Khó khăn tâm lý của cư dân làng nghề trong xây dựng nông thôn mới

KHO KHAN TAM LY
CUA CU DAN U\nQ, NGHE
TRONG XAY D U N G NONG THON MOI
PGS.TS. NguySn Huxi Thu

Khoa Tiirn ly hoc, Dai hpc Khoa hpc .iff hpi va Nhan van. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.

Ill

TOIM TAT
Any dung nong thon mdi la mpt trong nhimg chi truang Idn ciia Nha nuac
trong giai doan Cong nghiep hoa - Hiin dgi ttoa nude nha. Van de xdy dung nong
thdn mdi dac biet doi vdi lang nghe da va dang ddi mat vdi nhieu thdch thitc trong d
cd kho khan tdm ly ciia cu dan lang nghe. Bai bdo dd ldm rd thifc trang, mile dp hie
hien va cdc yeu to'dnh hudng tdi khd khdn tdm ly ciia cuddn Idng nghe vd dua ra cdc
bien phdp tdm ly - gido due nhdm lid tip cu ddn Idng nghe thdo gd cdc khd khan tdm
ly, ddng gdp nhieu han vdo c/iid trinh .vdy dimg ndng thdn mdi Men nay.

Tir khoa: Ldng nghe; Khd khdn tdm ly; Khd khdn tdm ly ciia cuddn ldng ngh
trong xdy dung ndng thdn mdi.
Ngdy nhan hdi; 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng hdi; 25/9/2014.
1. Bat van de
Xay dung nflng th6n md\ la mat trong nhung chu truong quan trong
trong chmh sach tam nOng cua Dang v6 nong nghiep, nong dan, ndng thon
duoc ngucri dan o cac dja phuong trong ca nucfc hfi't sue d6ng tinh va ting hO.
Va'n d^ xiiy dung n6ng th6n m6i da duoc chinh quyen dia phuong o mot sO'
tinh, thanh thuc hi6n tuong doi co hieu qua, nhung xay dung nOng thon m6i
cho lang nghd chua duoc cac cap, cac nganh quan tam diing mirc. Hau qua la
qua trinh xSy dung nOng thOn mdri o cac lang ngh6 da va dang diln ra rat cham.
Theo cac nha nghien cuu thi nguyen nhan ccj ban cua thuc trang tren la do
nhung rao can, l^ho khan tam ly da va dang can tro qua trinh tren. Hien nay ca

nu6c CO trgn 2000 lang ngh^ {nguon Tong cue Thdng ke 2014) da va dang giai
quyS't viSc lam cho hang chue van lao dOng nOng thon, da dong gop dang ke v6
t£li chinh cho su phat trien tai cac dia phuong vii dong gop khong nho viio ngan
sach Nha nu6c. Nghifin ciru kho khan tam ly cua cu dan lang ngh6 trong qua
trinh xay dung n6ng m6i hi^n nay co y nghTa ly luan va thuc tian het siic quan
trong. Kei qua nghien cihi se lii co so de dua ra cac bien phap tam Iy - giao due

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO' 10(187), 10-2014


nhkn thao go cac kho khan tam ly cho cu dan lang ngh6 thuc d^y qua trinh xay
dyng n6ng thon mori, tao dieu kien thuan Icfi cho su phat trien kinh te, van hoa
xa h6i c* dia phuang.
Viet Nam la mOt niidrc nOng nghiep lua n\x6c truyen thong vi the dai bo
phan cac lang nghe cua Viet Nam la nhtJng lang nong nghiep truyen th6'ng, tSm
ly cua cu dan lang nghe la tam ly cua nOng dan nOng nghiep da va dang thay
d6i theo hudng thi tnidng. Lang nghe la nhOng co scf san xua't nam a ven do
hoac cac vung nong thon dang san xua't cac san ph^m thu cong truyln thong
dap ung cac nhu cSu xa hoi va xua't khau nham Sn dinh dcfi s6'ng cua cu dan va
phat trien kinh te', xa hOi cf dia phucfng. Cu dan lang nghe la nhiing nguoi dang
lao dOng san xuat, sinh song tai cac lang ngh6. Kho khan tam ly la nhihig ye'u
to can trcf ca nhan (nhom) thuc hien qua Irinh hanh dong hudfng tdi muc tieu
nao do duoc the hien qua nhan thirc, tam irang va hanh dong ciia ho. Kho khdn
tdm ly ciAU ci( ddn ldng nghe trong qua trinh xdy diing nong thon mai Id nhiing
yeu to cdn tra qua trinh xdy diing nong thon mdi cua cdc ci( ddn ldng nghe
duac the hien qua nhdn thiic, tdm trgng vd hdnh dgng cita hg.
Co the noi kho khan tam ly ciia cu dan lang nghe trong qua trinh xay
dung ndng th6n mcfi la nhung dac trung tam ly noi bat cua c6ng dong dan cu
chuyen san xua't cac mat hang thu cong, my nghe can tre* qua trinh xay dmig
ndng thOn mcri - lang nghe m6i cua ho. N6ng thCn mdfi cho lang nghe la mo

hinh lang nghe san xua't hien dai cac mat hang thii cong, my nghe, thong qua
viec phat trien he thong co so ha tSng, md r6ng san xuat, ap dung cac thanh tiru
khoa hoc cong nghe tien tie'n nham tang nang sua't, tao ra cac san ph^m thu
c6ng, my nghe v6i chat lucmg, mau ma dep, gia thanh hgp ly dap iing nhu cau
xa hoi ngay cang cao, tang cuong xuat khau gop phan phat trien kinh te", van
hoa, xa hpi dia phuong ma van giiJ dugc m6i trucmg sinh thai bao dam cho phat
tri^n ben vung. Xay dung nong thon m6i cho lang nghe con la qua trinh xay
dung van hoa, xay dung con ngucfi moi cho lang nghe vcfi tinh yeu nghe truyen
thO'ng cua cha ong co pham ch^t dao diic tot, co nang luc sang tao trong cong
viec, CO nang luc ap dung cac thanh tuu khoa hpc cong nghe tien tie'n trong san
xua't va biet tie'p thu cac gia tri tie'n bp co chpn loc tren co sd cac gia tri, ban sac
van hoa truyen thong cua dan toe.
Muc dich nghien cun la danh gia thuc trang kho khan tam ly cua ngudi
dan lang nghe trong qua trinh xay dung nOng thon moi, lam ro nguyen nhan
cua thuc trang do va dua ra dugc cac bien phap tam ly - giao due nham thao g5
cac kho khan tam ly cho ngu6i dan lang nghe, giiip hp tich cue xay dung nong
th6n m6i, thuc hien \6x cac chu truong, chfnh sach ciia Nha nuoc. Nghien ciiu
dugc tie'n hanh tir thang 1 nam 2013 den thang 6 nam 2013. Dia ban nghien ciiu
tai lang gdm Bat Trang, huyen Gia Lam va lang nghe san xuat do gO truyan
thfi'ng van Ha, huyen Dong Anh, Ha Npi. Khach the nghien cun la 512 nguoi

TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, So 10 (187), 10 - 2014


dan lang nghe, 2 can bp huyen (pho chu tich huySn) va 8 can bo dia phuong (2
chia tich xa, 2 bi thu chi bG thdn, 2 trucmg thdn va 2 hdi trudng hpi ndng dan).
Cac phucmg phap dugc sir dung trong nghien ciiu nay la phucfng phap phan tich
van ban, tai lieu; phuong phap quan sat; phuong phap phong va'n sau; phuong
phap dieu tra bang bang hoi va phuong phap xir Iy k^t qua nghien ciiu bang
phSn m^m thd'ng ke toan hpc SPSS phien ban 16.0. Thang danh gia sijr dung

trong de tai d^ danh gia kho khan tam ly vdi 3 raiic dp (ra^t khd khan: 3,0 diem;
khd khan trung binh: 2,0 diem; it khd khan: 1,0 diem).
2. K^t qua nghien curu
Ke't qua nghien cun cho th^y, khd khan tam ly cua cu dan lang nghe
trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang. Qua
viec trao doi vdi cac chuyen gia, can bd dia phudng, trong nghien ciiu nay
chung tdi tap trung vao mdt sd' khd khan tam ly sau: (1) Khd khan trong nhan
thiic ve xay dung ndng thon mdi cho lang nghe; (2) Khd khan tam ly th^ hien
qua tam trang cua cu dan lang nghe; (3) Khd khan tam ly th^ hien qua hanh
ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia cu dan lang nghe.
2.1. Kho khdn trong nhan thtic ve xdy dung nong thon mdi cho ldng nghe
Nhan thiic la qua trinh phan anh, kham pha, ITnh hoi ban cha't, qui luat
cac dac di^m cua su vat, hien tugng ciia the' gidi xung quanh nham muc dich
nao dd. D^ xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe trudc he't cu dan lang nghe
c^n nhan thiic diing dan ve ban chat, tam quan trpng cua viec xay dung ndng
thdn - lang nghe mdi ddi vdi ca nhan, gia dinh va cdng ddng. Trong nghien ciiu
nay chiing tdi tap trung vao nhung khd khan tam ly the hien qua nhan thiic ciia
cu dan lang nghe sau day: 1/ Nhan thiic khdng dung ve y nghTa, tam quan trpng
ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi d lang nghe dd'i vdi ca nhan, gia dinh, xa hdi;
2/ Nhan thiic ve cac dieu kien c^n thie't cho viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi 6
lang nghe; 3/ Nhan thiic ve va'n de mdi truong va xay dung ndng thdn mdi d
lang nghe; 4/ Nhan thiic ve van de dau ra cho san pham trong viec xay dung
ndng thdn mdi; 5/ Nhan thiic ve cac dac diem tam ly can trd qua trinh xay dung
ndng thdn mdi; 6/ Nguyen nhan cua nhung khd khan dd? Ket qua nghien ciiu
thuc tien dugc the hien d bang 1 sau:
Kel qua bang 1 cho tha'y, trong sd 7 khd khan tam ly ve nhan ihiic can
Ird qua Irinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia cac cu dan lang nghe dugc the hien
nhu sau. Khd khan 6 vi tri thii nhat la "lang nghe hien nay san pham lam ra lieu
thu ra'l khd ne'u xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe san pham lam ra nhieu
se di dau" (DTB = 2,76; DLC = 0,55). Khi dugc phong va'n dng D.V.D. cho

biet "Ldng nghe chimg tdi sdn phdm lam i-a khd da dgng, luy nhien viec deu thu
gap I'd't nhieu kho khdn, co nhieu khi cd thdng khong bdn duac sdn phdm ndo
nhieu cii ddn tra nen thdt nghiep, khong co viec de lam. Toi cho rang neu xdy

TAPCHfTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014


dimg ldng nghe theo mo hinh nong thdn men - sdn xudt hien dai thi sdn phdm
ldm ra nhieu khdng hiet sebdn cha ai?". Thuc tg'cho thiy viec tieu thu cac san
pham thii cOng, my nghe ciia cac lang nghe hien nay la rKt kho khan rna
nguyen nhan co ban la do thi tni6ng tieu thu han hep, trong khi do san pham
lam ra chua phu hop v6i nhu cau, thi hieu cua ngu&i dto va vi the' chua co silc
canh tranh titn thi trucmg. Ke't qua dieu tra ciia chiing toi cho tha'y, 82,5% cac
san pham thO cong, my nghe gO do lang nghe Van Ha lam ra chii yS'u phuc vu
xua't khau di Trung QuO'c, Dai Loan. Viec tieu thu san ph&n phu thuflc rat
nhieu vao quan he chinh tri ciia Viet Nam v6i cac nude do. Trong thcri gian viia
qua khi B\in Dong nong len do Trung Quoc dat gian khoan 981 trai phep tren
them luc dia ctia Viet Nam thi viec tieu thu cang tr6 nen klio kJian hon. Khi
dugc phong van 6ng N.V.H. truang thon - lang nghe san xuSt g6 truyen thong
Van Ha cho bie't "Sdn phdm ldng nghe ehiing toi ldm ra chii ye'u la de xudt
khdu sang Trung Qude, Ddi Loan. Trong mdy thdng trd lai ddy Bien Ddng ed
vdn de, quan he giiia minh vdi hp cdng, sdn phdm e ldm, trong khi dd vdn ddu
tu vdo mua nguyen lieu gd lai nhieu. Vi the mde dii khdng tieu thu duac sdn
phdm nhimg ehiing toi vdn phdi trd ldi sudt eho ngdn hdng dieu ndy ldm eho bd
eon lo ldng mdt dn, mdt ngu. Tdi cho rdng v&i dd ndy, khi xdy dung nong thdn
mdi sdn phdm ldm ra se nhieu thi vdn de tieu thu lai edng khd khdn han"
Bdng I: Khd khdn tdm ly trong viee xdy dimg ndng than mdi
cua cuddn ldng nghe the hien e/ua nhdn thiic
XT

1

2

3

Kho khdn tam ly the hien qua nhan thurc

DTB

DLC

Thiif
bac

Nen kinh te thi trudng lam cho nhu cau cua xa hoi ddi
vdi cac .san ph^m thu cong my nghe truyen thdng ciia
cac lang ngh6 nay ngay cang cao, ddi so'ng ciia ngudi
dan ngay cang dugc cai thien vl the khong c^n thiet xay
dung nong thon mdi cho lang nghi

2,34

0,55

5

2,21

0.47

7

2,47

0,67

3

Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho
nhuan cao cho mdt sd ngudi
chii ban than ngudi dan lang
thu hudng Xii nhung gi ma ho

lang nghe chi mang lai lgi
giau cd, cho cac dng chu
nghe, dia phucfng ft dugc
lam ra

Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe yeu c^u lugng
kinh phi Idn dau tu cho viec xay dung co sd ha tang, md
rdng CO sd san xua't va ddi mdi kT thuat, cdng nghe san
xual hien dai trong khi dd co hoi tiep can nguon vdn he't
siic han che'

TAP CHITAM L? HOC. SO 10 (187), 10-2014


4

San ph^m lang nghi san xua't ra tiSu thu rat khd neu xay
dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi san ph^m lam ra
nhilu se di dau

5

Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi trudc he't c^n cd
qui dat de' md rdng ca set san xuat, nhung hien nay ca
che' chuyein ddi tii dat ndng nghiep sang dat san xuat,
kinh doanh het stic khd khan

6

7

Mdi Irudng sdng trong cac lang nghi hien nay d nhilm
tr^m trong, anh hudng true tiep tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng
ciia cu dan, neu xay dung lang nghe mdi qui md san
xua't tang len thi cu dan cd thi sdng ndi hay khdng
Cu dan lang nghi hien nay da phan la nhiing ngudi ndng
dan ndng nghiep truyln thdng vi the' tu duy san xuat nho
le, manh miin, manh ai ngudi dd lam da an sSu vao tam
tri ciia ho vi vay khd cd th^ xay dung dugc lang nghi
mdi, ndng thdn mdi
Trung binh chung

2,76

0,52

1

2,23

0,68

6

2,35

0,62

4

2,55

0,45

2

2,41

Giii chii: DTB diioc tinh tren thang 3 miic dp, trong do: Rdt dong tinh: 3,0 diem; ddn
tinh: 2,0 diem va khong dong tinh: 1,0 diem.
C) vi tri thii hai la cu dan lang nghe hien nay cdn mang nang tam ly ndng
dan ndng nghiep truyen thdng, san xua't nhd le, tu duy manh miin, manh ai
ngudi dd lam... vi vay khd cd the xay dung dugc lang nghe mdi - lang nghi van
minh, hien dai (DTB = 2,55; DLC = 0,45). Cu dan lang nghe da nhan thiic dugc
chfnh cac dac diem lam ly ciia ngudi ndng dan truyln thdng (item 7) da can trd
qua trinh xSy dung ndng thdn mdi hien nay. Khi dugc phdng va'n dng D.V.H.,

chii CO scf san xua't gdm tai lang nghe Bat Trang, cho biet "Hien nay sif lien kei,
hap tdc trong sdn xudt tgi Bdt Trdng cdn rdt nhieu vdn de, neu nhu co sit trao
doi ban bgc phdn cong de mdt ca sa sdn xudt cung cdp mgt sd mat hdng chu
dgo thi ca hgi phdt trien cua lang nghe se tdt dep han. Hien nay tinh trgng sdn
xudt manh ai ngticfi do ldm, sdn xudt khong co ke hogch la nguyen nhdn sdn
phdm ldm ra e thiia khong biet di ddu"
Vi iri ihii 3 la "xay dung ndng Ihdn mdi cho lang nghe yeu cau lugng
kinh phi Idn d^u tu xay dung co sd ha lang, md rdng co sd san xua't va ddi mdi
ky thuat, cdng nghe san xua't hien dai trong khi dd co hpi tiep can ngudn vdn
cua ngucri dan lang nghi het siic han che"" (DTB = 2,47; DLC = 0,67). Cd the
ndi, nhu c^u ciia ngudi dan lang nghi vl vdn dau tu xay dung dudng giao
thdng, mo rdng co sd san xua't va dau tu mua nguyen Heu cho san xual, mua
cdng cu va phuong tien, ky thuat cdng nghe tien tien la rat Idn. Dieu nay lam

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC. Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


cho ngudi dan trong lang nghi da kho khan ve vdn nay cang kho khan hon.
Mac du Nha nude da cd chinh sach uu tien cho ngudi dan lang nghe vay vdn de
san xual nhung sd lugng dugc vay khdng nhieu, thu tuc vay he't siic phiic tap.
Dieu nay cang can trd viec tiep can ngudn vdn cua ho. Khi dugc phdng va'n dng
T.V.K. cho bie't "Mudn xdy dipig ndng thon mai cdn co vdn de ddu tii nhiing
viec tiep can nguon vdn ddi ven chung toi Id he't sAc kho khdn. Gia dinh toi co
nhu cdu md rgng xiidng sdn xudt ma khong bie't vay d ddu. Thu tiic vay ngdn
hang thi hit siic kho khdn ndo Id gidy xdc nhgn tai sdn, nao la chiing minh thu
nhgp... trong khi do sdtien co the duac vay lgi khong nhieu".
Vi tri thii 4 la "mdi trudng sdng frong cac lang nghi hien nay d nhilm
tram trpng, anh hudng true tie'p tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng cua cu dan, ndu xay dung
lang nghi mdi qui md san xua't tang len thi cu dan cd the khdng sdng ndi"
(DTB = 2,35; DLC = 0,62). Cu dan nhan thiic ro su d nhilm mdi trudng tai cac

lang nghi hien nay da anh hudng rat Idn tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng ciia ho va nlu
tinh hinh khdng dugc cai thien thi viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi se gap ra't
nhilu khd khan vi nd de dpa true tie'p tdi siic khoe cua ho. Khi dugc hdi dng
P.T.D., lang nghi dd gd my nghe Van Ha, cho bie't "Ldng nghe chung toi hien
nay moi trudng hi 6 nhiem nghiem trgng. Bui lii gS dgm dgc irong khong khi,
mHi san, mui hod chdt khdp nai, nude thdi tii viec gia cong go ciing cdc chdt
thdi ddc hgi khdc ldm cho nguon nude cung ngay cang 6 nhiem. Neu xdy ditng
phdt trien nong ikon mdi d lang nghe ddng nghia vdi viec 6 nhiem moi Irudng
cdng se tram trgng them vgy cu ddn ldng nghe chiing ldi lieu co chiu dung duac
khong".
O vi tri thii 5 la "nln kinh te' thi trudng lam cho nhu c^u ciia xa hdi dd'i
vdi cac san pham thu cdng my nghe truyln thdng ngay cang cao, ddi sdng cua
ngudi dan ngay cang dugc cai thien vi the' khdng c^n thie't xay dung ndng thdn
mdi cho lang nghe" (DTB = 2,34; DLC = 0,55). Dilu nay cho tha'y, tu duy kinh
te' ciia cu dan lang nghi cdn mang dam tu duy cua cu dan ndng nghiep truyln
thdng. Hg cho rang, su phat triln ciia lang nghi mang tinh chat tu phat, phu
thupc vao cac dieu kien ben ngoai (mdi trudng) vi vay khdng c^n xay dung
ndng thdn mdi thi lang nghi ciing ngay cang phat triln.
Vi tri thii 6 la "xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi trudc he't cSn cd
qui da'l de mo rdng co sd san xua't, nhung hien nay co che' chuyen ddi tii da't
ndng nghiep sang dat san xua't, kinh doanh he't siic khd khan" (DTB = 2,23;
DLC = 0,68). Khd khan ve dien tich dl md rdng san xuSt cho lang nghi dugc
cu dan nhan thiic ra't ro. Nguyen nhan la do cac chi'nh sach ciia Nha nude vl
chuyen ddi miic dich sii dung dat cdn rat nhilu diem chua hgp ly. Chinh dilu
nay da can trd true tie'p qua tnnh xay dung ndng thdn mdi d cac lang nghi hien
nay. Khi dugc hdi dng N.V.S., lang nghe san xua't dd thii cdng my nghi truyln
thdng Van Ha huyen Ddng Anh cho biet "Dien lich mat bdng de sdn xudt hien
6

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 10(187), 10-2014

nay ra't chdt, hep neu nhii Nha niidc khong thay ddi chinh sdch chuyen muc
dich six diing ddi tii ddt nong nghiep sang ddt sdn xudt cho ldng nghe thi cuddn
chung loi khong the md mang sdn xudt cho ldng nghe duac".
Vi tri thii 7 la "xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi chi mang lai lgi
nhuan cho mdt sd ngudi giau cd, cho cac dng chu chii ban than ngudi dan lang
nghe va dia phuong it dugc thu hudng lii nhiing gi ma hp lam ra" (DTB = 2,21;
DLC = 0,47). Dieu nay cho tha'y, cu dan lang nghe trong nhan thiic hp thien vl
cac gia trj vat cha't, gia tri ca nhan ma chua chii trpng tdi cac gia tri tinh th^n,
gia tri xa hdi. Vi vay, ho cho rang xay dung lang nghe mdi chi dap ung Igi ich
cua mdt nhdm ngudi nao dd trong dd khdng cd hp.
Ke't qua nghien clhi bang 1 cho tha'y dilm trung bmh chung khd khan
tam ly trong viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi dugc thi hien qua nhan thtic ciia cu
dan lang nghi d miic cao (DTB = 2,41). Cac khd khan nay thi hiln su lo lang
cho su thanh cdng ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi, lo lang ve su phat trien
cua lang nghi anh hudng true tiep tdi ddi sdng cua hp.
2.2. Kho khdn tdm ly cua ngudi ddn ldng nghe trong xdy dung nong
thon mdi the hien qua tdm trgng
Tam trang la nhiing rung dpng chii quan ciia con ngudi (nhdm) phan anh
mdi quan he giiia sir vat, hien tugng nao dd ddi vdi viec thda man, hay khdng
thda man nhu cau, mong mud'n ciia hp. Trong ddi sdng lam ly ciia con ngudi
tam trang dugc thi hidn he't sire phong phii, da dang nhu: Tam trang tich circ
hay thu dpng, tam trang pha'n khdi hay dau khd, tam trang chu ddng hay thd o
ddi vdi su vat, hien tupng nao dd... Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi tap trung
nghien ciiu mot sd khd khan tam ly thi hien qua tam trang cua cu dan lang
nghi trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi sau: Tam trang khdng dn djnh
luc vui, luc budn ddi vdi chinh sach ciia Nha nude vl xay dung ndng thdn mdi
cho cac lang nghi; Tam trang lo ldng, hoang mang ddi vdi va'n dl d nhilm mdi
trudng; Tam Irang biic xiic, cang thing ddi vdi nhiing khoan thu lien khdng hgp

ly; Tam trang cam phan, tire gian dd'i vdi each lam thie'u dan chit, khdng cdng
khai minh bach trong qua trinh xay dung ndng ihdn mdi ciia chinh quyin dia
phucmg d cac lang nghe; Tam trang budn r^u vl su suy thoai cac gia tri dao
diic, van hda, truyln Ihdng irong giao tiep iing xir cua cu dan. Ke't qua nghien
ciiu thuc liln dugc trinh bay d bang 2 sau:
Ke't qua bang 2 cho tha'y, tam trang eua cu dan lang nghe dd'i vdi viec
xay dung ndng thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang. Trong sd 6 khd khan
iam ly dugc thi hien qua tam trang dugc nghien ciiu thi d vi tri thii nhal la "tam
trang biic xiie, cang thSng vdi nhung khoan ddng gdp khdng hgp ly cho viec
xay dung ndng thdn mdi" (DTB - 2,48; DLC = 0,63). Trong qua trinh xay
dung ndng thdn mdi, chinh quyin dia phuong da tu y thu nhieu khoan khdng

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So'10(187), 10-2014


hgp ly gay ra tam trang biic xuc, cang thang cf cu dan la dilu dl hieu. Khi dugc
hdi bac P.V.T., ngudi dan lang gdm Bat Trang, cho bie't "Ngifdi ddn chung toi
hien nay bi thu qua nhieu khodn de xdy dung nong thon mdi nhu: Lam dUdng.
.vdy dung khu Hgi cha gdm, ndng cdp he thdng dien. ddng ky chit sdn xudt, kinh
doanh hdng gdm, lien thue mat hdng de kinh doanh trong hgi cha. lien ve sinh
moi trudng, lien xu ly mfdc thdi... dieu ndy gdy ldm trgng biic xiic, cdng thdng
cho cu ddn chimg loi"
Bdng 2: Kho khdn cua ngudi ddn ldng nghe trong viec xdy di/ng
nong thon mdi the hien qua ldm trgng
TT
1

2

3

4

5

6

Tam trang
Tam trang khong 6n dinh luc vui, luc buon khi
duoc ph6 bien chmh sach xay dung nong th6n m6i
cho cac liing nghe CLia Nha nu6c
Tam trang that vpng, khong tin tuong vao su thanh
cong ciia chi'nh sach xay dung nong th6n m6i cho
cac lang nghe ciia Nha nUcfc
Tam trang biic xuc, cang th^ng vcfi nhGng khoan
tien dong gop khong hop ly cho viec xay dung
nong thon mdi
Tam trang cam phSn, tUc gian doi vdi each lam
thie'u diin chii, khong cong khai minh bach trong
qua trinh xay dung nong thon mdi eua chinh quyen
dia phuong
Tam trang lo lang, hoang mang dO'i vdi viec 6
nhilm moi trucmg (khong khi, nucrc thiii, tie'ng 6n
va canh quan, bo mat nong thon...) trong qua trinh
xay dimg nong thon mcfi cho cac lang nghe
Tam trang buon rau ve sir suy thoai cac gia tri dao
diic, van hda, truyln thong trong giao tie'p, ling xii
ciia cu dan lang nghe
Trung binh chung

DTB

DLC

Thir
bac

2,24

0,58

3

2,37

0,66

2

2,48

0,63

1

2,15

0,54

5

2,21

0,49

4

2,12

0,55

6

2,24

Gin chit: DTB dugc tinh tren tliang 3 mine dp. trong do: The hien rdt ro: 3,0 diem; the
hien rd: 2,0 diem vd dot khi the hien: !,0 diem.
Vi tri thii hai la "iam trang that vgng, khdng tin ludng vao su thanh cdng
ciia chi'nh sach xay dung ndng ihdn mdi ciia Nha nude cho cac lang nghi"
TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


(DTB = 2,37; DLC = 0,66). Trong qua trinh td chirc thuc hien chinh sach xay
dung ndng th6n mcfi cho cac lang ngh^, chinh quyin dia phucfng da cd nhiJng
sai sot nhu tham 6, bi^n thti cOng qui, bin canh do v^n de dau ra cho san pham
chua duoc giai quye't da lam cho cu dan khOng tin tucmg vao su thanh cong ciia
chinh sach. Khi dugc phong va'n ba T.V.T., cu dan lang nghe Van Ha cho bie't
"Tif khi .vdy dimg nong thdn mdi toi thdy mgt sd vdn de nhu; O nhiem mdi
trudng, vdn de ddu ra cho sdn phdm chua duge gidi quye't. Ngudi ddn thdn tdi
khdng dugc hdn hqc, tham gia vdo qua trinh trien khai, thuc hien ehinh sdch, vi

the ehiing loi khong tin vdo su thdnh cdng cua chinh sdch". Nhu vay, tam trang
khong tin tucmg vao su thanh cOng cCia chucfng trinh xay dung nong thon mdi
cho lang nghe la do each thiic to chirc thuc hien viec xay dung nong thon mdi
cho cac lang nghe ciia chinh quyen dia phuong con nhieu han che, dac biet '
nhiing vtfn de nay sinh trong qua trinh xay dung nOng thOn mdi chua dugc giai
quyet kip th6i, tir do gay ra tam trang khong tdt cho cu dan.
Vi tri thu" ba ta "tam trang khdng 6n dinh luc vui, luc bu6n khi dugc phd
bie'n chinh sach xay dung nong thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe ciia Nha nude"
(DTB = 2,24; DLC = 0,58). Nguyen nhan cua tam trang nay la do cu dan lang
nghi vui mimg vi que huong dugc ddi mdi nhung hg lai budn vi nhimg bieu
hien suy thoai vl dao diic, van hda truyln thd'ng tai cac lang nghi cd chilu
hudng ra tang. Khi dugc trao ddi vl van dl niiy dng N.V.H., nghe nJian lang
nghe van Ha, cho bie't "Phdn Idn ngudi ddn thdn chiing tdi het site vui mimg
khi dUde phd hien chinh saeh xdy difng ndng thdn mdi eho cdc ldng nghe ctia
Nhd nitc'tc vi hg hieu rdng ddy Id ca hgi rdt tdt cho su ddi mdi ldng nghe, tdng
thu nhdp cho ngudi ddn vd phdt trien kinh te'vdn hda xd hdi tai dia phuang, tuy
nhien eiing co khdng it ngudi lai budn vi vdn de ddu ra cho sdn phdm, vdn de 6
nhiem mdi trudng ehua dugc gidi quye't"Vi tri thil 4 la "tam trang lo lang, hoang mang dd'i vdi viec o nhilm mdi
trucmg (khdng khi, nude thai, tiing dn va canh quan, bp mat ndng thdn...) trong
qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi" (DTB = 2,21; DLC = 0,49).
va'n de ndi cdm ddi vdi cac lang nghe Viet Nam hien nay la van nan d nhilm
mdi trucmg tir cac chat thai trong qua trinh san xuat tao ra. Cac chat thai nhu
nude diing trong san xua't, ngudn nude sinh hoat, bui, khdi, tieng dn vucft miic
cho phep da va dang anh hudng true tie'p tdi mdi trucmg sdng ciia cu dan lang
nghi, day la nguyen nhan gay ra tam trang lo lang, hoang mang ciia hg. Khi
dugc hoi dng N.V.C. (85 tudi), ngudi dan lang nghi Van Ha, cho biet "Tdi het
site hoang mang, lo Idng cho vdn de 6 nhiem moi trudng trong thdn. Cdc ao hd
quanh ldng nude nhi^m dgc. Cd vd cde loai thiiy sinh khdng sdng duge. Trong
khi dd, khdng khi qud nhieu biii do qud trinh sdn xudt gd tao ra. Tie'ng dn til
cde mdy cua, mdy tien dn do sudt ngdy. Mdi tritdng d nhiim trdm trgng d ddy

dang de dga true tie'p site khde ciia cu ddn ldng nghe. Tit ddu ndm tdi nay trong

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


ihdn dd co 3 ngifdi dudi 50 tudi chet do ung thu md nguyen nhdn Id do bi nhiem
cdc chdt dpc hgi tii nude sinh hogt vd khdng khC
Vi tri thii 5 la "tam trang cam phan, tiic gian ddi vdi each lam thie'u dan
chii, khdng cong khai minh bach trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia
chinh quyin dia phuong" (DTB = 2,15; DLC = 0,54). Trong qua tnnh xay dung
ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe, mpt sd chinh quyen dia phuong da cd bilu
hien vi pham qui che' dan chii, cdng khai, minh bach trong viec sir dung tien
ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan. Day chinh la nguyen nhan gay ra tam trang cam phan,
tiic gian cua cu dan lang nghi. Khi dugc trao ddi ba N.T.T. (79 tudi), lang nghi
Bat Trang, cho bie't "Mdi ndm chiing ldi phdi dong 21 khodn tien khdc nhau
cho thon, trong do co nhieu khodn phi ly lam. Ngudi ddn khdng duac tham gia
dong gop y kien vdo viec thu chi, ldnh dgo thdn quye't dinh tdt cd. Tdi cho rdng,
chinh quyen dia phuang dang vi phgm nguyen tdc ddn chii, cong khai vd minh
bgch trong qud trinh td chiic xdy dung ndng thdn mdi. Chinh dieu ndy dd ldm
bd con he't siic bdt binh gdy ra tdm trgng cdm phdn, tiic gidn d hg".
Vi tri thii 6 la "tam trang budn rSu vl su suy thoai cac gia tri dao diic,
van hda, truyln thdng trong giao tiep, iing xir ciia cu dan lang nghi" (DTB =
2,12; DLC = 0,55). Nen kinh te' thi trudng da anh hudng sau sdc, loan dien tdi
ddi sdng xa hdi. Bdn canh cac mat tich cue do nln kinh te ihi Irudng mang lai
nhu: Thu nhap ciia ngudi dan ngay cang dugc nang cao, nhu c^u dd'i vdl cac san
ph^m thu cdng my nghe truyln thd'ng ciia cac lang nghe ngay cang tang thi cac
mat han che' cua nd dugc bdc Id kha ro, cac gia Iri dao diic, van hda truyln
thdng trong giao tie'p, iing xir ed chilu hudng bi mai mdt di da gay ra tam trang
budn ran ciia cu dan ndi day. Khi dugc trao doi ba N.T.D., lang nghi Van Ha,
cho bie't "The he tre trong ldng khi giao tiep iing xit hg de cao cdc gid tri vgi

chdi, chgy theo ddng lien md bd qua cdc gid Iri truyen thdng nhucoi Irgng linh
cdm, tdn trgng ngudi co ludi. Hg il quan ldm ldi cdc gid Iri xd hpi, gid tri cpng
ddng. Tdi rdt buon khi suy ngdm ve cdch ihiic Ung xd, giao tiep ndy cita hg".
IVhu vay cd thi ndi, trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi d cac lang
nghi, ngudi dan the hien cac tam trang he't siic phong phii da dang. Nhung noi
bat len la cac iam trang tieu cue, tam trang am tinh, can trd hanh vi xay dung
ndng ihdn mdi ciia hg.
2.3. Kho khdn tdm ly cda cu ddn ldng nghe trong qud trinh xdy dung
nong thon mdi the Men qua hdnh dpng
Khd khdn tdm ly the Men a hanh dpng xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cita cu
ddn ldng nghe la nluTng ye'u td cdn trd hanh ddng xdy diing ndng thdn mdi cho
que huang. lang nghe ciia hg. Trong nghien ciiu nay, chung tdi tap trung vao
nhiing khd khan sau day: 1/ Khd khan trong viec tie'p can ngudn vdn; 2/ Khd
khan vl mat thdi gian tham gia cac hoat ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi; 3/ Khd

10

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 10(187), 10-2014


khan trong viec tham gia cac ldp tap hua'n, dao tao ky nang sit dung cac phucmg
tien, cdng nghe san xua't tien tien; 4/ Khd khan trong hoat dpng tie'p thi, quang
cao san ph^m lam ra; 5/ Khd khan trong cac hoat ddng cai tie'n mSu ma san
ph^m; 6/ Khd khan trong hoat ddng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi nhau, chia se kinh
nghiem trong san xua't kinh doanh han che'; 7/ Khd khan trong viec tham gia
cac hoat ddng xa hpi nham xay dung ndng thdn mdi. Ke't qua nghien ciiu thuc
tiln dugc the hien d sd lieu tai bang 3.
Bdng 3: Kho khdn ldm ly the hien qua hdnh dpng ctia cu ddn lang nghe
trong xdy diing ndng thdn mdi
TT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

DTB

DLC

Thiif
bac

2,31

0,55

7

0,47

5

2,44

0,67

3

Kho khan trong hoat ddng tie'p thi, marketing nham md 2,63
long thi trudng tieu thu siin ph^m lang nghi vi the it cd
CO hoi canh tranh vdi cac san phalm ngoai tuong tu

0,52

1

Hoat dong cai tie'n mau ma siin ph^m iam ra chua dugc
dau tu va quan tam thich dang vi the' cac san pham lam
ra chua phu hop vdi thi hie'u ngudi tieu dung

2,20

0,58

6

Hoat dgng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi nhau, chia .se kinh 2,32
nghiem trong san xuai kinh doanh han che' do tam ly cu
dan ndng nghiep truyln thd'ng manh ai ngudi dd lam
chi phoi

0,62

4

Ngudi dan lang nghi ft cd co hgi tham gia vao cac hoat
ddng xa hgi nhu ve sinh moi trudng, sira sang nang cap
dudng xa trong thdn va cac hoat dong tinh nguyen khac

2,52

0,45

2

Trung binh chung

2,23

Kho khan tam ly the hien qua hanh dpng
Cdng viec cua cu dan lang nghi rai ban vi t h i khong cd
thdi gian tham gia cac cudc hgp ban ve xay dung nong
thdn mdi do chinh quyen dia phucmg to chUc

Kho tie'p can ngudn v6'n de d^u tu mua sam may moc,
2,18
cong nghe tien tie'n va mua da't md rdng mat bang san
xuai kinh doanh
Khdng cd co hgi tham gia cac ldp tap huan, dao tao ky
nang tay nghi cho viec sir dung cac phuong liSn, cong
nghe san xuat tien tie'n

Ghi chii; DTB dupe tinh tren thang 3 mirc dp, trong dd; The hien rd'l rd; 3,0 diem; the
hien rd- 2,0 diem vd ddi khi the hien; 1,0 diem

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd'10 (187), 10 - 2014


Ke't qua bang 3 cho tha'y, trong 7 khd khan tam ly the hien qua hanh
dpng dugc nghien ciiu thi vi tri thii nhtft la "khd khan trong hoat dpng tilp thi,
marketing nham md rong thi trudng tieu thu san p h ^ lang nghi, vi the it cd co
hpi canh tranh vdi cac san p h ^ ngoai tuong tu" (DTB = 2,63; DLC = 0,52).
Hoat ddng cua cac lang nghi hien nay mang tinh nhd le, manh miin. Cu dan
lang nghe chua dugc tie'p can vdi cac tri thiic tam ly quan tri, kinh doanh hien
dai vi vay viec xiic tie'n cac hoat ddng tiep thi, quang cao chua dugc quan tam
diing miic. Dilu nay can trd true tie'p hoat ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho
lang nghe ciia ho. Khi dugc trao doi dng D.V.D., hdi trudng chi Hdi Ndng dan
lang nghe dd gd my nghe Van Ha, cho bie't: "Kho khdn Idn nhdt cua chung tdi
hien nay la vdn de tieu thu cdc sdn phdm ldm ra, chiing toi chifa duac hgc cdc
tri thiic, kinh nghiem hogt ddng qudng cdo thuc ddy viec tieu thu vi vgy khdch
hdng cua chiing tdi phdn Idn Id cdc bgn hdng truyen thdng, cdn cdc ihi trudng
tiem ndng nhU: Hoa Ky, EU va Singapore chua vUOn tdi duac".
Vi tri thii hai la "ngudi dan lang nghi it cd co hdi tham gia vao eac hoat
ddng xa hdi nhu: Ve sinh mdi trudng; nang c^p dudng xa trong thdn va cac
hoat ddng tinh nguyen khac" (DTB = 2,52; DLC = 0,45). Nguyen nhan cua khd
khan nay la do san xuat cac mat hang thu cdng my nghe la cdng viec cd cdng
nghe san xuat phiic tap ddi hdi ngudi thg phai suy nghi, tap trung nhilu thdi
gian, cdng siic, diic tinh ti mi, ky luong cho ttmg san pham lam ra vi vay hp cd
it CO hpi tham gia vao cac hoat ddng xa hpi, hoat ddng phong trao de xay dung
ndng thdn mdi tai que hudng hg. Khi dugc trao ddi dng N.H.T., cu dan lang
nghi Van Ha, cho biet: "Cdng viec ctia cu ddn ldng nghe chung ldi ban rdn

quanh nam. Han niia sdn phdm ldm ra phdi ddu tii nhieu site luc, tri lue de sdn
phdm dep han, pha hap vdi thi hieu khdch hdng vi the chiing ldi il cd ca hpi
tham gia vdo cdc hogt dpng xd hdi de xdy dung ndng thdn mdi nhu: hogt dpng
ve sinh mdi irudng, hogt dpng xdy dung dudng xd, hogt ddng cdi tgo ludi
dien..."
Khd khan thii ba thi hien trong hanh ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi la
"khdng cd co hpi tham gia cac ldp tap hua'n, dao tao ky nang tay nghe cho vide
sii dung eac phuong tien, cdng nghe san xua't tidn tie'n" (DTB = 2,44; DLC = 0,67).
Nguyen nhan ciia khd khan nay la do chinh quyen dia phuong chua mo cac Idp
tap huan, bdi duong cac ky nang sii dung phuong tien, cdng nghe san xua't tien
tie'n, hien dai cho cu dan lang nghi. Trong khi dd cac phuong lien ky ihuat,
cdng nghe san xua't cac san pham thii cdng lidn tuc thay ddi. Ne'u cu dan lang
nghe khdng cd cd hdi tie'p can cae kiln thiic va ky nang dd thi khd cd thi xay
dung ndng ihdn mdi dugc. Trao ddi vdi dng N.V.D., nghe nhan lang nghi Van
Ha, dng cho bie't: "Hien nay phuang lien sdn xudt trong ldng nghe chiing ldi
vdn Id cdc phuang tien thu cdng Iruyen ihdng nhu: Cua, due, bdo, ddnh gidy
giap bang tay. Vdi cdc phuang lien sdn xudt ndy thi khd cd the xdy dung ndng
tlidn mdi lam vi hien nay cdc cdng cu hien dgi nhU cua mdy vi linh, bdo mdy,
12

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014


ddnh gidy giap mdy vdi cdng sudt co the ldng len hdng trdm lan. Ne'u khdng ddi
mdi sdn phdm ldm ra khd cgnh tranh tren thuang trudng".
Khd khan thii tu la "khd khan trong hoat ddng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi nhau
trong san xu^t kinh doanh v^i han che' - manh ai ngudi dd lam do tam ly ndng
dan chi phdi" (DTB = 2,32; DLC = 0,68). Nguydn nhan cua khd khan nay la do
cu dan lang nghi van bj chi phdi nang nl bdi tam ly ndng dan ndng nghiep
truyln thdng ngai hoat ddng phdi hgp ciing nhau, chia se kinh nghiem lan nhau

trong san xua't. Khi dugc trao ddi dng D.V.H., ngudi dan lang nghi Bat Trang,
cho bie't: "Cdc bi quyet trong sdn xudt do gdm nhu: cdch thiic pha che mdu
men, chdt lieu sdn xudt, cdch thiic xdy Id nung, nhiet dp nung... chiing tdi khdng
the trao ddi, chia se cho ai duac. Trong sdn xudi, kinh doanh do gdm trong nen
kinh tethi Irudng thi bi mat Id ye'u id cgnh tranh quan trgng nhdt"
Khd khan thii nam la "khd tiep can ngudn vdn dl dSu tu mua sam may
moc, cdng nghe tien tien va de md rdng mat bang san xuat kinh doanh" (DTB =
2,18; DLC = 0,47). Nguyen nhan ciia khd khan nay la do eac qui dinh vl vay
vdn ngan hang cdn nhilu philn ha, cac ngudn vdn cho cac lang nghi thu cdng
truyln thd'ng cdn han che' vl vay viec mua sam, thay ddi phuong tien ky thuat,
cdng nghe san xuat gap rat nhilu khd khan. Khi dugc phdng van ba V.T.H., bi
thu chi bd lang nghe Van Ha, cho bie't: ''Khd khdn cabdn cita cuddn ldng nghe
hien nay Id ca hpi vay vdn he'l stic hgn hep. De vay vdn tii ngdn hdng, fig phdi
chudn bi rdt nhieu gidy td nhu: Gidy chiing nhgn quyen .sif dung ddt: gidy xdc
nhgn cua chinh quyen dia phuang ve muc dich vay vdn; gidy cam doan trd lien
lgi ngdn hang dimg hgn; sd hd lich; gidy chiing minh thu... Dieu ndy dd cdn trd
ca hdi vay vdn ngdn hang de ddu lU cho phuang tien ky thugt cdng nghe lien
tie'n gdp phdn xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cita hg".
Khd khan thii sau la "hoat ddng cai tie'n mau ma san pham lam ra chua
dugc d^u tu va quan tam thich dang vi the cac san pham lam ra chua phu hdp
vdi Ihi hie'u ngudi tieu diing, khd lieu thu" (DTB = 2,20; DLC = 0,58). Nguyen
nhan ciia khd khan nay la do cac chu san xua't kinh doanh ehua quan tam diing
miic ldi hoat ddng cai tien mau ma san pham. San pham lam ra chua dap iing
nhu e^u, thi hieu lieu diing da can trd viec tieu thu san pham ciia hg. Trao ddi
vdi dng T.V.T., lang nghi gdm Bat Trang, dng eho biet: "Sdn phdm gdm cita
ldng nghe Bdt Trdng chiing ldi hien nay tieu thu rdi cham do chdt luang. mdu
md chua that sifddp ifng nhu cdu, thi hie'u lieu diing. Nguyen nhdn a ddy Id do
cdc ca sd sdn .xudt chua quan ldm ditng mifc ldi hogt dpng cdi tien mdu ma. sdn
phdm, chdt luang men vd hga tiet. hoa vdn cita sdn phdm".
Nhu vay, cd the ndi khd khan tam ly ciia eu dan lang nghe the hien qua

hanh ddng het siic phong phii, da dang. Ke't qua bang 3 cho tha'y. khd khan tam
ly trong vile xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia eu dan lang nghi d miie trung binh

TAPCHfTAMLVHOCSd 10(187), 10-2014


(DTB = 2,23), trong dd cd 3 khd khan thi hien qua hanh ddng d miic do cao
(items 3, 4 va7).
Ke't qua danh gia miic dp khd khan tam ly chung ciia cu dan lang nghi
dugc tdng hgp tii cac mat bilu hidn khd khan tam ly vl nhan thiic, tam trang va
hanh ddng cua ho ket hgp vdi ke't qua nghien cihi tir cac phuong phap nghien
ciiu khac nhau dugc sii dung trong nghien ciiu. Tong hgp chung mu'c dd khd
khan tam Iy thdng qua cac mat bieu hien dugc trinh bay 6 tren dugc the hien d
bang 4 dudi day.
Bdng 4: Ddnh gid chung miic dp khd khdn tdm ly ctia cu ddn ldng nghe
trong viec xdy dung ndng thdn mdi
TT

Mat bieu hien

DTB

Mute do

1

Nhan thdc

2,41

Cao

2

Tam trang

2,24

Trung binh

3

Hanh ddng
Danh gia chung

2,23

Trung binh

2,29

Trung binh

Nhu vay, miic dd khd khan ciia ngudi dan lang nghi trong xay dung
ndng thdn mdi a mile dd trung binh. Chi'nh quyen dia phucmg lang nghi cSn tap
trung thao gd kip thdi, dua ra cac qui dinh phii hgp nhSm thtic diy nhanh hon
qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe hien nay.
Ke't qua xit ly tuong quan Spearman giiia cac mat bieu hien kho khan
tam ly cda cu dan lang nghi trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn miJi bang
thd'ng kl toan hgc cho tha'y: cac mat bieu hien khd khan tam ly (nhan thilc, tam

trang va hanh ddng) cd tuong quan thuan, duong ti'nh kha chat che vdi nhau.
Tuong quan giua khd khan the hien a nhan thiic vdi khd khan thi hidn d tam
trang la tuong quan thuan kha chat che vdi r = 0,56; p < 0,05. Dilu nay cd
nghTa la khi khd khan the hien d nhan thdc tang thi kho khan vl tam trang cung
tang va ngugc lai. Tuong quan giOa khd khan vl nhan thdc va khd khan vl hanh
ddng la thuan, ducfng ti'nh kha chat che vdi r = 0,48; p < 0,05. Tucfng quan giua
khd khan the hien a mat hanh dgng va khd khan the hiln a tam trang la tuong
quan thuan vdi r = 0,38 va p < 0,05.
Trin CO sd cac kit qua nghiin cim da nhan dugc a trdn, cd the dua ra
mgt sd bien phap tam ly - giao due nham thao go khd khan cho ngudi dan lang
nghi, d^y manh hon nira qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi
Viet Nam sau day:

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10-2014


1. Tang cudng tuyen truyln van ddng dl ngudi dan hieu ro hon chinh
sach xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi cua Nha nude.
2. Chinh quyin dia phuong c5n tang cudng tie'p xiic vdi ngudi dan thuc
hien td't nguyen tac dan chu, cdng khai minh bach trong qua trinh xay dufng
ndng thdn mdi d dia phuong.
3. Nha nude c^n dua ra cac chinh sach dl tao dieu kien cho cu dan lang
nghi tie'p can dugc vdi cac ngudn \6n de day manh qua trinh xay dung ndng
thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi.
4. Ox dan lang nghe can tich cue day manh hoat ddng quang cao,
marketing va cai tie'n mSu ma san ph^m lam ra cd chat lugng cao va phu hgp
vdi thi hie'u khach hang.
5. Ngudi dan cin tich cue, chu ddng va y thiic trach nhiem cao trong
vile tham gia cac hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng - ye'u td quyet dinh su thanh
cdng ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi.

Nhu vay, khd khan tam ly cua cu dan lang nghi trong xay dung ndng
thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang. Trong dd cac khd khan vl nhan thiic d
miie dd cao hon khd khan ve lam trang va khd khan vl hanh ddng. Cac khd
khan tren ludn cd quan he tUdng quan thuan va kha chat che vdi nhau. Dilu nay
da va dang anh hudng true tie'p tdi qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac
lang nghi. Cac khd khan ed the dugc han che, thao go neu chinh quyin dia
phuong tao mgi dilu kiln eho eu dan tham gia vao qua trinh td ehiic thue hien
chinh sach xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi va dam bao nguyen lae cdng
khai, dan chii d dia phuong.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vu Dung, Tdm ly hgc xa hpi vdi qudn ly, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, 1995.
2. K.L. Larsen, Le Van Hao, Tdm ly hoc xa hpi, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi,
2011.
3. Nguyin Hun Thu, Tdm ly hgc kinh le, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2014.
4. Nguyin Hun Thu, Tdm ly hgc qudn tri kinh doanh, NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi,
2010.
5. B6 Tai nguySn - Moi irudng, Bdo cdo 6 nhiim moi trudng ldng nglie qudc gia 2008
' Mdi Irudng ldng nghe Viet Nam.

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014