Tính sáng tạo của cá nhân và tổ chức trong doanh nghiệp việt nam

TINH SANG TAO CUA
CANHAN V A T O C H L J C
TRONG DOANH NGHIEP VIET NAM
GS.TS. Pham Thanh Nghj
Vien Tdm ly hpc.

TOM TAT
Bai vie't lam ro khdi niem tinh sdng lao ctia cd nhdn, tinh scin^ tao cita id'chifc,
dlta ra cdc chi bdo do ludng vd phdn tich kei qud ddnli gid lliifc tichi tinli sdng lao ciia
cd nlidn ngU&i lao dpng vd dnh sdng tao ctia id chifc Irong doanh nghiep Viei Nam
Tinh sdng tao ciia (d nhdn vd linii sdng lao cua id chifc trong cdc doanh nghiep Viet
Nam duac ddnh gid dat mite kiid Mdi quan lie giila tinh sdng tao cd nlidn vd linh
sdng tao ctia to chifc khong phdi Id mdi quan he luyen tinh dan ihiidn.
TiJr khoa: Tinh sdng lao cita cd nhdn; Tinh sdng lao ciia to chitc.
Ngdy nhdn bdi • 28/5/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi • 25/1/2013.

Dat van de
Sang tao la chu de duac nhieu nha nghien cixu tam ly hoc 6 cac nuoc
phuong Tay quan tam. Thanh tuu nghien cuu trong ITnh vuc nay cung rat dang
khich le. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te qua trinh sang tao van chiJa dung nhi^u di^u
bl an bao g6m ca quy trinh co tinh logic va qua trinh mang tinh true giac. Khi
xac dinh ti'nh sang tao ciia ca nhan, ngu6i ta thuong diing cac trdc nghiem d^ do
lucmg. Tuy nhien, dat duoc diem trac nghiem cao ve chi sd' sang tao (CQ)
khong d6ng nghia vdi viec co nhi^u lhanh tuu sang tao trong hoat dong thirc
ti6n. Ket qua sang tao cua ca nhan phu thuoc rat nhieu vao moi truong, su
tuong tac giira nang luc ca nhan va nhu cau xa hoi. Trong khi do tfnh sang tao
ciia to chirc noi chung va tinh sang tao cua to chiic trong doanh nghiep noi
rieng chi m6i dupe cac nha ngtiien cuu quan tam trong thoi gian gan day Theo
Shalley, Gilson & Blum (2000), ti'nh sang tao cua to chiic trong doanh nghiep
CO thd phat tridn a moi nganh nghe trong boi canh phu hop. Dua tren nhung ket
qua nghi6n ciiu da co, bai viet nay lam rd khai niem v6 ti'nh sang tao ciia ca

nhan va tinh sang tao ciia td chiic, dua ra cac chi bao do lu6ng theo ki'lung Iy

TAP CHI TAM L t HOC, So 2 (167), 2 - 2013


thuydt nha't dinh va phin tich kdt qua danh gia thirc tidn ti'nh sang tao cia ca
nhan vk td chiic trong doanh nghiSp Viet Nam.
1. Tinh sang tao cua ca nhan
Cac nha tam ly hpc xem xet sang tao theo nhttng chieu canh khac nhau.
Sang tao cd thd duoc coi IJ qua trinh tao ra cai mdi, mOt hoat dong giai quydt
van dd mdi, dac diem ciia san phfim sang tao hay cac thuoc tinh nhan each,
nang luc ciia ngudi sang tao. Trudc hdt, quan niem xem sang t p la mOt qua
trinh xuat phat td ban chat cd tinh qua trinh ciia sang tao. Cau hoi dat ra la cai
mdi duoc tao ra nhu thd nao. Theo Wallas (1926), qua trinh nay diln ra qua 4
budc: chuain bj, a'p li, bimg sang va danh gia. Amabile (1983) bd sung vao qua
trinh sang tao them mOt budc va qua trinh sang tao bao gdm .S budc: su xuit
hien van dd, chuan bi, san sinh y tudng, kidm tra y tuong va danh gia san pham.
Guilford (1950) lai cho ring sang tao co quan he den nhan each ngudi sang tao,
ang khang dinh "cac thuOc tinh hanh vi didn ra phu thuoc vao cac cSu thanh ldn
nhu nang luc, hung thii, thai dp va cac thupc tinh khi chat" (tr. 444).
Hau het cac dinh nghia sang tao ddu nhae den cac chi bao san pham
sang tao nhu la da'u liieu de phan biet. Amabile (1996) khang dinh, "mpt san
pham hay cau tra ldi dupe coi la sang tao d mdc ma (a) nd mdi va phu hop, huu
dung hay eo gia tri ddi v6i cong viec dang lien hanh va (b) nhiem vu phai mang
ti'nh kham pha hon la tinh logic" (tr. 35). Trong tuyen bd nay, Amabile nhic lai
tinh mdi va co gia tri ciia cac san pham sang tao nhung nha'n manh tinh kham
pha ciia con ductng di den san pham hay cau tra I6i sang tao. Dieu dd cd nghia
la con ducfng di den Icri giai sang tao phai duoc xay dung trong qua trinh tim
kidm chii khong dupe xac dinh tir trudc. Theo quan niem tren thi bai loan logic
CO muc tieu dat ra tii trudc cdn muc tieu ciia bai loan kham pha cd the chua

dupe xac dinh trudc khi di tim ldi giai. Do dd, tim ra van de cita bai loan cung
la mpt phan quan trong ciia nhiem vu sang tao.
Tinh sang tao ciia td chdc, doanh nghiep co lien quan chat ehe v6i vdn
tri tue, kha nang sii dung tri thu:c va phuong phap tiep can tdi van de m6i eiia ca
nhan ngu6i lao dpng. Amabile (1983) dua ra mo hinh thanh td ciia sang tao bao
gdm ba can thanh: ky nang chuyen mon phii hpp, ky nang sang tao phii hop va
dpng CO cpng viec (dpng co npi sinh) cao. Mac dh cac thanh td nay ddu duoc
coi la cin thidt nhung Amabile nha'n manh vai trd ciia thdnh td dpng ea va dira
ra gia thuydt dpng co npi sinh. Ba cho rang dd co thd sang tao, con ngudi phai
CO dong luc thtic day lit ben trong bdi chinh cpng viec; dpng co nPi sinh tao
dPng luc cho sang tao va dPng co ngoai sinh can trd sang tao. Tuy nhien, gan
day Amabile (1996) phat hien ra rang khong phai dong co ngoai smh nao cung
can trd sang tao ma nhung dpng co ngoai sinh mang y nghia thong tin, ba goi la
dpng CO ngoai sinh hd trp, cung co i'ch cho vipc tang cuiimg sang tao. Gidng nhu
Amabile, Csikzentmihaiyi (1996) cho rang sang tao duoc tao dpng lire bdi mem

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


say me, hirng thu nhan thiic manh liet va ldng kien tri ghc gtSm. Chii Ihd siing
tao cd dpng luc eao nhai khi tham gia vao hoat dpng phu hop, hoiin tPan bi iPi
cudn vao cong viee ma khPng he phan dinh mot each tach biel, rach roi ban
than khdi bdi canh trong "ddng sang tao".
Ky ndng ITnh vuc pint help bao gdm td hpp cac cau tra Irii ma tu dd cac
cau tra ldi mdi co the dupe dua ra va thPng lin ddi lap v6i cac can ir:i Itii n.iy cd
the duac xem xet. Thanh phSn nay cd thd dupe xem la td hpp cac con ducjng
nhan thu'c dd giai quyet van dc dupe dua ra hay mpi nhicm vu nao do phai thuc
hien. Ky nang linh vuc phu hpp eci the bao gdm cac su kien. nguyen tac, y kien
ve nhttng va'n de khac nhau, kie'n Ihiie ve ly thuyet, mP hinh, "kich biih" giai
quye't cac va'n de trong ITnh vuc. Ky nang linh vuc phii hpp con bao gdm cac ky

nang ky thuat, cac phuong phap. Theo Grant (1996), tri thiic hi tai san quan
trpng nhai eiia doanh nghiep va tai san nay hii nSm trong vdn kien thiic ciia
ngudi lao dPng. Giai doan chuan bi trong qua trinh sang tao 4 bir6e cii.i Wallas
(1926) chinh la qua trinh tidp thu kicn thtte nay.
Ky ndng sdng tgo phu her/) dam bao s.in pham hay cau tra loi vupt qua
mtte thong thudng truoc do. D6 sang lao, mol ca nhan khong the thieu ky nang
sang tao phti hpp. Td hop ciia cac ky nang nay. theo Amabile (1996). bao gdm:
- Kha nang dpi pha, but ra khdi nhung thong tin cam quan dd nhin than
dupe ban chat che gia'u ducfi 16p vo ben ngoai;
- Kha nang nhan thii'c dot pha trong kham pha nhOrig chien lupc, con
ducmg mcfi de giai quyet va'n dd;
- Kha nang hieu duoc ti'nh chai phuc tap cua van de va khii nang lam
viee vdi nhiing va'n de phuc tap dd;
- Kha nang duy tri thai dp cdi md dai lau ma khong chiu anh hudng cua
nhung cai da dinh san;
- Kha nang tam dimg phan xet, suy xet va ehi sau do mcri xem xet lai.
Tam dttng suy xet la nguyen tac quan trong ciia chuang trinh cong nao cila
Osborn (1963);
- Kha nang su dung pham trii, khai niem vdi viec sftp xep thong tin trong
pham tru rpng thay vi pham trii hep v6i cac mdi quan he da dang, phirc lap;
- Kha nang nhd thong tin ehinh xac tttc la kha nang ma hoa, luu giu va
dua ra mpt lupng ldn thong tin chi tiet;
- Kha nang bih ra khdi nhung ban ghi, nhttng du&ng mon cu;
Kha nang tn giac khac biet do each tiep can khac vcfi each IhPilg
thu&ng mpi ngu&i hay dung.
Nhttng ky nang sang tao phu hop con bao gdm kidn thtte \'e con duong
TAP CHi' TAM Lf HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

3

sang tao, kham pha di de'n nhttng y tudng mdi, dpc dao. Cd thd coi ky nang
sang tao la nhttng con du&ng tiep can van dd de tao ra y tudng mdi, dot pha
thay VI nhung quy tac ehat che doi hdi su van dung theo du&ng mon.
Viec danh gia ti'nh sang tao ciia ca nhan ngu6i lao dpng trong doarih
nghiep ed the theo nhidu each nhu su dung inic nghiem sang tao, danh gia san
phim sang tao va eung cd thd dua trCn danh gia ddng thuan thong qua y kie'n
ciia nhieu ngu&i.
2. Tinh sang tao ctia to chiifc
Theo Shalley & Zhou (2008), sang tao (creativity) duoc coi la thanh
phSn y tudng cua ddi mdi (innovation), trong khi dd ddi mdi bao gdm ea thanh
phSn y tudng sang tao va thanh phSn ap dung y tudng mdi vao thtte tidn. Tinh
sang tao ciia IP ehttc, do dd, chi dupe xac djnh mpt each d^y dii tren co sd xem
xet ca hai budc ciia qua trinh tao ra san phsim mdi - bttde tao ra y tudng sang
tao va budc ap dung y tudng sang tao vao thire tidn. Ti'nh sang tao cua td ehttc
(theo nghia rpng), do dd, dupe xem la kha nang ciia id ehttc lao ra y tudng mdi,
httu ich va dua eac y tudng mdi, httu ich dd vao ap dung trong thuc tidn dd tao
ra san pham mdi, qua trinh mdi trong td ehttc.
Khi nghien cuu ti'nh sang tao, mpt didu cin nhan manh la phai xem xet
sang tao theo nhieu chieu eanh nhu da trinh bay d trCn. Trong thuc te tim hieu
tinh sang lao eua td ehttc, theo Brow (1989), Harrington (1990), Woodman va
ddng nghiep (1993), ciin phai nam duoc (a) qua Irinh sang tao, (b) san pham
sang tao, (e) eon ngudi sang lao, (d) tinh hudng sang tao va (e) each thtte ma
theo dd cac thanh Id nay tuong tac vdi nhau. Trong bdi canh td ehttc, ly thuydt
sang tao dua tren each nhin tuong tac giua yeu td qua trinh, san pham, nhan
each va tinh hudng la rai loan dien va rat phu hcfp vdi viee tim kidm mP hinh
sang tao ciia td ehttc. O cap dp ea nhan, sang tao la ehttc nang eiia eac yen td
nhan thtte (kidn thtte, ky nang nhan thtte, kidu nhan thtte) va phi nhan thtte
(nhan each) duoc tinh den. d cap dp nhdm, sang tao la ehttc nang eua su luong
tac giua "diu vao" hanh vi sang tao ca nhan, su tuong tae giua cac ca nhan, dae

tinh nhdm (chuain muc, mtte dp ed ket), qua trinh nhdm (tidp can tdi giai quydt
van de) va bdi canh eua nhdm. O cap dp td ehttc, sang tao la ehttc nang cae diu
vao sang tao eua eae nhdm thanh phan va eac anh hudng bdi canh. Do dd, san
phim sang tao la dinh hinh ciia loan bp he thdng ca'u thanh bdi bttc kham phttc
lap cac dae tinh va hanh vi cila ca nhan, nhdm va td ehttc dudi anh hudng cia
cae tinh hudng nPi Irpi tdn tai d tat ea eac cap dp.
Nang lue hay tinh sang tao eua timg ca nhan trong to ehttc chi la mpt
diu vao din den sang tao cua td ehttc. Amabile (1996) nhin manh ring eae ydu
td tam ly - xa hpi eo tac dpng quan trpng de'n sang tao cua td ehttc ndi chung.
San pham sang tao cia td ehttc se dat mtte eao nhit khi lanh dao dan chi va

TAP CHI TAM If HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


hpp tie, ciu triic td ehttc mem deo thay vi cung nhic, thanh phin td ehttc da
dang. Tinh ed ket trong nhdm va td ehttc cung nhu su tdn tai dai lau cua nhdm
cd mdi quan he vdi tinh sang tao cua td ehttc.
Neu xic dinh tinh sang tao cua td ehttc la kha nang lao ra y ludng mdi,
huu ieh va dua cac y tudng mdi, httu ieh do vao ap dung trong thuc tidn de tao
ra san pham mdi thi viee danh gia tinh sang lao cua mpt id ehttc khPng ehi dua
vao san pham diu ra bdi vi san pham sang lao cua td ehttc hay diu ra (y ludng,
sin pham hay cie qua trinh) la ket qua eua ei mpt qua trinh lam vice cua cac
nhdm va ca id ehttc vdi nhung cd ging ca nhan, nhdm va dudi tac dpng ciia cac
yeu id bdi canh. Tren co sd nhung tranh luim d uen, cd the dua ra ba nhdm tieu
ehi danh gii tinh sang tao cua td ehttc theo mtte dp bieu hien ra ben ngoai giam
din: cic sin pham va y tudng sang lao duae id ehttc tao ra; c;ic hoat dpng cua
nhdm hay td ehttc de lao ra y ludng mdi va dua eae y ludng mdi vao ap dung
trong thuc tidn; dpng lue sang tao thuc day nhdm va IP ehttc him viec dc di ddn
y tudng va sin phim sang tao.
3. Kdt qua nghien cttu thuc tien

Nhdm nghien cum da stt dung bp cau hdi dd lam ro tinh sang tao ciia
ngu&i lao dpng va linh sang lao cua td ehttc trong doanh nghiep. Bo eau hdi
dude thiei ke bao gdm cac nPi dung phin anh cac chi bao tinh sang tao ciia ca
nhan ngu&i lao dpng va tinh sang tao cua td ehttc da duoc xac dinh d phin tren.
Bp phie'u hdi duae ngttdi lao dpng va can bp quan ly 30 doanh nghiep
lam viec trong cac linh vuc san xuat, kinh doanh va dich vu ddng tren dia ban 4
tinh, thanh phd: Ha Npi, Vinh Phuc, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ddng Nai cd
ket qua kinh doanh tdt tri l&i. Mtte sang tao chung cua cac doanh nghiep nay
dupe danh gia theo thang 5 diem (1 den 5) va mtte sang tao duoc xac dmh nhu
sau: ttt 1 de'n 1,8 diem - sang tao d mtte rat kem; ttt 1,8 den 2,6 diem - sang tao
d mtte kem; ttt 2,6 ddn 3,4 didm - sang tao d mtte trung binh, ttt 3,4 deh 4.2
didm - sang lao d mtte khi va ttt 4,2 de'n 5 diem - sang tao d mtte cao. Mtte
sang tao dttpc danh gii bdi hai loai y kien: y kien cua chinh ngudi lao dpng
tham gia tra l&i bing hdi va y kidn cua cac chuyen gia di khao sal lai cae doanh
nghiep nay dua tren kdt qua trao ddi vdi lanh dao eac doanh nghiep va ngu&i
lao dpng vd quy trinh quan ly, van hoa td ehttc. Ngoai cae kel qua phan tich
dinh lupng, eae quan sit, trao ddi cua cie nha nghien cttu lai doanh nghiep da
eung cip them ehu:ng ett bd sung cho viec dua ra ket luan ve linh sang lao eua
ea nhan ngu&i lao dpng va linh sang lao ciia td ehttc trong cae doanh nghiep
dupe khio sat.
3.1. Phdn tich ket qud ve tinh sdng tgo cua cd nhdn ngitdi lao ddng
Theo eau true da xac dinh, tinh sing tao cua ca nhan nguai lao dpng bao
gdm 3 thanh td! ky nang chuyen mon phil hop, ky nang sang tao phu hop va
dpng CO npi sinh.

TAP CHi' TAIVI L? HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


Bieu dd 1: Ky ndng chuyen mdn phu hap
Ky nang chuypn mPn phu hpp dupe danh gii dua tren sir phu hop vd

chuyen nganh cung nhu trinh do dao tao cia ngttdi lao dpng so vdi nganh nghe
dang lam viec. Ky nang sing tao phu hpp duoc dinh gia theo thdi quen ra
quydt dinh dua tren true giac, linh cam; bidu dat y kidn sinh dpng hay sd lupng
y tuong xuat hien trong mpt khoing thdi gian nha't djnh. Dpng co npi sinh dupe
danh gia tren co sd httng thu, nidm say me trong viec tim kiem y tudng sang
tao, ddi mdi each thtte lam viee eung nhu tinh thin sin sang dam nhan ePng
viec mdi ma trudc dd ehua ed ai tttng dam nhipm.

0-

0"

011

-rrrr —L_'

'^^>4LT

Std. Dev = 0.667
N = 1,214

Bieu do 2: Ky ndng sdng tgo phii hgp
Ket qui khio sat eho thiy, thanh td ky nang chuyen mon phu hap duoc
danh gia cao nhit vdi 4,13/5 diem (bidu dd 1), tiep ddn la thanh td dpng co ndi

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3


sinh vdi 3,74/5 didm (bidu dd 3) va cudi cung la ky nang sang tao phu hap vdi
3,44/5 didm (bidu dd 2).

Cic bidu dd 1, 2 va 3 cho thiy phan bd chuan leeh bin vd ben phii. Tuy
vin nim trong thang didm d mtte kha, ky nang sing tao phu hop cd gia tri thip
nhai so vdi hai thanh td kia. Didu nay phan anh thue te la ngUdi lao dpng cd thd
lam viee rit say sua vdi dpng cP npi sinh manh me va ed kidn thtte vd linh vuc
chuyen mPn kha tdt nhung tri tudng tupng, nang lire tu duy phi logic va s i
dung phin doan true giie khPng cao nhu hai thanh td kien thtte va dpng co.

Mean = 3 74
Std Dev, =0,591
N = 1,214

Bieu dd 3: Dpng ea npi sinh

1
•••V
•
1
1

1

1

1 00

2 00

"W

Mean = 3 77

Std. Dev = 0 534
N = 1,214

Bieu do 4: Tinh sdng lao cd nhdn cita ngudi lao dpng

TAP CHI'TAM L t HOC, So 2 (167), 2 - 2013


Tinh sing tao cia ci nhan ngttdi lao dpng dupe phan inh trong bidu dd 4
la ket qua tdng hop cua ba thinh td ciu thanh, dupe danh gii d mtte kha vdi
3,77/5 diem. Didu nay cho thiy ngudn nhan lite eua doanh nghiep cd tinh sang
lao kha eao. Cae doanh nghipp cd phit huy dupe tinh sang tao cia ngu6i lao
dpng hay khPng con phu thupc vio viec tao ra biu khong khi lao dpng phu hpp,
tin ludng, khuydn khich cac y tudng cai lien, ddi mdi.
Tdm lid, ti'nh sang tao cua ci nhan ngttdi lao dpng dttpc khao sat trong
30 doanh nghiPp cd kdl qua kinh doanh tdt dat d mtte kha. Thanh td ky nang
chuyen mon phu hpp va dpng co ndi sinh dupe danh gia cao hon thanh td ky
nang sang tao phu hop luy ring ci ba ddu dupe danh gii trong khung diem khi.
Ket qui nay dat ra nhiem vu tang cudng nang lire sing tao ca nhan tap trung
vao phuang phap lam viee sing lao.
3.2. Phdn tich ke't qud ve tinh sdng tgo cda to chdc trong cdc doanh
nghiep duac khdo sdt
Nhu da xac dinh d trCn, linh sang tao cia tri ehttc bao gdm 3 thanh td
ca'u thanh: cac sin pham va eae y tudng sang tao dupe tao ra; cac hoat dPng cua
nhdm hay td ehttc dupe tie'n hanh de tao ra y tudng va dua cac y tudng dd vao
ap dung; va dpng ea sang tao cua nhdm va td ehttc.

Bieu dd 5: Sdn phdm sdng tgo ctia td chdc

TAP CHI'TAM L? HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013

Ke't qua khao sat phin inh trong bieu dd 5 cho thay san pham sing tao
cua td ehttc dupe dinh gii d mtte kha vdi 3,53/5 didm. Nhttng quan sat d cac
doanh nghiep eho tha'y san phim mdi, sang tao khPng chi thiy d nhttng ddi
mdi, nang eip cPng nghe, dtta ra thi tru6ng nhttng san phim sing lao mi con
thiy d nhimg sang kidn eia ngu&i lao dpng, ngu&i quin ly trong eai lien cung
cich quan ly, didu hanh. Hiu hdt cac doanh nghiep ma nhdm nghien citu khao
sit deu thay su ed mat cia tat ea cic loai hinh sin pham sang lao niy.
Dirih gia cac hoat dpng sang tao eua doanh nghiep, nguai tra ldi cho y
kie'n vd cie dang boat dpng nhdm nhim tao ra y tudng mdi va cic dy an dua
cac y tudng mdi vao ap dung dd lao ra san pham mdi, sang lao (bieu dd 6).

Mean = 3 49
Std Dev, = 0,849

Bieu dd 6: Mue dp hogt dpng sdng tgo eua td chifc
Thdng qua phdng va'n va khio sat, nhdm nghien cttu phat hien thay hau
hdt cic doanh nghiep ddu thanh lap cic nhdm dac nhiem do phong ky thuat
chiu trieh nhiem quin ly va chi dinh ngu&i dttng diu, trong mpt sd tru&ng hop
ngu&i phu trach du in la phd giam ddc ky thuat. Dpi vdi nhung du an ddi mdi
quin ly, thong thudng giim ddc doanh nghipp la ngudi phu trach nhom ddi mdi
nay. Hoat dpng cia eac nhom du an cd y nghia rit quydt dinh den viec doanh
nghiep cd cho ra d6i eac san pham sang tao hay cae qua trinh mdi duac hay
khPng.
Dpng cd sang tao cia doanh nghiep (bidu dd 7) dupe tdng hop ttt cac
yen td muc lieu dupe xac dinh ro rang, y nghia cia sang tao ddi vdi doanh
nghiep de'n cae bidu hien cu thd eua biu khdng khi td ehttc khuye'n khich tap

TAP CH(TAM LY HOC, So 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3

dttng y tudng mdi. Khi gap gd ngu&i quin 1^ vi ngudi lao dpng d doanh nghiep,
biu khdng khi nay dupe cim nhan mpt each ro ring.

2 00

2 50

3 00

3 50

50

5 00

Bieu dd 7: Dpng ca sdng tgo cda td chitc

Bieu do 8: Tinh sdng tgo eua td chdc

10

TAPCHITAM LYHpC, Sd2 (167), 2 - 2013


Tinh sang tao eua td ehttc dupe phin anh trong bidu dd 8 la kei qua tdng
hpp eua 3 ye'u td ciu thanh. Mtte sang tao cia td ehttc dupe danh gia d mtte khi
vdi 3,65/5 didm, trong dd dpng co sing tao dupe danh gia eao hdn ea, eae hoat
dpng sing tao bi dinh gia thip nhit.

3.3. Mdi quan he cda tinh sdng tao cd nhdn vd tinh sdng tgo ciia td
chitc trong doanh nghiep
Ti'nh sang tao cia ca nhan ngudi lao dpng va linh sang tao eia td ehttc
trong cic doanh nghipp theo cau true via trinh bay cd mdi tudng quan thuan
khi chat vdi r = 0,448 va mdi tuong quan nay ed y nghia vdi p < 0,01. Nhu vay,
khi tang eu6ng ti'nh sing tao ca nhan vd co ban ed the hy vpng tang curing dupe
tinh sang tao eia td ehttc. Tuy nhiPn, ndu chi xem xet d ea'p dp san phim diu
ra, mdi quan he sang tao ea nhan va sang tao td ehttc la tuong quan thuan
nhung khong chat, r = 0,160 vdi y nghia p < 0,01. Trong khi dd neu xet mdi
quan hp cia tinh sang tao eia td ehttc vdi ti'nh sang tiio ca nhan theo tttng yen
td ca'u thanh dupe phan tich d trPn thi mdi quan he cua cac thanh td vdi tinh
sing tao ca nhan va td ehttc chat han rit nhidu. Vi du, mdi quan he cia tttng
thanh td eia tinh sang tao ca nhan (ky nang chuyPn mon phu hop, ky nang sang
tao phu hpp va dpng co npi sinh) vrii tinh sang tao cia td ehttc dttpc phan anh
trong mdi tuang quan thuan tuong ttng vdi r = 0,354; 0,341 va 0,422. Tuong tit
nhu vay, mdi quan he cia titng thanh td cua tinh sang tao cua td ehttc (dPng co
sang tao, boat dpng sang tao) vdi tinh sang tao ea nhan la mdi tttdng quan thuan
va chat, tuong ttng vdi r = 0,483 va r = 0,367. Nhu vay, ndu xet ri cap san pham
thi sang tao eia ca nhan va sing tao cua td ehttc cd mdi quan he khpng chat
che, nhung ne'u xet qua eae ydu i6 ciu lhanh khac nua thi moi quan he giua linh
sang tao eua ci nhan ngttdi lao dpng va tinh sang lao cua td ehttc trong doanh
nghiep Viet Nam la mdi quan he thuan, kha chat. Dieu nay cd the ly giai ring
tinh sang tao cua ca nhan chi cd the ddng grip vao tang curing tinh sang tao eua
td ehttc thPng qua tac dPng cia eac yen mPi truring va hoat dpng cua td ehttc,
nhttng khPng phii mpi tae dpng hay hoat dpng sang tao eri thd din den san
pham sang tao ngay dttpc.
Ket luan
Viec xic dinh tinh sang tao ca nhan va linh sang tao cua td ehttc trong
doanh nghiep khPng thd ehi dua vao diu ra (y tudng sang tao, sin pham va ket
qui ddi mdi) ma phai linh ddn nhttng ydu td qua trinh, cac yeu td moi truring

tao didu kien thuan loi cho eac y tudng va san pham sang tao xuat hien. Mdi
quan he giua ti'nh sang tao eua ca nhan ngurii lao dpng va tinh sang tao eua td
ehttc trong doanh nghiep khPng phai la moi quan he tuydn tinh dpn thuin. Dd
tang curing tinh sang tao cia td ehttc, ngoai vipc tang cu&ng tinh sang tao cua
ca nhan ngu&i lao dpng phai tang cu&ng cae dieu kien moi tru&ng, nhu lao
dung biu khpng khi erii mri, tin ludng lin nhau va tang curing su liinh dao theo

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


hudng tao ddng lire vi xiy dtmg kd hoach cho cic hoat ddng sing tao mrit eich
cu thd vdi nhung mue tiPu vi dpng lire ro rang.
Chu thich
(*) Bai viei la san phim ciia de tai "Nghien cifu linh sdng tgo ctia id chile trong doanh
nghiep Viet Nam" do Quy Phai tridn Khoa hpc va CPng nghe QuPc gia tai trp.
Tai lieu tham khau
1, Amabile T.M„ Social Psychology of Creativity: A Componential conceptiialization.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, tr. 357 - 377, 1983.
2. Amabile T.M,. Creativity In conleM. Update lo Ihe social psychology of creativity,
Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996.
3 Brow R.T.. Ctealivity What are to measure? Trong Glover J.A., Ronning R.R. &
Reynolds CR. (Eds.), Handbook of Cicalivily. ,.. 3 - 32. New York: Plenum Press.
1989.
4. Csikszentmihaiyi M., Crealiviiy: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and
Inventiim, NewYork: Paper Collins, 1996.
5. Grant R.M.. Piospering in dynamically-competitive environment: Organizational
capability as knowledge integration. Organization Science. 7 (4). lr. 375 - 387, 1996.
6. Guilford J,P.. Creativdy, American Psychologist, 5, tr. 444 - 454, 1950.
7. Harrington D.M., The ecology of human creativity A psychological perspective,
Trong Runco M.A. & Albert R.S. (Eds.), Theories of (Creativity, lr. 143 - 169. 1990.

8. Osbom A., Applied imagination- Principles and procedures of creative ihinking.
New York: Scriber's, 1963.
9. Shalley C.E., Gilson L.L. & Blum T.C., Malehtng crealive requiremenis and the
work environment- Effects of salisfaclion and intentions to leave. Academy of
Management Journal, 43, tr. 215 - 223. 2000.
10. Shalley CE. & Zhou J., Organizational Creativity Reseatch: A Historical
Overview, in Zhou J. & Shalley C E. (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Creativity,
New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
11. Wallas G., The art of thought, London: Cape, 1926.
12. Woodman R.W., Sawyer J.E. & Griffin R. W., Toward a theory of organizational
creativity. Academy of Management Review, vol. 18. No 2, tr. 291 - 321, 1993.

12

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013