Thích ứng tâm lý xã hội của sinh viên năm thứ nhất trường đại học hải phòng

G TAM LY - XA HOI
VIEN NAM THQ NHAT
DAI HOC HAI PHONG
POSTS. Nguyen Thi Minh Hang

Khoa Tdm ly hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc QuSc gia
HdNdi
Cao Thj Thanh Nhan

'

TOM TAT

Nghien ciiru duac tien hdnh tic thdng 1 din thdng 6/2016 tren 277 sinh viin nam
thir nhdt Trudng Dgi hoc Hdi Phong. Phuang phdp nghien ciru chinh Id dieu tra bdng
bdng hdi. Kit qud nghiin cuu cho thdy, phan lan sinh viin thich ung tdm ly - xa hpi d
mite dp trung binh, trong do cdc em thich ung v&i cdc mdi quan h$ xd hpi vd npi gtry
trudng hpc cao han so vdi thich ^g tdm ly ben trong. Co nhiiu yiu t6 dnh hudng den
sif thich img tdm ly -xd hpi cua sinh viin, bao gom cdc yeu to thupc ve sinh viin, cdc
yeu to thupc ve ngudi khdc vd cdc yeu to thupc ve moi trudng vat chdt. Trong sd do,
yeu td lua chon nganh hpc theo sd thich cua bdn thdn, su ho tra tic gidng vien vd cd
vdn hpc tgp cUng nhu su ho tra ve phuong tiin hpc tap ciia nhd trudng cd dnh hudng
mgnh nhdt den mice dp thich ung tdm ly - xd hpi cua sinh vien ndm thu nhdt.
TUT khoa: Thich img tdm ly; Thich irng xd hpi; Thich ung tdm ly - xd hpi; Sinh
vien ndm thii nhdt.
Ngdynhdnbdi: 191912016; Ngdy duyet dang bai: 25/2/2017.
ABSTRACT

Research was conductedfromJanuary to June 2016 on 277freshmenstudents at
. Hai Phong University. The main research method was self-reported questionnaire. Re
showed that the majority ofstudents had socially and psychologically adapted at modera

level Students reached higher level of adaptation into social relationships and univers
rules than their own psychological issues. There were factors affecting students' soc
psychological adaptation, includingfactorsfromstudents themselves,fromthe others, a
from infrastructure conditions. Among those factors, students'preference for his/her ma
supportfromuniversity and lecturers and support of learning resources were the mo
influential
Key words: Psychological adaptation; Social adaptation; Socio-psychological
adaptation; Freshmen students.

TAP CHl TAM Ly HOC, S63 (216). 3 - 2017

33


Sat van de
Sinh vien la mot nhom xa h6i dac biet, la tang lop tinh hoa cua tu6i tre.
Nhiem vu quan trpng nhit cua sinh vien la hoc tap va ren luygn nhan each de tid
thanh luc luong lao dpng tri thiic tucmg lai cho dat nuoc. Bi thuc hien tot nhiSm
vu do, sinh vien phai thich ung tam ly - xa hpi t6t trong moi truong mod a dai
hoc. DSi voi sinh vien nam Ihii nhdt thi nhiem vu nay cap thijt hom bao gid het,
boi le CO su thay d6i mang tinh buac ngoat trong cupc song, trong hoc tap, trong
cac m6i quan he xa hpi. Tuy vay, mpt s6 nghien cuu cho thay, co nhiiu ban smh
vien nam thu nhit chua thich ling duoc vol moi truang hpc tap (Clinciu, 2013),
di6m hpc tap thSp, chan nan viec hoc (Wilson, 2011), tra nen thu minh, khong
thich tiSp xuc voi ai (Grant - Vallone va cpng su),... Ben canh do, nhi^u ban sinh
vien phai song xa gia dinh nen khong thich ling duoc vol cupc s6ng moi din toi
nhirng he luy nhu chua biet cham soc ban than, dl bi loi keo du d6 tham gia vao
nhOng te nan xau nhu ccr bac, nghien game, nghien hiit, bo hpc gitta chimg (Dap
Thi Duy Duyen, 2013). Sinh vien Truang Dai hpc Hai Phong cung khSng ngoai
le. Khi tiep xuc vai cac giang vien va can bp, chung toi dupe biet, trong nhimg

nam gan day, ty le sinh vien nam thir nhat co ket qua hpc tdp thap cp xu hucmg
tang len, mot so sinh vien vuang vao cac te nan xa hpi, cung co sinh vien phai
bo hpc giua chimg. Dieu nay cho thdy can thiet phai nghien cim ve thich img
tam ly - xa hpi cua sinh vien nam thii nhat de co the giup cac em sinh vien cung
nhu nha truang co nhirng bien phap phii hap nham tang kha nang thich img tam
ly - xa hpi cua cac em. Cac cau hoi nghien cim dat ra la: sinh vien nam thii nhdt
Truong Dai hgc Hai Phong thich img tam ly - xa hpi a miic dp nao? Nhiing yiu
to nao anh huong den su thich img tam ly - xa hpi ciia cac em? Co the tac dpng
vao yeu to nao de nang cao kha nang thich irng tam 1^ - xa hpi ciia cac em?
Khai niem
Trong Tam Iy hpc duong dai, c6 ba each tiep can nghien cim vi thich
irng tam ly - xa hoi, do la: nghien ciru dac diem cua qua trinh thich ling, nghien
ciru ca che cua qua trinh thich irng va nghien ciru kit qua thich irng. Trong
nghien cuu cua chung toi, thich irng tam ly - xa hpi cua sinh vien duoc nghien
cim tir tiep can ket qua thich irng tren ca so kl thira mpt s6 nghien ciru cap nhat
tren thi gi6[ (Wilson, 2011; Clinciu, 2013) va a Viet Nam (Trdn Thj Minh Dire,
2004; Nguyin Xuan Thirc, 2005). Theo do, khai niem thich irng tam ly - xa hoi
ciia sinh vien duac hilu la sinh vien cd cdc cdm xuc tich cite vd it cdm xiic tieu
cue, yeu cugc sdng vd trdn day ndng lugng cho mgi hogt dgng ciia minh. Bdng
thai, sinh vien hoa nhgp tot vdo cdc mil quan he xd hgi mai, irng xir mgt cdch
phu hgp v&i ngi quy trudng hgc vd tham gia cdc hogt ddng xd hdi di tdn tai vd
phdt trien.

34

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, ,S6 3 (216), 3 - 2(117


Tren quan diim nay, thich ling tam ly - xa hpi cua sinh vien nam thir nhat
Trudng Dai hpc Hai Phong (sau day gpi tat la sinh vien nam thir nhat) duac do

luong boi hai biin s6 la thich img tam ly va thich irng xS hpi: (i) thich iing tdm ly
14 khi sinh vien co nhiiu cam xiic tich cue, it cac cam xiic tiSu c\ic, yeu cupc
song; (ii) thich img xa hgi la khi sinh vien hoa nhap t6t vao moi quan he vdi ban,
vai thay/c6 giao; tuan thi npi quy cua truong ciing nhu tich cue tham gia ho?t
dong xa hoi.
Tren co so kl thira kit qua nghiSn cim ciia cac tac gia tren the gioi (Redmond
va Bunyi, 1993; Grant - Vallone va Ensher, 2000; Enochs va Renk, 2006; Adler va
cpng su, 2008; Wilson, 2011; Clmciu, 2013), chiing toi xac dinh cac biin s6 CO bdn
sau day co thd dnh huong dSn su thich img tam ly - xa h6i cua sinh vien nam thii
nhat: (i) cdc bien sd thudc ve sinh vien nhu gioi tinh, que quan, khu vuc s6ng
truo'c day la nong thon hay thanh thj, sing ciing gia dinh hay khong, muc dich hpc
tap, dpng CO hpc tap, tinh each huong npi hay huong ngoai; (ii) cdc bien sd thuge
mdi tnrdng vdi chdt nhu ho trp ve tai ehinh, ho tra ve hpc lieu, ho tra vl nha d, ho
trp ve phuang tien hpc tap mdi; (iii) cdc bien sd thudc ve nhirng ngirdi lien quan
nhu ban than; ban trai/ban gai; co anh/chi dang hpc ciing trucmg; su ho tro ciia eo
vdn hpc tap; su h6 tro cua thdy/co giao; su ho trp ciia can bp phong, ban chiic nang.
Phucng phap nghien cu-u
Phucmg phap nghien cim chinh la dieu tra bang bang hoi. Bang hoi dupe
thiet ke de do luong (i) thich irng tam ly ciia sinh vien; (ii) thich ling xa hpi cua
sinh vien; (iii) cac yeu to anh huong den thich ling tam ly - xa hpi cua sinh vien
nam thir nhat. Ngoai ra, nghien ciru con sir dung phucmg phap thao luan nhom,
phong van sau va phuang phap xir ly so lieu bdng phan mem SPSS 16.0.
Dieu tra thir tien hanh trong thang 3/2016 tren 49 sinh vien nam thir nhat.
Dieu tra chinh thirc dien ra trong thang 4 va thang 5/2016 tren 320 sinh vien nam
thir nhat, tuy nhien, chi co 277 phieu du tieu chudn de xii ly va phan tich s6 lieu.
Cac so lieu cu the ve dp tin cay cua thang do duoc hien thi trong bang sau day.
Bdng 1: Chi sd Alpha ciia Cronbaeh ciia cdc thang do
Dieu tra thu-

Dieu tra chinh fhirc

Thich irng tam ly

Thang do

0,64

0,73

Thich irng xahpi

0,72

0,78

Thich irnt; tam ly - xa hgi

0,63

0,75

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO 3 (216). 3 - 2017

35


Bang 2: Diim trung binh vd xep hang gid tri trung binh cita cdc thang do
Thang do

BTB/DLC

MIJC xep hang gia tri trung binh cac bien
Thap

Trung binb

Cao

Thich ung tam ly

2,93/0,36

1 - 2,55

2,56 - 3,28

3,29 - 4,0

Thich ling xa hoi

3,13/0,20

1 - 3,00

3,01-3,41

3,42 - 4,0

Thich ixn% tam ly - xa hpi

3,06/0,25

1 - 2,81

2,82-3,31

3,32-4,0

Cac cau hoi co thang diem tii 1 - 4 tuong ling vol miic dp hanh vi/bilu hien
thich ling la thucmg xuyen, khd thuang xuyen, it khi va khdng bao gid. Trong
moi thang do deu co cac biiu hien thich ling tich cue va tieu cue. D6i voi nhiing
menh de tieu cue, khi xii ly s6 lieu chiing toi da d6i diim ngugc lai. Cac thang
do dSu CO phan phoi chuan, do do, cac miic do diim trung binh duac tinh tren co
so DTB ± 1 DLC.
Ket qua nghien ciiu va ban luan
1. Thucc Irang thich urng cua sinh vien nam IhirnhSt
Ll. Miic do thich irng tdm ly - xd hdi
Kit qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, phdn Idn sinh vien nam thir nhdt thich ling
tam ly - xa hpi a mirc dp trung binh (biiu dl 1). Cu thi, dua vao cac mirc diim
trung binh da neu cr bang 2 co thi phan chia ba nhom sinh vien nhu sau: co
14,2% so sinh vien thich img 6 mirc thap; 73,9% thich ling 6 miic ttung binh va
11,9% thich img 6 muc cao.

• Mirc thap
• MiVc tmng binh
B Miic cao

Thich irng TL-XH

Thich lingtSm ly

Bieu do 1: Mice do thich irng tdm ly - xa hdi ciia sinh vien ndm thir nhdt

36

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So' 3 (2 16). 3 - 2017


1.2. Mirc dg thich img tdm ly
Ket qua phan tich s6 Ueu cho thdy, co 13,7% so sinh vien nam thii nhat
thich ung or miic thdp, 72,9% s6 sinh vien thich ling or mu:c trung binh va 13,4%
s6 sinh vien thich ung 6" miic cao. Nhu vdy, ciing giong vai hire tranh thich iing
tam ly - xa hpi, da so sinh vien thich ling tdm ly a mirc trung binh.
Nhu tren da trinh bay, thich iimg tdm ly hilu hifin qua viec trdi nghiem
nhieu cdm xiic tich cue, ding thoi co it cam xiic tieu cue. Biiu hien cdm xuc
tich cue ghi nhan dupe a sinh vien cr miic trung binh (DTB chung = 2,86).
Bang so lieu 3 cho thdy, cam xiic yeu cuoc song thi hien a miic cao (DTB = 3,31),
tiSp den la cac cam xiic khdc bieu hien a miic trung binh tiem can miic eao nhu
cdm thdy vui ve, yeu thich hogt dgng hgc tap, vui choi, voi DTB lan lupt la 3,15
va 3,08. Nhimg cdm xiic khdc nhu an tgdn, trdn day ndng lugng, hgnh phiic, ludn
a trgng thdi cdn bdng, tin tudng vdg mgi ngirdi ciing bieu hien a mu:c trung binh.
Bdng 3: Thich irng tdm ly ciia sinh vien bieu hien qua cdm xuc tich cue

Thu-orng
xuyen

Mirc do danh gia (%)
Kha
thuomg
xuyen

Thinh
thoang

Khong
bao
gior

DTB

DLC

Mirc
do
thich
ling

Yeu cupc song

48,9

35,4

13,5

2,2

3,31

0,78

Cao

Cam thay vui ve

36,1

44,4

18,1

1,4

3,15

0,76

Yeu thich boat doug
hgc tap, vui chai

36,6

36,6

24,6

2,2

3,08

0,83

Co cam giac an toan

33,9

40,8

21,3

4,0

3,05

0,84

Cam thay tran day
nang luong trong cac
hoat done

24,2

46,9

27,1

1,8

2,93

0,76

Cam thay hanh phuc

24,1

36,5

36,5

2,9

2,82

0,83

Luon cr trang thai can
bang

20,2

39,7

35,0

5,1

2,75

0,83

Tin tuong vao mpi
nguoi
Cam tliay 1^'tin

19,1

34,7

40,1

6,1

2,67

0,85

15.2

29,2

49.5

6,1

2,53

0,82

Yeu ban llian

3,2

10,5

67.8

18,5

r,99

0,64

2,83

0,79

Ciiin xuc

DTB chung

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So 3 ( 2 1 6 1 , 3 - 2 0 1 7

Trung
binh

Thap

Trung
binh

Nhu v|y, nhirng biiu hi?n rdt dac tnmg ciia thich img tam ij la yeu cuOc
sing, tran ddy nang lupng sing va cam giac h?inh phuc, an toan deu hien dien a
miic cao va miic trung bmh 6 smh viSn nam thii nhdt. Duy chi co cdm thdy tir
tin vayeu bdn thdn biiu hien a miic thdp, voi DTB = 2,53 va 1,99; c6 55,6% s6
sinh vien khong cam thdy tu tin hojc chi thuih thodng moi cam thdy tu tm. Chia
se vl diiu nay, mat s6 em cho rdng, cdc em khong tu tin vi mot s6 yiu t6 nhu
moi truang xa la, ichong co nguai quen, trudng qud lan ca vl khong gian va s6
luong sinh vien; mpt si sinh vien khdc lai khong tu tiri vi cho rdng "minh dn
mac que sa vdi mgi ngu&i trong trudng' (philu phong vdn so 2). Bieu hien kem
thich ling nhdt Id co 18,5% s6 sinh vi6n khdng bao gia cam thiy yeu bdn thdn vd
67,8% s6 sinh vien ehi thinh thodng mdi co cam xiic nay. Thao ludn nhom nho
vol 10 smh vien cho thdy, ly do md cac ban sinh vien chua yeu bdn than vi co
nhiiu diim cac ban khong hai long voi ban than va c6 phan tu ti Id: diem thi dgi
hgc thdp hon cdc ban khdc, hgc kem han, thdn hinh beo, dn mac que, hinh thitc
khdng dep, dieu kien gia dinh khd khdn,...
Biiu hien thich img tam ly ciia sinh vien nam thii nhat con duoc nghien
ciiu thfing qua bieu hien cam xiic tieu cue.
Bdng 4: Thich img tdm ly cua sinh vien bleu hien qua cdm xiic tieu circ

Miic do danh gia (%)
Ciiin xuc

Thirfrng
xuyen

Kha
thuorng
xuyen

Thinh
thoang

Khong
bao gitf

DTB

DLC

Miic
dp
thich
iing
Cao

Cam thay ghet ban than

2,5

1,8

32,5

63,2

3,56

0,67

Cam thay met moi

16,3

70,7

10,5

2,5

3,01

0,60

Tiic gian vo ccr

5,0

11,6

61,7

21,7

3,0

0,73

Cam thay kh6chiu

1,8

11,6

72,2

14,4

2,99

0,67

Cam thay lo lang

5,4

15,9

53,1

25,6

2,99

0,79

Cam thay bat an

4,0

11,3

66,9

17,8

2,99

0,57

Cam thay that VOUR

6,1

10,1

74,4

9,4

2,87

0,65

Cam thay co dan

9,0

14,8

57,4

18,8

2,86

0,82

3,03

0,68

DTB chung

38

Trung
binh

Trung
binh

TAPCHITAMLyH0C,S('i3 (216), 3 - 2 0 1 7


Sinh viSn ndm thir nhdt co miic d6 biiu hi§n cdm xiic tiSu cue d miic
trung binh (BTB chung = 3,03). Ty 1$ sinh vito thudng xuyen va khd thudng
xuySn cd nhiing cam xiic tieu cue nhu tiic gign vd cd, lo ldng, bdt an, that
vgng, c6 dan dao dOng tir 1,8% din 15,9%. Duy chi cd cdm thdy m^t moi Id

kha phd biin d sinh vien vdi 16,3% s6 em cd cdm giac ndy d miic thudng
xuyen va 70,7% d m4c khd thudng xuyen. Chia se vl diiu nay, mot s6 sinh
vien cho biit, cdc em thudng cdm thdy m?t mdi Id vi chua thich ling dupe vdi
phuong phdp hpc tap, s6 lugmg tdi lieu can phdi dpc rat nhiSu. Hon niia, mdt s6
sinh vito sdng xa gia dinh, chua quen vdi viSc tvt l|p n6n cac em cam thdy m$t
mdi vi vira phdi lo hpc tap, vita lo cuoc sing sinh ho?t, hf cham sdc ban than.

I

Ben c?nh dd, vi sdng xa gia dinh vd ehua thuc svr kit ndi, hda nhdp vdi
bsin be n6n cd 23,8% s6 sinh vien thudng xuySn va khd thudng xuySn cam thdy
cd dan. Kit qud nghi&i ciiu ciing cho thdy, mdc dii cd 18,5% vd 67,8% sd sinh
vien khong bao gia va chi thinh thoang cam thdy yeu ban thdn nhung dieu nay
khdng dong nghia vdi vi& sinh vien ghet ban than. Bdng chumg la cd din 63,2%
sd sinh viSn cho biit hp khdng bao gia ghet bdn thdn, 32,5% sd sinh vien chi
thinh thodng ghet ban than, Ly do sinh vien khdng yeu bdn thdn chi vi khdng hdi
long ve hinh thuc, ve trang phuc, cdm thdy chira gioi bdng ngudi khac chu:
khdng phai la nhiing cam nhjn cam ghet bdn than th\rc sir.
1.3. Mirc do thich ting xd hgi
Bieu dd 1 cho chung ta thdy, ly le sinh vi8n thich img xa hdi thdp, trung
binh, cao Idn lupt Id: 15,3%; 14,1% vd 70,6%. Diim tnmg binh cila thich ling xa
hdi d sinh vito Id 3,24 (DLC = 0,73). Xu hudng ndy cung gidng vdi thich iing
tdm 1^, cd nghia la nhdm sinh vien duoc nghiSn ciiu thich img vdi cac mdi quan
hS xa hdi d mirc trung binh. Vay, thich (tng ciia sinh vien vdi cac mdi quan h? xS
hdi khac nhau dupe bieu hien nhu the nao? Phan phdn tich sau ddy se trd Idi cho
cau hdi ndy.
Bdng 5: Thich icngxd hgi cita sinh vien bieu hien trgng quan hi vdi bgn
Miic do danh gia (%)
Cac bieu hien

ThiroTig
xuyen

Khi
thuomg
xuyen

Thinh
thoang

Khong
bao
giir

DTB

DLC

Ton trpng ban be

73,3

25,3

0,7

0,7

3,71

0,51

Yeu t)uv ban be

68,2

27,1

4,0

0,7

3,63

0,59

Co ban^h6m ban than

71,1

16,6

11,6

0,7

3,58

0,72

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2 0 1 7

Mirc
«9
thich
ling

Cao

39


60,0

3,47

0,76

8,7

1,4

3,44

0,71

28,5

3,2

2,97

0,85

30,3

1,1

2,91

0,76

38,1

30,4

4,3

2,88

0,86

28,2

46,9

6,5

2,58

0,86

3,24

0,73

4,4

3,6

Hoa d6ng voi ban be

56,0

33,9

Chu dgng tham gia cac
hoat dong cting ban be

31,8

36,5

Giup Ad b ^ trong hgc
tap va trong cuoc sdng

23,8

44,8

Chu dgng giao tiep vrfri
ban be

27,2

Chia se kh6 khan ciia
minh v(5i ban be

18,4

Khong tha a tnroc nhQng
kho Idian ciia ban

32,0

DTB chung

Thdp

Trung
binh

So lieu bang 5 cho thay, mac du thich ling xa hoi chung cua sinh vien a
miic trung binh nhung co sir phan hoa Icm giua cac bieu hien thich ung xa hoi. Cu
the, cac bieu hien nhu tdn trpng bgn, yeu quy ban, cd bgn/nhom bgn thdn, khdng
thd a trude nhimg khd khdn cua bgn, hda dong vai bgn co diem trung binh 6 miic
cao, l§n luat la 3,71; 3,63; 3,58; 3,47 va 3,44.
Ngugc lai, cac biiu hien hanh vi mang tinh chii dong nhu tham gia hogt
dpng ciing bgn be, giup dd bgn be, giao tiep vdi bgn va chia se khd khan vdi bgn
thi sinh vien con it thuc hien (DTB tii 2,58 den 2,97 - biiu hien thich iing cr miic

do thap).
Thich ling xa hpi cua sinh vien con dugc bieu hien trong quan he vai
giang vien.
Bdng 6: Thich irng xd hpi cua sinh vien bieu hien
qua moi quan he vol gidng vien

Cac nhan dinh

Thuotig
xuyen

Mirc do danh gia (%)
Kha
Khong
Thinh
thuong
bao
thoang
xuyen
gio

DTB

DLC

Kinh trong thay co

75,1

18,4

6,5

0,0

3,79

0,59

Yen quy thay co

59,8

27,9

10,9

1,4

3,56

0,74

Ngai ngung khi giao
tiep vai thay/co'

4.3

11,9

61,0

22,8

3,22

0,72

TAP CHI

TAM LV

Miic
do
thich
ung
Cao
Trung
binh

HOC, So 3 (2 16). 3 - 2(117


Kliong diiy xa I9 voi
thSy/co

29,3

28,9

33,9

7,9

2,89

0,95

Chu dgng giao tiep
v6i thSv/co

13,3

15,9

52,0

18,8

2,34

0,90

8,3

14,4

63,2

14,1

2,27

0,76

Bay to quan diSm cua
iian than vori thay/c6

6,5

9,4

61,4

22,7

1,97

0,76

Chia se kho khan cua
minh vi5ri thSy/co

4,0

6,1

50,2 .

39,7

1,79

0,74

2,73

0,76

Chu dgng hoi thay/
CO nhung di^u minh
chua biet

Thap

DTB Chung

Thap

Ghi chii: * la menh de da dirge dot diem ngugc Igi khi tinh BTB.

Bang 6 cho thay, ve cam xuc vdi thay co thi sinh vien thich iing d miic
cao, bieu hien la tdn trgng vd yeu quy thay cd (DTB = 3,69 vd 3,46). Mac dii
vdy, sinh vien cdn nggi ngiing khi giao tiep vdi thdy/cd (DTB = 3,22). Nhung
hanh vi giao tiep nhu chu ddng giao tiep, hdi thdy/cd ve nhirng dieu chua biet,
bdy td quan diem ciia bdn thdn, chia se khd khdn ciia minh... chi bieu hien d
mirc thdp. Sinh vien ly giai dieu nay la do "em cdm thdy khd nggi ngiing vi cir
cd cdm gidc khdng tu tin, khdng biet ndi gi vdi cdc thdy/cd khi tiep xiic" (phieu
phong van so 3).
Co the thay rang, sinh vien nam thir nhat thich img tot hon trong mdi quan

he vdi ban be va thich img kem han trong moi quan he vdi thay/cd gido.
Su thich img xa hpi con bieu hien trong img xir cua sinh vien vdi cac noi
quy ciia trudng dai hpc va tham gia cac boat dpng xa hpi. Ket qua nghien ciru cho
thay, sinh vien nam thir nhat tuan thii tdt npi quy tnrdng hpc. Tuy nhien, vdn cdn
mpt so vi pham lien quan den thi cu nhu sir dung tdi lieu trong khi thi (8,3% sd
sinh vien thuang xuyen va khd thudng xuyen vi pham, 31,4% thinh thodng vi
pham). Xet long the thi mirc dp thich img cua sinh vien vdi noi quy ciia trudng
vdn d mirc cao (DTB dao dpng tir 3,49 - 4,00).
NIU sinh vien thich img vai noi quy truang hpc chii yiu d mirc cao thi biiu
hien thich ung trong viec tham gia boat dpng xa hpi cua sinh vien chi d mirc Ihdp
(DTB = 2,27). Vai cac boat dpng tinh nguyen, so lupng sinh vien tham gia ddng
hon va d muc thuong xuyen hon (DTB = 2,54) so vdi hoat dpng van nghe (DTB
= 2,01). Co thi thay rang, mot bp phan sinh vien chua chii dpng, tich cue tham
gia hail dpng xa hpi. Mac du co su phan hda manh trong biiu hien thich irng

TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, .So 3 (2 16). 3 - 2017


vdi ndi quy ttudng hoc vd thich iing vdi hoat ddng xa hpi nhung miic dp thi'ch
img ehung cua sinh vien vdn d mure cao (DTB chung = 3,43).
Nhu vdy, miic dp thich irng xd hdi ciia smh vien d miic trung binh, trong
do, thich ling xa hdi trong mdi quan he vdi ban biiu hien d miie trung bmh, thich
ling xa hdi trong mdi quan he vdi (hkylco a miic thdp, cdn thich ling vdi npi quy
trudng hpc vd boat ddng xa hdi d mdc cao. Ket qud nay cQng cho thdy, miic dp
thich img xa hdi (DTB = 3,13) cua sinh vien cao hon so vdi miic dp thich ling tam
ly (DTB = 2,93). Kiim dinh he sd tuong quan Pearson cho thay, thich ling tam ly
cd tuong quan thuan d miic tnmg binh vdi thich ling xa hdi (r = 0,49; p = 0,00),
thich iing tam ly - xa hpi cd tuong quan thudn vd rat chat che vdi thich ung tdm ly (r
= 0,93; p = 0,00) va vdi thich urng xa hpi (r = 0,77; p = 0,00). Nhu vay, timg mat
thich irng cd tuong quan thuan chat che vdi nhau va tuong quan vdi tdng thi thich

img tam ly - xa hdi. Ket qud nghien cuoi cua chiing tdi khdng ddng nhdt vdi
nghien cim ciia Redmond vd Bunyi (1993) khi hai tdc gid cho rang: mdi quan he
giiia thich img tam ly vd xa hpi khdng thuc su ro rdng.
Nhu vay, khi sinh vien nam thir nhdt thich img tdt ve tam ly se keo theo
sir thich ling tdt ve xa hpi vd nguac lai.
Tdm lai, khi mdi trudng sdng va hpc tap thay ddi, sinh vien nam thii
nhat thich irng nhanh va tdt hon vdi mdi trudng ben ngodi so vdi viec tu dieu
chinh de can bang cam xuc ben trong.
2. Cdc yeu to dnh hudng den thich irng idm ly - xd hgi cua sinh vien
ndm thie nhat
2.1. Anh hudng ciia mgt sd bien nhdn khau
Nghien cim ciia Enochs va Renk (2006) va Wilson (2011) cho thiy rdng,
nam sinh vien thich nghi vdi mdi trudng dai hpc mdi tdt hon nil sinh vien. Ket
qua nghien cim chiing tdi thu duac khdng du co sd ket luan cd sir khdc nhau ve
thich img tam ly - xa hpi d sinh vien nam (DTB = 3,02) va smh vien nu (DTB = 2,08)
vdi p = 0,10. Dac diem nay cung tdn tai d hai mat thich irng tam ly va thich
img xa hpi (p > 0,05).
Nhirng bien so nhan khau khac nhu sdng ciing gia dinh hay sdng xa gia
dinh, que a Hai Phong hay d nhirng tinh khac, dia ban sdng trude day la thanh
thi hay ndng thdn khdng anh hudng din sir thich img tam ly - xa hdi cua sinh
vien (p > 0,05). Bieu nay khac vdi kit qud nghien ciiu eiia Adler J. va cpng su
(2008) khi khang dinh nhirng sinh vien hpc dai hpc song gdn gia dinh va nhirng
sinh vien sdng tai cac do thj se cd su thich img tdt hon. Cd thi, trong van hda
Viet Nam, khi sinh vien d ciing gia dinh thi cac em dupe cha me bao bpc nen
kha nang tu lap va sir nang dpng se it nhiiu bi han chi. Con nhimg sinh vien

••2

TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 ( 2 1 6 ) , 3 - 20 i 7

sdng xa gia dmh, xa su cham sdc hdng ngay cua cha me budc phdi tir Itp, t\i
chdm sdc vd tu lo cho cupc sdng cua mmh, do vdy cac em ndng dpng hon vd
thich umg tdt ban vdi mdi ttudng mdi.
2.2. Anh huong cua dong ca lira chgn nganh hgc
Kit qud nghien ciiu chi ra rdng, nhiing sinh vidn lira chon nganh hpc vi
bdn thdn yeu thich thich ling tdm ly - xa hpi tdt ban sd sinh vien cdn lai d cd hai
mat biiu hidn Id thich ung tdm ly va thich img xd hpi (p < 0,01). Ben cfinh dd,
nhiing sinh vien chon ngdnh hoc vi do Id nganh ciia bd me vd nhdm sinh vien
ehpn ngdnh vi diim ddu vdo thdp diu thich ling tam ly - xa hdi thdp hon nhdm
sinh vien khdng ehpn ngdnh hpc vi nhihig ly do ndy d cd hai mat biiu hien (p =
0,03 va p < 0,01). Ngoai ra, nhdm sinh vien ehpn ngdnh hpc vl trao liru xd hgi
thich ling xa hpi thap hon nhung sinh vien cdn lai (p = 0,04). Nhiing ddng co lira
ehpn ngdnh khdc khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke. Nhu vdy, ddng co
lira ehpn nganh hpc "6en trongi' nhu hpc vi bdn thdn yeu thich vd ben nggaf
nhu la ngdnh cita bd me, vi trao liru xd hgi, vi diem ddu vdo thdp Id nhiing ddng
CO cd dnh hudng den thich img tdm ly - xa hdi ciia sinh vien nam thir nhat. Ddy
la dieu ma hpc sinh THPT vd cha me can can nhac khi lira ehpn ngdnh hpc.
2.3. Anh hudng ciia muc dich hgc tap
Muc dich hpc tap dupe chia iam hai nhdm, dd la muc dich cd nhdn nhu
hpc de khang dinh bdn than, cd vi the xa hdi, ed edng viec dam bao cupc sdng vd
muc dich xd hgi nhu phue vu que huong, ddt nude, thda man mong mudn truyen
dat tti thirc eho ngudi khac... Phan tich ket qua nghien cim cho thay, nhdm sinh
vien xdc dinh dugc muc dich hgc tap ro rdng cd mirc dp thich ling tam ly - xa
hdi tdt hon so vdi nhdm sinh vien chua xac djnh duac muc dich hpc tap (p =
0,03). Cu the, nhdm sinh vien hpc de khdng dinh bdn thdn cd mirc dp thich ling
xa hdi tdt hem nhdm sinh vien eon lai (p ^ 0,02); nhdm sinh vien cd muc dich
hpc tap de thda mdn mong mudn truyen dgt tri thicc cho ngudi khdc cd mirc dp
thich irng tdm ly - xa hdi tdt hon (p < 0,01) va tdt hon d ca hai mat bieu hien (p = 0,04
va p = 0,00).

2.4. Anh hudng cita didc diem tinh cdch
Kit qua cho thay, nhdm sinh vien co tinh each hudng ngoai cd DTB thich
img tam ly - xa hpi la 3,09, ttong khi do, DTB ciia nhdm sinh vien cd tinh each
hudng npi la 3,03. Su khac biet nay cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke. Theo dd, nhdm
sinh vien cd tinh each huting ngoai cd mirc dp thich ung tdm ly - xa hpi vd mtic
dp thich irng xa hpi cao hon nhdm sinh vien cd tinh each huting ndi (p = 0,02).
6 mat thich tmg tam ly, khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghia thing ke (p = 0,09).

TAPCHITAMLVHOC, .So 3 (216), 3 -2017


2.5. Anh hirang cua cdc yiu tS thuge moi truang vgt chdt
Nghien cuu cia Redmond vd Bunyi (1993) cho rdng, trgr d p xa hOi cung
cd tdc dpng tdi mat tuih cam, lam cho sinh vien sdng thoai mdi hon vd giam bdt
nSi nhd nhd, thicli ling tdt hon vdi mdi trudng d?i hoc. Kit qud nghien ciiu cua
chiing tdi thing nhdt vdi quan diim neu tren. Theo do, nhiing smh vien cd sir ho
trg tdi chinh (p < 0,01), phuang tl4n hgc tgp (p < 0,01) va dugc ho trg hgc lifu
(p = 0,04) cd miic dd thich ling tam 1;^ - xd hpi tit hon nhiJng smh vidn khdng
nhdn duoc s\i giiip dd d nhiing phuang di?n ndy.
2.6. Anh huong tir nhiing ngudi lien quan
Khac vdi nghien ciiu cua Grant - Vallone vd Ensher (2000), ttong nghien
ciiu ndy, yiu td ban be khdng dnh hudng din svr thich Ung cua sinh vien _(p > 0,05).
Trong khi dd, nhOng ngudi nh|n dupe sif hS trg tir thdy/cd gido, cd vdn hgc tgp,
cdc chuyen vien phong, ban chirc ndng va cd anh/chi dang Id sinh vien thich img
tdm ly - xa hpi tdt hon d ca hai mdt biiu hi^n so vdi nhQng ngudi khdng c6
nhiing yiu td tren. Kit qud nghiSn ciiu eda chiing tdi thdng nhdt vdi kit qud
nghien clhi ciia G. Wilson (2011). Theo dd, Wilson phat hien ra rdng, sinh vi6n
qudc tl d Hoa Ky nhdn dugc sir hd tta tir cd vdn hpc tap cd thich ling xa hdi tit
hom so vdi sinh vien khdng nhan duprc su hd ttg nay.
3. Dif bdo miic dS anh hitdng cua cac yiu to din thich iing tam ly-xa

hgi ciia sinh vien ndm tha nh&t
Chiing tdi da tien hdnh phdn tich hdi quy nhdm tim ra nhiing yeu td cd dnh
hudng manh din thich umg tdm ly - xd h^i eda sinh vien dugc nghien ciiu. Kit qud
phan tich cho thay ed 5 yeu td cd khd ndng d\r bao cao nhdt su biin thien thich
ling tam ly - xd hdi cua smh viSn (bdng 7).
Bang 7: Cdc yiu td dtf bag su biin thiin thich img tdm ly - xa hgi cua sinh vien
Yeu to

R'

R'A

B

SE

P

P

Nganh hgc bantiianyeu thich

0,056

0,053

-0,118

0,030

-0,237

0,000

H6 trg tir thay/c6 giao

0,130

0,127

0,124

0,020

0,361

0,000

Ho trg tir co van hoc tap

0,059

0,055

0,068

0,017

0,242

0,000

H6 trg ve phuong tien hoc tap

0,051

0,047

0,066

0,018

0,226

0,000

C6 anh/chi dang la sinh vien

0,042

0,039

-0,103

0,030

-0,206

0,001

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (216), 3 - 2017


Trong cac yki td neu tren, hd tra tie thdy/co gido co y nghia du bao cao
nhdt, du bao dugc 12,7% sir biSn thien thfch iing tam ly - xS hOi ciia sinh vi6n
nam thii nhit; hd tra tic cd vdn hoc tap du bao dugc 5,3%; nganh hoc bdn thdn
yeu thich du bao dugc 5,6%; hd tra vi phucmg tien hpc tap du bao dugc 4,7% va
cd anh/chi dang la sinh vien du bao dugc 3,9% sir bien thien thich iing tSm iy - xa
hoi cua sinh viSn. Cac y^u t6 con lai co y nghia du bao thSp (duoi 3,9%).
K^t luan
Ph§n Idn sinh vien nam thii nhit Truang Dai hoc Hai Phong thich ling
tam ly - xa h6i d miic trung binh, trong do, cac em thich iing vdi m6i truang va
cac moi quan he xa hgi cao han so vai thich iing tam ly ben trong. Cac yeu td
thu6c ve sinh vien nhu dgng ca lua chon nganh hoc la do sir yeu thich ciia ban
than, CO muc dich hgc tap ro rang, hgc dl khiing dinh ban than va thoa man
mong muon truyen dat tri thiic cho nguai khac co anh huong tich cue den miic
do thich ling tam ly - xa hgi cua sinh vien. Ben canh do, cac yeu to ben ngoai
nhu sir ho trg tir thay/c6 giao, tir co van hgc tap va chuyen vien cac phong, ban
chiic nang va co anh/chi dang la sinh vien cung gop phan lam cho sinh vien nam
thii nhat thich iing nhanh hem va tot hon vai moi truang dai hgc. Cung vai do,
neu sinh vien nhan dugc sir h6 trg ve tai chinh, ve hgc lieu va phuang tien hgc
tap ciing se giiip cac em thich iing tam ly - xa hpi tot han. Trong so cac yeu to
anh hucmg neu tren, sir ho trg tir thay co va sir ho trg tir co van hgc tap co anh
huong manh nhat den kha nang thich iing tam ly - xa hgi cua sinh vien nam thii
nhat. Ngoai ra, viec lira chgn nganh hgc theo sof thich ciia ban than va su ho trg
ve phuang tien hpc tap cung anh huong kha manh den miic do thich iing tam ly xa hgi ciia cac em.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Adler J., Raju S., Beveridge A.S., Wang S., Zhu J., Zimmemiann E.M., College
adjustment in University of Michigan students wilh Crohn's and colitis, Inflammatory Bowel
Disease, Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 1.281 -1.286, 2008.

2. Dao Thi Duy Duyen, Nhimg kho khdn trong cupc song cua sinh vien ndm thu nhdt
Trudng Dgi hpc Supham thanh pho Ho Chi Mmh, Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Su pham
thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, 56 50,2013.
3. Tran Thi Minh Dire, Nghien ciru su thich irng ciia sinh vien ndm thie nhdl cua Dgi
hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi vdi moi trudng dgi hpc, De tai cap dac biet Dai hpc Qu6c gia
HaNoi, ma s6 QG.03.17, 2004.
4. Clinciu A.I., Adaptation and Stress for the First Year University Students, Procedia
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 78, pp. 718 - 722, 2013.

TAPCHI'TAMLVHOC, So 3 (216). 3 - 2 0 1 7

45


5. Enochs W.K., Renk K., Social at^ustment of collegefreshmen:The importance of
gender and living environment. College Student Joumal, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 63 - 72,2006.

6. Grant - Vallone E., Ensher E., Effects of peer mentgring on types of mentor support,
program satisfaction and graduate student stress: A dyadic perspective. Journal of College
Student Development, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 637 - 642,2000.
7. Nguyin Xuan Thiic, Su thich irng vdi hogt dgng ren luyin nghiep vu eda sinh
vien Bai hoc Suphgm, Tap chi T&n Iy hpc, TSp 8 (s6 77), tr. 46 - 50, 2005.
8. Wilson Georgette P., Fitting-in: Sociocultural Adaptation of International Graduate
Students, Paper presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the Northeastern Educational
Research Association, October, pp. 19 - 21, Rocky Hill, CT, 2011.'

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So 3 (216). 3 - 2 0 1 7