdng qua tong hgp cac khai niem
phan biet tuoi tac ddi vdi NCT, cac tac dgng cua phan biet tuoi tac va cac
phuong phap do ludng, dong thdi thao luan cac khia canh chinh sach, the

chi CO lien quan. Bang each do, mpt mat cung cap nhung kien thuc co ban
vl chu dl nay, mat khac, gdp phSn md rpng hudng nghien cuu vl NCT
hong boi canh bien doi xa hpi d Viet Nam.
2, Khai niem phan biet tuoi tac (Joi vo-i ngu'O'i cao tuoi
Ngudi dhu tien su dung khai niem phan biet tudi tac vdi NCT la Robert
Butler vao nam 1969 va dinh nghia cua no xuat hien lan dau trong cuon Tu
dien tieng Anh Oxford nam 2003 nhu sau:
"Phdn biit tudi tdc co thi dirac xem Id mgt dinh kiin cd he thdng vd
phdn biit ddi xi} vdi mgi ngirdi vi hg Id ngudi gid, gidng nhu phdn biet
chung tpc vdphdn biet gidi Id suphan biit dua tren mdu da vd gi&i linh.
NCT dugc phdn logi la nhdm ngudi gid yiu, cirng nhdc trgng suy nghi vd
cdch cu xir, ldi th&i vi dgo dire vd ky ndng... phdn biet tudi tdc bieu hiin
trong mgt logt cdc hien tug-ng, a cd cdp do cd nhdn vd the che - cdc dinh
kiin vd cdc niem tin sai lam, su coi thuang vd khdng ua chugng, trdnh tiep


54

Nghien cu>u Gia dinh va Gi6>i. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 52-62

xiic vd nhirng phdn biit ddi xu trgng Imh vuc nhd a, viec ldm va sit dung
rf/c/ivu" (Butler, 1989).
Ly giai vi sao lua chpn khai niem phdn biet tuli tac, Butler cho rang tu
"ageism" nhan manh su anh hudng, tac dpng cua no vdi xa hpi cung hrong
tu nhu phan biet chung tpc (racism) va ph&i biet gidi (sexism) (Butler,
2005). Phan biet hrdi tac bao ham: 1) nhung thai do phan biet dii voi NCT,
bao gom thai dp cua chinh hg; 2) nhimg hanh d6ng mang tinh phan biet aoi
vdi NCT, dac biet la trong khia canh lao dgng viec lam va cac vai tro xa
hgi khac, va 3) nhdng thuc hanh mang tinh thi chi va chinh sach, duy tn
niem tin rap khudn ve NCT, lam giam ca hpi hudng thu mpt cuoc song

thda dang va lam suy yeu pham gia ca nhan cua hg (Butler, 1980). Phan
biet tudi tac ciing cd the dugc hieu la su khac biet ve tinh cam, niem tin
hoac hanh vi cua mgt ca nhan ve tuoi tac cua mgt ca nhan khac (Levy &
Banaji, 2002), ma nhieu khi dugc the che hda nen cac ca nhan tham chi
khdng nhan thiy do la dinh kien hay la mgt dang cua phan biet doi xii khi
nd diln ra (Nelson, 2016a). Theo WHO, phan biet mli tac dupc xac dinh la
su rap khuon, dinh kiln va phan biet dii xd vdi mgi ngudi tren ca so hioi
tac cua hp.
Ddi vdi ngudi gia, tudi tac la mdt thach thuc hang ngay. Hp hi tir choi
viec lam, bi ban chi tu cac dich vu xa hpi va bi quy chup hen cac phuong
tien truyen thong, phan biet tuoi tac dang gay ra nhiing thiet thoi va loai tru
NCT ra khoi cpng ddng cua hp (WHO, 2019a). Vi tbi, Butler coi phan biet
tuoi tac vdi NCT la m6t "can benh", nhung nd cd the dugc chira tri mpt
each huu hieu bang truyen dat kien thuc, bdi vi thieu kien thiic ve mot
nhom xa hgi cd the din den nhiing thai do tieu cue ve nhom xa hoi do
(Allport, 1954; Weber & Crocker, 1983). Ngoai ra, viec nhin nhan nguoi
gia nhu la mdt thi hudng ciing cd the gdp phan giam di nhung djnh kiln
phan biet tuli tac vdi hg (Butler, 1989).
Nhiiu nghien cuu d phuang Tay tap trung vao ddi tugng nguoi cham
soc, nhan vien y te, nha tuyen dung khi phan tich ve phan hiet tuli tac,
nhung khong cd nhieu nghien cuu ve NCT nghi gi, danh gia the nao vh qua
hinh gia hoa, hay nhung kinh nghiem ve viec hp bi doi xu phan biet do
dinh kiln vl tuli gia. Thuc te la khai niem nay trong hpc thuat la tirong dii
kho hieu vdi NCT, nhung hg nhan thuc duac rang hp dupc xem la "da
gia". VSn dl la hp kho phan biet dugc khi nao hg duac dii xd mot each
tich cue va khi nao hp bi phan biet doi xu do tuoi gia (Minichiello va cone
su, 2000).
d Viet Nam, khai niem phan biet hidi tac dii vdi NCT vin con tucmg
dii mdi va chi dugc de cap gan day khi gia hda^dan so hd thanh cip bach
do tic dp diln ra nhanh chdng. Cu thi hong buli Toa dam vh "Thich uns

vdi gia hda dSn s l n^""*" " "^^'^"^ ^ ' ' " ^ '^n" dudng nbia trudc" fin lamp *


Trinh Thdi Quang & Liromg Ngoc Thuy

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va Uy ban quic gia v l NCT Viet Nam td chuc nam 2018, Giam dde
HelpAge International Viet Nam da phat biiu "phan biet hili tac chmh la
mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan glc re can hd gia hda tich cue. Da din luc
chung ta phai quylt liet han niia nham chSm dut phan biet tuli tac, dac biet
la suy nght cho r5ng NCT la ganh nang, thu dpng va phu thupc, diiu do
hoan toan hai vdi nhiing gi chung ta dang nhin thSy hang ngay" (Ngu
Binh, 2018).
Nhu vay, phan biet hili tac dii vdi NCT la nhung thai do tieu cue,
mang tinh dinh kiln, phan biet dii xu vdi NCT. Dd la mgt hien tugng co
tinh ngi tai nen khd nhin nhan, do ludng va nhiiu khi dugc xem la binh
thudng. Phan biet tuli tac cung tin tai d ca ban than NCT. Biiu hien cua
phan biet hili tac dii vdi^NCT co thi thdng qua quan niem, danh gia, hoac
ldi noi, hanh vi va thi chi.
3. Tac dong cua phan biet tuoi tac d6i vd'i ngu'O'i cao tuoi
Phan biet tuoi tac dii vdi NCT tac dpng din ban than NCT d nhiiu khia
canh, ITnh vuc khac nhau. Theo Palmore (1999) cac phan biet dii xu tieu
cue doi vdi NCT thudng dupc thay trong linh vuc lao dpng viee lam, nha
d, va cham sdc sue khoe. Phan nay se torn luge cac tac dpng cua phan biet
tuoi tac tu goc do NCT va tu' phia nhiing chu thi khac.
Tit goc do ngu'di cao tudi
Nhiing nhan thuc tieu cue ve ban than do tuoi tac anh hudng den NCT d
nhieu cap dd khac nhau (Nelson, 2016b). Ve mat sue khoe, nghien cdu cua
Levy va cdng su (2002) chi ra rang NCT cd nhan thuc tich cue ve gia hoa

CO the song lau han 7,5 nam so vdi nhiing ngudi co nhan thuc tieu cue, va
hp ciing CO kha nang phuc hoi tu cac tinh trang thuang tat tot hon (WHO,
2016). Tham chi, tac dgng cua nhan thdc tich cue ve gia hoa con manh han
so vdi cac yeu to sinh ly khac nhu huyet ap va cholesterol thap, hay chi so
BMI, khdng co lich su su dung thulc la, tap the thao. Nhtmg ngudi co nhan
thuc tich cue ve qua trinh gia hoa cua ban than cho thay kha nang ghi nhd
tot han, di lai nhanh nhen hem va it benh ly tim mach hem (Levy, Slade,
KasI, 2002). Nguac lai, nhan thuc tieu cue vl gia hda d NCT la nguy ca
gay m§t kha nang thuc hien cac hoat dgng song hang ngay cua NCT, tinh
hang ngheo nan vl kinh tl, sing dcrn than, co cac benh man tinh hay tam
than (Moser va cdng sy, 2011).
v l mat tinh th§n, nhung NCT co thai do tieu cue ve ban than thudng
nhin nhan minh nhu mgt ganh nang, cho rang cuoc song cua minh co it gia
tri, va do do, dat ban than minh vao cac nguy ca bj ham cam va tach biet
xa hgi (WHO, 2016). Tham chi nd con co tac dong manh me hon so vdi
cac ylu to nhan khau hpc, tinh trang sue khde hay chat lugng quan he gia


56

Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, sd 5, tr. 52-62

dinh din sdc khoe tam th^n, cu thi la bSnh hSm cam d NCT (Bai va cong
su, 2016).
Tie goc do chu the khde
Chu the khac co the la ngudi thSn trong gia dinh nhu con cai, nha tuyen
dung, nhiing nhdn vien y te, cung cap djch vu. Trong ITnh vuc vi§c lam,
phan biet hili tac khiln NCT bi thiet thdi vl kinh tl do bi loai dSn khoi lire
lugng lao dpng va cuoi cung bi dat trong tinh trang la chi co thu nhap co
dinh (luong huu) nhung hp cung se bi anh hudng ham hpng bdi qua hinh

lam phat (Hopkins, 1980). Nhimg NCT tich cue tim kilm cdng viec nhung
khdng the tim dugc de hd nen mat tinh than, anh hudng tieu cue den ddi
sdng tam ly xa hpi cua hp (Jackson & Taylor, 1994).
Thue te, phan biet tudi tac d noi lam viec la rat pho bien, Irving (2015)
da chi ra rSng khoang 2/3 sl ngudi lao dgng d My hong do tuoi tir 45-74
da tung trai qua hoac da tung thay trudng hgp phan biet tuoi tac 6 noi lam
viec; 84% s l NCT My da tirng it nhat mgt ldn hai qua viec bi phan biet
tuoi tac vdi hinh thuc cac tro dda xuc pham, su thieu ton hgng, hoac nhihig
gia dinh lien quan den tinh trang 6m yeu, benh tat (Roscigno va cpng su,
2007). Ngudi quan ly co xu hudng ung hg nhan vien he hon va dira hen
nhirng djnh kien ve ngudi My cao tuoi de hop phap hoa each phan bo Igi
ich tai noi lam viec va dua ra quyet dinh thuyen chuyen cong tac. Thai dp
tieu cue vl ngudi lao dpng cao tuoi thudng quy chup hp cd kha nang dap
ung yeu cau viec lam kem. Hp cdng thudng bi nhiing ngudi quan iy hay
ddng nghiep he danh gia rang khong linh hoat, cham chap, thieu to chuc,
khd khan va tin kem dl dao tao (Shah & Kleiner, 2005).
Phan biet ddi xu vdi NCT xuit hien ngay tu giai doan tim kiem viec lam
va ca d nai lam viec. Ngudi lao dpng cao tuoi cd it ca hgi dupc phong van
xin viee hon, ciing nhu it co ca hgi tham gia tap huan nang cao trinh do
chuyen mon hom. Hp cd thi bi thay the bang nhirng lao dpng tre nhSm
mang lai Igi ich kinh tl cho dan vi tuyin dung, vi du nhu giam tien trp d p
huu tri, giam muc luomg, giam cac chi phi ve lpi ich y te. Ca hpi thang tiln
va dao tao dugc danh cho nhung lao dpng he, vi se tiet kiem chi phi hon va
dang dl dSu hr lau dai hem (Adams, 2002; Maxwell, 1989). Viec thay thi
nay anh hudng nhiiu nhit tdi nhung ngudi lao dgng cao tuoi co tay nghi
cao, bugc hp phai chuyen viec, hoac bupc phai rdi khoi thi trudng lao dong
hay thuyen chuyin xudng cac cdng viec don gian han khi dupc hiy^n dung
(Hirsch va cong su, 2000; Maxwell, 1989).
Trong ITnh vuc y tl, cham soc sue khde, NCT cung cd the phai dii mat
vdi tac dpng tieu cue cua phan biet tudi tac, vi du nhu cung each giao tiip

mang dinh kiln tuli tac cua nhiing ngudi lam^viec chuyen mon dli vdi
benh nhan cao hili, hay vi6c dua ra nhimg quylt dinh chuin doan va diiu


Trinh Thai Quang & Lucmg Nggc Thiiy

57

tri thien lech do tu6i tac cua benh nhan (Wyman va cong su, 2018). Phan
biet tuai tie doi voi NCT trong Hnh vuc y tl, vi thS, co thi dSn din nhiing
van dl ve chat Iugng dieu tri va anh huong din siic khoe cua NCT.
4. Phwrng phap do lirvng phan biet tuoi tac
Trong lich sii nghien cuu ve phan biet tuli tac, cac thang do danh gia
quan diem va thai do v l NCT da duoc xay dung tic nam 1944, sau do la
hang loat cac loai thang do moi duoc phat trien. Theo nghien cuu cua
Ayalon va cong sit (2019), ba tiiang do ph6 biin nhit la: thang do thai do
doi vdi NCT (Attitudes Toward Old Persons) cua Kogan (1961), thang do
phan biet y nghia gia hoa (Ageing Semantic Differential) ciia Rosencranz
and McNevin (1969), va thang do phan biet tuoi tac Fraboni (Fraboni Scale
of Ageism) ctia Fraboni va cong su (1990). Mpt so thang do, du dugc sir
dung rgng rai nhung cung gap phai nhieu phe phan ve do tin cay va hieu
qua do luong. Tham chi, cac nghien cim sau nay de xuat can phai cai thien,
chinh sua lai cac each do luong, dac biet la cua Kogan (1961) do co cac
yeu to da loi thai, nhtrng cau hoi khien nguoi tra loi cam thay nhu dang xac
minh dinh kien doi vai NCT, qua dai va co van de ve tinh minh bach (Hilt,
1997; Hilt & Lipschultz, 1999). Trong khi do, thang do ciia Rosencranz va
McNevin dugc cho la co cau trac nhan to ban dau*^' khong on dinh va
khong thi hien diy dii ciu true ca ban cua du lieu (Intrieri va egng su,
1995).
Viec str diing phuang phap nao la tiiy thuoc vao doi tugng do luong va

ngi dung do luong. Vdi dli Urong la NCT, Palmore (2001) da phat hien
mgt cong cu do ludng gdm 20 ylu td ve phan biet tuoi tac'^', ngudi tra ldi
dugc yeu ciu danh gia v l mirc do thudng xuyen trai nghiem cac yeu to.
Chi sd Cronbach Alpha cua thang do nay dat do tincay tu'ong ddi cao
(0,81) mac du cd mgt sd ylu td lam cho ehi sd nay thap di, nhung tac gia
giii lai cac ylu td nay vi chiing dai dien cho miic do tac ddng cao han cua
phan biet tudi tac doi vdi NCT.
Thang do thai do ddi vdi phan biet Uidi tac (Ageism Attitude Scale)
dugc phat triln bdi Vefikulucay Yilmaz va Terzioglu nam 2011 de do
ludng thai dp cua ngudi tre tudi (18-25 Uidi) vl phan biet todi tac. Cong cu
nay bao gdm 38 muc, tuy nhien trong qua ttinh kilm tra do tin c|iy, cac tac
gia da loai bo mgt sd va giir lai 23 muc co y nghia thdng ke nhat va dugc
chia lam 3 khia canh gdm: "han chi cudc sdng ciia NCT", "thai do tich
cue" va "thai do tieu cue" vl phan biet tudi tac. Trong pham vi phan tich
cua tac gia, cdng cu do ludng nay dugc danh gia la cdng cu hgp ly va dang
tin cSy (tham khao chi tilt thang do tai Yilmaz & Terzioglu, 2011:263).
Ngoai ra, nha nghien cuu ciing cd thi sd dung tdng hgp nhieu thang do
trone ciinE mdt ohan tieh. Nghien ciiu cua Shiovitz-Ezra va cdng su


58

Nghien c d u Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 52-62

(2016) da sd dung ca cong cu do ludng FAQl cua Palmore (1977) de do
ludng kien thuc ve gia hda, hai cong cu do ludng thai dp do nhom nghien
cdu xay dung va thang do cua Fraboni (1990). De danh gia hanh vi phan
biet tuoi tac, cac tac gia su dung cong cu Lien quan den danh gia NCI
(Relahng to Older People Evaluation - ROPE) cua Cherry and Palmore
(2008), mgt loai cdng cu tu danh gia ve cac loai hanh vi phan biet tuoi tac

va muc dp thudng xuyen xay ra trong cuoc song hang ngay. Nhdng thang
do nay deu da dugc dieu chinh cho phu hap vdi van hoa va tranh mang lai
su nang ne cho ngudi tra ldi.
Nhu vay, ro rang rang cd rat nhieu cac thang do de do ludng cac van de
ve NCT, tu nhirng thang do ve nhan thuc ve tuoi gia, den thai dp va hanh yi
ddi vdi NCT, thong qua do danh gia mdc do phan biet tuoi tac ciia cac doi
tuong nghien cuu vdi NCT. Doi tugng nghien cuu d day ciing rat rpng,
gdm ca ban than NCT, nhdng ngudi d dp tudi he, nhimg ngudi lam trong
ITnh vuc dich vu nhu y te, cham soc, v.v. Chinh vi the, viec tim hieu ve van
de phan biet tuoi tac ddi vdi NCT rat phuc tap va, nhu hen da de cap, can
phai xay dung mgt bp thang do chuan hda de do ludng van de nay, cho dii
do la mgt thach thuc rat ldn.
5. Phan biet tuoi tac trong chinh sach
Phan biet tudi tac doi vdi NCT trong ITnh vuc the che, chinh sach the
hien d viec gidi han dp tuoi ap dung vao chinh sach, vi du nhu quy dinh ve
tuli vl him, ph§n nao da khong nhin nhan cac kha nang khac nhau o NCT
va danh ding tit ca NCT deu nhu nhau. Dieu nay se gdp phan day manh
phan biet tuli tac mang tinh the che doi vdi NCT va c6 the gay ra sir phan
biet dli xu khi phan phdi cac ngudn luc (WHO, 2016), dac biet la trong
ITnh vuc lao dpng viec Iam va cham sdc y te.
Hien nay nhieu nudc hong khu vuc da quan tam ban den van de chinh
sach tuli vl him cua NCT. Vi du tu thang 7/2017 chinh phd Singapore da
nang dp tuli tai tuyin dung lao dgng tu 65 len 67. Chinh sach keo dai thai
gian lao dgng cung phd bien d mot so nudc chau A khac nhu Nhat Ban.
Theo do, 82% cdng ty cua Nhat tai ky hgp ding lao dgng vdi nhan vien cua
hp sau khi nghi huu. Mot so cac qudc gia khac da nhan thay lpi ich kinh tl
va xa hpi tu viec tao diiu kien cho NCT tiep tuc lao dpng, va hp da loai bo
dp tuli bat huge ve huu. My la mot trong nhimg nudc dau tien loai bo tuli
bat bupc vl him (ngoai tru d mgt so cdng viec nhat dinh) tu nam 1986, Mot
sl cac nudc cung da buy hioi bat bugc ve huu gom. New Zealand nam

1999, Uc nam 2004, Canada nam 2009, Vucmg quic Anh nam 2011. Bihu
nay cd nghTa la ngudi su dung lao dpng khdng thi chi dua vao dp tuli ciia
ngudi lao dgng dl quylt dinh cho hg nghi huu. Chu lao dgng se vi pham


Trinh TMi Quang & Luffng Nggc Thiiy

59

phap luat nlu cho nhan vien cua mmh nghi viec (nghi huu) do v9n dl tudi
tac.
d Viet Nam, ttong khudn khd du an sua ddi Luat Lao dgng da de trinh
(du thao ngay 11/8/2019), Diiu 171 quy dinh vl mdi nghi huu, eu thi
khoan 1 cua Diiu nay trinh bay vl Id trinh tang tali nghi huu d Viet Nam
nhu sau: "Kl tir ngay 01 thang 01 nam 2021, tudi nghi huu ciia ngudi lao
ddng trong dieu kien lao dgng binh thugng la dii 60 Uidi 03 thang ddi vdi
lao ddng nam va du 55 mdi 04 thang ddi vdi lao ddng nir; sau do, cit mdi
nam tang them 03 thang ddi vdi lao dgng nam va 04 thang ddi vdi lao ddng
nir cho den nam 2028 thi lao dgng nam dii 62 tudi va den nam 2035 thi lao
ddng nti dii 60 tudi" (Van phdng Qudc hdi, 2019). Theo Id trinh nay thi
tudi vS him ciia lao ddng nam se la 62 tudi va lao dgng nir la 60 mdi. Mgt
trong cac ly do quan trgng de thuc hien Id trinh tang mdi nghi huu d Viet
Nam duge cho la do tac ddng ciia qua ttinh gia hda dan sd nhanh dan den
tinh trang thieu hiit lao ddng vao nam 2040 theo du bao. Tuy nhien, vin
cdn dang cd nhieu ttanh luan xung quanh Id ttinh tang mdi nghi huu nay vi
chinh sach nay se anh hudng den toan bd dan sd dang ttong do mdi lao
dgng. Xet ve khia canh phan biet tadi tac, viec tang tadi ve huu gdp phan
tang CO hgi tiip tuc lag ddng ciia NCT, mac dii vay khi den ngudng tadi
nhat dinh theo quy dinh eua luat phap, va cho du van cdn nhu cau lao dgng
va kha nang lao ddng, NCT vSn se bi huge phai rdi bd cdng viec hien tai.

Chinh vi thi, dl dam bao edng bang cho NCT va xoa bd phan biet tudi tac
ttong ITnh vuc lao dong viee lam, WHO ggi y xoa bd mdi bat huge ve huu,
bdi vi mdi tac khong phai la chi bao dang tin cay khi danh gia ve nang suat
va kha nang lao ddng (WHO, 2019b).

6. Kit luan
Phan biet tadi tac vdi NCT cd the dugc coi la mgt vjn de lien quan din
siic khde cdng ddng. Nd la mdt dang phan biet ddi xii: phd biin nhSt nhung
lai dugc binh thugng hda nhiiu nhSt so vdi nhirng dang phan biet ddi xit
khac. Mac dii khai niem "phan biet tadi tac" co thi ap dung vdi nhieu ddi
hrgng kliac nhau nhung phSn ldn duoc sir dung vdi NCT va hg ciing la
nhung ngudi cd nguy ca tdn thuang nhieu hon tir nhtrng tac ddng tieu cue
ctia su phan biet tadi tac. Trong thuc tl nghien ciru, cac tac ddng tieu cue
eua phan biet mdi tac ddi vdi NCT da dugc chiing minh. Nd cd the bao
gdm tac ddng tieu cue den nhan thiic cung nhu thi chat cua NCT, anh
hudng tieu cue din sire khde tam thin ciia hg, tang tinh ttang benh tat, hay
giam kha nang phuc hdi. Phan biet ddi xti vdi NCT cung duoc chung minh
la cd thi din tdi cam giac budn phiin va don dde d NCT, tham chi cd the
gat NCT ra ngoai le, loai trir hg khdi nhung vai trd ed y nghTa trong xa hdi.
Ngoai cae v k dl hen quan din site khde, phan biet tadi tac vdi NCT edn


60

Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 52-62

han che kha nang tham gia thi trudng lao dgng cua hg do cac djnh kien tieu
cue ve kha nang lao dpng cua NCT.
Trong bdi canh dan sd dang gia hda nhanh chong d Viet Nam hien nay,
van de phan biet tuoi tac vdi NCT cdng co the se tang len, tuy nhien kien

thuc va hieu biet ve khai niem "phan biet tudi tac" va cac phuang phap do
ludng lai con rat nhieu ban che. Vi vay, de hudng tdi nhan dien tinh trang
va han chi phan biet tuli tac dli vdi NCT, nhdt thilt cin phai co nhung
nghien cuu lien nganh ve phan biet tudi tac vdi NCT, dac biet la trong linh
vuc lao dpng, viec lam va cham sdc sdc khoe, tu do, dua ra nhirng khuyen
nghi, chinh sach va chuang trinh can thiep phu hgp. Bdi le, theo Butler nhu
da dan, phan biet tuoi tac vdi NCT nhu la mgt can benh, nhung la mot can
benh co the chua dupe, va kien thuc chinh la phuang thuoc hihi hieu nhat
ddi vdi phan biet tudi tac.H
Chii thich
t'* Bai viet la san pham ciia De tai cap co so "Phan biet tuoi tac va van de tiep can
viec lam cua nguoi cao tuoi" nam 2019 cua Vien Nghien cuu Gia dmh va Giai.
'^' Cau true nhan to (fector stmcture) la moi quan he tuong quan giiia mpt so cac
bien so nhat dinh duac su dung de do ludng mot cau tnic (ly thuyet) cu the.
'^' 20 yeu to nay bao gom nhimg thai do va hanh vi gieu cpt tuoi gia, xiic pham
ngudi cao tuoi, coi thudng, td choi cac dich vu nhu thue nha, tin dung, viec lam,
thing tien, sue khoe va cham soc sue khoe, nan nhan ciia toi pham, v.v. (chi tiet tai
Palmore (2001:575).
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