Hệ giá trị của học sinh trung học hiện nay

HEGIATRJCUAHOCSINH
TRUNG HOC HIEN NAY
Nghien ciiu nay diroc tai tra bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de t^i: Giao due gia tn cho tre em tinng gia dinh Viet Nam hien nay:
There trang va giai phap; Ma sd: VI.1.1-2012-15; PGS.TS. Trirong Thj Khanh Ha chii
nhiem.
ThS. Nguyen Tuan Anh
Vien Nghien citu Thanh nien
T O M TAT
Muc dich ciia nghien cuu ndy la chi ra he thong phdn cdp cua cdc gid Iri md hgc
sinh trung hoc hien nay dang hudng den Ket qud thu duac tir cugc dieu tra bdng phieu
trung cdu y kien tren 270 hgc sinh trung hoc cho thdy, hoc sinh hien nay ddc biet coi irong
cdegidtri "Tu quyet dinh", "Truyen thong" vd "Su phu hap, dungmuc" Tinh uu tien trong
lua chon cdc gid Iri giua hai gidi nam sinh vd nir sinh cUng co su khdc biet Hgc sinh a
thdnh thi coi Pong "Gid tri loan cdu", "Khodi Igc, hudng thu", cdn hoc sinh d ndng thon
lai coi trgng .su "Thdnh dat" vd "An todn, dn dinh ".
Tir khoa: Gid tri; He gid In. Dinh huong gid tri, Hgc sinh trung hoc: Ly thuyet
gid tri cua Schwartz.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/3/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/5/2017.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is lo show the hierarchy of values that high school
students are currently aiming for Sun-ey were conducled with 2''0 high school students
Result showed that students now especially appreciated "Self Direction", "Tradition"
ami "Comformity" There was a difference between boys and girls in value preference in
choosing values between boys and girls Students in urban re.speci "Universali.sm".
"Hedonism ", while rural students tended lo appreciate "Achievement" and "Security"
Keywords: Value; Value system. Value orientation, High school student, Schwartz's
Value Theory
1. Biit van de
Giii tri la nhung gi con ngudi coi trgng va Ihay xiing dang vdi sy theo
dudi ciia hg trong cugc sdng. Sy ton lai ciia gia Iri la l u a n g ddi dn dinh va it

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 6 (219), 6 - 2017

91


thay ddi ngay ca khi con ngudi trudng thanh (Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1997).
Mdi ngudi cd the hudng den nhidu gia tri (vi du, thanh tich, long nhan tir...) voi
miic dg quan trgng khac nhau. Mgt gia tri cd the se cd vai trd quan trgng dac
biet ddi vdi ngudi nay nhung lai khdng cd y nghia vdi ngudi kia. Gia trj anh
hudng ddn hanh vi d b4t ky do tudi nao (Chalapi, 1998) va dugc coi nhu mdt
trong nhihig ca sd hinh thanh va thuc day hanh vi cua ca nhan. Sy hinh thanh
nhan each cua con ngudi khdng the tach rdi he gia tri ma hg dang hudng den,
nhat la d liia tudi trung hge - liia tudi ma cac em dang dinh hinh nen nhan each
cua minh.
Mgt trong nhiing dac diem quan trong cua he gia tri la tinh thu bac cua
nd. Sy sap xep cac gia tri trong he thdng cac gia tri tuang iing vdi sy uu tien
ciia cac muc dich sdng. Xu hudng lya chgn mdt gia tri nag dd ciia hgc sinh
khdng nh^t thiet phai la hgp Idgic nhung nd cd thi la "mgt sy ket hgp ciia tri
tue va cam xiic" (Hedayat Shodeh, 1994).
De hieu ban chat ciia gia tri d miic do ca nhan (tren phuang dien ehiie
nang va su tuong tac gia tri d ben trong ca nhan), nhdm tac gia Schwartz va
Bilsky phat trien mgt khai niem ly thuyet ve gia tri, theo dd, gia tri dugc xem
nhu la mgt tieu ehi de eon ngudi ty danh gia ban than hg cung nhu de danh gia
ngudi khac (Schwartz va Bilsky, 1990). Hai tae gia nay ciing de xuat 10 loai ddng
CO ca ban cua con ngudi, ndi each khae, la 10 gia trj ca ban thuc day hanh vi
ciia con ngudi, bao gdm:
/. Tu dinh hudng: Tu duy ddc lap; hanh ddng ly lya chgn, ty tag, ty
kham pha...; ea nhan ty chii.
2. Khdm phd, mgo hiem: Thich mgt cudc sdng da dang, thu vj; thich cai

mdi va sy thir thach trong cudc sdng.
3 Khodi lac, hudng thu: Sy tan hudng cuge sdng; niem vui; dap irng
nhu cau sinh hgc.
4 Thdnh dat: Dugc Ihanh cdng; dugc thira nhan theo tieu chu^n eiia xa
hdi; dugc xa hdi chap thuan.
5. Quyen luc- Mong mudn kiem soat xa hdi hoac thdng tri ngudi khac.
6 An todn, on dinh. Mong mudn an toan. dn djnh; thich su hai hda. yen
dn ciia xa hdi. gia dinh va ban than.
7 Su phii hgp, diing muc Kiem che eae hanh ddng va cac xung dot cd
kha nang ga\ tdn hai cho ngudi khac hoac vi pham cac Igi ich xa hdi; la nhu
eau cua ca nhan tuang tac hai hda, than thien vdi ngudi khae.

TAPCHITAMIYHOC, Sod (219), 6 - 2017


8. Truyin thdng: Tdn trong gia tri truySn thdng, tu tudng lau ben cua
dan tgc, dat nude hoac nhdm xa hdi ma ca nhan dang tham gia; hudng den su
doan kdt cua nhdm, cdng ddng.
9. Long nhdn di: Bao ve ngudi khac; nhu cau chia se hd trg, giiip dd
ngudi khac.
10. Gid tri toan cdu: Sy hieu biet, danh gia cao, khoan dung va bao ve
quy6n va Igi ich ciia tit ea mgi ngudi va y thiic bao ve mdi trudng, thien nhien; hudng
din sy cdng bang, tinh tham mT...
Ly thuyet Gia tri ciia Schwartz la mdt trong nhttng ly thuyet dugc sir
dung rgng rai va phd bien nhat tren the gidi. Ve ca ban, ly thuyet Gia tri cila
Schwartz ban ve sy uu tien tuong ddi ciia mgt gia tri nao do trong he thdng cac
gia tri eiia mdi ea nhan (Schwartz, 2005a, 2006; Schwartz, Cieeiuch, Vecchione va
cdng su, 2011).
Nghien eiiu nay duge thye hien dua theo ly thuyet cua dng nham lim
hieu he gia tri eiia hgc sinh trung hgc hien nay d nude ta.

2. Khach the va phuang phap nghien cii-u
Khach the nghien ciiu
Khach the nghien ciru la 270 hgc sinh trung hgc (120 hge sinh trung hge
ca sd va 150 hgc sinh Irung hgc phd thdng) tren dia ban thanh phd Ha Ndi.
Trong dd: Ve gidi tinh- Nam hge sinh chiem 48,9%, nii hgc sinh chiem 51.1%;
Ve khu vuc. Hgc sinh d thanh thi chiem 44.4%, hgc sinh d ndng thdn chiem
55.6%.
Phuang phdp vd cdng cu nghien ciru
Viec thu thap du lieu thye tien duge thye hien bang phuang phap chinh
la trung cau y kien tren co sd su dung Bg cdng cy khao sat gia tri ciia Schwartz.
Bd cdng cu nay bao gdm 40 chan dung ngdn lir ngan luong ung vdi cac gia tri
thudc ve 10 nhdm gia tri dai dien neu tren. Mdi chan dung nay md la ve mdt
ngudi vdi nhung muc tieu. khai vgng, mong mudn the hien cac gia tri.
Nhung hgc sinh iham gia tra Idi phieu dugc yeu cau danh gia tam quan
trgng ciia tirng gia tri nhu la mdt nguyen tac djnh hudng hanh vi trong cuge
sdng ciia hg bang each cho diem luang irng lir (Jj - Khong quan irgng den (6j Rdt quan trgng Vc l\ thuyet, diem Irung binh cao nhat la 5 va thap nhal la I.
Diem trung binh cimg cao luong irng vdi lam quan trgng cua cae gia Iri ddi vdi
ca nhan cang cao va ngugc lai. diem trung binh cang lh;ip thi giii Ui dd cang it
quan trgng \'d] cac em.

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 6 (219), 6 - 201 7

93


Du lieu khao sat duoc xii ly, phan tich bjng phin mim thong kB SPSS
trong moi trucmg Window, phien ban 16.0, trong do phep phan tich T-test duoc
sit dung ii kiim dinh sir khac biet vk he gia trj giQa cac nhom khach the theo
gidi tinh va theo khu vuc sinh song.
Co 270 phiSu trung cdu y kiln ducrc nhom nghien cu:u phat va hudrig

din hoc sinh tra loi. Sau khi kiem tra noi dung tra loi phieu, nhom nghien cuu
danh gia lit ca 270 philu tra Icri cua cac em deu dat yeu cau va duoc sit dung
de phan tich dO lieu.
3. Ket qua nghien ciru va ban luan
Kit qua phan tich dii lieu he gia tri cua hoc sinh trung hoc dugc tom tat
trong bang so lieu sau day va dugc sap xep theo thu tir giam dan cita diem
trung binh:
Bdng I: Su Itca chon cdc gid tri cita hoc sinh trung hoc
Diem trung binh

Do lech chuan

1. Tir dinh hirtjtig

4,56

0,43

2. Truyen thong

4,52

0,40

3 Sir phit hap, diing mtrc

4,35

0,56

4. Long nhiin ai

4.17

0,46

5. Quyen luc

4.16

0.44

6. Thanh dat

4,07

0,43

7. An loan, on dtith

4.02

0.52

S, Gia tri loan cau

4,01

0,42

9 Khoai lac. huong till!

3,90

0,43

10 Kham pha, niao hicm

3.27

0.43

4,10

0,45

Gia tri

f)iem Irunti binh ciiung

Ket qua nghien ciru eho thiiy, cac em hoc sinh deu danh gia cac gia tri a
mirc do tren trung binh (cao hon mirc dp trung binh). Cu thi nhu sau:
Xet long the tren 10 gia tri dai dien dugc khao sat thi hoc sinh danh gia
mite do quan trgng ctia gia tr| 'Tic dinh hirdng" la cao hon so vtji cae gia tri
con lai. Theo Schwartz (1992), muc tieu xac dinh cua kieu gia tri niiy la suy
nghT doc liip \a tu chii hanh dgng, "Ttr dinh huong" xuat phat tir nhu cSu ttr
kicin soat va Uim chit (Kohn va Schooler. 1983) va day la diciu kien tien quylt

94

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So 6 (219), 6 - 201 7


cua sir ph6i hgp, tuong tdc xa h6i (Schwartz, 1994). Gid tri ndy dugc mo ta nhu
la tu do, sdng tao, doc lap, lira chon cdc muc tieu, su to mo va Idng tu trgng cua
moi nguoi (Schwartz, 1992). Dilu nay chung to nhting hgc sinh trung hoc trong
nghien ciiu nay diu co y thiirc t\f lap, tu chii kha cao.
He gid tri hay sir hinh thdnh djnh huong gia tri 6 cd nhan khong chi chiu
dnh huong boi nhom xa hfii ma cd nhan tham gia vdo hay do tuoi cua hp, ma
con bj quy dinh bdi vai tro xa hoi cita nguoi do trong mSi giai doan cua cugc
dcri vd sir nghiep (Super, 1980). Vi du, nhu cau ve "An todn, an ninh" co th6
xuat hi$n khi co sir gia tang dp luc kinh te gia dinh len tre vi thdnh nien (Hall
vd Mansfield, 1975). Mgt nghien cim cat ngang cho thay, nhom ngucri Idji tuoi
coi trgng cdc gid tri bdo t6n truyin thong vd su phii hgp hem so vgi nhiJng
ngucri tre (Karakitapoglu Aygiin va Imamoglu, 2002; Prince-Gibson vd Schwartz,
1998; Schwartz va c6ng su, 2005; Schwartz va cgng su, 2001). Tuy vay, trgng
cu5c khdo sdt ndy, chiing toi lai thu dugc kit qud khac: Hgc sinh trung hgc
(nhiing ngucri tre tuoi) ciing rdt coi trgng nhttng gia trj truyen thong vd sir dung
muc, phii hgp. Dieu nay dugc minh chiing th6ng qua kit qua: hai gid tri "Truyen
th6ng" vd "Dung muc, phii hgp" diu dugc hgc sinh danh gia o mirc do rat quan
trgng (dilm trung binh cda hai gid trj Idn lugt Id 4,52 va 4,35). Su khac biet nay
CO the CO nguon goc tir sir khdc biet van hoa giira cac quoc gia, dan tgc; gitta
phuong Dong vd phuong Tay.
Liira tuoi hgc sinh trung hgc la giai doan cac em hgc sinh dugc giao due,
hgc tap, trau dgi cdc kien thirc ve cugc song, cdc bdi hgc dao diic... de hodn
thien nhan cdch. Chinh vi thi, giao due cho cac em biet coi trgng su phii hgp,
dung muc va co long nhan di la can thilt. "Long nhan ai" va "Quyen luc" ciing
la hai gid tri dugc hge sinh danh gid Id kha quan trgng (diem trimg binh cua hai
gia tri nay Idn lugt Id 4,17 vd 4,16). Noi rieng ve gia tri "Long nhan ai", co the
thay, day la mgt trong nhihig gid tri nen tdng eua dan tgc. Trdi qua hang nghin

nam dimg nuijc va gitt nuoc, gia tri "Long nhan ai" thucmg dugc gan lien voi
nhttng truyin thing quy ban nhu: "Thuong ngucri nhu the thucmg than", "La
lanh diim Id raeh", "Mgt con ngua dau, cd tdu bo co"... Ben canh do, long nhan
ai con xudt phdt tir nhu cdu rat can bdn cua con ngucri, do Id nhu cau dugc yeu
thucmg, chia se tinh cam. Dilu nay ciing da dugc trinh bay trong Ly thuyit Nhu
cdu cua Abraham Maslow (1954). Trong nghien ciru ciia Schwartz (1997), ong
da timg ket luan: Khong eo moi lien he giira do tuoi vcri su lua chgn cdc gia tri
"Long nhan di" va "Quyen lire".
* Mot so khdc biet theo cdc bien sd
Theo gidi tinh
Rokeach (1973) cho rdng co can cir hgp ly dl hy vgng tim thdy sir khae
biet trong tra tien gia tr| lien quan den gioi tinh, bcri vi trong xa hoi, ngucri nam
TAP CHI JAM Vi HOC, So 6 (219), 6 - 2017

95


vd ngucri ntt phdt buy vai tro khdc nhau. Bond (1988) cung kit ludn rang, bat
ky dac dilm gioi tinh nao da dugc khdi quat tren nhieu nen van hoa khac nhau
CO the phdn dnh sir khdc biet phg bien trong xa hoi ciia hai gi(W.
Trong nghien ciiu nay, tinh uu tien trong lira chgn cdc gia tri gitta tiam
sinh va nir sinh ciing eg khde bidt. Mac du cd hai nhgm hgc sinh deu dat gia tri
"Tu dinh hucing" vd "Truyin thflng" 6 vi tri eao nhdt, song doi vdi cdc nam
sinh thi gid tri "Tu djnh hucrng" dugc coi Id quan trgng hon gid tri "Truyen
thong". D6i vcji cdc nH sinh thi ngugc lai, gid tri "Truyen thong" lai dugc cot
trgng hon gia tri "Tu dinh hucing". Kit qua nay co le khong qud ngac nhien,
bcji "Tu dinh hucing" la mgt trong nhirng dac dilm dac trung ve giiJi khd ro cj
nam gioi. Cd mgt so nghien ciru trudc day da cho ket qua tucmg tu (vi du,
nghien cOru ciia Schwartz va Rubel, 2005; Bami, Ranieri, Scabini va Rosnati,
2011).

yl tinh
Bdng 2: Su lira chon cdc gid tri cua hoc sinh theo gidi
Gidi tinh

T-test/F

P

4,49

3.15

0,00

4,48

4,56

2,06

0,00

4,29

4,41

3.04

0,03

4. Long nhan ai

4,16

4,18

3,50

0,00

5. Thanh dai

4,15

3,99

2,50

0,03

6 Quyen lire

4,14

4,18

3,16

0,02

7. Gia tri loan cau

4,08

3,94

3,17

0,00

8 An toiin, on dinh

4,00

4,04

3,09

0,00

9. Khoai lac, huong thu

3,85

3,95

2.98

0,04

10 Kham pha, niao Itieni

j,45

J,09

3.12

0,03

Gia trj

Nam

Nir

1. Tir dinh htrtirng

4,63

2. Truyen thong
3 Su phit hop, dung nitre

Theo khu vuc sinh sdng
So lieu khao sat cho thay, hoc sinh cr ca hai khu vtjc thanh thj va nong
thon deu coi 5 gia tri: Tu dinh hudng; Truyen thdng; Su phii hap. dung muc;
Long nhdn di va Quyen lire la quan trgng hon nhung gia tr; con lai (xet theo gia
tri dii;in trung binh), Tuy vay, khi danh gid ve iTlirc do quan trgng cua cac gia
tri giira hai khu vuc. la thay, thir tir sap xep ve mirc do quan trong ciia ciic gid

96

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So 6 (219). 6 - 201 7


tri lai khong gidng nhau. Cu thi, hgc sinh d khu vuc ndng thdn dl cao gid tri
"Truyin thdng" va gid tri "Su phu hgp, dung mirc" hon so vdi hgc sinh thdnh
thi, trong khi dd hgc sinh d thdnh thi lai dl cao gia trj "Tu djnh hudng" hon so
vdi hge sinh d ndng thdn.
Xet nhiing gid trj cd dilm trung binh thap hem la; "Gid tri todn cdu";
"Khodi lac, hudng thu"; "Thdnh dat"; "An todn, dn dinh"; "Khdm phd, mao
hiem" thi ngoai gid tri "Khdm phd, mao hiem" dugc danh gid la it quan trgng
nhat thi nhirng gia tri cdn lai trong he gia tri cung cd vi tri sap xep thii tu quan
trgng thay ddi tiiy theo khu vuc. Neu nhu cac hgc sinh d khu vuc thanh thi coi
trgng "Gia tri toan cdu", "Khodi lac, hudng thu" hon so vdi hgc sinh ndng thdn
thi hgc sinh d ndng thdn lai coi trgng gia tri "Thdnh dat" va "An todn, dn dinh"
hem so vdi hgc sinh d thanh thi. Phdi chang nhirng hgc sinh d khu vuc thanh thj
cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi de cd mgt cugc sdng tien nghi, day dii nen viec
hudng thii cudc sdng la de dang hon, trong khi khao khat thanh dat lai ludn
thudng true trong tam tri cua nhirng hoc sinh d khu virc ndng thdn, mong mudn
thanh cdng de cd the thay ddi cugc song?
Bdng 3: Su lua chon cdc gid tri cita hoc sinh trung hoc phdn theo khu vuc
Khu vuc

Gia trj

Thanh thi

Nong thon

T-tcst/F

P

1. Ttidmh htrong

4,51

4.61

2,95

0.01

2, Truyen ihong

4,48

4,56

2,17

0.00

3. Su phit hop, diing mtrc

4,30

4.40

2.45

0,00

4, Long nhan ai

4.13

4,21

3.52

0,03

5, Quyen luc

4.12

4.20

3.45

0,02

6. Gia tri loan cau

4.11

3.91

3.28

0,00

7, Khoai lac. hiiitng thu

4.09

3.71

3.90

0,02

8, Thanh dat

4.06

4.08

2.18

0,00

9, An loan, on dinh

3,99

4.05

2,80

0,01

1(1, Kham pha, mao hiem

3,46

J.08

3,45

0,03

4. Ket luan
Co the thay. hien na>', hgc :,inh trung hgc dang rat coi Irgng nhiing gta tri
"TiJ- dinh huirng". "Truyen thong". "Sir ditng muc. phii hirp". Giua hoc sinh nam
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Si) 6 (219), 6-2017


vd hgc sinh nil, cung nhu giua nhiing hge sinh d ndng thdn va thatih thj ciing co
su khdc biet trong ddnh gid vai trd quan trgng ciia cac gid tri ddi vdi ban than minh.
Viec phan tich da cho thdy birc tranh khdi qudt v l he gid tri ctia hgc siiih
trung hgc hien nay. Dieu ndy cd y nghTa quan trgng, bdi thdng qua viec; hieit
duge hgc sinh trung hgc hien nay dang nghT gi, hudng den gid tri ndo, dieu gi
Id quan trgng vd dilu gi dang chi phdi y nghT, hdnh ddng ciia cdc em trong ciigc
sdng..., chiing ta se cd nhiing bien phdp gido due phu hgp d l cdc em phat trien
diing hudng, phii hgp vdi yen cdu cua dat nude trong bdi cdnh hdi nhdp.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bami D., S. Ranieri E. Scabini and R. Rosnati, Value transmission in the family:

Do adolescents accept the values their parents want to transmit?, Joumal of Moral
Education, 40, 1, pp. 105 - 121, 2011.
2. Bond M.H., Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural
studies of values: The Rokeach and Chinese value surveys. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 55. pp, 1.009 - 1.015, 1988.
3. Chalapi M., Sociology of Order, Tehran: Nashr, 1998.
4. Hall D.T. & Mansfield R., Relationship of age and seniority with career variables
of engineers and scientists, Joumal of Applied Psychology, 2, pp. 201 - 210, 1975.
5. Hedayat Shodeh p.. The role of values in the society culture. Public Culture, 5,
1994.
6. Karakitapoglu Aygiin Z & Imamoglu E.O,, Value domains of Turkish aduhs and
university students. The iouma.1 of Soca\ Psychology, 142, pp. 333 - 3 5 1 , 2002.
7. Kohn M.L. & Schooler C , Work and Personality
Social Siralificalion, Norwood, N J. Ablex. 1983

An Inquiry into the Impact of

8. Prince-Gibson E, & Schwartz S H,, Value priorities and gender. Social Psychology
Quarterly. 61. pp 49 - 67, 1998.
10 Rokeach M,. The nature nfiiuinan values. New York: Free Press. 1973,
11, Sch\\arlz S,I I,, Bilsky W . iovciyd a Theory of the Universal Conlcnl and Structure
of Values Extensions and Cross - Cullwal Repticalions, Journal oi Personality and
Social Ps>chology, Vol 58. No 5. pp, 878 - 891, 1990,
12, Schwiirtz S l-l , Cnirersals in the content and sli iiclure of values Theoretical udvanccs
and empii ical tests in 20 countries. In M,l', 7anna (Eds ). .Ad\'anccs in experimental
social ps\cholog\. Vol 24, pp, 1 -65,New York'Academic Press. 1992
1-^1 Schwartz S H . ..IH' theie univeisul aspects m the content and siiiiLltire of values'
Journal ol'Social Issues. 50. pp, 19 - 45, 1994,

98

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC Sti 6 (219). 6 - 201 7


14. Schwartz S., Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory ofintegreted value
system, In C. Seligman I. Molsu & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The Psychology of Values:
The Ontario Symposium, pp. 1 - 24, Hillsolable, NJ: Eribaum, 1996.
15. Schwartz S.H. & Bardi A., Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value
priorities in Eastern Europe, Political Psychology, 18, pp. 385-410, 1997.
16. Schwartz S.H. & Bardi A., Value hierarchies across culmres: Taking a similarities
perspective, Joumal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, pp. 268 - 290,2011.

17 Schwartz S.H. and T. Rubel, Sex differences in value priorities: Cross - cultural and
multimethod studies, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, pp. l.OIO - 1.028,2005.

18. Schwartz S.H,, Les valeurs de base de la personnel Theorie, mesures et applications
(Basic human values: Theory, measurement and applications), Revuefian9aisede soeiolo
Vol. 42, pp 249 - 288,2006.
19. Schwartz S.H., Cieeiuch J., Vecchione M., Davidov E., Fischer R., Beierlein C,
Ramos A., Verkasalo M., Ldnnqvist J.E., Demirutku K., Dirilen-Gumus O. & Konty
M., Refining the theory of basic individual values (submitted), 2011.
20. Super D.E., A life-span, life-space approach to career development, Joumal of
Vocational Behavior, 16, pp, 282 - 298, 1980,

TAPCHITAMLVHOC, Sd 6 (219), 6 - 201 7