Cái tôi gia đình của trẻ vị thành việt nam

CAI TOI GIA DINH
CUA TRE V! THANH NIEN VIET NAM
Nghien aJu nay di/pc thuc hi6n vdi sa tai trg kinh phf cDa Trung tSm H6 trg Nghifen cihi
chiu A va Quy Giao duo Cao hoc Han Qu6c trong khudn khd 66 tdi: Xay di/ng va chuan
hda thang do tif ddnh gid danii cho tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam tren cff sd thang do fir
ddnh gid cua 'Toulouse (echelle Toulousaine d'Estime de Soi), TS.Trinh Thj Linh ldm
chu nhiem.
TS. Trinh Thi Linh
HVCH. Ngd Mai Trang
Khoa Tdm ly hpc, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc XJ hdi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia
Hd Ndi.
I
T 6 M TAT
Kit qud nghien cuu tren 766 Ire vj thdnh nien tren dia bdn Hd Npi vd Hue dd
khdng dinh su tdn tgi cdi tdi gia dinh d nhdm khdeh thi ndy. Theo dd, da phdn tre v/
thdnh nien cd muc dp tu ddnh gid cao trin binh difn gia dinh. Muc dp tv ddnh gid
ndy khdng cd su khde bift eo y nghia thdng ke theo gidi tinh, hpc luc vd dp tudi cua
cdc em, song lgi cd su khde bift cd y nghia thdng ki theo khdi ldp md cdc em dang
Iheo hpc cdng nhu tinh/thdnh phd md cdc em dang sinh sdng. Cu the, cdi toi gia dinh
cua Ire tdng ddn iheo lap hpc. Tre vi thdnh nien tren dfa bdn thdnh phd Hue cho biel,
hp cd cdi loi gia dinh lich cue han so vdi tre dong trang Ida tren dja bdn Hd Npi
Nghien ciiu cung chi ra rdng, trgng thdi cdm xuc tgi thdi diim tiin hdnh hodn thifn
phiiu hdi cd mdi luang quan thugn vdi muc dp tu ddnh gid ciia hpc sinh. Cudi ciing,
nghien cuu khdng djnh tinh khoa hpc cua thang do cdi tdi gia dinh thdng qua vifC
kiem trg dp hieu luc dong quy vdi thang do lir ddnh gid cua Rosenberg.
Tir kh6a: Cdi tdi; Cdi tdi gia dinh; Tre vj thanh nien.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyft ddng bdi: 25/10/2016.
Dit van de
Trong nhOmg nim gin diy, trd vi thanh nien cd hinh vi nguy co/vi ph?m
phip luat di ttd thinh mpt ttong nhihig vin de nhan dupe sy quan lam, lo ling
cua loin x i hpi. Nhieu ngudi dil ra cau hdi ve trich nhi^m cho nhirng ngudi

lam cdng tic giio dye trude thyc ttang niy. Song ciing khdng it ngudi cho ring
cin phai nhin tih|in vin dd niy ngay tir chinh mdi trudng sdng hing ngiy cua

66

TAP CHf TAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016


cac em, die bidt la moi trudng gia dinh. Cd thd ndi, cac moi quan he tich eye
uong gia dinh thidt lap ndn mdt ydu id bao vd cho trd vi thinh nidn ttudc cic
van Ae \ e hanh \ i nguy co. Mdi trudng gia dinh linh manh ciing li nguon goc
cua cac ngudn lyc tam ly xa hdi cua tre vi thanh nidn, giiip cho tte dd dang
thich ling dupe vdi dp mdi ' ^ i loan" niy. Nhidu tic gia di quan sat tfiay ring,
cic mdi quan he gia dinh tich eye g ^ phin vao vide lam ling cac gia trj lich cue
ciia ci nhan, nghia li ty dinh gii tich cue (DuBois, Bull. Sherman vi Roberts
(1998); Harter (1990)), nhit li d binh didn gja dinh, xa hpi va hpc dudng (Fering
vi Taska (1996)). Ben canh do, cac nghidn ciiu thyc tien cung chi ra ting, giao
tidp cdi md ttong gia dinh ciing cd mdi lidn he thuan vdi ty dinh gii ciia trd vi
thinh nidn (Estevez, Musim vi Herrero (2005b); Liia vi Musim (1993); NoUer va
Callan (1991)) (din theo Jimenez vi cdng sy. 2007).
Tity nhien, tdng quan cic cdng trinh nghidn ciiu da dupe thuc hidn trong
lihh vyc ty danh gii ban thin ciia nhdm doi lupng niy lai cho thiy ring, chi cd
mpt vii cdng Uinh nghidn ciiu dien hinh de cap tdi khia canh cai ldi gia dinh aia ttd
vj thinh nidn nhuttiangdo khii nidm cai tdi ciia Fills - 'Tennessee Self-Concept Scale"
Pl%5), thang do ty dinh gia eiia Coopersmith - "Self-esteem Inventory" (1967),
bang md ti bin thin ciia Marsh - "Self Description (Questionnaire" (1984, 1990) hay
lhang do AF5 ciia Garcia vi Musim (1999) (dan theo Jimenez vi cpng sy, 2007).
Vdi cic menh dd dit trpng tam vio bo me nhu: "bd me vd toi ed nhiiu thai gian vui
ve cimg nhati', "bd me mong dgi cptd nhiiu a tdf. "bo me thu&ng Uidng vui/khdng
ddng tinh vai nhiing gi tdi ldm"..., chiing tdi cho ring, cii tdi gia dinh ciia trd, cim

nhin, cim xiic thyc ciia trd vdi tu each la mpt thanh vidn ciia gia dinh chua diyc
sy dupe bpc Id mpt cich rd net trong cic thang do niy (Trinh Thj Linh, 2014).
Trong khi dd, d mpt ndn vin hda coi trpng chii "hidu" nhu Viet Nam, dao ly "kinh
trdn nhudng dudi". "chi ngi em ning". "mdi hd ring lanh"... di chi phdi m^nh md
sy nhin nhan. danh gii ciia moi ngudi vd chinh bin thin bp, die bidt ttong mdi
quan he vdi gia dinh. E>o dd, sd li thidu sdt Idn neu tim hieu tu dinh gii ciia hp mi
1^ bd qua sy nhin nhan ciia chinh bin than hp trdn binh didn nay. Vi vay, udn ca
sd cac cdng trinh nghidn ciiu da ndu, chiing tdi xiy dyng thang do cai tdi gia dinh
vdi mong mudn tim hidu thyc trang ty dinh gii ciia trd vi thinh nidn Vi^ Nam
hidn nay trdn binh didn nay.
Cong cy vi phuvng phip nghien cihi
Thang do cii toi gia dinh (Familial self)
Thang do cai ldi gia dinh dupe xay dyng vi chuan hoa trong khudn khd
xay dung va thich iing tiiang do ty dinh gii ciia Toulouse (Echelle Toulousaine
d'Estime de soi) tai Vi^ Nam.
Thang do dupe thidt kd gdm 12 menh dd theo thang Likert 5 muc dp tir
"hoan toan khdng ddng y" den "hoin loin ddng y" ttong dd: 3 menh dd dupe
TAP CHI TAM Ly HCJC Sd 11 (212). 11 - 2016

67


liy tir thang do ty dinh gia cua Coopersmith (1967) ("Trong gia dinh tdi. mpi
ngudi khdng chu y ddn nhirng gi tdi ndi, toi nghF', "ttong gia dinh tdi. mpi ngudi
khdng chii y ddn tdi". "tdi thudng cam tiiiy minh la ngudi tiiira trong gia dinh"):
1 menh dd dupe liy tirtiiangdo ciia Marsh (1984) va ciia Pitts (1965) ("gia dinh
tdi ydutiiuongtdi"). Cac menh dd cdn lai la do nhdm tic gia xiy dyng dya ttdn
y urdng tir cdng ttinh nghidn ciiu cua Ding Hoang Minh (2006) vi Trjnh Thj
Linh (2010). Thang do cho phep thu dupe mpt didm sd chung ve ty dinh gii tren
binh di?n gia dinh vi 2 didm sd thinh phin cho ty dinh gia tidu cue va tich eye

ciia tre. Didm sd cang cao cho thiy miic dp ly dinh gii cing cao cua hpc sinh
(cic menh dd im tinh dupe ma ngupe ttong qui ttinh xir ly sd li^u dd tinh tdng
didm cho toin lhang do). Nhu vay, thang do cho phdp ghi nhan didm so cao nhit
li 60 didm vi tiiip nhit Ii 12 didm.
Thang do trgng thii cim xic (State affect)
Trang thii cim xiic cung dupe chiing tdi do ludng ttong nghidn cihi niy
nhim tim hidu mdi lidn he giiia mire dO ty dinh gii ciia tre vi thinh nidn tten
binh didn gia dinh vi trang thai cam xiic ciia cic em.
Nghidn cihi di sii dung thang do trang thai cam xiic ciia Watson, Clack
vi Tellegen (1988). Thang do bao gom 20 trang thai cam xuc (10 tich eye va
10 tidu eye), dupe thidt kd theo thang Likert 5 miic dp tir "ril it" hoic "hoin
loan khdng cd" ddn "rit nhidu" Thang do cho phdp thu dupe m^t diem so
chung vd ttang thii cim xiic vi 2 diem sd thinh phin cho ttang thii cim xiic
im tinh vi duomg tinh. Didm sd cang cao cho thiy trang thai cam xuc cing tich
eye eda hpc sinh (cic ttang thii cim xiic am linh dupe ma ngupe trpng qui
ttinh xir ly so li?u dd tinh long diem cho toin thang do).
Thang do ti/r danh gii cua Rosenberg
Thang do dupe sir dyng nhim myc dich kiem tra dp hidu lyc ciia thang
do cii tdi gia dinh mi nhdm nghien ciiu di xay dyng. Thang do bao gom 10
mdnh dd (5 menh de am tinh va 5 menh dd duomg tinh) dupe thidt kd theo
tiiang Likert 5 miic dp tir "hoin toin khdng ddng y" ddn "hoin loin d6ng y"
Didm sd cing cao cho thiy miic dp ty dinh gii cang cao. Cung nhu cic thang
do d ttdn, tit ca cic mdnh dd im tinh trong thang do tu dinh gii niy di dupe
chung tdi mi ngupe trong qui trinh xur Iy sd li?u.
Qui trinh thu thip va xu ly sS lipu
Chung tdi di tidn hinh thu th§p sd Ii?u trdn ddi ttrpng Ii trd vj thinh
nidn hien dang theo hpc tai cic ttudng THCS va THPT trdn dja bin Hi Npi va
Hud. Tit ci cic khich ttie nghidn cim dupe lya chpn mdt cich ngau nhidn,
khdng phin bi?t hpc lyc, ngudn gdc xuit than.

^8

TAP CHITAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016


Khich thd nghidn cuu dupe ydu ciu tri ldi phidu hdi mdt cich tu nguy^
khdng cd bit ky ring bupc nao. Mpi thic mac ttong qua trinh hoan thien phidu
ddu dupe chiing tdi giii dip ngay nhim dam bio tinh trung thuc, khach quan
ciia til ca cac thdng tin thu dupe.
Dd dam bao tinh khoa hpc trong qui trinh thidt kd lhang do cii tdi gia
dinh, khio sal thii ttdn 278 ttd vj thanh nidn hidn dang theo hpc tai cic trudng
THPT tai Hud da dupe tidn hinh. Kdt qua thu dupe cho thiy, lhang do cd dp
lin cay cao, hoan toin cd thd sir dyng dd khio sit ttdn didn rpng (a = 0,91 - he
so tuong quan cua timg mdnh dd vdi nhin Id bidn thien tir 0,59 den 0,76). Trdn
CO sd nay, nghidn ciiu da tidn hinh khio sit trdn 800 khich thd, dai didn cho
cac khdi Idp tir ldp 9 tdi Idp 12 tai Hi Npi vi Hud. Qui trinh Ipc phidu cho
phdp chiing tdi ghi nhan 766 phidu hop Id. C ^ phidu khdng hpp le (nhidu
mdnh dd khdng dupe tri ldi hoic tti ldi gin nhu ciing mdt dap in cho tat ca
cic mdnh dd, cic thdng tin ci nhin khdng dupe hoin thidn) da dupe loai bd
ttong qua trinh nhap sd lieu. Thdng tin cy thd vd nhdm khich thd nghidn ciiu
dupe ttinh biy ttong bing 1.
Bing 1: Dgc diim mdu khdeh thi nghien eiiu
Tieu chi
Giori tinh

Khoi I6p

H ^ lire

Thiknh pho

So lirgmg

Ty l¥ %

Nam

364

47,5

NO

402

52,5

Lap 9

179

23,4

Lop 10

180

23,5

Lap 11

188

24,5

Lop 12

219

28.6

Xuit sic

27

3,5

Gioi

352

46,0

Kha

335

43,7

Trung binh

48

6,3

Yeu'

4

0,5

Ha Npi

407

53,1

Hue

359

46,9

'Do sd lupng qua it nen nhirng hgc sinh cd hpc luc yeu dupe logi khdi cdc phep xd ly so lifu
cd lien quan de ddm bdo tinh khoa hgc ve mdt thdng ke.

TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016

69

Sy tiiam gia cua khich tiid nghien cuu la khuydt danh. Tit ca cic tiidng
tin ca nhan thu dupe ddu dupe bio mat.
Phan tich sd liiu
Sd lieu thu thip dupe xu ly bing phuong phap thdng kd toin hpc tiidng
qua chuong ttinh SPSS dung ttong mdi dudng Window phien ban 16.0. KJ
thuit thdng kd dupe sii dyng li phan tich dp lin cay bing phuong phap tinh he
sd Alpha cua Cronbach nhim xic dinh dp tin cay cua cic thang do dupe sii
dyng ttong phidu didu tta. Kdt qui tinh dp tin cay ciia timg thang do dupe the
hidn cy thd nhu sau :
Thang do cii tdi gia dinh: a = 0,89.
Thang do tu dinh gii cua Rosenberg: a = 0,63.
Cin cii vio didm ttung binh thyc td thu dupe cua lieu thang do cii ldi gia
dinh, chiing tdi thu dupe cic miirc dp tu danh gii ciia hpc sinh ttong ITnh vyc
niy, cy the nhu sau:
Bing 2: Quy ude mirc dp chg diem trung binh eua thang do edi tdi gia dinh
Thang do cai toi
gia dinh

Mirc xep hang diem trung binh
Miic thap

Mure trung binh

Mijc cao

<41,7

41,8-51

>5I

Ket qui nghien cihi
Trude hdt, bii bio ttinh bay thyc ttang ly dinh gii trdn binh di?n gia
dinh ciia ttd vj thinh nidn Viet Nam ndi chung cung nhu ciia tre vi thinh nien
t^i timg tinh/thinh phd thupe didn khao sit ciia dd tii ndi rieng. Phin viel ve
mdi lidn h? giiia cii tdi gia dinh cua nhdm khich the niy vdi gidi tinh, kdt qui
h^K; l4p vi khdi Idp ciing nhu ttang thii cim xuc mi cic em dang cd lai thdi
diem hoin tiii^n phidu hdi dupe ttinh biy trong phin kd tidp. Cudi cung, bii
bio kdt thiic bing vide khing djnh dp hi?u lyc ciia thang do trong mdi lidn h?
vditiiangdo ty dinh gii cua Rosenberg.
r/i(it trgng cii toi gia dinh cua tre v/ thdnh niin Vipt Nam
Nhin vio bidu dd 1, chung ta dd ding nhin ra ring, ttd vj thinh nidn thupe
nhdm khich ttid nghidn curu cua dd tai ed xu hudng dinh gii cao vd cii tdi gia
dinh ciia bin ttiin. Theo dd, cic em khing djnh rin^ gia dinh "ydu thuong" cic
em (DTB - 4,60); cic em "ty hio dupe la con ciia bd m?" (DTB = 4,60) vi "hii

70

TAP CHITAM Ly HQC S6 11 (212), 11 - 2016


ldng dupe li tiiinh vidn ciia gia dinh muih" (DTB = 4,40). Cac mdnh dd cd npi
dung am linh hiu nhu khdng nhin dupe su dong thuan tir phia cac em vdi cac
phuong in lya chpn chu ydu tap tnmg d miirc dp "hoan toin khong ddng y" hoic
"phin nao khdng ddng y". DTB thu dupe tir cic mdnh dd niy dao ddng tir 1,60
ddn 1,80. Sd lieu d bidu dd 2 cho phep chiing ta cd cai nhin ldng quan hon vd mirc
dp ty dinh gii cii tdi gia dinh cua nhdm khich the nghidn cuu niy.
"

Tdi thudng dm thiy minh li ngiriri thira trang gia dinh

"' "

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h8

1
i
141

B6 mc tSi tan trpng lAi

1
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Gia dinh tdi tv h ^ v^ tdi

i

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T6i tin U gia dinh t6i U t6t hon n^u khdng c6 tdi

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Trong gia dinh tdi, mpi ngirdi khdng nghi d ^ tdi

!l6

1

Trong gia dinh tdi, mpi ngirdi khdng chu y d£n nhfhig gl ldi
nghi. tdi ndi
Tdi trdc gii nhir tdi ludn dupe sAng cimg b6 mc

|2

,

h3

-

Me

Gia dinh tdi ydu thuong tdi

i
|46,

Tdi tu hio dupe li con cua b6 mc tdi

h8

Gia dinh thudng nghi ring tdi ching li gl ci

h

Tdi ude gii nhu minh dupe sinh ra trang mdt gia dinh khic

.v^

Tdi hii Idng dupe li thinh viin cua gia dinh

1 1 1 1 1 11
0

0.5

I

I.S

2

2.5

3

3.5

m
4

14

4.5

5

DTB

Ghi chU: DTB cdng cao Ihi miic dp Urddnh gid cdng cao.

Bieu dS 1: Tu ddnh gid cdi tdi gia dinh eda tre vi thdnh niin
qua timg npi dung cua thang do
Dd ding nh^n thiy ring, nhin chung, da phin trd vi thanh nidn Vift Nam
ty dinh gii cao cii tdi gia dhih vdi ty I? la 61,1% tdng sd khich thd nghidn ciiu.
Ty I? ttd vj thinh nidn cd mire dp tu danh gii tiiip chi chidm 17,5%. Ket qui niy
TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC, S6 11 (212), 11 - 2016

71


mdt lin niia minh chiing cho nhihig gi chiing tdi da trinh biy tiong bieu do I.
Tiieo dd. da phin tte vi ttianh nidn ddy cim tiiay dupe ydu tiiuong, dupe tdn
ttpng vi hii Idng, dupe li mdt tiianh vidn ciia gia dinh. Trong khi liia ttidi vj
tiianh nidn, die bidt li a dp mdi ddn trudng d cudi cip 2 va cip 3 dang cd nhihig
ttiay ddi ldn ve mat tim sinh ly, vide cic em tu dinh gia tich cue vd khia canh
gia dinh cho tiiiy sy tin tudng ciia cic em vao sy ddng hanh cua gia dinh, die
bidt li sy dong hinh ciia bd me ttong quang tiidi gian diy "sdng gid" niy cua
cic em.

MOrc thip

Mure Irung binh

Mi^c cao

a Tir dinh gii chung • Tv dinh gii cua tri VTN Hi NOi D T^ dinh gii cua tri VTN Hu^

Bieu do 2: Miic dp lye ddnh gid edi ldi gia dinh cita tre vi thdnh nien Vipt Nam (%
Sd li$u thu dupe cung cho phdp ghi nhan sy khic bi?l vd ty dinh gii
ttdn binh didn gia dinh giiia trd vj thanh nien trdn dja bin thinh phd Hud vi Hi
Npi. (Ty the, trd vj thinh nidn trdn dja ban thinh phd Hud nhin nhan tich eye
hon vd vj tti cung nhu cim nhin ciia ho trong gia dinh (DTB Ii 51,97 so vdi
49,95).
Bing 3: Cdi tdi gia dinh ciia tre vj Ihdnh nien Vipt Nam theo tinh/thdnh phd

Cii toi gia dinh ciia
Ire vj thinh nien
Vift Nam

72

s6

Tinh/thinh
pho

lirgng

Hue
H^Ngi

DTB

DLC

359

51,97

9,03

407

49,95

9,29

t

df

P

3,062

756

0,02

TAP CHl TAM Ly HOC, S6 11 (212), 11 - 2016


Trong pham vi ciia nghidn ciiu nay, chiing tdi chua cd ciu giii tiiich thda
dang cho sy khic bidt nay. Song, phai chang kdt qua nay da phan anh dupe phan
nio thue trang phit tridn kinh td - xa hpi cua hai thinh phd thudc pham vi nghien
ciiu ciia dd tii? Theo dd, ben canh nhiing Ipi tiid cd dupe vdi vj tti li tiiu do trung tam kinh Id, chinh tri, xa hdi va vin hda cua ca nude, ngudi din Hi Ndi

ciing ddng thdi phii chiu khdng it ip lyc ttong cdng cupc muu sinh dd cd the
sinh tdn. Vi vay, dudng nhu, quy thdi gian hp dinh cho gia dinh ciing ttd nen eo
hep hom. Tham chi, cd nhQng bac phu huynh vi mai lo "com, ao, gao, tidn" tni
phd thic hoin loin con em hp cho nhi trudng, xi hdi. Trong khi dd, vdi die didm
la cd do cd kinh, ngudi dan Hue van giir dupe nhirng dac trung ciia gia dinh Viet
Nam truyen thdng, coi ttpng le tidt ttong sinh boat hing ngay. Vi thd mi ttd vi
thinh nien tten dja bin thanh phd Hud cd cim nhin rd ring hon, tich eye hon vd
vj tri cua hp ttong gia dinh so vdi ttd vj thinh nidn tren dia bin Hi Ndi?.
Cii toi gia dinh trong mdi liin hp v&i gi&i tinh, hgc luc vi khoi l&p
hgc cua hgc sinh
^ ^ ^ - Co/ tdi gia dinh cua hgc sinh theo gi&i tinh
^ ^
Ban vd mdi quan he giiia giditinhvi tu danh gii ciia ttd vj thanh nidn, hien
nay, nhidu cdng trinh nghidn ciiu ttdn thd gidi khing dmh ring, ty danh gii cua
nhdm ddi tupng niy phy ihupc mdt phin vio gidi linh. Tuy nhien, day van li vin
dd cdn nhidu tranh cii. Mdt sd tic gii cho ring, tre trai cd xu hudng ty dinh gii
cao hon ttd gii (Alsaker vi Olwens, 1993; Bolognini va cpng sy, 1996; Cantin vi
Boivin, 2002;...), mdt sd tic gii khic lai khing dinh didu ngupe lai (Connell,
Spencer va Aber, 1994; Ma vi Leung, 1991;...). Tham chi, qua vide khio sit cic
cdng trinh nghidn cihi vd ty dinh gii dupe tidn hinh tir nhihig nim 1977 ttd vd
ttudc, Wylie (1979) di kdt luan ring, gidi tinh khdng inh hudng ddn ty dinh gii
cua trd. Song ttong nhihig nim gin diy, vdi each tidp can da chidu canh
(multidimensional) vd ty dinh gii, nhdm tic gii Oubrayrie vi cdng sy (1994)
ciing nhu nhidu tic gii khic (Harter, 1998; Marsh, 2006;...) khing djnh ring, vide
inh hudng hay khdng inh hudng ciia gidi tinh ddn ty dinh gii ciia tte cdn phu
thupe vio v i ^ chiing la xem xdt nd ttdn binh didn nio. Cd thd d binh didn niy,
nam cd mirc dp ty dinh gii cao hom nii (vi dy nhu cim xiic, ngoai hinh) nhung d
binh didn khic thi nO: lai cd thd cd mirc dp ty dinh gii cao hon nam (ttdn binh
didn ngdn ngit ching ban). Viy, trdn binh didn gia dinh mi dd tii dang tidn hinh
nghien cihi, li?u nam vi nii vj thanh nidn Viet Nam dupe hdi cd the hidn sy khic

bi?l hay khdng?.
Ket qui kiem dinh T-test khdng cho phep ghi nhan sy khae bi?l cd y
nghTa thdng kd giiia nam vi nii tten bmh didn ty dinh gia cai tdi gia dinh cua cic
em (t (764) = 1,001; p > 0,05). Ndi mpt cich khic, dudng nhu, vide ttd vj thinh
nidn tu nhin tiiay minh dupe ydu thuong, trin ttpng ttong gia dinh hay khdng
TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd II (212), II-2016

73


khdng phii do ydu td gidi tinh cua cic em quy dinh. Kdt qua nghien ciiu niy dit
ra gia djnh ring, phiT ching ttotig cac gia dinh Viet Nam hidn nay, tirtirdng
ttpng nam khinh nii da vi dang din din mai mpt? Hoac gia nhu neu nd van cdn
tdn tai ttii dudng nhu vdi sy trudng tiiinh ciia ttd tiieo thdi gian, cac bac phu
huynh ndi ridng. cac tiiinh \idn ttong gia dinh ndi chung da din chip nhin sy
hidn di?n ciia trd dii la ttai hay gii ttong gia dinh. Cd le, vi thd, ma ttong cupc
sdng tiiuong ngiy, cic em khdng nhin tiiiy cd su khae bidt vd sy quan tim,
chim sdc ma cic thinh vidn titing gia dinh danh cho cic em.
- Cdi tdi gia dinh eua hgc sinh theo kit qud hgc tap
Sd lieu d bing 4 cho phep ghi nhin ring phan ldn ttd vj thanh nien cd
hpc lyc gidi vi xuit sic ddu cd miic dp ty dinh gii cao' vd cii tdi gia dinh, tuy
nhidn, khdng khing djnh mdi lien he cd y nghia tiidng kd giiia binh didn ty
dinh gii niy vi kdt qui hpc tap ciia cic em (F (3) = 0,565; p > 0,05).
Bing 4: Cdi tdi gia dinh theo kit qud hgc tap cua tre vi thdnh niin
Ket qua hpc tap

Muc dp t^ dinh gii

Tong

Xuat sac

Gidi

Khi

Trung binh

Thap

8

54

62

8

132

Tmng binh

1

76

75

11

163

Cao

18

222

198

29

467

27

352

335

48

762

Tong

M$c dil didu niy khdng ddng nghTa vdi vi?c phu nhan vai ttd cua gia dinh
ttong vi?c hpc ciia trd d dp ttidi vj thinh nidn, song chiing tdi cho ring day van
cdn li mpt kdt luin md, ddi hdi ttidn khai nghidn ciiru ttdn mdt miu khich tiie
ldn hon dd cdtiidcd dupe nhiing kdt luin xic ding nhit. Bdi Id, tiieo quan diem

ciia cic nhi tim ly hpc phit ttien tiii mic dii d dp tudi niy, ttd vj thinh nidn
hudng sy quan tam chinh vio nhdm ban cimg ttang lira nhung gia dinh van ludn
chidm giii m§t vj tti quan ttpng, djnh hudng cho trd trong qui ttinh hpc lap vi
phit tridn.
- Cdi tdi gia dmh cua hgc sinh theo dp tudi vd khdi l&p hgc
Kdt qui phin tich phuong sai Anova khdng cho phdp ghi nb^n sy khic
bi?t cd y nghTa tiiong kd vd cii tdi gia dinh ciia ttd vj tiiinh nidn thupe nhdm

74

TAP CHl TAMLy HQCSd 11 (212), 11-2016


khach thd nghidn ciiu ciia dd tii vdi dp mdi ciia cac em (F (5) = 2,091; p > 0,05).
Cd le khoang chdnh lech mdi khdng du ldn giira cic nhdm tudi chinh Ii nguydn
nhin dan ddn sy khdng khic bidt niy.

VO IcJioi l<vp I>9c

Xem xet cii tdi gia dinh ciia ttd vj thinh nien theo khdi Idp mi cic em
dang theo hpc, ket qui phin tich phuomg sai Anova da cho phdp ghi nhin cd sy
khic biel cd y nghTa thdng kd vd miic dp ty dinh gii trdn binh didn gia dinh ciia
hpc sinh theo timg khdi ldp (F(3) = 3,409; p < 0,05). Cic em hpc sinh khdi 9 cho
bidt, hp ty dinh gii ttdn binh didn gia dinh thap hon ci so vdi cic khdi Idp cdn
lai. Mirc dp ly dinh gii cao nhat d khia canh niy dupe ghi nhin d cic em hpc
sinh khdi 12. Cd le didu niy la cd the ly giii dupe dya ttdn tinh hinh thyc td ciia
ndn giio dye nude nhi. Theo dd, cic em hpc sinh khdi 12 li nhdm dang diing
trude sy lya chpn cd tinh chit quydt djnh cho cupc ddi ciia cic em sau nay. Muc
lieu dau lidn ma cic em hudng ddn la tim bing tdt nghidp THPT vi sau dd la lya
chpn nghd nghidp cho tuomg lai thdng qua nganh hpc, trudng hpc mi cic em sd

lya chpn. Mpt sy lua chpn khdng phii hpp sd liy di cua cic em mdt co hdi de
phit trien vi khing djnh bin than. Vi v$y, diimg Irudc sy lya chpn niy, thudng
cic em khdng don ddc mi ludn cd gia dinh ddng hanh bdn canh. Cd Id vi thd ma
ty dinh gii vd cii ldi gia dinh ciia cic em cao hon hin so vdi cac em hpc sinh
thudc cic khdi'ldp cdn lai.
- Cdi tdi gia dinh vd trgng thdi cdm xuc cua hgc sinh
Vdi luan didm cho ring, ty dinh gii ciia hpc sinh cd thd bj chi phdi bdi
ydu Id cim xiic ciia cac em lai thdi diem hidn tai, vide xic djnh mdi tuong quan
giiia hai bidn sd niy ddi vdi nhdm khich the Ihupc pham vi dd tai nghidn curu
cho thay ty dinh gii ttdn binh didn gia dinh ciia cic em cd mdi luong quan thuan
vdi lim te^g cim xiic. Ndi mdt cich khic, lai tiidi didm tta Icri phidu hdi, ndu
TAP CHl TAMLy HQCSd 11 (212), 11 -2016

75


cic em cd tam ttang cam xuc tich eye till se cd xu hudng dua ra cac cau tiiJ
tfieo chidu hudng tich eye cho binh didn cai tdi gia dinh vi ngupe lai. DiduP
phin inh bin chit lu danh gii cua ttd a lira mdi vj tiianh nidn. Ty dinh gii j
nhdm ddi hipng niy cdn chua tiiyc sy dn dinh, van chiu sy chi phdi khdng I
ciia tim trang cam xiic cua cic em.
Bing 5: Tirang quan giiia edi tdi gia dinh vd trgng thdi cdm xuc cim hgc sinh

Pearson Correlation
Cii toi gia dinh

Trang thai cam xuc

Cii toi gia dinh

Trang thii cam xuc

1

0,316"
0,000

Sig. (2-taile(l)
N

762

759

Pearson Correlation

0,316"

1

Sig. (2-talled)

0,000

N

759

759

• *Tmmg quan cd y nghig a muc 0,01 (2 dudi).

Tirong quan giSra thang do cii tdi gia dinh va thang do ttf danh gii
cua Rosenberg
Bing 6: Tuang quan giOa thang do cdi toi gia dinh
vd thang do ttf ddnh gid cua Rosenberg
Thang do cii tdi gia Thang do ty dinh gii
dinh
ciia Rosenberg
Thang do cii toi
gia dinh

Pearson Correlation

1

Sig. (2-Uiled)

0,422"
0,000

N
Thang do tir dinh gii Pearson Conelation
cua Rosenberg
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

762

761

0,422"

1

0,000
761

761

**Tuang quan cd y nghXa a mde 0.01 (2 dudi).

76

TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016


Tidn hanh tim hidu mdi tuong quan giira thang do cai tdi gia duih \ a tiiang
do tu dinh gii ciia Rosenberg nhim kiem tta dp hidu lyc ddng quy ciia thang do
dupe sir dyng, kdt qui cho thiy vdi he sd tuong quan Pearson r = 0,42. Nhu vay,
vi?c sir dung lhang do cai tdi gia dinh trdn nhdm khach tiid nghien ciiu cua dd tai
Ii hoan toin kha thi v i dim bio tinh khoa hpc. Mac dii khdng phai Ii mdt thang
do tdng quit nhu thang do ty danh gii cua Rosenberg, song he sd tuong quan
thuin nay van cho phep khing djnh ring, thang do da phin inh dupe xu hudng
ty danh gii ciia trd vj thanh nidn ttdn binh didn gia dinh ciia chinh cac em.
Ket luan
Dupe tridn khai ttdn nhdm khich thd tuong ddi ldn (766 trd vi thinh
nidn), kdt qui thu dupe da khing djnh sy tdn tai ciia cai tdi gia dinh ttdn nhdm
khach thd la ttd vj thinh nidn Viet Nam. Vide tridn khai nghidn ciiu ttdn hai dia
ban li H i Ndi v i Hud ciing cho phdp khing djnh vd tt'tih dai dien ciia khach the

nghidn ciiu. Tuy nhidn, can y thurc dupe ring, dd thang do cii tdi gia dinh cd thd
dupe su dyng rdng rai ttdn nhdm khich thd li trd vj thinh nidn Viet Nam thi vide
tidn. hinh nghidn ciiu trdn mdt mau khach the vdi sd lupng ldn hom nvta, mang
chat dai didn hon niia cho cic viing midn li didu cin thidt.
Tii lieu tham khao
1. Dang Hoang Minh, Orientation de soi chez les adolescents vietnamiens souffrant
d'une maladie chronique: La dynamique entre I'estime de soi et la representation de
sa propre maladie, Luin an tien sT Tam ly hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Toulouse Jean Jaures,
2006.
2. Marsh H.W., Selfdescrption questionnaire IU: The construct validity of multidimensional
self-concept ratings by late adolescents, Joumal of Educational measurement. Vol.
21,n°2,pp. 153-174, 1984.
3. Marsh H.W., Richards G.E., Tennessee SelfConcept Scale: Reliability, internal structure
and construct validity, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 55 (4), pp.
612-624, 1988.
4. Jimdnez T.I., Lehalle H., Murgui S., Musitu G., "Le role de la communication familiale
et de I'estime de soi dans la delinquance adolescente". Revue intemationale de psychologic
sociale, (Tome 20), pp. 5 - 26, 2/2007.
5. http'Jlwww.caimirifo/revue-inlemationale-de-psychologie-sociale-2007-2-page-5.html,
Tmy cip ngiy 25/12/2015.
6. Oubrayrie N., De Leonardis M. va Safont C , Un outilpour revaluation de I'estime
de soi chez I 'adolescent: I 'ETES, Revue Europeenne de Psychologic appliqude, 4*™
Uimestte, Vol n'4, pp. 309 - 317, 1994.

TAPCHITAMLyHC)C,S6 11 (212), 11-2016

77


7. Ryden M.B.. An adult version of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory: Tesl-relesl

reliability and social desirability,Psycho\ogical Reports, 42, pp. 1.189-1.190, 1978.
8. Trinh Thi Linh. Pratiques educative pareniales, estime de soi et mobilisation seolaire
de I 'adolescent vietnamien. La dynamique de la representation de I 'accompagnement
seolaire parental, Luan an tien sT Tam ly hpc, Trudng Dai hpe Toulouse Jean Jaures,
2010.
9. Trinh Thi Linh, Tu ddnh gid bdn thdn - edi tdi gia dinh - Nhin tir gdc dp Tdm ly
hpcxd hpi. Tap chi Tam ly hpe, tt. 65 - 75, Sd 10/2014.
10. Wylie R.C., The self-concept Voi 2: Theory and research on selected topics, Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

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TAPCHl TAMLy HQC, Sdi 1(212), 11-2016