Nhận thức về bản thân của người cao tuổi

NHAN THQC VE BAN THAN
CUA NGUOI CAO TUOI'
PGS.TS, Hoang Moc Lan
Hoang Thuy Vi
Khoa Tdm ly ligc, Dgi hpc Khoa hgc xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qud'c gia Hd Npi.

TOM TAT
De tdi nghien ciai tii nhdn thUc cua ngudi cao tudi ve cdc phdm chdt cd nhdn
trong lao dpng, cong viec, cdc mdi quan he xd hpi (bao gom cd cdc mdi quan he gia
dinh) vd site khoe. Nghien cUu md td cdt ngang bdng cdc phuang phdp trac nghiem,
dieu tra 300 ngudi cao tudi. Ket qud nghien cifu cho thdy ngUdi cao tudi tunhdn thifc
hudng de'n nhifng phdm chdt cd nhdn tich cue vd thudng chi ra nhiing uu diem trong
qua khi( han Id nhifng dgc diem trdi ngugc vdi chiing trong hien tgi. Cd mpt sd khdc
biet theo tudi, gidi tinh trong tunhdn thifc ciia ngifdi cao tudi.
Til khoa: Nhdn thifc ve bdn thdn; Tunhdn thifc; Ngudi cao tudi.
Ngdy nhgn bdi. 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/9/2014.
Nhiing nam gdn day tren the gidi su quan tam de'n cac van de ciia ngudi
eao ludi dugc tang len ro ret. Chi trong khoang thdi gian ddu the' ky XXI, nhieu
linh vuc khoa hgc, trong do cd tam ly hge da cdng bd hang nghin cdng trinh vd
ngudi cao tudi. Su quan tam manh m e nay gan lidn vdi hien tugng gia hda dan
so. Gia hoa dan so xua't hien d the' ky XX va cdn tie'p tuc tang len d the' ky XXI.
Nam 2011, Viet N a m chinh thirc budc vao giai doan gia hoa dan so, ngudi cao
tudi tang nhanh ca ve sd lugng va ty trgng. Tudi thg trung binh eua Viet Nam
nam 2009 la 72,8, ty le ngudi cao tudi (65+) la 6,6% tdng dan sd, nhung sd
ngudi tren 100 tudi la 7.200 ngudi (chiem 0,0084% tong dan sd) (Ngudn: Tdng
cue Thdng ke, Tdng Dieu tra ddn sd & nhd d 1979,1989,1999,
2009). Su thay
ddi cd ca'u tudi dan sd dat ra nhieu cau hdi cho xa hgi, trong do cd ca nhung
'Bai bao nay trinh bay mpt phan ket qua nghien ciiu cCia de tai "Nhung van de tam ly - xa hoi
cua ngudi cao tuoi Viet Nam: Thiic trang - giai phap trg giup va phat huy vai tro ngudi cao tuoi
tai cong dong" dugc s u tai trg l

(JNIafosted) trong 2 nam 2012 va 2014.

40

TAP CHI T A M LV HOC, S6 10 (187), 10 - 2014


cau hdi tam ly: trong thS" gidi tinh thdn ciia ngudi cao tudi cd hay khdng nhiing
dac tnmg so vdi nhiing giai doan liia tudi trudc va n^u cd thi nd la gl va nd cd
thay ddi khdng...? Viec tra ldi nhung cau hdi nay giiip nhiing ngudi quan tam
cd hi^u biet ve dac di^m nhan each va phong each sdng cua ngudi cao tudi, tii
dd cd th^ dieu chinh nhiing dac di^m tdm ly nay khi can thiet nham muc dich
khdng chi keo dai tudi thg, ma cdn duy tri cudc sdng cua ngudi cao tudi vdi day
du cac gia trj tich cue.
Theo B.G. Ananiev, ngudi cao tudi khdng the dugc coi nhu la su tie'n
hoa don gian hoac thoai hoa, ma diing hdn, dd la su hinh thanh va phat trien
tie'p tuc cac dac di^m cua ca nhan, trong dd bao gdm nhieu cd che' thich ling va
d^n bii. Giai doan cao tudi la thdi ky sdng cd mgt loat nhung dac diem dac
trung, trong dd bao gdm viec cha'm diit hoat ddng lao ddng hoae giam cudng
dd, khdi lugng ciia hoat ddng lao ddng..., dan de'n su du thiia thdi gian rdi, thu
hep pham vi giao tie'p thdng thudng, mdt vai trd ehii dao trong gia dinh, su suy
ye'u hoac thay ddi vai trd giao due... Nhiing nghidn ciiu ve ngudi eao tudi cho
tha'y d hg cd su giam siit siic khoe, suy giam tri nhd, thudng siit kem hoat ddng
sang tao, su tang len ciia tinh thie'u tin tudng va tinh hay lo, tinh de gian, tfnh dl
noi ndng, tinh thie'u kien nhdn, ddi khi khd chan hoa va nhdn tam, xua't hien
hoac tang len trang thai tram cam. E. Erikson coi thdi ky cao tudi nhu la cudc
khiing hoang cudi eung ma con ngudi phai dd'i mat trong cudc sdng ciia minh.
Khung hoang thdi ky cao tudi bao gdm hai "ti^u khiing hoang": ddu tien la
danh gia lai "Cai Tdi". Thii hai la nhan thiic ve thue trang ciia ban than - su
giam Slit siic khoe va su lao hda cd th^. Ro rang la nhiing ngudi cao tudi bude

phai thfch ling khdng chi vdi tinh hudng mdi ben ngoai, ma cdn phai phan iing
vdi nhiing thay ddi trong chfnh ban than. Trong mdi lien he nay nay sinh cau
hdi: ngudi cao tudi nhan thiic ve ban than va su tdn tai thuc te cua minh irong
cac hoan canh mdi, irong nhiing thay ddi dien ra trong chfnh ban than nhu the
nao? Phan tich nhan thiic ve ban than thudng duge sii dung nhu la phuong lien
de lam rd cac va'n di khac nhu cam nhan hanh phiic, miic do hai long vdi cudc
sd'ng va quan niem ve Cai tdi cua ngudi cao ludi (Hennessy va Cdng su, 1994,
Miilunpalo va Cdng su, 1997, Kivinen va Cdng su, 1998, ddn theo John
Vincent, 2003). Nhiing edng Irlnh nghien ciiu da cd ve ngudi cao tudi d nude la
chu yeu tie'p can theo gdc do tam benh hgc, lao khoa, xa hdi hgc. Nghien ciiu
ldm ly hgc ve ngudi cao ludi edn ft va thieu he thd'ng.
Nghien ciiu cua chung tdi dugc thuc hien vdi 2 muc lieu chinh. Thir
nha't, khao sat thue trang dac diem tu nhan thiic cua ngudi cao ludi. Thii hai,
khao sat sU khac nhau trong tu nhan ihiie ve hoat ddng lao ddng, mdi quan tie
xa hdi, siic khde va phdm cha't nhan each theo tudi, gidi tfnh cua ngudi eao tudi.
1. Khach the va phuong phap nghien curu

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


Mau nghidn ciiu gdm 300 ngudi tir 60 d^n trdn 80 tuoi, ducrc chia thanh
3 nhdm tudi: 60 - 65 tudi (chiS'm 48%), 66 - 74 tudi (chiem 38%) va 75 - 80
tadi (chiem 14%) dang sinh sdng d 6 tinh, thinh phd ciia 3 miSn Bac, Trung,
Nam - ViSt Nam (Ha Noi, Thai Binh, Hue, Khanh Hoa, thanh phd Hd Chi
Minh, Kien Giang). Tudi trung binh ciia toan bd miu la 60,53 ± 5,02. NO gidi
chiem ty le 56%, nam gidi chie'm 44%. Khach th^ nghidn ciiu la nhiJng ngudi
cao tudi cd kha nang giao tiep binh thucmg.
Day la mdt nghien cuxi md ta cat ngang (Cross - Sectional studies), De
xac dinh tu nhan thiic nhirng dac didm tam ly co ban ciia ngudi cao tudi, trong
nghien ciiu, chiing tdi da sir dung trdc nghi6m trinh bay 20 cau (Twenty

Statements Test) ciia Kuhn & McPartland (1954) - mot trac nghiem diroc six
dung rdng rai d nude ngoai (dan theo Harry T. Reis, Caryl E. Rusbult, 2004).
Phucfng phap nay duoc lira chon vi thu tuc thuc hidn don gian, khdng cd cae
quy dinh budc ngudi duoc nghiSn ciiu tu phan tich theo hudng nao dd. Nhiing
ddi tuong tham gia tra ldi cau hoi bang ldi ndi vi ngudi cao tudi thudng khd
Ichan di6n dat bang van ban. Ho ma't 15 phiit d^ hoan thanh trac nghiem. Ngudi
lam trac nghiem c^n tra ldi 20 cau bat d^u bang tir "Tdi la...?". Dd lam rd viec
ngudi cao tudi nhin ban than nhu the nao va bd sung dii lidu thu duoc tii trac
nghiSm cua Kuhn & McPartland, chiing tdi sii dung them phuong phap di6u tra
bang biing hoi. Bang cau hdi di^u tra dugc xay dirng vdi danh sach 40 dac di^m
tam ly cua ngudi cao tudi duoc khai quat trdn co sd nhirng cau tra ldi trac
nghiem ciia nhihig ngudi tham gia va sir diing ky thuat xac lap cac tinh tir ciia
M. Krawszyk, 1972 (vi du, cd tinh thSn hach nhidm - thidu trach nhidm, cham
chi - ludi bieng, tu tin - tu ti, tiet kiem - lang phi, trung thuc - gian dd'i...).
Nhiing dac didm nay lien quan de'n nhirng pham cha't nghi nghidp, nhiing dac
didm nhan each, md'i quan he xa hdi va siic khde. T&i ca cac nhdm tinh tii la
cac cap trai nghia. Da so khach the dugc dieu tra cd kha nang vl thi giac han
chd, do vay phuong phap dieu tra dugc thuc hien bang hinh thiic tra ldi bang ldi
ndi: ngudi nghien cilu dgc danh sach cac pham cha't vdi tdc dd thi'ch hgp dd
ngudi cao tudi tri giac dugc va yen cfa hg ggi tdn nhiing phim cha't md ta chi'nh
xac nha't ve minh trong qua trinh dgc, ngudi nghien ciiu ghi chep tnrc tie'p cau
tra Idi ciia hp. Bang cau hdi dieu tra dugc xay dung vdi thang do 3 miic do
(Hoan toan ddng y, ddng y mgt phin, khdng ddng y), dugc ti'nh theo thang
diem: til 1 didm (khdng ddng y ) ddn 3 diem (hoan loan ddng y).
Cac do lieu thu duoc tit khao sat thuc tiSn duoc xii ly bang chuong trinh
SPSS 18.0.
2. Khai niem nhan thiic ve ban than cua ngucri cao tudi
Nha tam ly hgc xa hdi My Wilham James (1892) la ngudi dSu tien dua
ra Ichai niem Cai tdi va nhan thiic ve ban than mdt each cd can ed khoa hoc.
42

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014


Theo dng, thdng qua kinh nghiem ban than, dac biet la anh hudng cua ngudi
khac ma ca nhan nhan thiic vi. minh: Tdi la ai? Tdi se la ngudi nhu the' nao? Hg
mud'n tdi la ngudi nhu th^ nao?... Dd chinh Id su ke't hgp hai hda cua viec ca
nhan nhan thiic ve minh nhu thd nao, ca nhdn mudn gl va ngudi khac mud'n gi d
ca nhan do. Tu nhan thiic la nhan thiic ve ban than. Qua trinh tu nhan thiic bat
ddu rdt sdm tii tudi thd va tidp dien trong sudt cudc ddi ca nhan. Dd'i vdi liia
tudi vi thanh nien, qua trinh nay bat dau vdi cac cau hdi: Tdi la ai? Tai sao
minh lai khdng nhu vay? Tdi se can trd thdnh mgt ngudi nhu the' nao? Dd la
nhdn thiic vi cai tdi ly tudng va day ehinh la bat ddu eua su tu hoan thien cua
ca nhan (Vii Dung, 2008). Nhan thiic vd ban than d ngudi cao tudi hudng de'n
cac cau hdi: Tdi la ai? Tdi la ngudi nhu the' nao? Siic khde cua tdi ra sao? Tdi
cd th^ lam nhiing viec gl? Tdi da lam dugc nhiing vide gl? Tdi se tie'p tuc cude
sdng nhu the' nao? Ngudi cao tudi nhdn thiic ve ban than khdng chi trong hien
tai, tUdng lai, ma cdn hdi tudng vi ban than trong qua khii, nhan thiic vi cac
thay ddi cua chinh minh (Erikson va Cdng su, 1986, ddn theo Kalmok M.,
1984). Nhan thiic ve ban than la su phan anh chfnh ban than mmh trong mdi
quan he ciia mmh vdi ngudi khac, vdi thuc te' xung quanh. Kinh nghiem xa hdi
dugc ca nhan ITnh hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec tu nhan thiie. Nhan
thiic ve ban than la thanh phdn cd ban ciia tu danh gia - nhan td 6'iiu chinh
hanh vl quan trgng ciia con ngudi (ddn theo B.G. Ananiev, 1969).
Phan tich ly luan tu nhan thiie, chiing tdi hi^u nhgn thiic ve bdn thdn ctia
ngudi cao tudi Id lU nhgn th^c ciia ngudi cao tudi. Id su phdn dnh chinh bdn
thdn minh trong hogt dpng, giao luu vdi ngudi khdc. Tu nhan thiic ciia ngudi
cao tudi tap trung vao eac ph^m chat lien quan de'n lao ddng, cdng viec, mdi
quan he vdi gia dinh, xa hdi, siic khde.
3. Ke't qua nghien cucu

Ndi dung y kie'n md la ban than eiia ngudi cao tudi theo irdc nghiem cua
Kuhn & McPartland dugc trinh bay trong bang 1 dudi day. Sd lieu thd'ng ke
trong bang 1 cho thdy, dan dng ndi de'n thudng xuyen nhat la ITnh vuc nghe
nghiep, chii ye'u la liet ke cac loai hinh cdng viec va nhiing chiic vu dam dudng
trong qua khii, md ta thai dd ddi vdi edng viec, chi rd tham nien edng tac,
nhiing viec lam tich cue trong qua khii de'n nhUng viee lam hien tai ("Tdi la
ngudi lao ddng cham chi, can cu tur khi cdn tre"; "Tdi la ngudi cd nhieu kinh
nghiem nghe, vl vay hien nay tdi vdn tie'p tuc lao ddng bdng nghe cua minh").
Hdu he't ngudi cao tudi duy tri eac hoat ddng cd the tit viec tu cham sdc hang
ngay, giiip do gia dinh, ban be, ngudi than, chdp nhan eudc sd'ng thuc tai, tham
gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi (cd 41,7% tham gia cac doan ih^ xa hdi, chi cd 6,2%
khdng Iham gia td chirc xa hdi nao). Nhieu ngudi eao tudi nhung vdn lao ddng
nudi sdng ban than. Tuy nhien, cae hinh thirc hoat dgng xa hgi dugc hg ke ra it

TAPCHfTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014

43


hem. Phu nil bay td hoat ddng lao ddng theo each hdi tudng qua khii rd ret hon
so vdi dan dng. Khi md ta ban than, phu nii ndi d^n cac p h ^ cha't ca nhan
"trung thuc" va "yeu lao ddng", dan dng ndi de'n cac pham chit "ydu lao
ddng", "trach nhiem" va "cham chi" thudng xuyen hon so vdi phu nO. Mdt bg
piian phu nir (26%) theo doi nhiing thay ddi h-ong ti'nh each ciia minh hudng vd
mat tieu cue nhidu hon ("trd nen khd ti'nh", "it lac quan") va mat tich circ ("vd
gia tdi trd nen kien tri hon theo nam thang"). Hg ndi vd nhiing pham cha't ma
hg vdn cd trong qua khii ("trudc day khoe manh, vui ve"). Nhiing thd da bj mS't
dugc phu nil ndi de'n la siic luc, tinh vui ve, yeu ddi, tinh can dam, nu tinh, cdn
dan dng ndi de'n siic luc, kha nang lam viec. Ty le cac cau tra ldi khdng rd rang
vd mdt sd pham chat cua ban than la rat nhd (2,9% d dan dng va 4,2% d phu nd).

Bdng 1: Nhdn thuc ve bdn thdn ctia ngudi cao tudi
theo trdc nghiem cua Kuhn & McPartland

STT

1

Tan sd ndi den (% theo tdng sd cac cau tra lin)
Phunur
Dan ong
Qua
Hien
Tdng
Hien
Tdng
Qua
tai
khd
tai
chung
chung
khd

Noi dung

Hoat
dpng
dong, xa hoi

lao

40,8

60,0

40,0

21,4

88,5

11,5

•

2

Cac dac diem nhan
each

27,6

15,8

84,2

31,0

26,5

73,5

3

Giao tiep xa hdi,
quan h& gia dinh

13,0

57,1

42,9

19,8

25,7

74,3

4

Sdc khoe

12,6

18,7

81,3

18,2

12,5

87,5

5

Tri tue

5,2

52,4

47,6

8,0

45,7

54,3

6

Cac cau
khac

0,8

56,0

44,0

1,6

68,5

31,5

tra

ldi

Trong ndi dung giao tie'p xa hdi, ngudi cao tudi md ta nhiing mdi lien
he xa hgi trudc day eua minh giam dan theo ludi. Nghi huu, chuyen ndi lam
viee hoac chd d mdi... ddi hdi can phai lao lap nhiing ngudi quen mdi, pham vi
giao tie'p mdi, dieu nay khdng phai luc nao ciing dugc thuc hien thanh cdng,
mdt sd ngudi phai ddi mat vdi van de ciia su cd ddn. Khi md ta nhiing giao tie'p
xa hdi, phu nil thudng ndi ve su giiip dd ma hg danh cho mgi ngudi hon ("Tdi
vdn edn cd the hiiu ich"; "Tdi cd gdng giiip dd mgi ngudi"; "Tdi lo ldng ne'u ai
dd bi benh, tdi nghT: edn phdi giiip dd") va nhiing each giiip dd cu the ("cham lo
sire khde cho gia dinh"; "Giiip dd con, cham sdc chau"; "Mua thudc cho nhiing

44

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC,SdlO(187), 10-2014


ngudi khac"; "Cham sdc bd, me, ban gia ndm liet giudng"...). Ddi vdi phu nu,
vai trd nay quan trgng va tuong ling vdi miu hanh vi ciia phu nii: hg cam thay
minh hiru ich vd cdn thi^t. Trong tu nhan thiic giao ti^p xa hdi, nhiing ngudi

dan dng chii ye'u md ta thai do ddi vdi mgi ngudi ndi chung ("Tdi quy trgng
mgi ngudi") va cac mdi quan he vdi nhiing ngudi cu th^ nao dd, thudng la vdi
nhiing ngudi khac gidi ("Tdi k^t ban lau dai vdi mdt sd ngudi ban, dac biet vdi
phu nii - vg").
Nhiing y ki^n lien quan ddn cac md'i quan he trong gia dinh (trong qua
khii va hien tai), tap trung nhl^u vi md ta chdng (vg), con, chau hoac chi r5 su
vdng mat ciia chiing, cai chet cua nhung ngudi than. N^u nhiing ngudi dan dng
phac hga ngdn ggn tinh trang gia dinh cua hg, thi phu nii lai k^ chi tiet ve chu
de nay, dac biet la cac mdi quan he vdi con va cac chau. Phu nii cang nhieu tudi
cang thi hien su quan tam dac biet den cac chau, chat, giiip do chiing, ddi khi
trai qua sau sdc nhiing nidm vui va that bai eua chiing. Nhiing phu nii khdng cd
gia dinh hoac con, thudng the hien su luye'n tiec. Mdt sd ngudi eao tudi bay id
vi cudc sdng gia dinh tha't bai, ve cac md'i quan he khd khan vdi con ("Tdi
khdng may mdn trong cugc sd'ng rieng"; "Tdi khdng nhd cay duge con cai").
cau tra ldi ciia phu nii va dan dng v^ mdi quan he gia dinh cd su dao ngugc ve
cac ye'u td qua khii va hien tai. Phu nii ndi nhieu hdn ve gia dinh hien cd, su
quan tam cho cac the' he tie'p theo (con cai, chau chat), dan dng ndi ve qua khii,
dac biet nhdn manh de'n nhung md'i quan he vdi nhiing ngudi ciing the' he vdi
minh vd vdi ngudi vg. Mdt sd lugng dang ke cac eau tra Idi ctia nhiing ngudi
cao tudi d^ cdp de'n vdn di siic khde.
Trong eac cudc Ird chuyen vdi nhirng ngudi eao ludi, y nghTa dac biet
ciia ehu di vi siic khde da dugc bgc Id rd ("eiing vdi thdi gian do benh tat da
trd nen rdt de cau kinh"; "hanh phiie la siJc khde, dac biet la trong do tudi cua
chiing ldi"; "hanh phuc dd la khi cd siic khde"; "khdng hai ldng vdi chi'nh minh:
siic khde khdng cho phep lam bat cii dieu gl, tat ea deu bi gidi han"; "dm dau ldi khdng thi lam bat eii dieu gl, khdng tham gia lao dgng"; "mudn mang lai
chd ta't ea mgi ngudi dieu ld'l dep, nhung di lam dieu nay con ngudi cdn phai
khde manh, manh me"; "tdi thfch ndi ehuyen vdi mgi ngudi, nhung thinh giac
khdng cho phep"; "tdi cd sire khde kem"; "benh dau mdt gay trd ngai eho edng
viee" va v.v...). Tuy nhien, cd nhung ngudi danh gia tinh trang siic khde ciia hg
kha cao ("So sanh vdi nhiing ngudi eao tudi khac tdi khde manh"; "Tdi khdng

phan nan gl ve siic khde"; "Tdi hie'm khi bi benh"). Ngudi eao tudi ndi ve
nhiing mong mud'n khdng bi gia cting vdi cd the (vf du, su gidi han thue te cua
nhung kha nang the chdt hoae vdi nhung khd khan trong cae giao tiep). "Tdi
vdn mud'n di du lich, nhung the luc hien nay lam tdi khdng the thue hien dugc
di^u nay". Qua y kie'n cua ngudi cao tudi cd the nhan thay, ddi vdi mdt bg phan

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 10(187), 10-2014

45


nhSt dinh nhiing ngudi cao tudi, sdc khoe cd gia tri cao, tao didu kien san sinh
dgng CO cho hoat ddng ciia hg dd duy tri, gin giir, bao vd sdc khde.
Mdt trong nhiing dac diem ndi bat trong tu nhan thdc ciia ngudi cao tudi
la xu hudng hdi tudng qua khii trdi hon. Nhiing danh gia tich cue ve cudc sd'ng
qua khir, hdi tudng lai thdi tho au, thdi thanh nien eiia minh, nudi tiec ve nhiing
sai lam "tdi da mac nhidu sai lam khi tudi con tre, gid nghT lai thi da mudn".
Hg khdng ndi "da trd nen ydu", ma la "trudc day tdi ra't khoe manh". Nhidu bay
td ve ban than lien quan den trudc day la ngudi nhu thd nao dugc nhan manh v^
nhttng thay ddi theo tudi tac, hg thudng dung cac tir "cuu" khi ndi vd hg va ten
cua minh - Tdi la cuu giao vien"; "Tdi nguyen la..."
Bdng 2: Danh sdch cdc phdm chdt dugc ngudi cao tudi
md td ve bdn thdn nhieu nhdt (%}
NhQng pham
chat chung ciia
dan ong va phu
nO (n = 300)

Dan
dng

Phu
nO

Yeu que huong,
dat nude

93,9

84,5

Ky luat

70,4

Cdi md

71,4

Nhiing pham chat ciia
dan dng (n = 132)

Nhiing ph^m chat
ciia phu nil (n =

lis8)

Y6u lao ddng

80,3

714

Ddc lap

68,9

Nhay cam

69,6

Cham chi

71,2

67,8

Nghiem tiic

67,4

Than thien

69,6

Chan thanh

62,1

69,0

Do luong

64,3

Trung thuc

67,8

Tan tam

66,6

74,4

Thiing than

62,8

Te'nhi

65,4

Khifim tdn

67,4

67,8

Ham hieu biet

60,6

Chu dao

64,8

Cd trach nhiem
cao

75,7

61,3

Tin tudng vao siic
luc cua ban than

59,0

Tuluc

64,2

Thien y

75,0

62,5

Cong bang

58,3

Kien nhan

63,0

An cSn

59,8

64,8

San long giup
dd moi ngudi

62,5

Tiet kiem

61,9

Sd lugng cae cau tra ldi cho cau hdi "Tdi la...?", hudng de'n tuong lai la
rat it ("mo udc ve nhiing dieu khdng thi la khdng hgp thdi"; "Tdi khdng mong
mudn nhiing dieu ma khdng thuc hien dugc"; "Tdi khdng mong mud'n gl";
"That kho khan di mong dgi nhiing dieu lot nhdt d tudi cua tdi"; "Tdi cd gdng

46

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10 - 2014

lam nhijng didu cin thidt de sdng dSi cudi ddi". Phan tich cac cudc trd chuyen
cho ih&y rang vidn canh thdi gian ctia ngudi cao tudi dugc dac trung d su thie'u
khat vgng tich cue cho tuong lai ("khdng mudn nhieu hon didu gl, khdng cd
tridn vgng"; "tucfng lai ciia tdi se khdng tdt hon, ma cdn x^u hon"; "gia nhu gin
gio dugc nhirng gi dang cd").
Tdng hgp nhOng y kie'n thu dugc cd thd nhan thay rang su dan xen vd
mat thdi gian bao triim qua khii, hien tai va tucfng lai cua ngudi cao tudi cd ndi
trdi phSn hdi hrdng qua khd. Dd la nhiing co sd cho vide didu chinh tu nhan
thdc hien tai.
Ke't qua didu tra bang bang hdi dugc trinh bay trong bang 2 cho thay,
phin Idn ngudi cao tudi lua chgn (2/3 tdng sd khach thd) nhirng phim chat dac
trung nhSt ciia hg trong hidn tai. Day la mdt biic chan dung tu hoa tap hgp cac
dac didm phan anh khai quat mdt so dac tnmg co ban ciia ngudi cao tudi. Cac
mat deu cue khdng dugc dua vao trong bang 2, bdi vi chiing it dugc ngudi cao
tudi trong dien nghien ciiu ndi de'n. Mdt sd dac didm deu cue ciia phu nd dugc
kd ra la met moi, dd gian ddi, dm ydu, dd cau gat, ndng nay, lo lang, thidu tin
tudng, that bai, tha't vgng; Dd'i vdi dan dng, dd la met mdi, dd cau gat, dd gian
ddi, nong nay. Ttr nhan thdc vd ban than ciia ngudi cao tudi cd sir khac biet cd y
nghTa thdng ke giGa dan dng va phu nd, x2 (df= 10) > 64,7, p < 0,0001. O dan
dng, cac p h ^ cha't ca nhan lien quan ddn cdng viec chie'm vi tri diu tien, tie'p
theo la cac phiim cha't nhan each; d phu nd, thd tu lira chgn lai dao ngugc: dau
tien la nhiing phdm chat nhan each, sau dd la nhiing phdm chat lien quan cdng
viec va tiep de'n d ca nam va nil gidi la nhung md ta tu nhan thdc ve tinh trang
sdc khoe, cac md'i quan he xa hdi.
Chi sd chip nhan "hoan toan ddng y" vdi nhOng phim chat ti'ch cue
dugc ngudi cao tudi lira chgn vdi ty le kha cao (phu ntt: tir 84,5% ddn 61,3% va
dan dng: 93,9% de'n 58,3%). Nhirng danh gia tieu cue dugc ty le sd ngudi lira
chgn < 38%. Kdt qua nghien cilu ciia chiing tdi phu hgp vdi cac ke't qua ciia

mdt loat nghien ciiu chimg minh cho xu hucSng cua nhiing ngudi cao tudi it ndi
ddn nhiing thidu sdt ciia minh hon so vdi nhirng ngudi tre tudi (dan theo John
Vincent, 2003).
Ttr cac ket qua nghien cdu dugc trinh bay d tren, co thd riit ra mgt sd ket
luan vd dac trung tu nhan thdc d ngudi cao tudi nhu sau:
- Mgt trong nhQng dac diem cia tu nhan thdc la su hdi tudng qua khd,
khuynh hudng dua qua khd vao qua trinh tu nhap thdc thuc td, vi vay, ngudi
cao tudi, khi nhan thuc ban than, tap trung vao pham vi "tdi da - tdi dang".
- Nhiing ITnh vuc quan trgng nha't cua viec tu nhan thdc la lao ddng va
cae hoat ddng xa hdi, eac mdi quan he xa hdi (bao gdm ca cac mdi quan he gia
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


dinh), sdc khde va cac pham chat ca nhan. Thuc cha't, nhiing chii dd nay la
nhiing chii dd xuyen sudt toan bd chu ky sdng cua con ngudfi, nhimg d nhiing
ngudi cao tudi, mdt sd chii de dac biet dugc chd trgng (vi du, tinh trang site
khoe).
- Nhiing biic chan dung hr hoa cd chi sd tu nhan thdc kha cao vd nhttng
pham chat tich cue so vdi cac dac diem tieu cue. Didu nay cho tha'y uu the rd
rang ciia nhiing pham chit tich cue trong qua trinh tu nhan thdc 6 ngudi cao
tudi. Ngudi cao tudi it ndi de'n nhiing thieu sdt ciia minh. Lua chgn nhiing dac
didm tich ctrc hong biic chan dung tu hoa cd thd la mong mud'n duy tri hinh anh
Cai tdi tich cue da hi thay ddi do mdt loat nhttng hoan canh khach quan (mSit
kha nang lao ddng, mat vi tri cu va v.v...) va nhidu nguyin nhan chii quan khac.
Hg thudng hudng ddn nhiing phim chat tich cue va thudng chi ra nhttng uu
didm trong qua khd, hcfn la nhung dac diem trai ngugc vdi chung trong hien tai.
Ngudi cao mdi cam nhan su mat mat d ngudi cao tudi va cd gdng dd lam mdt
cai gl dd cd gia tri, khuye'n khich ban than lira chgn nd.
- Ty nhan thdc d nhirng ngudi cao tudi cd nhOng khac biet ca nhan vd
gidi tinh.

Nhttng thdng tin thu dugc td kdt qua nghien cun ciia chiing tdi gdp phin
khang dinh quan didm vd van dd ngudi cao tudi trong cac tai lieu nghidn cihi
rang, ngudi cao tudi khdng cd nghTa la qua trinh mdn mdi theo mdt hudng.
Ngugc lai, nhttng sy kien vd viee thich nghi tich cue va phong each sd'ng nang
dgng trong thdi ky nay chirng minh kha nang phat tridn vd sau ciia con ngudi,
dac biet la su phat tridn nhan each. Kdt qua nghien ciiu gdp phin nang cao hidu
bie't vd ngudi cao tudi, vd vide chuin bi cho ngudi cao tudi khdng chi bang duy
tri tinh trang the chit ciia ca nhan, ma cdn doi hdi nang cao su thich iing tam ly
cho hg, dua ra nhiing bien phap hd trg tam ly- xa hgi nham dam bao cho ngudi
cao tudi khdng phai sd'ng ndt thdi gian cdn lai ciia ddi ngudi, ma hg dugc sd'ng
khde, sd'ng vui, sdng cd ich.
Tai lieu tham khiio
1. Kalmok M., The Psychology of Ageing, 3rd edition, published in the United
Kingdom by Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd, London, England, 1984.
2. Harry T. Reis, Caryl E. Rusbult, Close Relationships, Psychology Press, New York
and Hove, 2004.
3. John Vincent, Old Age, First published by Routledge, London, 2003.
4. B.G. Ananiev, Con ngudi - ddi tirang ciia nhdn thiic, Matxcova, 1969 (ban tie'ng
Nga).
48

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 10(187), 10-2014


5. Vu Dflng (chu bien). Tit dien Tdm ly hoc, NXB Ttt dien Bach khoa, 2008.
6. Phan Trong Ngo (chu bien), Cdc ly thuyet phdt trien ldm ly ngudi, NXB Dai hgc Su
pham, 2003.
7. Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Gido trinh tdm ly hoc phdt trien, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha
Ndi, 2011.

TAP CHlTAM Lt HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10-2014

49