Một số hướng tiếp cận giao tiếp của cán bộ lãnh đạo, quản lý ở nước ta hiện nay

MOT SO naoNG TIEP CAN GIAO TIEP
CUA CAN BO LANH DAO, QUAN LY
6 NUOC TA HIEN NAY
"Nghien cflu nay dupc tai trp bdi Quy Phat trien khoa hoc va Cong nghe Qudc gia
(Nafosted) trong de tai ma sd VI1.2-2011.01"

GS.TS. Nguyin Quang Uan
7 nCifng Dqi hoc Sif pham Hd Ndi
PGS.TS Nguy§n Ba Duong
Hoi vien Cliinh tri khu vifc I
TOM TAT
Giao licp (iui c dn bp Idnh dqo, qudn ly li ong hi' thdng chinli tri d nude la dien
ra idi (la dqng, phicc tap vd cd nhicng dqc diem rieng bici. Qua phdn tich cdc (dch
hep can ve giao iiep. cdch lie'p can ciui ty thuyet thdng tin, cdcli lie'p cdn mdi trudng
\d hdi. each licp c dn in lit lioc. cdch tiep can idm tv lux < ho ihdy su can duel pluii tii'a
chon (dl It iic'p cdn cd khd ndng phdn anh Into qiu'ii - (dch licp cdn he llidng. < dch licp
(dn cilice ndng Bdi vie) ndy phdn licit nii'il \d hudng lie'p can giao lie'p iiia tdn bd
tdnh dqo. qndii ty d nicdi la hien nay
Tfl khoa: Cdch lic'p can giao ili-'p: Can tip Idnh dqo. t/iidn ty (hti (hot: Hi
ihdng chinh iri.
Ngdynluin hdi: 13/6/2014; Ngdy duyi'i ddng bdi: 25/6/2014.
1. Dat van d e
Trong nghien cflu khoa hpc, ngoai vice xac djnh ddi tugng nghien cihi
dupc coi la cd't Idi, Ihi nhiem vu xac dinh. lira chpn each licp can nghien cflu,
Ciic phUcTiig phap nghien cuu cung khdng kem phan t|uan trpng. D l cap dcii van
dc nay. nhii klioa hpc Xd viei vT dai l.P. Pavlov (1849 - 1936) da kh;ing dinh:
"Toan bp cdng viec nghien cflu Irirc licp nfim Irong phuong phap licp can. Co
phuong ph:ip lie'p can diing ihi ngay ca nhflng ngudi chua hoan loan da gidi.
nhimg van cd i h l lam dugc nit nhilu, Ngugc lai neu each licp can s.ii, phutyng
phap tdi till ngay ca nhflng ngudi lai gidi cung cd t h i lam nhflng vice IKKII cong
vd i'ch" (1). ("dn nha nghien cflu trong ITnh vuc lu nhien noi licng ngirdi Anh la

T A P C H I ' T A M L V H O C , . S d 7 ( l 8 4 ) . 7 - 2014


Charlers Darwin (1X09 - ISX2) cho ring: Nghe thuat tim toi cai mdi Ihe hien
trong phuong phap tim toi nguyen nhan cua cac su vat. hien tucmg va nam lay
ban cha't vi chung.
Giao tiS'p ciia can b6 lanh dao, quan ly chu chot trong he thdng chi'nh tri a
nude ta hien nay ra't da dang, phong phu va phiic tap ca vi mat ti'nh cha't va chiic
nang. Chinh vl vay, viec xac dinh each tie'p can nghien cuu chuan xac, ro rang, cd
tinh chi dao vi nguyen tac nghien ciiu la nhiem vu tmdc tien can thiet phai giai quye't.
2. Mpt sd hudng tiep can nghien curu vi giao tiep
Mac du khoa hpc giao tie'p ra ddi mudn so vdi nhieu khoa hpc khac,
song cho den nay cung co nhieu each tiep can, nhieu khoa hpc nghien ciiu ve
giao tiep. Cd th^ khai quat mdt vai each tie'p can chi'nh sau day;
2.1. Cdch tiep can nghien ciiu giao tie'p theo ly thuyet thong tin
Ly thuye't thdng tin hay ly thuye't toan hpc ve giao tie'p da dupc nha toan
hpc N. Viener va nha sinh ly hpc A. Rezenblut de xua't tren co sd nghien ciiu
cac qua trinh sinh ly hpc (2). Y titdng nay nha'n manh vao nhflng van de ky
thuat trong viec chuyen thdng diep ttr mpt ngudi giii de'n mpt ngudi nhAn. Ly
thuye't thdng tin vi giao tie'p dua tren co sd md hinh giao tie'p bao gdm 5 ye'u td:
Bd phat (ngudi giii), bd thu (ngudi nhan) ban thdng diep, phan hdi va dieu
chinh. Nhu vay, theo ly thuye't thdng tin, giao tie'p la qua tiinh trao ddi thdng
tin va ngupc lai.
Ta cd th^ hinh dung qua trinh giao lie'p theo ly thuyet thdng tin nhu sau:
Mdt thdng diep bat dau vdi mdt ngudn tin la y nghT ciia ngudi giri (ngudi viet hay
ngudi ndi): ngudi giii ma hda thdng diep thanh tfl va cau. Thdng diep dd dupc
truydn di nhu mdt tin hieu (dau hieu Iren gia'y hoac sdng am) qua mdt con dudng
trong dd nd cd the bi bie'n dang bdi tie'ng dn (nhieu) nhu (Idi danh may hoac nhflng
va'n de am hpc) d giai doan cudi ciing, ngudi nhan (ngudi nghe hay ngudi dpc) giai

ma thdng diep (3).
Mac dii cac nha nghien ciiu cd the dua ra sd lupng cac thanh td khac
nhau ve md hinh giao tiep, song theo quan diem ciia ly thuyet thong tin thi
khdng the bd qua 3 ndi dung co ban sau:
Mdt la, Irong giao lie'p, thdng tin la dieu khdng the' thie'u. khi hei thdng
tin thi qua trinh giao tiep se ngimg.
Hai la, lien he ngupc, phan hdi (feedback) la cac thdng tin dap lai ciia
ngudi nhan vdi ngudi giii (phiit am), phan hdi giup cho sir tu dieu khien, tu dieu
chinh cQa hai phi'a dat muc di'ch giao tiep.
Ba la, sir dieu khie'n cua mdi ben nham khac phuc hoac chd'ng lai dd
nhieu (tie'ng dn) cua mdi tnrdng, giiip cho viec giao tiep thuan ipi hon Irong
viec dat muc tieu giao tiep.
TAPCHlTAMLyHpC,Sd7(IS4),7-2014

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Ly thuyet thdng tin ve giao tiep dugc coi nhu la cd fch va cd anh hudng
Idn vi nd da de xua't khai niem ngudi giri, ngudi nhan, khai niem tuong tac cd
th^ cd gifla cac chii the giao tie'p; nd nhan manh 6€n tfnh chfnh xac cua giao
tie'p. Song han che' co ban cua ly thuye't nay la d chd cac ehu th^ giao tie'p
khdng phai la cd may; dac biet nd chua chii trpng de'n hoan canh van hda, xa
hdi trong do con ngudi giao tiep vdi nhau.
2.2. Ly thuyet moi tru&ng xd hpi vegiao tiep
De khac phuc nhflng ban che' cua ly thuye't thdng tin v^ giao tie'p, mdt sd
nha xa hdi hpc va nghien cflu flng xfl da de xua't ly thuye't mdi trudng xa hdi ve
giao tie'p. Ly thuye't nay nhan manh de'n hoan canh, mdi trudng van hda xa hpi
ma con ngudi giao tiep vdi nhau, nhttt la giao tie'p trong mdt td chflc. Khi lam
viec va giao tiep trong mdt co cau td chflc nha't dinh con ngudi tham gia vao
mdt hoan canh xa hdi nha't djnh. De giao tie'p thanh cdng ddi hdi mdi chu th^

giao tie'p phai diing vai, ngoai ra can phai hieu va nSm viing nhflng quy tac hay
nen van hda cua mdi trudng giao tie'p ben trong va ben ngoai t6 chflc. Qiinh
nhflng quy tac chfnh thflc va nhung quy tac ba't thanh van da chi phdi viec
chung ta giao tie'p vdi ai, giao tie'p nhu the' nao, vao luc nao va trong bao lau thi
thfch hgp va cd hieu qua.
Ly thuyet mdi trudng ve giao tie'p cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng trong
bdi canh hdi nhap hien nay dang xua't hien nhieu td chflc da van hda va su phat
trien nhanh ehdng cua cdng nghe thdng tin. Tuy nhien ly thuye't nay chi nha'n
manh d6n mdt mat ciia giao tiep, nd ehua phan anh dupc ban eha't ciJa giao tie'p
cung nhu tfnh phong phii, da dang nhieu mat ciia giao lie'p, nha't la giao tie'p
trong quan ly.
2.3. Ly thuyet tu tic ve giao tie'p
Theo ly thuye't nay, giao tiep eiia con ngudi khdng di theo mdt dudng
thang ma di theo mot cung trdn; khdng phai ehi la viee gfli mdt thdng diep la
xong ma dieu quan trpng la eon phai lam san sinh mpt dap flng. Mat khae ly
thuyet nay con nha'n manh mot dac tfnh he't sflc co ban ciia giao tie'p la: Giao
tie'p khdng phai tTnh ma la dpng - trong giao tie'p mpi thfl deu cd the thay d6i,
dac biet la d cac chu the tham gia giao tiep.
Nhiing dac tfnh ciia giao tiep ma ly thuye't nay nh^n manh cd y nghTa ra't
quan trpng ddi vdi cac nha lanh dao, quan ly khi giao tie'p trong td chflc. Thdng
thudng mdt sd ngudi chi chii trpng de'n viec viet hay ndi eai gi va vie't hay noi
nhu the' nao? Chfl ft khi chu y den su san sinh ra mpt dap flng ma hp mong dgi
d cfl tpa giao tiep vdi hp. Md hinh giao tiep nay gom 5 ye'u td: Ngudi giao tie'p,
thdng diep, cfl tpa, dap flng va mdi trudng, nd khdng phai la mdt dudng thang
ma la cd dang eung trdn. Ti'nh tuan hoan cfla md hinh nay cho tha'y hieu qua

32

TAP CHITAM LyHOC, Sd7 (184), 7 - 2014

giao tie'p ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly tuy thudc vao kei qua ma ngtrdi dd tac
ddng, truyen cam hiing.
2.4. Ly thuyet tdm ly hoc ve giao tiep
Nhirng nghien ciiu tam ly hpc ve giao tie'p d trong va ngoai nfldc, nhai
la nhung nghien ctiu ciia cac nha tam ly hpc Xd viei, cd th^ tam chia thanh hai
xu hudng sau:
- Cdch lie'p can giao lie'p nhu mpt hoat dpng
Cung vdi pham tru "hoat ddng", ndi len md'i quan he tac ddng qua lai,
chuyen hda cho nhau gifla con ngudi vdi con ngudi vdi tu each la chii the ciia
hoat ddng vdi khach the (gdm nhung su vat, hien tupng va mdi quan he gifla
chiing trong thirc te' khach quan), la pham tru giao tie'p the hien quan he qua lai
gifla chu the nay vdi chii the khac d cac ca'p dd ca nhan, nhdm, cdng ddng.
Trong quan he giao tie'p, dua de'n su bie'n ddi ciia ca hai chii the, nghia la tao ra
san ph^m d ca hai chii the. Tuy nhien, xung quanh mdi quan he hoat ddng va
giao tie'p, trong each tie'p can cdn cd nhflng y kie'n khac nhau.
Trong tam ly hpc Xd viei, ngay tfl nhflng nam 30 cua the' ky XX trd di.
Cling vdi viec phan ti'ch ban chai va vai trd dac biet quan trpng cua "hoat ddng
cd ddi tupng", quan he "chii the" (S) - khach the (O), A.N. Leonchiev va cac
cdng su deu coi giao tie'p (chii the - chu thd) nhu mdt dang ciia hoat dpng. Vao
nhflng nam 70 ciia the' ky XX, tie'p tuc phat trien each tie'p can giao tie'p nhu
mdt dang hoat ddng, A.A. Leonchiev cho rang, cung nhu cac dang hoat dpng
khac, giao tie'p hudng vao muc dich xac dinh va do nhflng ddng co nhai dinh
thiic da'y, hoat dpng giao tie'p dien ra nhd cac phucmg tien dac thii nhfl phuong
tien ngdn ngtt va "phi ngdn ngO" ("Tam ly hpc giao tiep" (1974) va "Giao tiep
supham (1979)", ban lieng Nga).
Trong khi thira nhan mdi quan he qua lai giua "hoat ddng" va "giao
tie'p", B.Ph. Ldmov cho ring giao tie'p la mdt pham tru ddc lap, trong mdi quan
he vdi hoat ddng, khdng nen coi giao tiep la mdt dang dac thii cua hoat ddng.
Trong tac phfim "Nhung van de ly luan va phuang phap luan tam ly hpc" B.Ph.

Ldmov coi giao tie'p la hinh thflc dpc lap va dac thii cia ti'nh tfch cue ciia chii
thd, la hinh thai dac Irung cim sir tac ddng qua lai ciia chii the nay len mpt chii
thd khac" (4).
Nhu vay, dii each tie'p can nha'n manh vai trd quyei dinh chi thudc ve
"hoat ddng cd ddi tupng" va coi giao tie'p chi la dang dac thil ciia ho^l ddng
hoac each tiep can coi giao tiep la pham trii ddc lap, cd tfnh ddng dang vdi
"hoat ddng cd ddi tupng" thi deu cd nhung hat nhan rai hpp ly, nhung cQng cd
nhflng di^u dii gay nen tranh cai.
- Cdch tiep can giao lie'p nlnr nipl quan he linmg ldc .\d hpi
TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (IS4), 7 - 2014


Xuat phat tfl quan diem xa hdi - lich sfl ve ban chat lam ly con ngudi, cac
nha tam ly hpc Xd viet, nhu L.X. Vugd'txki coi giao tie'p la md'i quan he gifla con
ngudi vdi con ngudi, qua dd con ngudi tac ddng qua lai vdi nhau ve quan di^m
va cam xiic. la.L. Kdldminxki cho rang: "Giao tie'p la sfl lac ddng qua lai v^ mat
thdng tin gifla con ngudi va con ngudi, trong dd quan he lien nhan each dupc
hinh thanh va bdc Id" (5). B.D. Parugin coi: Giao tie'p la qua trinh tac ddng qua
lai gifla con ngudi vdi nhau, trao ddi thdng tin, anh hucmg lan nhau, hi^u biS^t va
nhan thflc v6 nhau. G.M. Ancheeva trong tac pham "Van de giao tie'p" (6), cho
rang giao tiep cd ba mat quan he hiiu co vdi nhau: Mat thdng tin, mat tri giac con
ngudi, mat tae ddng qua lai.
O Viet Nam, cac tac gia nhu Nguyen Quang iMn, Bui Van Hue, Tran
Trpng Thuy, Hoang Anh, Nguyin Van Le, Vu Dung... cung cd nhiing nghien
cflu va dua ra nhiing quan diem ve giao tie'p. Ke' thfla va van dung cac quan
diem cua cac nha tam ly hpc Xd viet, tac gia Nguyen Quang U^n cho rang:
Giao tiep la quan he gifla con ngudi vdi eon ngudi, thdng qua dd, con ngudi
trao ddi vdi nhau ve thdng tin, ve cam xuc, tri giac lan nhau, anh hudng, tae
ddng lan nhau" (7). Theo tac gia, trong giao tie'p th^ hien md'i quan he gifla cac
chu th^ vdi nhau, giao tiep xac lap va van hanh cac md'i quan he ngudi - ngudi,

hien thuc hda eac quan he xa hpi gifla chii the nay vdi chu the' khac.
Qua viec khai quat cac each tiep can tren ve giao tie'p cho thay d mdi each
tie'p can da it nhieu de cap de'n nhflng dac tfnh cO ban ve giao tie'p dua tren quan
di^m cua tflng each tie'p can. Tuy nhien tflng each tie'p can ve giao tie'p, ke ea
each tiep can tam ly hpc dupc coi la each tie'p can tuong ddi diy du nha't cung
chua phan anh dupc he't nhiing dac diem co ban cua giao tiep, nha't la giao tie'p
trong quan ly. Giao tiep ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt trong he thd'ng
chfnh tri nude ta, theo quan die'm ciia chiing tdi ngoai ehfla dung nhiing dac diem
chung cdn cd nhflng dac diem rieng biet. Chfnh vi vay de lam rd nhiing dac di^m
cung nhu eo sd de xac dinh va tim kie'm nhihig bien phap de nang eao ky nang
giao tie'p cho ngudi lanh dao, quan ly trong he thdng chfnh tri can lua chpn each
tie'p can he thdng, chflc nang.
3. Cach tiep can he thdng, chuc nang ve giao tiep cua can bo lanh
dao, quan ly d nude ta
Tfl Hdi nghi Trung uong 6 khoa VL khai niem "He thdng chfnh tri"
dupc thay cho khai niem "He thd'ng chuyen chfnh vd san". He thd'ng chfnh tri
Viet Nam (gdm Dang, Nha nude. Mat tran Td qudc va cac td chflc chfnh tn - xa
hdi) khdng ehi the hien tfnh chinh the ve td chflc, tfnh dai dien trong xa hdi, ma
cdn khu biet id gifla he thdng td chflc bo may vdi cae ye'u td khae ciia n^n
chfnh tri. Hien phap sfla ddi 2013 ciia nude Cong hda xii hdi chii nghTa Viet
Nam da quy dinh id vai trd, phuong thflc boat ddng cua cac td chflc thanh vien

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TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014


trong he thd'ng chfnh tri, xac dinh mdi quan he, su van hanh cua co che: Dang
lanh dao, Nha nude quan ly, nhan dan lam chu (8).
Can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt trong he thd'ng chfnh tri dugc hi^u la

nhflng can bd, cdng chflc gifl vi trf lanh dao, quan ly (cap trudng va cap phd)
ciia cac td chflc trong he thdng chi'nh tri cac ca'p.
Giao tie'p ciia ngudi can bd lanh dao, quan ly trong he thd'ng chfnh tri la
qua trinh phfle tap, chie'm ph^n Idn thdi gian cua ngudi lanh dao. Di lam rd
dupc dae di^m cung nhu cd co sd nghien cflu ve tfnh hieu qua va cac ky nang
giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh dao, quan ly chung tdi cho rang c^n phai dua tren
quan diem each tiep can he thd'ng, each tie'p can chflc nang.
Triet hpc duy vat bien chflng da khang dinh sir cin thie't, xem xet ba
dang dac diem eo ban cua the gidi khaeh quan theo ba phuong dien: ca'u triic,
he thd'ng, chflc nang. Trong lich sfl khoa hoc, Charles Darwin da kham pha ra
each tie'p can he thd'ng trong sinh vat hpc, Mendeleev da kham pha ra he thd'ng
tu^n hoan cac nguyen td hda hpc, K. Marx da kham pha ra each tie'p can he
thd'ng trong nghien cuu xa hdi. Trong tam ly hpc, cac nha nghien cflu cung da
xac dinh mot sd yen cau cd tfnh nguyen tac trong viec tie'p can theo quan di^m
he thd'ng khi nghien cflu tam ly con ngudi: Tam Iy con ngudi la su phan anh the
gidi khach quan vao nao va mang tfnh chu the, tam ly la chflc nang ciia nao,
tam ly ngudi chfnh la nen van hda - xa hdi ciia loai ngudi bie'n thanh cai rieng
ciia mdi ngu{Ti, nd cd chflc nang nhan thflc, td thai dp, dieu khien, dieu chinh
hanh vi con ngudi, lam cho hanh vi ciia ngudi trd thanh hanh vi cd y thflc. Tfl
quan di^m tren cho tha'y tie'p can ca'u true va tie'p can chflc nang gan bd mat
thie't vdi nhau; tuy nhien nd chua du de' giai thich tfnh da dang, phong phii ciia
tam ly con ngudi. Vi the can dflng tren quan diem he thdng de xem xet su
Ihd'ng nha't gifla ca'u triic va mat chflc nang. Nha nghien cflu ngudi Nga la B.Ph.
Ldmov da khang dinh: Ban cha't tara ly chi cd th^ dugc hi^u mdt each sau sac
va loan dien tren co sd quan diem he thd'ng. Nghien eflu tam iy ngudi trong
nhieu md'i quan he, d dd tam ly tdn tai nhu mdt chinh th^ toan ven. Chi cd tren
CO sd quan di^m he thd'ng mdi cd the lien ke't, phd'i hgp gifla eac nha nghien
cflu dcae ITnh vuc khac nhau.
Dua tren nhiing quan diem tren chung tdi eho rang, de lam ro dugc dac
die'm giao tie'p cua can bd lanh dao, quan Iy khdng chi dflng d viec xem xet cac

thanh td va cac mdi quan he ciia eac thanh td (nhu ngudi giao tie'p, thdng diep,
cfl tpa, su dap flng va yeu td mdi trudng) ciia md hinh giao tiep, ma dieu quan
trpng ban la phai chuyen tfl viec phan tfch md hinh giao tiep sang phan tfch
chie'n luge giao lie'p ciia ngudi can bp lanh dao, quan ly. Chie'n luge giao tie'p
nay bao gdm cae budc: Phan tfch td chfle, phan tfch nhflng bien ddi trong mdi
trudng va phan tfch nhflng ddng giao tiep trong td chflc. Chfnh tfl day gpi md
cho ehung tdi ngoai viec lua chpn each tiep can he thd'ng cdn can phai sfl dung

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 7 (184). 7 - 2014

35


each tie'p can chflc nang khi nghien ciiu giao tie'p cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly
chii chdt trong he thdng chfnh tri a nude ta ma trpng tam la cap huyen va cap xa.
Theo each tiep can he thdng ddi hdi khi nghien cflti phai coi toan bd cac
boat ddng giao tie'p eua ngudi lanh dao, quan ly la mdt chinh th^ thd'ng nha't vdi
eac dang boat ddng lanh dao, quan ly, nd cd kha nang tie'p nhan, xfl ly va
chuyen hda cac yeu c^u, ddi hdi, thach thflc thanh cac quye't dinh va hanh ddng
ih^ hien d chie'n lupc giao lie'p. Viec chuyen tfl phan tfch mo hinh giao tie'p (5
thanh td) sang phan tfch chien luge giao tiep cua ngudi lanh dao, quan ly se
giiip chung ta thay ro dugc md'i quan he gifla mat ca'u true va mat chfle nang
trong he thd'ng, eu the la:
- Ca'u true 5 thanh id tao nen md hinh giao tie'p thd hien nhflng md'i lien
he ndi tai tuong ddi dn djnh; gifla cac thanh to cua he thd'ng thudng dugc th^
che'hda (giao tie'p chinh thflc, giao tie'p theo vai, theo vi the', cac quy tac trong
giao tie'p). Cac hanh vi giao tiep hay flng xfl cua ngudi lanh dao, quan Iy chiu su
chi phdi cua cac quy dinh tren va thudng lap di lap lai tuong dd'i dn dinh trd
thanh nhiem vu phai thuc hien trong qua tiinh hien thuc hda eac chflc nang
quan Iy.

- Viec phan tfch td chflc trong chie'n luge giao tie'p thdng qua co ca'u
chi'nh thflc va khdng chfnh thflc se giiip chung ta nhan dien dugc loai hinh co
cau td chflc eua eac td chflc trong he thdng chinh tri, tha'y ro dugc vi trf cua
ngudi lanh dao, quan ly trong td chflc, trong cac md'i quan he. Ngoai ra eon
giiip chung ta hieu ro dugc co cau quyen lire, cac quy tac giao tiep thanh van va
bat thanh van. Cung tfl day giup chung ta tha'y dugc sir khac biet gifla giao tie'p
CLia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly d cac td chflc khac nhau trong he thd'ng chfnh tri.
- Phan tfch nhung bien ddi va thach thflc tfl mdi trudng giup chung ta
tha'y dugc cac hanh vi giao tie'p, flng xfl ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly trong he
thd'ng chfnh tri. Chi'nh vi vay can phai xem xet giao tiep cua can bd lanh dao,
quan ly theo quan didm chflc nang - chflc nang quan ly. Trong gan 20 nam trd
lai day, thuc te cho ihay nhflng thay ddi ve mdi trudng (nhat la su phat trien eua
cdng nghe thdng tin va nhflng thach thflc mdi ve ehinh tri, kinh te', van hda xa
hdi) da anh hudng den hicu qua giao tie'p ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly. Nhflng
yeu td mdi xuat hien nhU truyen thdng dien tfl, giao tiep qudc te', giao tie'p
khdng phan biet da bupc ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly khdng chi chu trgng den van
de lap trung thdng tin, thay ddi each ndi, each viet ma cdn phai chu trpng de'n
va'n de khac biet ve mat van hda.
Viec phan tfch he thdng chi huy va cac ddng giao tie'p trong td chflc se
giiip chiing ta thffy dugc thuc chat ciia vice nghien cflu giao tie'p theo quan diem
tie'p can chflc nang. Tuy nhien giao tiep ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly cd nhieu dac
diem khae vdi giao tiep thong thudng. Chfnh vi vay khi tie'p can nghien cflu giao
tiep ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly theo quan diem chflc nang khdng chi dflng d cac
36

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (! 84). 7 - 2 0 1 4


chflc nang giao tie'p thdng Ihudng ma cae nha nghien ciiu da neu ra ma phai gan
Hen vdi cac chflc nang quan ly. Cho de'n nay nhieu nha nghien cflu da cd su

thd'ng nha't ve cac chflc nang quan Iy: lap ke' hoach, xay dung td chflc, xac dinh
bien che', chi dao, kiem tra (9).
Thdng qua viec phan tfch cac ddng giao lie'p tfl cap tren xud'ng cap dudi,
tfl dudi len tren, giao tie'p theo chieu ngang va giao tiep vdi ben ngoai khdng chi
giiip ehung la thay dugc su cin thie't phai chu trpng su ihd'ng nha't gifla chflc
nang giao tie'p vdi chflc nang quan ly ma cdn tha'y dugc nhflng ban che khd
khan cua cac chu the giao tie'p, tha'y duge su cSn thie't ciia cae ky nang giao tie'p
d ngudi lanh dao, quan ly. Nhflng nghien cflu ve giao tiep trong quan ly eiia M.
Manter va nhieu ngudi khac da chi rd mdi quan he true tiep gifla phong each
giao lie'p, cae ky nang giao tie'p vdi hieu qua giao tie'p va hieu qua lanh dao,
quan ly (10).
4. K e t l u a n
Giao tie'p cua can bd lanh dao, quan Iy chii chdt trong he thd'ng chfnh tri
d nude ta ra't da dang va co tfnh dac ihii. De nghien cflu ve dac diem giao lie'p,
ky nang va hieu qua giao lie'p cua dpi ngu can bp nay can Ihict phai su dung
each lie'p can he thdng, each tie'p can chflc nang.
Cach tie'p can he thdng ddi hdi phai xcm xet giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh
dao, quan Iy khdng chf d mdi quan he tuong tac gifla cac Ihanh to npi tai ma
cdn phai chu trpng su luong tac gifla cac thanh to ndi lai vdi yeu id moi trudng
lao nen ehinh the thdng nha't - md hinh giao tiep.
Viec chuyen tfl xcm xcl, phan lich md hinh giao Iiep sang xem xet, phiin
tfch chie'n luge giao licp gom 3 budc: phan tfch Id chflc, phan tfch mdi trudng,
phan tfch he ihd'ng ehi huy va cac ddng giao lie'p trong cac id chflc eua he thdng
chinh tri cac ca'p, khdng chi giiip cho nha nghien cflu tha'y rd mdi quan he
Ihdng nha't gifla mat ca'u Iriic va mat chfle nang; xac dinh dupc nhflng diic diem
rieng biet cua giao tiep trong quan ly ma cdn tha'y dupc mdi quan he Iruc licp
gifla ky nang, phong each giao lie'p vdi hicu qua giao lie'p ciia ngu'di lanh dao.
quan Iy trong qua trinh hicn lliuc lida cac chuc nang quan ly.

Chii thich

1. l.P Piivlov, Todn tdp. Tap 5, Matxcova, 1952, ."^28. ban licng Nga
2. Xem N. Viener, Dtcii khien Iwc ha\ si( dicu khien vd hen hi' d ttong vdi \ a mdy.
NXB M., ban lieng Nga, !%H.
3. Mary. Manlcr, Chien Iwo'c vd kv nCiiig ircng gi(U> licp kinh daanli. Ban dich, NXB
DPngNai, 1995.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S<-I 7 (184). 7 - 2014

37


4. B.P. Lomov, Nhicng vdn de ly ludn vd phuang phdp ludn tdm ly hoc, ban tie'ng Nga,
tr.371.
5. la.L. Koldminxki, Tdm ly hoc vdi cdc mdi quan he qua Iqi irong nhdm nhd, NXB
Lao dpng. Ha Npi, 1976.
6. G.M. Ancheeva, Vdn de giao tie'p, NXB Giao due. Ha Npi, ! 981.
7. Nguyen Quang Uan (chii bien), Tdm ly hoc dqi cuang, NXB Dai hpc Su pham,
2004.
8. Xem Hie'n phdp ndm 2013 cua nudc Cdng hda XHCN Viet Nam, NXB Lao dpng.
Ha Npi, 2014, 1 3 - 1 5 .
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ly, NXB Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 32.
10. Xem: M. Manter, Chie'n luac vd ky ndng trong giao tiep kinh doanh, sdd, tr. 51 52.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. LP. Pavlov, Todn tap. Tap 5, Matxcova, 1952, 528, Ban tie'ng Nga.
2. N. Viener, Dieu khien hoc hay sic dieu khien vd lien he d dpng vdt vd mdy, NXB M.,
ban tie'ng Nga, 1968.
3. Mary. Manter, Chien luac vd ky ndng trong giao tiep kinh doanh. Ban dich, NXB
Ddng Nai, 1995.
4. B.P. Lomov, Nhicng van de ly ludn vd phuang phdp ludn tdm ly hoc. Ban tie'ng Nga,

tr.37L
5. la.L. Kolominxki, Tdm ty hoc vdi cdc md'i quan he qua Iqi trong nhdm nhd, NXB
Laodpng, HaNpi, 1976.
6. G.M. Ancheeva, Vdn de giao tiep, NXB Giao due. Ha Npi, 1981.
7. Nguyin Quang U^n (chii bien), Tdm ly hoc dqi cuang, NXB Dai hpc Su frfiam, 2004.
8. dm nang kinh doanh Harvard, Ky ndng thuang luqng, NXB Tdng hpp thanh phd Ho Qif
Minh.
9. Cdc ky ndng tdnh dqo, qudn ly, NXB Chfnh tri - Hanh chfnh. Ha Ndi, 2013.
10. Miller.P.: Leadership, Milton, Qld: John Wiley and sous Australia, Ltd:
Houghton, Miflin, USA, 2006.
11. Calano J., Salzman .1.. Fame your persuasive
September, p. 17, 1998.

appeal.

Executive Strategy,

12. Harold Koontz, Cyril O'Donreli, Heinz Weihvich, Nhung vd'n de cd't ye'u ciia qudn
ly, NXB Khoa hoc va ky thuat. Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 32.
13. Shockley - Zalabak P., Fundermentals of Organizational Communication,
longman, New York, 1999.

38

4"" ean,

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