Cảm nhận hạnh phúc chủ quan của người nông dân

CAM NHAN HANH PHUC CHU QUAN
CUA NGUOI NONG DAN<"
PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Hirong

Tnfdng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc thifc nghiem, Vien Tdm ly hpc.

\

TOM TAT
Nghien cifu tap trung Idm ro ve cdm nhgn hgnh phiic chit quan ciia ngudi ndn
ddn trong bdi cdnh hien nay. Vdi thiet ke dieu tra chgn mdu / Idn theo lat cdi ngang,
nghien cifu dd khdo sdt 427 dgi dien gia dinh hp ndng ddn tgi 6 .vd d Hung Yen, San
La, Binh Dinh vd Thdi Nguyen. Ke't qua cho thdy, nhin chung ngUdi ndng ddn khd h
long vdi cupc sdng ciia minh. Ben cgnh do, cdng viec vd ddi sd'ng vdt chat ctia gia
dinh Id hai yeii id chi phdi mgnh nhdt den mifc dp hdi long vdi cupc sdng noi cluing
Clia hp. Vd cudi cimg, mifc dp hdi long chung co tuang quan vdi thu nhdp cd y nghia
ve mdl thdng ke nhung khdng mgnh. Kef qud dd ggi y nhii'ng diem cdn chu y cdi thien
de ngifdi ndng ddn sdng mot cupc sdng hgnh phitc han.
Tis khoa: Cdm nhdn hanh phuc clui quan; Ndng ddn.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 29/4/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25111201 A.

Mddau
Cam giac hanh phiic chu quan duac coi la danh gia chii quan ciia con
ngudi ve su hai long, de chiu vdi cupc sd'ng cua minh. Cam giac nay viia th^
hien su nhin nhan, danh gia (mang tinh nhan thiic), vCra th^ hien tinh cam
(mang tinh cam xiic), vi the nd viJa chiu su chi phdi ciia ca tu duy ly tinh va
cam tinh. Chinh su cam tinh nay khien cho danh gia dd mang nhidu tinh chu
quan, mang quan diem ca nhan ciia con ngudi ve cha't luang cupc sd'ng ciia
minh.
Thanh phan nhan thirc ciia cam giac nay hudng de'n viec con ngudi nghT
nhu the nao vg su hai long vdi cupc sdng cua hp ndi chung (toan bp cupc sdng)

va d ca nhirng ITnh vuc khac nhau trong cupc sdng (cdng viec, dieu kien vat
chat, gia dinh...). Cam xiic bao gdm duang tfnh (khi ngudi ta trai nghiem cam
giac hai long nhu vui ve, hanh phuc.) va am tfnh (khi ngudi ta cam tha'y khd
chiu nhu budn chan, tiic gian, tdi ldi...).
Cam giac hanh phiic chii quan dupc quan tam nhidu trong cac nghien
Cliu xa hpi tren the'gidi, dac biet trong tam ly hpc de hieu sau ban ve hanh phiic
28

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 8 (185), s - 2014


cua con ngudi va chat luong cupc sdng cua hp. Nhieu nghien ciiu quan tam de'n
viec xay dung khai niem va cdng cu danh gia cam nhan hanh phiic chii quan
(Sell H., Nagpal R., 1992; Diener va cpng su, 1985; Gadermann va cpng su,
2010; Helliwell, 2010...), mdi quan he cua hanh phuc vdi cac ydu td ca nhan va
xa hpi khac nhau, dac biet vdi ydu td kinh te' (Diener va cpng su, 1992; TeschRomer va cpng sir, 2008; Bradshaw, 2012; Stevenson va cpng sU, 2013...).
Nhieu nghien cuti cung quan tam xem cac nhdm khac nhau cd cam nhan hanh
phuc chil quan nhu the'nao... Cd thd tha'y, hanh phiic khdng dan gian la van de
ca nhan ma la mpt chii d^ mang ti'nh xa hpi ldn. Chi sd hanh phiic toan cau
(GHI) cung da duac dat ra nhu mpt chi sd vd chat luong cupc sdng tinh than
ciia con ngudi.
Cam giac hanh phuc chu quan ciia ngudi ndng dan duac xem xet trong
nghien ciiu nay nhu mpt phac thao ve cam nhan hanh phiic ciia mpt nhdm trong
xa hpi. Nd duac thd hipn d su hai Idng/thda man vdi cupc sd'ng ndi chung va su
hai Idng/thda man vdi nhiing mat khac nhau trong cupc sd'ng ndi rieng. Cam
giac hai long vdi cupc sdng ndi chung la cam giac tdng hap hai long chung
nhat ma con ngudi cd dupc ve cupc sdng cua minh. Ben canh cam giac chung
nay, con ngudi cd thd cd cam giac hai long vdi nhiing mat cu the nha't dinh.
Cam giac hai long vdi cac mat khac nhau phan anh nhiing khia canh nhat dinh
Clia cupc sdng nhu: cdng viec, sii"c khoe, didu kien sdng ciia gia dinh, quan he

gia dinh, kha nang nang luc ciia ban than va dia vi xa hpi ciia ban than... Dd la
nhung mat quan trpng ddi vdi con ngudi ndi chung trong xa hpi hien nay.
Cam giac hai Idng ve cupc sdng ndi chung va cam giac hai long vdi cac
mat cu the cd lien quan vdi nhau. Mpt ngudi tuong dd'i thanh cdng d nhidu mat:
sir nghiep, gia dinh, xa hpi... thudng cd cam giac hanh phiic. Hp hai long vdi
cupc sdng ndi chung ciia minh. Mpl ngudi that bai d nhidu mat thudng khdng
cd cam giac thda man vdi cupc sdng. Tuy nhien, cung cd nhung trudng hpp,
mdt ngudi cd thd cam tha'y, nhin chung minh la ngudi hanh phiic, nhung hp cd
the khdng hai long ve mpt mat nao dd ciia cupc sd'ng, vi du, sir thang tie'n ciia
ban than chang ban. Cung cd trudng hop, mpt ngudi hoan toan cam Ihay bat
hanh vdi cupc sd'ng vi ngudi dd bi that thih, mac dii ho dang cd mpt cdng viec
yeu thfch, thu nhap kha, cd mpt siic khde ddi dao, dupc ban be qui meh... Didu
dd tuy thupc vao chd mdi ngudi coi didu gi la quan trpng han ca trong cupc
sd'ng cua minh.
Trong nghien cun nay, ngudi tra ldi se danh gia dpc lap cam giac hai
Idng/thda man vdi cupc sd'ng ndi chung va vdi cac mat ndi rieng mpt each dpc
lap. Cau hdi nghien ciiu dupc dat ra ia: thir nha't, ngudi ndng dan cam Ihay hai
ldng de'n dau vdi cupc sd'ng n6i chung va ttrng mat ndi neng trong cupc sdng
ciia minh; thii hai, khia canh nao trong cupc sdng cd vai trd quan trpng hon ddi
vdi cam giac hanh phiic chii quan ciia ngudi ndng dan va cudi cung, cam giac
nay cd lien quan den ydu td kinh te hay khdng?

TAP CHI TAM LynOC, Sd'8 (185). 8 - 2014

29


Phirong phap
Thiet ke nghien cihi: Nghidn ciiu sii dung thiet ke' dieu tra chon mSu
mpt \in theo lat cat ngang vdi phuong phap bang hdi.

Viec didn thong tin vao bang hdi cd hai hinh thiic tuy thupc vao ngudi
duoc hdi. Vdi nhirng ngudi cd kha nang tti doc hidu thdng thao, ho se tu didn
vao phie'u hdi dudi su hudng dSn va giai thfch chi tie't tir can bp didu tra. Vdi
nhiing ngudi khdng cd kha nang tu dpc (cd va'n dd vd thi luc), can bp didu tra se
hdi va true tidp didn thdng tin vao phie'u hdi.
Mdu nghien cim: Mlu nghien ciiu dupc chon la ndng dan, nhirng ngudi
dang true tie'p san xua't ndng nghiep.
Chgn dia bdn: Tieu chf dd chpn dia ban la (I) khu vuc chu ye'u hoai
dpng san xua't ndng nghiep; (2) d cac khu vuc co didu kien dia Iy khac nhau:
vung ddi, niii va ddng bang; (3) cd cac md hinh kinh te' khac nhau: trdng lua va
hoa mau, trdng cay an qua, cay cong nghiep va chan nudi gia siic, gia cam; (4)
noi cd du cac thanh phin hp ngheo, binh thudng va kha gia tir boat dpng ndng
nghiep. Tieu chf nay dua vao chuan ngheo Qudc gia dd danh gia. TCr tieu chi vd
khu vuc dia ly, cac dia ban trudc he't dupc chon la Son La, Hung Yen va Binh
Dinh. Dudi su tu va'n cua Hpi Ndng dan cac tinh trdn, nghien ciiu lira chpn cac
xa binh thudng hoac cdn cd khd khan trong san xua't ndng nghiep. Mdi tinh
chpn I - 2 xa trong dd d Son La chpn 2 dia ban: thi tra'n Ndng Trudng (viing
cao nguyen, trdng cay cdng nghiep) va thi tran Mpc Chau (vung cao nguyen,
trdng ngd, liia va chan nudi bd), Hung Yen chon I xa (viing ddng bang, trdng
nhan, liia va rau mau), Binh Djnh chpn 2 xa: Phudc My (vung ddng bang, trdng
Ilia, chan nudi gia cam, noi cd thf diem canh ddng mlu ldn) va Canh Hiep
(vung mii, trdng cay cdng nghiep, chan nudi Ipn, bd). Rieng 1 xa d Thai Nguyen
la dia ban dupc chpn cho nghien ciiu sau md hinh trdng che vdi mpf lupng mlu
han che'.
Chgn mdu: Tai mdi dia ban, mlu thuan tipn dupc chpn theo ty le nha
sau: Tdng mlu la 427 dai dien hp gia dinh ndng dan, trong dd, 21 % - hp ngheo,
14,4% - hp can ngheo, 52,4% - hp binh thudng va 12,2% - hp kha gia. Mlu
phan bd tai cac dia ban nhu sau: Hung Yen: 32,3%; Binh Dinh: 34,2%; Son La:
26,9% va Thai Nguyen: 6,6%.
Ve Ilia tudi va gidi tfnh ciia mlu: Mlu gom 45,1% la nam va 54,9% la

nU. Tudi trung binh ciia mlu la 48,2 tudi, vdi dp lech chuan la 12,7 tudi, trong
khoang tir 17 de'n 83 tudi. Tudi cd phan bd chu^n trong pham vi dp tudi rpng,
trong dd bao gdm khoang hon 20% mlu d ngoai dp tudi lao dpng (theo LuSt
Lao dpng: Nii tir 55 tudi va nam tii 60 tudi trd len). Tuy nhien, tai thdi diem
dieu tra, hp vin tham gia vao hoat ddng lao ddng ndng nghidp.

30

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd8 (185), 8 - 2014


PhUffng phdp nghien ciru
Phucmg phdp thu thdp dif lieu
Phuong phap chfnh dd thu thap dii lieu trong nghien ciru nay la bang hdi.
De tim hidu ve cam giac hanh phiic chii quan ciia ngudi ndng dan, trudc he't, hp
dupc de nghi tra Idi cSu hdi; Ve mgi mat noi chung ong/bd hdi long vdi cugc
sdng Clia gia dinh minh d miic ndo? (tii 0% la khdng hai long chiit nao de'n
100% la hai Idng toan bd).
Tie'p theo, hp dupc dd nghi danh gia miic dp hai Idng cua minh vdi 6
mat: Nghe nghiep, viec lam cua ban than; Quan he trong gia dinh; Sire khde
cua ban than; Didu kien sdng ciia gia dinh; Nang luc, kha nang ciia ban than va
Dia vi xa hpi ciia ban than cung bang thang diem 100 nhu tren.
PhUf/ng phdp phdn tich di/ lieu: Cac bien sd tim hidu ve cam giac hanh
phiic chu quan va thu nhap thu dupc tii bang hdi deu la cac bie'n djnh lupng.
Di md ta cam giac hanh phiic chu quan, dir heu dinh lupng duac phan
tich dua tren cac thdng sd thdng ke md ta: sd lupng, ty le %, diem trung binh va
dp lech chu^n. Tiep theo, de nghien ciru md'i quan he giiia cam giac hanh phiic
chu quan vdi cac ye'u to khac, nghien cuU sU dung he so tuong quan Pearson va
md hinh phan tfch hdi qui, trong dd, bien phu thupc la cam giac hanh phiic chii
quan.

Ket qua nghien ciiu
Nguoi nong ddn hdi long den ddu voi cape sdng cua minh?
Ket qua phan tich diJ lieu ve miic dd hai Idng vdi cupc sd'ng ndi chung va
vdi cac mat ndi rieng ciia ngudi ndng dan duoc hien thi d bang 1.
Sd lieu cho tha'y ring, nhin chung, ngudi ndng dan kha hai Idng vdi ciipc
sdng ciia minh. Miic hai long vdi cupc sd'ng ndi chung hi gan 70%. Nhu'ng
ngudi khdng hai long vdi cupc sd'ng (chi hai Idng d mirc dudi 10%) chi chie'm
1,7%, trong khi nhiing ngudi rai hai long vdi cupc sd'ng (hai long d miic uen
90%) chiem gin 19% sd ngudi tra ldi. Theo dir lieu tir bao cao tdng ket nam
2012 ciia cac dia phucmg tai cac khu vuc khao sat, boat dpng ndng nghiep la
hoat dpng san xuat chii dao vdi thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi khoang 2
trieu/Ihang d Mpc Chau; 1,6 trieu/thang d Hung Yen va 4,6 Irieu/nam d Bhih
Dinh. Nhiing ngudi tra ldi phdng van la nhiJng ngudi Iao dpng ngay tai dia
phuong, khdng phai nhung ngudi Iy ndng, ly huong di lam an xa. Da sd .sdng
Irong mpt didu kien binh thudng, mpt sd gia dinh ngheo khd va chi mpt sd ft la
kha gia han nhifng gia dinh khac. Didu kien kinh te', xa hdi ciia cac dia phuang
khao sat cung khdng qua dac biet so vdi cac dia phuang khac tren ca nudc,
thSm chf cd vung cdn thudc dien xa ngheo (xa Canh Hiep, Binh Djnh). Ca can
miu chpn cd co cl'u mirc sdng khdng theo co ca'u chung ciia ca nudc (xem plifin

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 8 (185), 8 - 2 0 1 4


mlu chpn d tren). Su hai long vdi cupc sdng cua ngudi ndng dan trong mpt
khung canh boat dpng sdng binh thudng da phan anh each nhin nhan, each
danh gia vd nhiing gi lam ngudi dan hai long: cupc sdng khdng can qua dae
biet, khdng cln qua nhidu tien nghi hien dai, chi don gian vdi nhip dipu sdng
binh thudng, duac d ben gia dinh, cd cdng an viec lam va thu nhSp dii sdng,
didu kien sdng ciia gia dinh duoc cai thien, cd du siic khoe... Vdi ngUdi ndng
dan, su binh thudng do tao nen cam giac thoai mai. Hanh phiic trong cupc sdng

ciia hp ro rang phan anh tfnh chii quan trong danh gia nhu phin ldn cac nha
nghien Cliu da de cap de'n, nhung nd cung phan anh mpt thuc te' la ngudi ndng
dan khdng can cd mpt dieu kien dac biet mdi cam tha'y hanh phiic
Bdng 1: Mifc do hdi long vdi cugc sdng vd vdi cdc mat khdc nhau
(Diem trung binh)
Trung binh

Cac mat

Do lech chuan

Miic do hai long vdi cuoc song noi chung

68,7

22,7

Hal long v6i cong viec

71,3

24,1

Hai long vcfi quan h6 gia dinh

85,8

19,6

Hai long voi siic khoe ban than

71,3

22,8

Hai long vcfi di6u kien song cua gia dinh

68,7

22,4

Hai long vcfi kha nang CLia ban than

71,1

21,5

Hai long vdi dia vi cua ban than

63,6

28,0

Ghi chu: Diem ldn nhd't ciia thang diem Id 100 (Hodn lodn hdi long) vd nhd nhdt la
(Hodn todn khdng hdi Idng).
Xem xet cu the cac mat cho tha'y, didm trung binh dao dpng trong
khoang tir 63 de'n hon 85, trong dd, miic hai long dao dpng quanh con sd 70%
la phd bie'n han ca. Quan he gia dinh dupc ngudi ndng dan hai long nha't va mat
dia vi xa hpi ciia ban than duoc ngudi ndng dan hai long ft ban ca.
Nhihig ngudi hoan loan khdng hai long vdi cupc sdng ciia minh (la

nhung ngudi co miic danh gia hai long dudi 10%) chiem ty le khdng nhidu, chi
khoang tii' 1 de'n 2% tren tat ca cac mat, trong khi do, sd nhiing ngudi hoan loan
hai Idng (mdc 90% trd len) chiem khoang tu' 20 - 30% tren tdng sd nhiing
ngirdi tra ldi d ta't ca cac mat.
Cdm nhdn hgnh phiic chii quan cua cdc nhdm nong ddn
Xem xet cam nhan hanh phiic chii quan ciia cac nhdm cho thay giua cac

32

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So 8 (185), 8 - 2014


nhdm vdi nhiing dac trung khac nhau cung cd nhiing cam nhan ve hanh phiic
chu quan khac nhau.
Su hai long vdi cupc sd'ng cua ndng dan cac dia ban nghien ciiu khac
nhau cd su khac biet nh^t dinh (bidu dd 1). Ndng dan d Mpc Chau (San La) cd
miic dp hai long cao nha't so vdi cac nai khac, tie'p den la ndng dan d Ham Chau
(Himg Yen) va sau ciing la Binh Dinh, Thai Nguyen. Dieu nay cd lien quan de'n
thu nhap binh quan cua cac dia ban da dupc de cap d tren. Ndng dan Mpc Chau
cd thu nhap binh quan cao nhat, tie'p de'n la Hung Yen va cudi cung la Binh
Dinh. Tuy nhien, khdng the ndi de'n tuong quan theo ty le thuan bdi thu nhap
binh quan dau ngudi d Canh Hiep (Binh Dinh) la rit thap so vdi Mpc Chau va
Ham Tii nhung cam nhan hanh phiic ca nhan ciia ndng dan d day khdng hoan
toan tha'p hon han. Mdc chenh lech cd y nghTa vd mat thd'ng ke nhimg khdng ldn.

nSi l i n g
chung

C61IB vi^i;

Cliii itinh

Siri; khoe

DiSu kign
s6ng

Kha nang

I3)a v| K.I hpi

D H i m g Yen • Binh Djnh • San La D Thdi Nguygn

Bieu do I: Cdm nhdn hgnh phiic chit quan cua nong ddn cdc dia bdn
Sd lieu cung cho tha'y, mii:c dp hai long vdi cupc sdng ndi chung va vdi
cac mat ndi rieng cd su khac biet cd y nghTa thd'ng ke giira nhdm hp ngheo/can
ngheo vdi nhdm cd mii'c sd'ng kha ban (bao gdm cac hd cd mirc sdng bmh
thudng + kha), trong dd, nhung ngudi cd miic sdng kha han cd miic dp hai long
cao hon d ta't ca cac mat va d ca danh gia chung (bidu dd 2). Chenh lech ldn
nha't giu'a hai nhdm nay la d miic hai long vdi cdng viec, thap nha't d mirc hai
ldng vdi quan he gia dinh. Didu nay cho tha'y mirc sdng cd the la mpt yeu td chi
phdi danh gia vd sir hai long vdi cupc sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan. Tuy nhien, dd
cd ke't luan chfnh xac, cln cd them nhiing dir lieu xac dang hon.

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (185). 8 - 2014

33


Hill long

chung

Cnng vi

Gia dinh

Sirc khoe

Dictikicn
song

kha nflng

Dia vj xa hpi

a Ngheo/Can ngheo • Binh thu-frng/Kha

Bieu dd 2: Cdm nhdn hgnh phiic chu quan cua 2 nh(')m mifc sdng
O cac hp ngheo/can ngheo cd su phan hda trong danh gia ro ret hcfn
nhdm cd miic sdng binh thudng trd len d ta't ca cac mat dupc xem xet trong
nghien ciiu nay (dp lech chu^n cao hon d tit ca cac mat). Didu nay cho thiy,
trong nhdm ngheo/can ngheo, ben canh nhiing ngudi cd mirc hai long khOng
cao vdi cac mat trong cupc sdng thl vin cd nhii'ng ngudi cd miic dp hai long cao
hon ban nhung ngudi khac trong nhdm.

nil long

Cong viiie

Oia dinh

Si'rc khoe

DNon,

Dicu kicn

Khii nflng

Dm vj lil hyi

mxt

Bieu do 3: Cdm nhdn hgnh phiie chii quan eiia nam vd nir

34

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, sa'8 (185), 8 - 2014


Nain va n& co cam nhan hanh phuc chO quan khac nhau the hien a miic
hai long vdi cu6c stfng noi chung khac nhau, trong do nam co cam nhan hai
long vdi cuoc s6ng hem nO (p < 0,05). Sir khac biet nay cung dugc tim thay 6
cam nhan hai long vori dieu kien stfng cua gia dinh va kha nang cua ca nhan,
Irong khi khtfng tim tha'y a cac mat khac trong nghien cuu nay. Co the noi, hai
mat nay phan anh ro nhat sir khac biet ciia nam va nO trong cam nhan ve hanh
phiic chii quan.
TrSn binh diftn khac, nghien cilu con cho tha'y sir khac biet vi cam nhSn
hanh phiic chu quan ciia nhiJng ngutfi co trinh do hoc vSn khac nhau. Nhimg
ngutfi CO trinh do hpc va'n tha'p it hai long vtfi cutfc so'ng ciia minh hon nhimg

ngirtfi CO trinh dtf cao hon (bieu dtf 4).
87 [S

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Dja vi xil lipi

DTicu hoc BTHCS DTHPT>

Bieu dd 4: Cdm nhdn hgnh phiic chu quan ciia cdc nhom trinh do hoc vd'n
Kei qua nghien ciiu cho thiy cam nhan hanh phiic chu quan khdng cd
khac biet ro net giira cac nhdm tudi. Ngudi gia, trung nien hay tre tudi deu cd
cung miic hai long vdi cupc sdng nhu nhau. Mpt chiit khac biet cd the thay d
mirc hai long vdi siic khde va quan he trong gia dinh, trong dd cang nhieu tudi,
ngudi ndng dan cang ft hai long hon vdi sire khde ciia minh (p < 0,05). Ngudi
gia trong mlu nghien ciiu cung hai long it ban vdi quan he gia dinh cua minh
so vdi hai nhdm tudi tre hon (p < 0,05).
Nhu vay, nhin chung, ngudi ndng dan kha hai Idng vdi cupc sdng ciia
minh ndi chung va d ta't ca cac mat duac khao sat ndi rieng. Ngudi ngheo nhin
chung cd cam giac hanh phiic ft hon ngudi khdng ngheo, tuy nhien khdng hoan
loan dling vdi tit ca ngudi ngheo vi vin cd nhihig ngudi thupc nhdm ngheo
nhung cam tha'y minh hanh phiic. Ngudi dan d dia phuang cd thu nhap binh
quan cao ban thi cam tha'y hanh phiic hcn:i, nam hai long ban nii d dieu kien

TAPCHI TAM LVHOC Sd8 (185), 8 - 2014

35

sdng cua gia dinh va kha nang ban than; ngudi co trinh dp hoc vin tha'p cam
tha'y ft hanh phiic hon ngudi cd trinh dp hpc vin cao ban, ngudi gia ft hai long
hon vdi quan he gia dinh va siic khde ciia minh. Ke't qua da gpi y ring yeu td
kinh te' cd the cd nhiing chi phdi nha't dinh de'n cam giac hanh phiic chii quan
cua ngudi ndng dan.
Nhihig khia canh ndo co vai trd quan trgng hffn doi vdi cdm gidc
hgnh phiic cd nhdn ngudi nong ddn?
De danh gia vin de nay, can xem xet mdi tuong quan ciia mirc hai long
chung vdi miic hai long vdi cac khfa canh khac nhau. Ke't qua dupc hien thi d
md hinh 1.

HUittng
vAlsAc
'l),46->

,,^*ti:.irô,.,

;';icIiik.aBnB-'
'bioiCiiiAn "

ã'-^r

Ghi chit: ^*'^ã He sd luang quan cd y nghTa d mifc p < 0,01.
Hinh 1: Tucmg quan giua mifc do hdi long chung vdi mdc dg hai l()ng a tiing
mdl cita cugc sdng (He sdlifdng c/uan Pearson)
Ve tong quat, su hai long vdi cupc sdng ndi chung cd tuong quan cd y
nghTa thdng ke vdi cac miic dp hai long vdi nhieu mat trong cupc sdng (he sd
tuong quan r tii 0,43 de'n 0,75; p < 0,01). Trong do, dii lieu chi ra ring nd cd
tuong quan manh han vdi sir hai long vdi cdng vipc (r - 0,75), su hai long vdi

dieu kien sdng cua gia dinh (r = 0,66). Dir lieu nay da chi ra dp manh ciia md'i
quan he nay, cho tha'y vai trd quan trpng ciia hai ydu td nay ddi vdi sir hai long
noi chung ciia ngudi ndng dan.

36

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd8 (185), 8 - 2014


Phin tfch anh hudng ciia miic dp hai long ciia tat ca cac mat dupc khao
sat tdi miic dp hai long chung qua phan tfch hdi qui cho thay chiing giai thfch
khoang 63% cho sir bie'n thien ciia miic dp hai long chung (R- = 0,63; p < 0,01),
hay ndi each khac, miic dp hai Idng chung chiu anh hudng ciia miic dp hai long
cac mat rieng.
Bdng 2: Anh hudng cda mice hdi long vdi cdc mat khdc nhau de'n mdc hdi long
chung trong mo hinh hdi qui bgi (hien phu thugc: mitc do hdi long chung)
He so chua hieu
chinh
Dp sai
B
chuan

Mo hinh hoi qui

He so
da hieu
chinh
Beta

t

Muc y
nghia
(P)

5,429

4,077

1,332

0,184

Hai long V&I cong vific

0,480

0,055

0,498

8,701

0,000

Hai long vdi dieu kien sO'ng gia dinh

0.215

0,054

0,221

4,011

0,000

Hal long vdi siJc khoe

0,029

0,052

0,029

0,552

0,582

Hai long vdi kha nang cija ban thSn

-0,041

0,064

-0.040

-0,645

0,520

Hai long vcfi dia vi xa h6i ciia ban than

0,096

0,042

0,121

2,282

0,023

(Hang so)

Tuy nhien, stf' li6u tf biing 2 con cho tha'y, cac mat nay khtfng tac dtfng
nhu nhau d6'n miic hai long chung. Su hai long ctfng viec va sir hai long vtfi
dieu kien so'ng ciia gia dinh la 2 ye'u ttf anh hutfng manh nha't de'n mitc hai long
chung (Beta = 0,50 va 0,22 tuong irng vtfi hai ye'u to nay la hai he stf Ion nha't
trong mtf hinh phan tich hoi qui), trong khi dtf sit hai long vtfi sire khoe va vtfi
kha nang ciia ban than khtfng anh hutfng co y nghTa de'n mirc hai long chung
(p = 0,58 va p = 0,52 tuong ting deu > 0,05).
Nhu vay, sir hai Itfng chung trong cutfc song cua ngutfi ntfng dan khtfng
han la cac phep ctfng don thuSn, la trung binh cong ciia cac mat khac nhau ma
tiong su hai long do co su dtfng gop khtfng nhu nhau tir cac mat nay. Trong btfi
canh hien nay, nghe nghiep - viec lam va cutfc stfng vat chat ciia gia dinh dang
CO y nghTa to Itfn dtf'i vtfi cam giac hanh phiic ciia ngutfi ntfng dan.
Ciim gidc hdi long cd nhan cd lien quan den yeu to kinh te khdng?
vay cau htfi tie'p theo duoc dat ra la: ne'u dieu kien stfng ciia gia dinh la
quan trong dtfi vtfi cam giac hanh phuc ca nhan thi cam giac nay ctf tuong quan

vtfi ye'u ttf tien bac nhu the nao? Phan tich dutfi day se de cap chi tiet hon de'n
va'n de nay thtfng qua tra Itfi mot stf cau htfi.

TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Stf 8 (185), 8-2014

.37


- Co bao nhieu tien thi ngudi nong ddn cdm thdy hdi long?
Sd tien nay rat khac nhau d mpi ngudi, dao dpng tii 100 ngan ddng den
10 ty. Phan bd ciia sd ti^n cd dp nghieng duong manh (Sk = 4,98) tiic la da sd
mlu chpn se cam thiy hai long khi minh cd miic ti6n a phfa mdc thap trong
phan bd, cdn nhirng ngudi hai long khi cd miic tien cao (tren 1 ty ddng) chi
chiem khoang 7,7%. Nhin chung, toan mlu phan bd nhu sau:
- TCr 10 trieu trd xudng: 9%;
- Ttr tren 10 trieu de'n 100 trieu: 39,5%, trong dd, mdc 100 trieu dupc rat
nhieu ngudi de cap den (chiem 23,8% sd ngudi tra ldi), tie'p dd la mdc 50 irieu
ddng (vdi 10% sd ngudi tra Idi);
-TCr tren 100 trieu den 1 ty: 43,8%, rieng mdc 1 ty dugc 16,4%sd ngudi
dat ra.
Xem xet chi tiet hon thi miic de'n 200 trieu dupc 57,2%; de'n 300 trieu
dupc 61,5%; de'n 400 trieu dupc 62,6% va de'n 500 trieu duoc 73,8% sd ngudi
dat ra. Cd the thay da sd mlu nghien ciru deu chpn miic 500 trieu trd xudng la
miic ma cd nd hp se cam thay hai long.
- Tien CO tuang quan nhd the ndo voi mifc hdi long cita ngifdi nong ddn?
Tien nhu ye'u td kinh te dpng nha't trong ddi sd'ng xa hpi duoc xem xet
trong nghien ciiu nay d ca hai khfa canh: khach quan va chii quan. O khia canh
khach quan, tien la thu nhap hang thang cua hp gia dinh (d day duoc goi la mifc
tien dgt didfc), cdn d khfa canh chii quan, nghien ciiu xem xet miic tien cd duoc
khien ngudi ndng dan cam thay hai long (duoc gpi la mifc tien hdi long) va mtic

tien ma hp dat ra phai dat dupc trong nam (dupc gpi la mifc tien muc tieu).
Nhin chung, mirc dp hai long vdi cupc sdng cd tuong quan thuan vdi ca
miic tien chii quan Iln khach quan. Cu th^, nd cd tuong quan thuan vdi miic ti^n
hai long (r= 0,17, vdi p < 0,01), vdi miic tien dat dupc (r ^ 0,14, vdi p<0,01) va
vdi mirc tien muc tieu (vdi r = 0,23, p < 0,01). Tuy nhien, cac mdi tuong quan
nay co y nghTa thdng ke nhung khdng manh (cac he sd tuong quan r deu < 0,3),
cho tha'y quan he dd chi la mot xu hudng, nhung khong the hien ddng deu ve
miic dp giiJa cac hp gia dinh trong mlu chon. Xu hudng do la: khi mirc dp hai
Idng cang cao thi dudng nhu ciing thay hd gia dinh co thu nhap cang cao, hp
dat ra miic tien phai dat dupc ciing cao han va muc tien khien hp hai Idng ne'u
cd cung cao hon va nguoc Iai, nhirng hp gia dinh cd miic hai long thip cung la
nhirng hp cd thu nhap thap hon, dat ra miic tien phai dat duoc thap hon va miic
tien khie'n hp hai long cung thap hon. Bien dp dao dpng giOa cac mirc nay kha
Idn giUa cac hp gia dinh. Nd ciing phan anh ro nha't su phan hda ve thu nhap'"',
sir phan hoa ve du dinh ke't qua lao dpng qui ra tien'"^*, cung nhu ve mong udc'**'
nhung khdng tha'y phan hoa ro net ve mirc dp hai long.

38

TAPCHiTAMiyHOC, Sd8(185). 8 9014


Xem xet miic ti^n hai Itfng, mirc tien dat duofc trong nam va mirc tien
muc tieu phiii dat dugc cho thay sir chenh lech giiia cac mirc nay tren toan mSu
nghien ciru (bieu dtf 5).

D MITC tlii! long • Mirc d^t dirac O Mui

Bieu do 5: So sdnh lirong ngirdi d cde mirc tien hdi long, mire tien dgt diri/c vd
muc lieu ddt ra cita ngucii ndng ddn (ty le %)

D\t lieu cho tha'y, dtf'i vtfi ngutfi ntfng dan hien nay, cutfc stf'ng vat cha't vii
ctfng viec ctf y nghTa ra't Itfn dtf'i vtfi su hai long chung cua ho trong cutfc stf'ng.
Dieu nay ctf dugc sir thtf'ng nha't ra't cao tren toan mau. Tuy nhien, miic dtf hai
Itfng ctf tuong quan vtfi thu nhap thuc va dich thu nhap dat ra khong dugc manh
nhu vay. Ben canh nhiing ngutfi ctf dSu 6c thuc te, vSn ctfn nhirng ngutfi phi
thuc tekhi dat I'a miJc tien khie'n hg hai long qua cao so vtfi difa kien ban than.
Di6u do khie'n cho kha nang dat dugc su hai long cao trong cutfc stf'ng la ra't kho
kha thi.
- Mire lien dgt ra phdi dgt diroe trong ndm cd phdi Id mirc ldm ngiriii ddn
hdi tdng khdng?
Chi 14,7% stf' ngutfi tra Itfi co mirc dat ra bang hoac cao hon muc tien
khie'n ho hai long. Da stf ctfn lai deu dat ra mirc tha'p hon, tham cht rat nhieu so
vtfi mitc khie'n hg hai Itfng (trung binh do chenh giira muc hai long vtfi mitc dat
ra ciia nhtfm nay hon 700 trieu, vtfi dtf lech chuan la 1,3 ty dtfng - vtfi y nghTa la
ctf su khac biet rat Ion gitta nhiJng ngutfi tham gia tra Itfi).
Trong khi mitc tien dat ra phai dat dugc trong nam la kha thuc te, ngutfi
dan hSu nhu deu dua tren nhiing gi minh da lam de dat ra, thi mitc tien de hg
hai Itfng lai kha cao va dtfi khi phi thirc te, cao hon muc tieu dat ra va cao hon
cil thu nhap. Ctf mtft stf htf ngheo, tai ngheo, hay can ngheo chi cam tha'y hai

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Stf'8 (185), 8-2014

39


long khi hp cd dupc hang ty ddng chir khdng phai vai trieu hoac vai chuc trieu.
Tat nhien, mpi ngudi deu cd quyen mo udc va ma udc cd thi vd ban nhung
dling tii gdc dp tam ly, nhirng udc ma cd the trd thanh hien thuc la nhihig udc
mo dua tren thirc te', con ngudi cam tha'y va tin ring minh cd th^ dat dupc vi
the', nd cd tac dung thtic di.y con ngudi nd Itrc hanh dpng de dat dugc nd. TCr dd,

cam giac hai long, vien man dupc viing ben hon. Con nhiing udc mo khdng dua
tren dieu kipn thuc ciia ban than de trd thanh vien vdng, ba't kha thi va ngudi
udc mo ciing hieu ring khdng the hoac ra't khd dat dupc nd thl ngudi ta cung
khd cd nd luc vi no nira.
Dieu nay ciing cho tha'y ring, cam giac hanh phiic ciia mdi ca nhan thtrc
su la mpt danh gia mang tinh chii quan. Nhung cam giac nay ne'u dua tren co sd
thuc td se trd nen hipn thuc va viing ben, cdn dua tren mo udc xa xdi, se de'n liic
khie'n con ngudi tha't vpng. Khi do, hau qua tieu cue ciia nd ddi vdi tam ly con
ngudi, ddi vdi each ngudi ta cam, each ngudi ta nghT va hanh dpng cd th^ rit
hien hiiu.
Ket luan
Nghien ciiu da cho thay mpt sd ke't qua sau day;
Thii nha't, nhin mpt each tdng quat, ngudi ndng dan kha hai long vdi
cupc sdng ciia minh. Mat khie'n hp hai long nha't la quan he gia dinh, cdn mat it
hai Idng nhat la dia vi cua ban thin. Miic dp hai long chung cung nhu mirc hii
Idng vdi tirng mat khac nhau trong cupc sdng cd su khac biet nhat dinh giu'a cic
dia phuong, giiia cac nhdm miic sdng, giiia nam va nii va'giiia nhiJng ngudi co
miic hpc va'n khac nhau.
Thii hai, trong sd cac ye'u td dupc xem xet, su hai long vdi cdng viec va
vdi dilu kien sd'ng ciia gia dinh la hai ye'u td chi phd'i manh nha't de'n su hai
long chung ddi vdi cupc sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan.
Thii ba, ye'u td kinh td ma cu the la ddng tien (ca vdi nghia chu quan va
khach quan) deu cd tuong quan vdi mirc dp hai long vdi cupc sdng, tuy nhien,
khdng manh.
Vdi ke't qua nay, cd the thay, de' ngudi ndng dan hanh phuc, trudc he't hp
can cd cdng an, viec lam, cd thu nhap, dam bao dieu kipn sdng ciia gia dinh.
Vdi nif gidi, ho cln dupc tao dieu kien de nang cao nang luc ca nhan; vdi ngudi
gia, hp can dupc quan tam cham soc siic khde, ciing cd vi trf trong quan he gia
dinh; vdi ngudi cd hpc van thap, hp cln dupc tao dieu kien d^ hpc tap nang cao
trinh dp, nang cao nang luc va vi the' xa hpi.

Chii thich

1. Sd lieu phan tfch trong bai dupc liy lit dii lieu khao sat ciia de tai cap Bp: "Nghien
cifu no life sdng de Idm gidu, thodt ngheo ciia ngifdi ndng ddn hien nay", Vien Tam ly
hpc chil tri, PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Huong lam chu nhiem.
40

TAPCHITAM LyHOC, Sd 8 (185), 8 - 2014


2. Trung bmh thu nhap thuc trong nam 2013 (cho de'n thdi diem khao sat) ciia cac hp
gia dinh la khoang 58,5 trieu ddng, nhutig dp lech chuin len de'n hon 76 trieu dOng va
diem trung vi d miic khoang 36 trieu dong. Hp co thu nhap thap nhit khoang 1,5 trieu,
cao nhit = 840 trieu. Cho de'n thdi diem di^u tra, mpt sd ho gia dinh chan nuoi ga, heo
hoac trdng mpt sd loai cSty cong nghiep nhu keo thi chua co thu nhap vl chua de'n vu
Ihu hoach.
3. Muc tien du dinh se kie'm duac trong nam trung binh khoang 66 trieu dong, nhimg
dp lech chuin len den gin 110 (rieu dong, di^m trung vi d miic 40 trieu dong. Ho co
miic du dinh ket qua trong nam 2013 thip nhai la 90 ngan ddng, cao nhit = 990 trieu
dong.
4. MUc tien dat dUpc d^ ngudi nfing dan hai long trung binh la khoang 630 trieu d6ng,
dp lech chuin khoang 1,3 ty dong, dilm tmng vi d miic 150 trieu. MUc thap nhit la
100 ngan va cao nhat la 10 ty dong.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bradshaw Jonathan, Engineering hapiness in school: can policy can influence child
well-being. Public lecture. University of York, />images/evenl/559_l_Lecture%20Flyer.pdf, 2012.
2. Diener E., Emmons R.A., Larsen R.J., & Griffin S., The Satisfaction with Life
Sca/c', Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71 - 7 5 , 1985.
3. Daniel W. Sacks, Betsey Stevenson, Justin Wolfers, Subjective Weil-Being. Income.

Economic Development and Growth, 16441 .pdf, 2010.
4. Sell H., Nagpal R., Assessment of subjective well-being, WHO, Regional office for
South-East Asia, New Deli, Regional health paper, SEARO, no. 24.https://www.
psych.uiuc.edu/reprints/index.php?page=:request_arlicle&site_id=24&article_id=491,
1992.
5. Pavot W., & Diener E., The Satisfaction With Life Scale and the emerging consli net
of life sadsfaclion. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137 - 152, 2008.
6. Gadennann A.M., Schonert-Reichl K.A., & Zumbo B.D., investigating validity
evidence of the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for children. Social Indicators
Research, 96, 229 - 247, 2010.
7. Tesch-Romer Clemens, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel, Martin J. Tomasik, Gender
Differences in Subjective Well-Being: Comparing Societies with Respect lo Gender
Equalitv, Gender Differences in a Comparative Perspective, 85, 329 - 349, 2008.
8. Slevenson Betsey, Justin Wolfers, Subjective Well-Being and Income, /.v There Any
Evidence oj Satiation? hItp://www,nber.org/papers/w 18992.pdf, 2013.
9. Helliwell John F., Chrislopher P. Barrington-Lcigh, Measuring and Understanding
Subjective Well-Being. htlp://www.nber.org/papers/wl5887, 2010

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (185), 8 - 2 0 1 4