Thích nghi hóa thang đo gây hấn bằng lời trên nhóm tuổi vị thành niên

THICH NGHI HOA
THANG DO GAY HAN BANG LOI
TREN NHOM TUOI Vl T H A N H NIEN
Nghien cCru dircfc thirc hien trong khuon kho Dir an: Tiudng hoc hanh phuc, Hpc vien
HOC tap A Au (Eurasia Leaning Institute) hop tac vdi Sd Giao due va Oao tao ThC/a
Thien - Hue thtrc hien thi diem tren 48 Idp d 6 trudng tCr tieu hoc den trung hpc tren dja
ban Thanh phd Hue tCr nam 2018 den 2020 nham nang cacnang lire quan tam va nang
ILTC cam xuc - xa hoi cho hpc sinh cac

cap.

PGS.TS. Tran Thj Tu Anh
ThS. Nguyen Phudc Cat Tudng
TS. Dinh Thj Hong Van

Trudng Dai hpc Supham, Dai hoc Hue'
'

TOM TAT

Viee thich nghi hda thang do cd do tin cay va tinh hieu luc cao, ddm bdo ddnh
gid chinh xdc muc dp gay han bang lai ciia tre vi thdnh nien, ldm ca sd cho viee xdy
dung vd ddnh gid hieu qud cdc chuang trinh can thiep giiip tre duy tri nhiing moi
quan he tot dep vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh, ndng cao sue khde tinh thdn Id dieu hit
sue cdn thiet. Nghien cim ndy duac thuc hien tren nhdm tuoi vi thdnh nien cdc truang
trung hpc phd thdng d thdnh phd Hue (N = 405) nhdm thieh nghi hoa thang do Gay
han bang lai eua Infante vd Wigley (1986). Phdn tich nhan to cho thdy, thang do Gay
hdn bang Idi phien ban tieng Viet phii hap vdi mo hinh 2 nhan to. Ben cgnh dd. chi sd
Alpha cua Cronbaeh, chi sd luang quan giira ede item, tuang quan item vai tdng the
eiing cho thdy, thang do Gdy hdn bdng Idi phien bdn tieng Viet thda man cdc tieu
chudn ve dp tin cgy cua mot thang do. Nhin ehung, thang do ndy ed the duae su dung

de do tdc dong cua cdc chuang trinh can thiep gdy hdn bdng lai trong nhd trudng
hien nay.
Ttf khoa: Gdy hdn bdng Idi; Thich nghi hda; Thang do; Vi thdnh nien.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 22/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/12/2018.
1. Dat van de
Ca ly thuyet va thuc tien ddi sdng d^u khac hoa lua tudi vi thanh nien la
giai doan xay ra nhieu xung dot lien nhan each nhat (Laursen, 1994). Dang luu y

TAPCHfTAMLtHQCSd 1 (238), 1-2019

19


hmi mot s6 tre thuang dung gay hln bang lai (verbal aggressiveness) de giai
quySt xung dot, khiSn cho cac mdi quan he cua tre vcri ban be va nguoi than
cang tro nen t6i te han (Kashani va Shepperd, 1990). Gay han bang lot ducre
djnh nghia la dac diim tinh each khien con nguoi co khuynh hudng tan eong
hinh anh cai toi (self-concept) cua ngucti khac, de gay ra nhung ton thuarig tam
ly cho ho (Infante va Wigley, 1986). VS co ban, lap luan cua chung ta chong lai
ai do thuang khong dua tren y kien ciia chung ta hay y kien cila nguoi khac, tio
tap ttimg ha thSp long tu ttong (self-esteem) eiia nguoi khac va cam giac "hieu
chien, hieu thjng" ctia chiing ta (Infante va Wigley, 1986). Infante, Riddle,
Horvath va Tumlin (1992) da cu thS hoa khai niem nay bang each liet ke 10 kieu
thong diep duac dac biet mo ta la nhihig hanh vi gay han bang loi: 1) noi nhirng
loi xiic pham tinh each ciia ngiiai khac; 2) dua ra nhung nhan xet tieu cue ve
nang lire cila mot nguai; 3) chi gilu xuit than, lai hch ciia mgt nguoi; 4) the
hien sir khong hai long vol ngoai hinh ciia nguoi khac; 5) noi ring chiing ta hy
vong diau gi do xiu se xay ra vol nguai do; 6) treu choc; 7) che nhao nhimg
thiSu sot cua nguai khac; 8) de dpa trimg phat nguoi khac; 9) chOci the, sii dung
ngon ngu tuc tlu va 10) sil dung cac biiu hien tren khuon mat, cu chi va anh mat

dS tin eong hinh anh cai toi ciia ho.
Nhirng ca nhan hay sir dung hanh vi gay hin bang lai thuang la nhimg
ngucri khong dang tin cay, it co m6i quan he tot dep va dl sit dung bao luc the
chat voi nguai khac. Ben canh do, hSu qua cua viee sir dung hanh vi gay hta
bang loi thuang bao g6m: long tu trong thdp, thit vpng, lo Su, gian dO, oan han
cho ca hai ben tham gia giao tiip (Madloek va Dilow, 2012). Dang luu y han,
nhiing hanh vi gay hin bang loi khien xung dot giira cac ca nhSn tra nen manh
me, keo dai, tham chi co the dSn din nhimg r6i loan siie khoe tam thin o tre vi
thanh nien. Nhilu nghien ciiu cho thdy, co moi lien he chat che gitta moi quan
he lien nhan each vai cac dau hieu trdm cam 6 tre vi thanh nien (Allen va cong
sy, 2006; Branje, Van Doom, Van der Valk va Meeus, 2009; Nolan, Flynn va
Garber, 2003). Vi thi, viee xay dung nhiing ehuong trinh can thiep giup tre vj
thanh nien hinh thanh va phat trien nhiing ky nang giai quyet xung dot de duy tri
nhiing moi quan he tot dep vai nhiing nguai xung quanh, nang cao sire khoe tinh
thdn la dieu hit siie can thiet. Ren luyen giao tiep phi bao lire (non-violent
communication) duae xem la mot huang tiep can moi me va c6 tinh hieu qua
bin vimg trong viee giup tre giam thilu cac hanh vi gay hdn bdng loi va quan ly
tot xung dot lien nhan each (Nosek va Duran, 2017). Giao tiip phi bao luc con
dugc gpi la giao tiep tit tam hay la giao tiip hap tac, la mot qua trinh giao
tiip dupe Marshall Rosenberg xay dung tir nhiing nam 60 ciia thi ky XX. No tap
trung vao ba khia canh eiia giao tiep: (I) tu thau cam (self-empathy, stf nhgn
thirc sdu sac vd tic tdm ve nhirng trai nghiem cua bdn thdn); (2) sir dong cam
(empathy, lang nghe ngudi khac bdng su tic tdm sdu sdc) va (3) sir the hien trung
20

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 1 (238), I - 2019


thuc (the hien chinh minh mot each chan thuc de cd the khien nguai khde cUng
tra nen tic tam) (Rosenberg, 2003).

Viee hd trpf nham giam thilu hanh vi gay han bang Idi va nang cao ky
nang giai quylt xung dot cho tre vi thanh nien thdng qua md hinh Giao tiep phi
bao lire cling la phuofng phap ma Du an Trudng hpc hanh phiie d Hue dang tiep
can. Trong boi canh nhu vay, viee thich nghi hoa va xay dung cac thang do cd
dp hieu lire va tin cay cao, lam ca sd cho viee xay dung va danh gia mot each
ehinh xac, khoa hpc tinh hieu qua cua cae chuang trinh can thiep la dieu bet
sue can thilt. Thang do Gay ban bang Idi (Verbal Aggressiveness Scale) eua
Infante va Wigley (1986) dupfc lira chpn thieh nghi nham muc dich nhu vay.
Trong nhieu thap nien qua, thang do Gay han bang Idi duoc chap nhan
rdng rai trong cae nghien cuu lien quan den giao tiep, dugc hieu luc hda va sur
dung trong kha nhieu cac nghien cuu eho tre vj thanh nien tren the gidi (ChoryAssad, 2002; Levine, Betty, Limon, Hamilton, Buck va Chory- Assad, 2004;
Roberto va Finucance, 1997). Thang do nay sau khi dugc thieh nghi khdng chi
dugc su dung trong khuon khd eiia Du an Trudng hpc hanh phuc ma cdn cd the
hd trg viee nghidn curu va ling dung thuc tien cho cac eong trinh tuang tu cimg
ITnh vuc nghien ciiu cua de tai trong tuang lai.
2. Phycng phap nghien curu
2.1. Khach the nghien cii-u
405 tre vj thanh nien tir Trudng Trung hoc phd thdng (THPT) Thuan
Hda va THPT Cao Thang, thanh phd Hue dugc lira chpn ngau nhien d^ tham
gia vao nghien eiiu. Cac khach the hoan thanh bang hdi trong vdng 10 phut
trong gid sinh hoat Idp. Cae dieu tra vien cd mat tai chd de hd trg cac em trong
qua trinh hoan thanh bang hdi.
2.2. Thang do Gdy han bdng IM
Thang do Gay han bang Idi (The Verbal Aggressiveness Scale - VAS)
cua Infante va Wigley (1986) la thang do Tu danh gia (self-report) ve dac diem
tinh each lien quan den hanh vi gay han bang Idi. Thang do gdm 20 menh de
(item), trong do cd 10 item thuan (md ta cae hanh vi gay han bang Idi; vi du:
Khi ban khong ldm theo dieu em mudn, em noi nhimg Idi xuc pham de khien
ban ay thay ddi; Khi ban be khong thay doi y kien ve mot vdn de quan trong
ndo dd, em noi ndng vd nang Idi vdi ho) va 10 item nghich (md ta cac hanh vi

dn hda bang Idi; vi du: Em tu choi tham gia vdo cdc cuoc tranh luan khi no
lien quan den viee cong kich mang tinh cd nhan; Em cue ky cdn than de trdnh
khong ha thdp khd nang cua ban be khi em phdn bdc lai y kien cua ho). Dp tin
cay ciia thang do phien ban gdc la 0,81. Tinh hieu luc cau tnic ciia thang do

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 1 (238), 1 - 2019

21


phien ban gflc khong dupe bao cao mot each cu the, doi khi thieu thong nhat.
Mot mat. Infante va Wigley (1986) cho rdng "phan tich nhan t6 va phan tich
item din din thang do don hudng (unidimensional scale) gom 20 item (tr. 64);
nhung mat khac lai kit luan rdng "kit qua tir bp dir lieu thir hai cho thdy dO
lieu phu hpp vai giai phap Varimax hai nhan to, vai tat ca item thuan tao thanh
1 nhan tl va tdt ca item nghjch tao thanh 1 nhan t6 khac" (Infante va Wigley,
1986, tr. 65). Vi thi, mot s6 tac gia khuyin nghi danh gia lai tinh hieu luc ciia
thang do nay (Chory-Assad, 2002; Levin va cong su, 2004).
Thang do tren duac hai nha nghien ciru dich sang tilng Viet mpt each
doc lap. Dua tren dl xudt cua Sousa va Rojjanasrirat (2010), nguai dich thii
nhdt am hiiu sau sdc vl Tam ly hpc va dac biet la noi ham khai niem, cau true
nhan t6 cia thang do. Nguoi djch thir hai khong eo kien thirc ve Tam ly hpc,
khdng am hieu ve cau triic ctia thang do nhung la nguoi c6 chuyen mon vl
ngon ngil tieng Viet (ngir phap, tir vung, dac biet la eae cum tir thong dung,
cum tir thanh ngir, thuat ngir dien ta cam xuc duac sii dung pho bien). Sau do,
hai phien ban dich nay dupe dem ra so sanh. Moi su mo ho va khac biet dupe
thao luan va giai quyet de di den ban djch cuoi cimg. Ngoai ra, chiing toi da
thong nhat mem hoa va cu the hoa noi dung mot so item cho phii hap, gan giii
vdi van hda va nhan thirc ciia tre vj thanh nien Viet Nam, nhung van dam bao
phan anh ehinh xac noi dung cot loi ciia cac item nguyen ban (xem phu luc).

2.3. Tien trinh phdn tich
0e danh gia do hieu luc''' cau true cua thang do, phan tich nhan td
khdng dinh (confirmatory factor analysis - CFA) da dupe thirc hien, phdn mim
thdng ke Mplus 8.0 dupe sir dung de danh gia su thich hpp ciia cdu true thang
do Gay han bang Idi phien ban Viet so vdi mo hinh cdu true ly thuylt ban ddu
do tac gia thang do da xay dung. Ma tran hiep phuang sai (a covariance matrix)
ciia cac item se dugc phan tich vdi phuang phap udc lugng hgp ly cue dai
(maximum - likelihood estimation).
Nghien ciru cua Infante va Wigley (1986) va mot so nghien ciru tiip
theo diu xem xet va cong nhan VAS nhu la md hinh mot nhan td. Theo dd, 20
bien quan sat deu dugc hoi ty vao mdt nhan td gay hdn bdng Idi (Levine va
cdng sir, 2004). Tuy nhien, kit qua mdt sd nghien ciru sau dd cua Suzuki va
Rancer (1994), Beatty, Rudd va Valencic (1999), Levin va cdng sir (2004) lai
cho thay md hinh hai nhan to (gay hdn bdng Idi bao gom 10 biin quan sat va
on hda, bao dung bao gdm 10 bien quan sat) lai thich hpp han so vdi VAS.
Tren ca sd do, trong nghien cuu nay, ehung toi idn lugt tiin hanh phan tich md
hinh mdt nhan to va md hinh hai nhan td. Gia trj Chi binh phuong chudn
(normed;(;, ty le chi binh phuang tren bac tu do, x^MQ, chi so phu hpp so sanh

22

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1 - 2019


(comparative fit index, CFI), sd du binh phuong trung binh gdc (standardized
root-mean-square residual, SRMR) va sai so trung binh gdc xap xl (root mean
square error of approximation, RMSEA) la cac chi so danh gia dp phu hpp ciia
md hinh vdi dil lieu. Md hinh dupe xem la phii hgp day dii vdi dO lieu khi Chi
binh phuong chudn / < 2,0; CFI > 0,90; RMSEA < 0,06 va SRMR < 0,09 (Hu
va Bentler, 1999).

Do tin cay ciia thang do dugc danh gia cho biet tinh dn dinh ben trong
thdng qua chi sd Alpha ciia Cronbaeh (Cronbaeh, 1951). Hien nay, viee chi
dua vao duy nhat chi sd Alpha ctia Cronbaeh de danh gia do tin cay ciia thang
do chju kha nhieu su chi trich ciia gidi chuyen mdn (Tavakol va Denniek,
2011), vi the, chiing tdi ddng thai danh gia trung binh gia tri tuang quan gitia
cac item (average inter-item correlations) de udc lupng tinh dn dinh ben trong
nhu de xuat cua Clark va Watson (1995). Theo dd, trung binh gia tri tupng
quan giOa cac item cSn d trong khoang tir 0,15 den 0,50. Gia tri trung binh nhd
han 0,15 chung td cau triic ndi ham can do qua rdng, trong khi dd, gia tri trung
binh Idn hon 0,50 cho thay ndi dung ciia cac item trimg lap nhau (Clark va
Watson, 1995). Ben canh dd, trung binh tuang quan ciia item vdi tdng the cUng
cdn dat tren 0,30 (Pedhazur va Schmelkin, 1991). Phdn mIm SPSS 22.0 dupe
sir dung de thuc hien phuang phap phan tich do tin cay ben trong nay.
3. Ket qua va ban luan
3.1. Dp hieu lice can triic cua thang do
Do cau triic ly thuyet cua thang do Gay han bdng loi cdn chua dupe
thdng nhat giila cac nghien ciru, la mdt hay hai nhan td, nen trong nghien cira
nay, chung tdi kiem dinh ca hai md hinh nay de xem xet dir lieu tren mau vj
thanh nien Viet Nam phii hgp vdi md hinh nao.
Dau tien, md hinh mdt nhan td dupe kiem dinh tren toan mau de danh
gia dp hieu lire cau tnic ciia thang dp. Ket qua kiem dinh CFA ciia thang do vdi
md hinh mot nhan td cho thay, cac chi sd ciia md hinh nhu sau: chi binh
phuong chudn (normed x^) = 3,78; CFI = 0,57; RMSEA = 0,07; SRMR = 0,08.
Theo md hinh mdt nhan td, cd kha nhieu item can phai loai bd vi he sd tai nhan
td qua thap, tham chi dudi 0,1 (chang han nhu item 3, 16, 17, 20). Viee loai bd
cac item ciing nhu cho phep tuang quan giila sai sd trong md hinh cung khdng
thi nang eao them dugc cac chi sd. Cac chi sd cua md hinh nay hau nhu khdng
thda man cae tieu chuan can thiet. Nhu vay, vdi dQ lieu nghien ciru tren mau
Viet Nam, md hinh mdt nhan td cua thang do la hoan toan khdng phii hgp.
Ke tiep, md hinh hai nhan td dugc kiem dinh. Ket qua kiem dinh CFA

ciia thang do cho thay md hinh hai nhan td cd khuynh hudng phu hpp han vdi
da lieu nghien ciiu. Cac chi sd bude dau dat dupe la chi binh phuang chuan
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1-2019

23


(narmed x^) = 1,35; CFI = 0,83; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,06. Cd thi thdy, chi
sd CFI khdng dat dupe ti6u chudn cdn cd. Ben canh do, hai item 16 va 17 ed
trpng sd kha thdp (lan lugt la 0,024 va 0,27). Sau khi idn luptloai bd hai item
niy, cac chi sd dupe nang cao, dac biet la chi sd CFI, nhung vdn chua dat dupe
tieu chudn phu hpp cua md hinh do luong (chi binh phuang chuan (normed x^) = 1,57;
CFI = 0,87; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,06). Dira tren chi sd diiu chinh md hinh
(modification indices), tuong quan sai sd eiia item 18 va 19, 14 va 15 lan lupt
dupe them vao md hinh. Kilm djnh CFA lan nay da eho thdy day la mdt md
hinh tdt, phu hgp vdi dir lieu nghien ciiu, vdi chi binh phuang chudn (normed
x') = 1,49; CFI = 0,91; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,05. Du vay, xet mdt each
chat che han, he sd tai eua item 20 vdn dudi 0,3. Trong trudng hpp nay, item 20
cung cd thi can nhdc dl loai bd. Tuy nhien, do do phii hpp ciia md hinh dugc
dam bao va he sd tai nhan td ciing gan dat mite 0,3 nen ehung tdi quyet dinh giO
lai item nay dl can bdng long sd item d hai tilu thang do (hinh 1).
Nhu vay, md hinh hai nhan td sau khi loai bd 2 item ed he sd tai nhan td
thdp va thuc hien tuong quan sai sd da phu hgp vdi dQ lieu nghien cuu. Nhan
td 1 bao gdm tat ea item thuan, de do hanh vi gay han bang Idi (dupe dat ten la
Gay hdn); nhan td 2 bao gdm tat ca item nghjch, de danh gia nhiJng hanh vi dn
hda, bao dung (dugc dat ten la On hda). Hinh 1 md ta ket qua phan tich nhan td
khang djnh ve cau true Gdy hdn bdng lai tren mau vj thanh nien Viet Nam.
Theo do, 18 menh de cdn lai ciia thang do dugc tai vao hai nhan td, mdi nhan
td cdn 9 item (xem phu luc). Item sd 20 (v20) cd he sd tai nhan td = 0,29, hoi
thap mdt chiit so vdi tieu chuan trong khi cac item khac deu cd he sd tai dat

tieu chuan trd len.
Md hinh nay ddng thuan vdi kit qua nghien ciru ctia Beatty va eong su
(1999), Suzuki va Rancer (1994), Levin va cdng sir (2004). Theo do. Levin va
cdng su (2004) cho rdng, chi cd 10 item thuc sir do hanh vi gay han bdng lai.
Do do. Levin va cdng s\f (2004) dl nghj rdng cae nghien ciru trong tuang lai
hoac la tinh toan hai tilu thang do nay mot each doe lap (cac item nghich
khdng the chuyen tuang duang thanh item thuan dl tinh tdng trung binh trong
cac phan tich thdng ke lien quan) hoac la chi sir dung 10 item dl danh gia hanh
vi gay hdn bdng Idi dl tranh viee tinh dp hieu luc cua thang do bj anh hudng.
Noi mot each cu thi, mdt ca nhan dat diim cao trong tilu thang do On hda cd
thi se dat diem thdp trong tilu thang do Gay hdn. Tuy nhien, mdt ca nhan dat
diem thdp_ trong tieu thang do Gay hdn chua chdc se dat diim cao trong tilu
thang do On hda. Chang han nhu mot tre vj thanh nien ed thi khdng "«d'/ ndng
vd ndng lot vai ban be khi ho khdng thay ddlyklin vk mot vdn di quan trpng
ndo do" nhung khdng nhdt thilt em dy se "cd gdng that nhe nhdng, tic ton vdi
bgn dy".

24

TAP CHITAM \.f HOC, Sd' 1 (238), 1 - 2019


Hinh 1: Md hinh hai nhdn td ciia thang do Gdy hdn bang lai
tren nhdm mdu tre vl thdnh nien
3.2. Dp tin cgy ciia thang do
Kit qua phan tich he sd Alpha eiia Cronbaeh cho thay tat ca bien quan
sat diu dat yeu cau ve he sd tuong quan item - tdng. Gia tri trung binh tugng
quan item - tdng deu tren 0,3, gia trj trung binh he sd tuang quan giila cac item
diu ndm trong khoang tir 0,15 den 0,5 va dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh cua
hai tilu thang do lan lugt ia 0,65 va 0,73 (bang 1).

TAP CHI TAM \.f HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1-2019

25


Bang I: Dp tin cgy ben trong cita hai tliu thang do Gdy hdn bdng lai
Trung
binh gia
tri tuwng
quan
bien tong

DTB

Item

Alpha ciJa
Cronbaeh

Trung
binh gia
tri tirtfng
quan
giu'a cae
bien

Gay lian

9

0,65

0,17

0,32

3,55

0,61

On hoa

9

0,73

0,23

0,40

2,37

0,67

Till!
thang do

DLC

Dil he sd tuang quan trong phien ban tieng Viet khdng cao nhu phien
ban hieu luc hda cua Levin va cdng su (2004), nhung he sd Alpha ciia
Cronbaeh = 0,65 va 0,73 cho hai tilu thang do la hoan toan cd the dupe chap
nhan. Nunnally (1978) xac djnh rang, vdi nhirng thang do vita mdi phat triln
hoac dugc thich nghi cd the chap nhan gia tri Alpha = 0,60. Ben canh dd, trung
binh gia tri tuong quan item - tdng, trung binh gia tri tucmg quan giira cac item
trong cae tieu thang do deu dat tieu chuan. Nhin chung, hai tieu thang do nay
cd dp tin cay chap nhan dugc.
4. Ket luan
Trong giai doan lira tudi vi thanh nien, nham giiip tre phat triln lanh
manh, han che bao lire hpc dudng va nang cao sire khde tinh thdn, viee thuc
hien mdt sd chuang trinh can thiep giam thilu hanh vi gay hdn, trong do cd gay
han bang Idi va nang cao ky nang giai quylt xung dot la hit site cdn thilt. Dl
cd CO sd xay dung va danh gia tinh hieu qua cua cac chuang trinh can thiep,
viee thieh nghi hoac xay dung cac thang do danh gia mile dp gay hdn bdng Idi
la nhiem vu rat quan trpng. Tren binh dien nhu vay, chiing tdi tiin hanh thich
nghi hda thang do Gay hdn bdng Idi ctia Infante va Wigley (1986). Kit qua
nghien cira cho thdy, thang do Gay hdn bdng Idi cd thi dugc sii dung trong cac
nghien cihi tucmg la; ciing ITnh vuc vdi tdng sd 18 item (xem phu. luc) cho hai
tieu thang do. Hai tilu thang do dat dupe do tin cay va tao nen mdt md hinh hai
nhan td phu hop vdi dO lieu nghien ciiu. Nhan to 1 bao gdm tdt ca item do hanh
vi gay han bang Idi; nhan td 2 bao gdm tdt ea item danh gia nhiing hanh vi dn
hda, bao dung. Hai tieu thang do nay cdn dugc tinh toan mdt each doe lap
trong cac phep thdng ke lien quan.
Nhin chung, thang do nay cd thi dupe sii dung dl do sir tac ddng ciia
cac chuang trinh can thiep gay hdn bdng Idi trong nha trudng. Trong Wang lai,
thang do can dupe kiem chirng them mdt sd dang do hieu luc khac nhu do hieu

26

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6' 1 (238), 1 - 2019


lire du bao, dp hieu luc phan biet, dd hieu luc ddng thdi, dp hieu lire f niem
ciing nhu kiem dinh dp tin cSy tai kiem tra (test - retest) de cd dupe mdt thang
do du dp tin cay va dd hieu lire trong do ludng hanh vi gay han bdng Idi d tre vi
thanh nien Viet Nam.
Chu thich
(1) Ddi khi, trong tai lieu tieng Viet, "validity" co the dupe djch la dp hi^u luc, dd
chinh xac, dp xac thuc, do hgp le, dp hop ly. Tuy cac thuat ngil la khac nhau nhimg
deu phan anh y nghTa chung: thang do phan anh diing cai nd dugc xay dung de do. CJ
day, chung tdi sir dung thuat ngu dp hieu luc vdi ham nghia nay ciia validity.
Tai lieu tham khao

1. Allen J.P., Porter M.R,, Land D., lisabella G., Smith F.D. & Phillips N. (2006). A socialInteractional model of the development of depressive symptoms In adolescence. Journal o
Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 74. 55 - 65. Doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.55.
2. Beatty M.J., Rudd J.E. & Valencic K.M. (1999). A re-examination of the verbal
aggressiveness scale- One factor or two?. Communication Research Reports. 16. 10 -17.
Doi; 10.1080/03637758409390188.
3. Branje S.J.T., Van Doom M., Van Der Valk I., & Meeus W. (2009). Parent - adolescent
conflicts, conflict resolution types, and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology. 30. 195 - 204. Doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.004.
4. Chory-Assad R.M. (2002). The predictive validity of the verbal aggressiveness
jca/e. Communication Research Reports. 19.237-245. Doi: 10.1080/08824090209384852.
5. Clark L.A. & Watson D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale
development. Psychological Assessment. 7. 309 - 319. Doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309.
6. Cronbaeh L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests.
Psychometrika. 16. 297 - 334. Doi: 10.I007/BF02310555.
7. Hu L. & Bentler P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure
analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling.

6. 1 - 55. Doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118.
8. Infante D.A. (1987). Aggressiveness,toC. McCroskey & J.A. Daley (Eds.). Personality
and interpersonal communication. P. 157 -192. New Bury Park. CA: Sage.
9. Infante D.A. & Wigley C.J., III. (1986). Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal
model and measure. Communication Monographs. 53. 63 - 69. Doi: 10.1080/036377
58609376126.
10. hifante D.A., Riddle B.L., Horvath C.L. & Tumlin S.A. (1992). Verbal aggressiveness:
Messages andreasons.Communication Quarterly. 40.116 - 126. Doi: 10.1080/014633792
09369827.

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11. Kashani J.H, & Shepperd J.A. (1990). Aggression in adolescents: The role of
social support and personality. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de
psychiatric. 35. 311 - 315. Doi: 10.1177/070674379003500405.
12 Laursen B. & Colhns W.A. (1994). Interpersonal conflict during adolescence.
Psychological Bulletin. 111. 197-209. Doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.197.

13. Levine T.R., Beatty M.J., Limon S., Hamilton M.A., Buck R. & Chory-Assad R.M.
(2004). The dimensionality of the verbal aggressiveness scale. Communication Monographs
71. 245 - 268. Doi: 10.1080/0363452042000299911.
14. Nolan S.A., Flynn C. & Garber J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection
and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
85. 745 - 755. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745.
15. Nosek M. & Duran M. (2017). Increasing empathy and conflict resolution skills
through Nonviolent Communication (NVC) training in Latino adults and youth.
Program Community Health Pamersh. 11. 275 - 283. Doi: 10.1353/cpr.2017.0032.

16. Nunnally J.C. & Bernstein l.H. (1994; Psychometric theory (3"'ed.). New York.
McGraw-Hill.
17. Madloek P.E. & Dillow M.R. (2012). The consequences of verbal Aggression in
the workplace: An application of the investment model. Communication Studies. 63.
593-607. Doi: 10.1080/10510974.2011.642456.
18. Pedhazur E.J. & Schmelkin L.P. (1991). Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An
Integrated Approach. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19. Roberto A.J. & Finucane M. (1997). The assessment of argumentativeness and
verbal aggressiveness in adolescent populations. Communication Quarterly, 45. 21 36. Doi: 10.1080/01463379709370042.
20. Rosenberg M.B. (2003). Nonviolent communication: A language of life (T^ edition).
Puddledancer Press.

21. Suzuki S. & Rancer A.S. (1994). Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness:
Testing for conceptual and measurement equivalence across cultures. Communication
Monographs. 61. 256 - 279. Doi: 10.1080/03637759409376336.
22. Tavakol M. & Denniek R. (2011). Making Sense of Cronbaeh's Alpha. International
Joumal of Medical Education. 2. 53 - 55. Doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.

28

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1 - 2019


PHU LUC
Xin vui long khoanh tron vao con s6 tuong ung de xac dinh muc dp ma nhOng nhan
dinh nay dung voi ca nhan em khi em co gang khien ban be lam dieu em muon.
1 = Hau nhu khong bao gid dung vdi em
2 = Hiem khi diing vdi em
3 = Thinh thodng dung vdi em
4 = Thudng dung vdi em

5 = Hau nhu ludn ludn dung vdi em
Please circle the number corresponding to how often each statement is true for you
personally when you try to influence others.
1 = almost never true
2 = rarely true
3 = occasionally true
4 = often true
5 = almost always true
Nhan dinh
Statements
1. Em cue ky can than de tranh khdng ha thap kha nang cua
ban be khi em phan bac lai y kien cua ho.
/ am extremely careful to avoid attacking
individuals'
intelligence when I attack their ideas.

Muc do diing
vol em

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

3. Em cd gang de khong lam ban be tu ti ve ban than hp khi
em cd gang khien hp lam theo dieu em muon.
1
I try very hard to avoid having other people feel bad about
themselves when I try to influence them.

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2. Khi ban khong lam theo dieu em muon, em noi nhimg Idi
xuc pham de khien ban ay thay doi.
When individuals are very stubborn, I use insults to soften
the stubbornness.

4. Khi ban be tir chdi lam mot viee rat quan trpng vdi em ma
khong dua ra ly do chinh dang, em ndi vdi cac ban ay rang
1
hp that la vd \When people refuse to do a task I know is important, without
good reason, I tell them they are unreasonable.
5. Khi mot ban hanh xir trai vdi each em mong dpi, em cd
1
gang that nhe nhang, tir ton vdi ban ay.

TAP CHf TAM Lf HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1-2019

29


When others do things I regard as foolish, I try to be

extremely gentle with them.
6. NIU mot ban dang phai ehiu su cdng kich vl tinh each tir
em thi em se lam dieu dd.
1
If individuals I am trying to influence really deserve It, I
attack their character.
7. Khi mot ban cu xu khdng diing ddn, em nang Idi vdi ban
dl ban dy thiic tinh ma thuc hien nhimg hanh vi phii hgp.
1
When people behave In ways that are in very poor taste, I
insult them in order to shock them into proper behavior.
8. Em c6 gdng lam ban be khong cam thay ban than hp kem
coi ngay ca khi y kien ciia hp la rat ngd ngan ddi vdi em.
1
/ try to make people feel good about themselves, even when
their ideas are foolish.
9. Khi ban be khdng thay doi y kien ve mot van de quan
trgng nao dd, em ndi ndng va nang Idi vdi hp.
When people simply will not budge on a matter of 1
Importance, I lose my temper and say rather strong things to
them.
10. Khi ban be chi trich nhiing khuyet diem cua em, em ddn
nhan di^u do mot each vui ve va khdng c6 gdng tra diia lai.
1
When people criticize my shortcomings, I take it in good
humor and do not try to get back at them.
11. Khi ban be xiic pham em, em thay day la co hdi de xuc
pham lai cae ban ay.
1
When individuals insult me, I get a lot of pleasure out of

really telling them off
12. Du thirc sir rat ghet ai do, em van cd gdng khong the
hien dieu do trong Idi ndi hay each ndi vdi hp.
1
When I dislike individuals greatly, I try not to show it in
what I say or how 1 say it.
13. Em thich cudi nhao, che gieu ban be khi cae ban ay lam
dieu gi do ngd ngan ddi vdi em nhu mdt each de dong nSo
hp.
1
/ like poking fun at people who do things which are very
foolish in order to stimulate their intelligence.
14. Khi phan bac y kien ciia ban be, em cd gdng dl khdng
lam ton thuang cai tdi ciia hp.
1
When I attack persons' ideas, I try not to damage their selfconcepts.

30

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

TAPCHITAMLf HOC,Sfi 1 (238), 1-2019


15. Khi cd gdng khiln ban be lam dieu em mudn, em nd luc
de khdng xuc pham hp.

1

2

3

4

5

16. Khi ban be lam diiu gi do khdng tir te vdi em, em binh
pham tinh each ciia hp de sira ch&a cac hanh vi ay cho hp.
When people do things which are mean or cruel, I attack
their character in order to help correct their behavior.

1

2

3

4

5

17. Em tir chdi tham gia vao cac cupc tranh luan khi nd lien
quan den viee cdng kich mang tinh ca nhan.
/ refuse to participate in arguments when they involve
personal attacks.

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

19. Khi khdng the lam giam uy tin cua ai do, em khien hp
cam thay bi kich ddng va hanh xir theo each cd the lam xau
di hinh anh ciia hp trong mat moi nguiri.

When I am not able to refute others' positions, I try to make
them feel defensive in order to weaken their positions.

1

2

3

4

5

20. Khi cupc tranh luan chuyen hudng thanh nhimg cdng
kich mang tinh ca nhan, em cd gang chuyen de tai.
When an argument shifts to personal attacks, I try very hard
to change the subject.

1

2

3

4

5

When I try to Influence people, I make a great effort not to
offend them.

18. Khi lam each gi ciing khdng hieu qua de khien ban be
lam theo dieu em mudn, em se Idn tieng de hp thuan theo y
em.
When nothing seems to work In trying to influence others, I
yell and scream in order to get some movement from them.

Ghi chii: Item 16 vd item 17 bi loai bd theo ket qud thich nghi phien bdn tieng Viet.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 1 (238), 1 - 2019

31