Động cơ chọn việc làm của thanh niên

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DONG CO CHON VIEC L A M
CUA THANH NIEN
iTte j^i MT., ?? n "ZT^,'^
omtsotinh til goe do tam I9 hoc do Vidn Tim
ly hoc chu tn, TS. Vu Quynh Chiu Iam chu nhiem.
PGS.TS. Ld Van Hao
Phd Vien trudng Viin Tdm ly hgc.
TOM TAT

„-.,- ^^J""!!--'^" '^Z'i """ '''"^" '•* 1""" "'^"S dii vol Ihanh niin ddc biit id trong

bbmhi 28
t aa rthanh
t l Z phg
* - THa
ô "Ngi
-'
f "f '" f*'''
"^^Mmh
'""ã ^ndm' 2015)
'' "-""*
(tuii
trung
va thanhphd
Hd Chi
chgniin
thdy,
luang/thu
ben n-ong CO xu huang cao han dgng ca ben ngadi

Thanhl^i^'''

* ^ " * ' " "'"'" "ãã" '""ã ' ^ " ô '^ã' **" '"ô- Oi"-? - " W" "^^AV

f^gdy nhdn bdi: 20l9m\6: Ngdy duyil ddng bdi: 2SI9na\6.
fi|lt v i n de
hi?, ^^^^^^^
Itai ludn ludn li mpt vin d i Aich Aflc v i mit Adi gian die
b ^ t Ii giai d o ^ sau khi tdt nghidp phd Adng hay eao ding, dai hoc Tim hav
Sn^ l i r " " ' " * ' • ' * ' " T ^ " ' ^ * " ^ ^ '•™- ^ ^ " ' ^ "•• S c .a c h ' S c , X t^
cung luon mong muon tim dupc cie flng vidn Ait phfl hop vdi nhirng v tti edna
v ^ ma hp dang cin. Hidu dupc ddng co v i die diim c ^ d d n g ea t L
v S
cua Aanh n^n - nhflng ngudi dang tim vide l t a vua ttai duoc vide I t a h S t a
ch, da ttm dupc nhmig dang ed y djnh chuyin vide - Ii hiiu duoc nhitag veS^^
quan ttpng n t a ding sau cic cin nhic, quyit dinh chpn vide I t a cfla h T
lieh e. ^ t l " * " ' "'•''" " f ' * " ^"""^ '"^" ^™ » * " '* Cic kich Aich Aflc diy tinh
tich eye ttong qua ttinh chpn vipc lim cfla con ngudi d i hudng hinh d ^ I To
n"^df?h t
T- " 1 " ™ " ^ ' ' ^ - ^ ' "i 'h"c <^y bdi dpng tae be^ t ^ ' g ' con
ngum thudng hoan thinh cdng vide cua minh chfl yiu vUhue su Wch thfl sav
rne " . i ^ h i d n edng vide, dd v i cd xu hudng chip nhan nhiing vide l A d k h Z
Aich Auc, A t a chi A i t bai tam Adi dd A t a , edng. Cdn kh?b t^flc d i X '

TAP(»l(TAMLyHpC, Sd 10 (211), 10-2016


ddng Iyc ben ngoii, anh ta Audng it Aich Au cdng vide cy Ai dd nhung vin
hoan Ainh, chu yiu dd nhin duoc mpt phan thudng nao dd hoic dd triiA mpt hp
qui tieu cyc (Deci vi Ryan, din ttong Aamodt M.G, 1999).

Khi nin kinh ti Ad gidi bit dn va kinh td Vipt Nam dang cdn gap rit nhiiu
Aich Auc nhu hidn nay, Aanh nien co bing cao ding, dai hpc Ait nghidp vdi ty
Id cao' tW chpn viec di Ita la mpt vin dd Idn. Ndn kinh ti Vidt Nam vin phit
triin khi dn vi dang ttai qua giai doan tii cau true tAidu ngitA kinh td. Cung
vdi cic Aich Auc, Aye ti niy cung md ra cic ca hpi cho thanh nidn. Trong bdi
canh niy, nghidn cuu vi dpng co Ita vide cua thaiA nidn, die bidt Ii nhOng
AaiA nidn cd bing dai hpc^ trd len la mdt mdi quan tim cfla nhidu ngudi.
Rut ra tu mpt nghidn cuu vd nghe hpc vi nghd Iam cua Aanh nien, bai
nay tip trung xem xet: (i) Ydu td quan trpng ddi vdi thanh nidn khi chpn vide
Ita vi (ii) Nhflng dpng co ben ttong vi dpng ca bdn ngoai cfla hp.
Phirong phap nghidn cuu
Phuang phdp
Trong bang hdi, mdt sd ciu hdi vd dpng co chpn vide lim (ttong mdi
tuong quan vdi chpn nghd di hpc/de dupc dao tao) duac dit ra de xem xet
yeu td nio dupc thanh nien coi trpng (nhu luang/thu nhip, su dn djnh cfla
doanh nghidp vi cdng vide, tridn vpng cua cdng v i d e . ) khi di tim vide. Mdt
biiig hdi ngin vi dpng co thinh dat theo dang likert cung dupc thiit ki, kit
hpp vdi thang do vd ddng co bdn trong vi dpng co ben ngoii (Aamodt M.G,
1999). Thang niy dupc thiit ki theo thang 4 diim tu "khdng bao gid hoic
hiu nhu khdng bao gid dflng vdi tdi" (1 diim), "ddi khi dung vdi tdi" (2 diim),
"thudng xuydn dflng vdi tdi" (3 diem) vi "ludn ludn dung vdi tdi" (4 diim).
Thang do niy dupc chinh sua mpt sd chd cho phu hpp vdi didu kidn Vipt
Nam. Trong nghidn cuu niy, dp tin ciy (Alpha cua Cronbach) cfla tidu tiiang do
dpng CO bdn trong li 0,88, cfla tiiu thang do ddng co bdn ngoii la 0,82.
Chgn mdu
Miu chpn nghidn cflu gdm 573 thanh nidn, nioi tir 22 din 35 (tadi ttnng
binh li 2^, thupc thi hd 8X vi 9X) dang sinh sdng vi Iim vide tai 2 Ainh phd
Idn Ii Ainh phd Hi Ndi vi thinh phd Hd Chi Minh. Tai mSi thinh phd l^ii chpn
ra cic quan/phudng thudc khu vuc cu/duoc hinh Ainh tu liu vi mdi duac thinh
'Cu.4 lao ddng that nghiep thi co I ngirdi co bing cap ti, cao ding trd len (Tdm cue Ihone

ke:20IS).
'
ô !ã
s
'Xu hudng nay dudng nhu cimg diin ra d cd Trung Quic. An Dg ra nhiiu quoc gia khdc
(xem What da you do with millions of extra graduates? tgi hllp://www bhc com/neH,/
business-28062071).

TAPCHfTAMLynpCSd 10(211), 10-2016


lip Aeo phuang phip phin ting. Trong tdng mlu, nir chiim 52.9%, nam chidm
47,1%; 55,0% sd ngudi sinh ta d ndng Aon (viing ngoai Ainh) vi 45.0% - sinh ra d
ihiiA Aj: 93,2% sd ngudi dang di lta (ttong sd nay cd 84,3% cho bidt Ii dang A
Ita ttan Adi gian); 79,2% so ngudi cd ttinh do dai hoc, sd cdn Iai cd ttinh dp sau
dat hpc (20,1% la Aac sT vi 0,7% (4 ngudi) li ttin si.). Cd 63,7% sd ngudi dang
Ita viec Bxmg khu vyc Nha nude, sd cdn lai (36,3%) Ita ttong khu vuc W nhin.
Thu nhip ttung btah cfla mdi ngudi Ii 7,2 ttieu ddng/diing. Cd Ai ndi, miu chpn
niy mang Unh dai didn cho Aanh nidn cd trinh dp dai hpc nhidu hon li d^ Adn
cho cic nhdm khic. Thanh nidn d diy li Aanh men di cd vidc Ita, di "tim" dupc
viic lim. Cin phii ndi Adm ring, Ai he 8X vi 9X dupc cho la Ad he sinh ra sau
Ddi mA, cd nhflng die diim ndi bit nhu kit ndi mtemet tdt han, chiu inh hudng
nhidu hon cua xu hudng toin ciu hda. cdi md hon d nhiiu phuong didn, dtah
hudng ci nhin hem vi cung dtah hudng Ueu dflng nhidu hon.
Ket qua nghien clhi
/. Ngdnh hpc vd ngdnh Idm

^

Bang 1; Ty li thanh niin theo ngdnh hgc vd ngdnh ldm

N^inhynghe

Neanb da hoe (•/•)

Khoa hpc \3 hdi

14,1

10,7

^ o a hoc tir nhien

17.9

16,4

Kinh le

29,6

27,3

Nftoainfii}

2,1

0,9

ConR nghe ihong iin

8.4

7,0
6,6


7,5

Kien true, xay dinij^

6,1

5,8

^ o a hoc 10 chuc, hanh chinh, v5n phdnp

7,0

15,2

Lire tuKlriH vu trang

1,1

2,3

Sir pham, piao vien, iam Iy

4,6

5,1

Du ljch, tniyen ihonE

1,1

1,9

Vganh V

0,5

0,8

looja

100,0

12££

TAPCHlTAMLyHpC. So' 10 (211), 10 - 2016


Khi dupc hdi 'Hidn nay, ban cd dang Iam vipc trong Hnh vyc nghd/nginh
di hpc hay khdng?", gin 80,0% s6 ngudi xac nhin la cd. Ndi cich khic, ty lp
sd ngudi cho ring minh Iam khdng dflng nginh nghe da dupc dio t^o chidm
khoing 1/5. Tit nhien cd mpt sd nginh nghd die t?o ky ning ed thi chuydn
dich (xem Le Van Hio, 2013), tuc li khi tdt nghidp dai hpc, hp cd Ad Iim vide
d lAiiu nginh nghd lien quan, vi du duac dao tao ngitA T t a Iy hpc Ai Aanh

nidn cd Ai l t a tham vin, tiip thi, quan he cdng chung, nhin sy hay giio
vidn... cin ndi Adm ring,tt-ongsd thanh nidn di dupc phong vin cd hom 1/2
(52,1%) di Aay ddi vide Ita,ttxingdd thay ddi mdt lin chiim 25,0%, Aay ddi
hai lin chiim 13,7%, Aay ddi ba lin chiim 9,6%, Aay ddi bin hoic hon bdn
lin la 3,3% (ed 0,5% sd nguoi khdng tti Idi). Nhu thi, sd ngudi Aye sy chua
thay ddi cdng vide lin nio chiim 47,9%. Ndu liy trung binh tudi di lim cua
nhflng ngudi cd bing dai hpc la 22 so vdi tadi trung binh cua toin miu chpn
ttong nghidn cflru niy (28) Ai ttnng binh mdi ngudi di di liin duoc khoing 6
nim. Cic con sd vua ndu phin anh mpt didu ring, thanh nidn Ad he 8X va 9X cd
xu hudng de chip nhin Aay ddi edng vide.
Dai da sd (97,0%) Aanh nidn dupe hdi ddng -j hoin toin (69,0%) hoic
mpt phin (28,0%) ring ttong cudc sdng, mdi ngudi khi di trudng Ainh cin phii
Iim mdt lp?i cdng vide nio dd hoic mdt nghd nio dd. Didu niy khdng cd gi la.
Khi dupc hdi "Trong cudc sdng, mdi ngudi phii chuydn siu mpt nghi nhat dinh
hay khdng?", cfl 5 ngudi Ai chi cd 1 ngudi (20,9%) ddng y nhu viy. S6 ldn cdn
Iai cho ring cd Ad Ita nhiiu nghi khic nhau, miin li cd thu nhap va ddng gdp
cho gia dinh vi xi hpi. Didu nay phin inh sy linh hoat va sin sing thich nghi,
Aay ddi vdi mdt Ai trudng Iao dpng cd nhiiu biin dpng. Nhung mil trai cua nd
li sy chuydn tim, chuydn siu mdt nghi bj ton hai vi chit Iupng tay nghi Iao
dpng bi hgn chd. Ndi cich khic, quan diem "nhit ngh? tirA" vin dung nhung
khdng nhat Aidt nhu vay trong mpi trudng hpp.
Ddi vdi ci nhin thanh nidn (it nhit li trong miu chpn niy), sy chuyin
uip hay qua dd tu di hpe sang di Iim dien ra tdt (70,7%) hoic rit tdt (11,2%)
vdi hiu hit nhflng ngudi dupc phdng vin. Nhu thi, cft 5 thanh nidn thi cd 1
ngudi cho biit qui ttinh chuyin tiip tu ttudng hpc sang Iim vide dien ra khdng
tdt,tiducyc.
2. Yiu to quyit djnh khi di lim vipc Idm
Tir sd lieu hinh 1 cho thiy, luong/Au nhip (dipflmgnhu ciu ca bin) la
didu quan ttpng nhit, chiem ty Id vupt ttpi (81,9%) trong sd cic ydu ti quyit
djnh khi di Um vipc lim, cao ban yiu td xdp bie 2 tdi 22 diim phin ttim. Tiip

Aeo li ttldn vpng cua cdng vipc (59,7%) - mpt yiu td cd quan hp mit Aiit vdi
luong/thu nhip eao ban hoic ben vflng ban ttong taong lai. Co hpi hidn Aye hda

TAP CHf TAM LyHOC, Sd 10 (211), 10 - 2016


tiem nang (nhu cau b^c cao trong thang bac nhu c5u/d6ng ca cua Maslow) duac
cho la yeu to it guan trong nhSt (30,3%). Yeu c§u ciia cong vide - theo b ^ mo 'ti
cong viec ma to chuc hay cong ty dat ra (su cSn nhic xem lieu minh co dam
nhan, co 1 ^ dugc cong viec flieo doi hoi cua cong ty/td chiic - (39 6%) va y
nghia xa hoi ciia c6ng viec (40,6%) chua phai la uu tien cao vai nhftng thanh
nien moi tham gia thi trucmg lao dong. Dieu dang luu v la so vai 5 nam tnroc
day, ^ yeu to quan trong trong quyet dinh chpn vigc lam ciia thanh nien hien
nay van hau nhu khong thay doi (xem them Le Van Hao, 2012).

Co Ml tiiin thuE h6a Iiim nSng
YAi d u cdng vifc
y nghTa JiaW.
Dl 1^1 thujbi 11^

139.6

^

40 6

Coh^i^dvng
Strdn dmh

DN vi cdng vice

Biu khAng khi tim viit
Gitt giic iim Vlfc
Ttiin v^ng cdng vifc
LiFong/ihu nhfp

Hinh 1; Yiu ti quan h-png khi fim viec ldm (thep thu hf tu cao xudng thip)
So sinh voi Aanh nidn d nhdm ttd ban (18 - 24) tti mpt sd qudc gia mi
Offi«
I I Lcho
A /Aiy
' A "cd' .nhidu
, ? " sy
* ttrong
•"" "^^
*"^"Aanh
" ^ nidn
2004Nhit
(Cabinet
Office Z2004)
ding." ^Cy*^'^
Ad, vdi
Bin
f i X ^ M " , " ^ " 1 - ™ ''"'" "^"^ * " 2 <*'*-''''' ã=*" 'lôi ^ ô " ' ^ nôn Hi,;
ãil^l-I^^^
' "^ "ã=ã ' " ' " g ' l ' " nhip chiim vi tti uu tidn sd 1 (tuong
ung li 76,2% 83,5%, 77,7% vi 64,5%). Nhu Ad. Aanh nidn Vipt Nam
S
mau chpn my) cung khdng khic Aanh nidn d cic nude di phit ttiin nhiiu lim
xet ve nhihig uu tten ttong khi Um kidm vide lim, eho dfi Adi gian gifta ha

nghien cuu co khoang cich kha xa. "Su dn dinh eua cdng vidc" ed vd rk quan
ttvng vol the hp truac vi van cdn khi quan ttpng vai Ad hd 8X vi 9X nhung ho
^ g d e dang chap nhin sy Aay dii ban. Nhu da ndi ttdn diy, chi ttong vii nim
diu d. Iam, cu 2 nguoi Ai cd I ngudi di Aay ddi vide lim, it nhit li mdt lin
TAPCHfTAMiyHpCSd 10(211), 10-2016


So sinh theo cic biin sd nhin khiu hpc Ai Aiy mdt sd khic bidt. Cy
Ai, nhftng Aanh nien sinh d ndng Aon (nhung diu dang sinh sdng vi lam vide
tai 2 Aanh phd Idn nhit ci nude) cd xu hudng coi trpng yiu td luong/Au nhip
hon so vdi Aanh nidn sinh ra d Ainh phd (ty Id hrongftngla 56,7% > 43.3% vdi
Chi-Square = 3,83; p = 0,05). Co Ie do sinh ra d ndng thdn, rdi gia dinh ra Ainh
phd lam vide, d ftong nhftng nam diu, mdi Aam gia Aj ttudng lao dpng ndn sue
ep vi tii chiiii cua hp ldn hon so vdi nhdm Aanh nidn dd thj it hi sue dp phii tri
tiin Aud nha vi mdt sd chi phi CO bin khic. Ngoii ra, cac Aanh nidn di cu tft
ndng thdn ra dd Ai Iam vide cung Audng duoc chd dpi phii gfti Uen ve giup dd
gia dinh vin dang sdng d ndng Aon. Tuong ty, vdi nhftng Aanh nidn cd Oinh dp
dai hoc thi luong/Au nhip cd tim quan ftong han ttong chpn vide Iim so vdi
nhftng ngudi cd bing thac sT (ty Id tuong ung li 83,4% > 74,8% vdi Chi-Square
= 4,58; p = 0,05). Nguoc Iai, vdi yiu td "Hidn Auc hoa tiem nang ci nhin" (it
dupc lya chpn nhit ftong cic ydu td quan ttpng khi tim vide lam) Aanh nidn sinh
ra d ndng Adn Iai cd xu hudng chu y din nd nhiiu hom so vdi Aanh nidn sinh ra
d Ainh phd (ty Id nrong ung Ii 54.9% > 45,1% vdi Chi-Squai€ = 10,5; p = 0,005).
Lieu cd phii sinh ra vi ldn len d noi cd thu Aip ttnng binh Aip hon thi dpng Iyc
hidn Aye hda ldn hon? Nft Aanh nidn co xu hudng de cao "Su dn dinh cua
doanh nghiep vi cdng vide" ttong can nhic lya chpn viec lim han so vdi nam
Aanh nien (ty Id nrong ung Ii 52,6% > 47,4% vdi Chi-Square = 8,18; p = 0,01).
Lien quan din thu nhip, khi duoc hdi lieu thu nhip giup hp bio dim cupc
sdng cua bin Ain vi gia dinh, tao didu kidn hpc tip, ning cao trinh dp chuyen
mdn hay giup mua sim, tidu dung, giup dd ngudi thin... Ai lya chpn diu tidn

eua hp Ii giup bio dim cupc sdng cua bin than va gia dinh (54,5%). Nhung ty 1$
chp ring cdng vide mi hp dang Iim "li dam md cua tdi" hoic "giup khing dinh
bin thin" cung chidm ly Id ding kd (tucmg ftng Ii 29,1% vi 24,2%). Ndi cich
khic, ddng CO thuc day thanh nien Idn nhit trong lya chpn cdng vide hien tai Ii
sinh kd nhung phit trien bin Aan, theo dudi nhftng gi minh mudn cung vin dupc
luu tim. dfi d mftc dp thap hon va dftng sau vide dam bio cudc sdng.
Cam kel, gin bd vdi cdng vide di chpn, dang Iim cung la mdt biin sd
lidn quan den dpng co chpn vipc Iam. Du mii ciu hdi cd 4 phuang in tri Idi tft
"dung" cho din "khdng dung" vdi 2 phuang in trung gian Ii "dung nhidu hon
sai" vi "sai nhieu ban dung" nhung de cho tidn, chung ldi tach Iim 2 vdi mpt
ben li "dfing" ddi lip vdi ben kia Ii "sai" nhu trong hinh 2 dudi day.
Kdt qui chp Aiy phan Idn thanh nien di ed vipe Iim diu cd mong mudn
gin bd, cam kdt Iiu dai vdi cdng ty, td chftc, xdt Aeo cic tidu chi tft mong mudn
•d I^i cdng ty liu dai" cho din "ty nguypn, nd Iyc" vi cdng ty hoic "sin sing hy
sinh Ipi ich cua ci nhan vi cdng ty/td chftc". Tuy nhidn, nhit quin vdi nhftng gi
di phin tich ttdn diy (luong/Au nhip dupe uu tien hon ci), du cho ring "sd d Iai
TAPCHfTAMiyHCX;. S6 10 (211), 10 - 2016


cdng ty/td chuc dfi dugc cdng ty khac mdi lira luong cao ban" nhung dd li item
CO ty Id tti Idi khing dinh Aip nhit (hnA 2). Nhit quin vdi kit qua di ttinh biy
ttdn day, nft Aanh ni&i cd xu hudmg cam kit "d lai cdng tv lau dai" cao han so
vdi nam (Mnu= 3,17/4 > Mnam = 2,86/4 vdi p = 6,01).

S£ d lv da cang t\ Ihac mA bm lutng o o lun
Tu hio lim dlo cdng ty
G<6, Undo sin phim. dkh vn idog h
0 * i | nghiip

^

Tvnguyfcni be
Sin dng hv nnh lm Ich ci nhin VI cteg IV
X m cong l> Innu, nha Jwhu

f"

Hlnh 2: Ty le cam kit, gin bd vdt cdng ty/td chuc (%)
3. Dpng ca ben ngodi va dpng ca ben trong
Cung bin vi dpng ca chpn vide Iim nhung cd Ai xem xet tu 2 chidu canh
khac nhau. Muchinsky (1997, tt. 332) chia ddng ca lim vidc cfia ngudi lao ddng
Aanh 3 mftc dp phit ttien tft Aip ldn cao:
i) Khi luong va sy an toin chua dupc bio dim Ai ngudi lao ddng cd xu
huang tap ttung vio nhftng khia canh "cin Aidt" cua cdng vidc li chfi ydu nhim
Aoa min lAihig lAu eiu co bin.
ii) Khi didu kipn luong vi an toin duac eii Aidn Ai phong cich quin Iy
eua linh dao vi quan hp cua hp vdi cap dudi Iji cd vai trd quan ttpng hon.
iii) Cuii cfing, khi diiu kidn Iim vide di duoc ning cao ding ki Ai vai
tto cua nguoi quin Iy sd giim vi bin chit cua cdng vidc sd li ydu td quan trong
hon ca._Cong vide Iuc niy ttd ndn quan ttgng di dap ung nhu ^ u Ur Auc hidn
chu khong phii dd Ada min nhOng nhu ciu CO bin.
' '

TAPCHfTAMiyHOCSd 10 (211), 10-2016


Niu quan diim tten diy cfia Muchinsky Ii phu hgp vdi Auc ti Ai ciu
hdi Iy Afi cd Ai dit ra li: Ydu td nio Ii dgng co lim vide chfi yiu d Aanh nidn
ttgng miu n ^ d n cftu dang cd vide Iim? Mftc do nao (i, ii hay iii) dang ndi ttgi?
Bang 2 trinh biy diim tiling binh cia rieng tftng item vi cia tiiu thang

dinh gii ddng co bdn ngoii vi ddng co bdn ttong.
Bdng 2: Ddng ca bin trong vd bin ngodi (N = 565)

111

Item

Bd
l(ch
chuin

B$ng CO bin ngoai
1

Toi quan tam xem nhung ngiroi khAc nghT RI ve cong viec oua toi.

2,42

0,923

2

T6i thich c6 ai do dgt ra die myc tieu ro rang cho t6i trong cong viec.

2,76

0,945

3

Toi c6 y thurc ring myc ti£u (I^m vi^) cua toi 1^ de dup'C khen
thircmg.

2,19

0,927

4

Doi vcri toi, thanh cong \k 1am viec tot hem nhimg ngirdi khic.

2,34

0,920

5

T6i quan tam xem t6i thu dirpc gi qua mpt cong vi^c nhieu hom la
quan tam tai cong vi^ d6.

2,34

0,881

6

Toi quan tam xem mgi ngirfri sg phan tmg doi v6i cdc y tuong ciia
(oi nhu the nAo.

2,58

0,871

7

Toi ihirong nghi ve zkc danh hi^u (iao d0ng tien tien, chien sT thi
dua...) \k cac phan thudng.

2,04

0,892

8

Toi tin rang n^u minh Mm vi^c tot ma khong c6 ai biet thi ching c6
y nghTa pi.

2,16

0,949

9

Tang luong/tang thu nhap la dpng CCT lim vi^c rat m^nh me ciia toi.

2,85

0,900

10

Toi lam vi^c hSng say de mpi ngir6i thira nh^in.

2,29

0,886

11

T6i phai cim thAy la minh se dat dupc c4i gi d6 tiJr cong vi§c dang
iam.
Dupc tir th^ hi|n minh la dieu quan trpng doi v6i t6i.

2,63

0,882

2,34

0,842

Toi muon mpi ngu&i bi^t dupc toi th^rc sy thanh thao cflng vi?c
cua minh ra sao.

2,47

0,892

M (rung binh cua cAc item dqn^ cff ben neodi

2,42

0,50

12
12

'Dimg factor analysis de phdn tich yiu iS thi thang do cUng chla ra 2 yiu ti (ddng ca ben
ngoai va dgng ca ben Irong) nhui bang tren day. nhdt qudn vti thang do nguyin bdn.

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC. S6 10 (211), 10 - 2016


B^Hgarbeatron^
Trg thanh nguoi thanh cong trong cupc s
Thyc hi£n mpt vigc gi do doc dao trong cuoc sfing ciia minh.
Cfi gang lam vi^c tot hon nhflng nguwi khac.

2.49
2.87

Ty CO gang, nfi lire trong t^ ca cac cong viec ma minh lam.
Tmi each nang cao. cai tien nhihig ^ dang lam.
Thich lam nh&ng viec kho khan, thach thiic hon !a viec dl d^g.
Van de cang kho toi cang muon c6 g§ng giai quyet
Tfii muon cong viec ciia minh lao dieu kien nang cao k i ^ thiic va
ky n ^ g cua ban than.
Toi tfaich ty minh tim hilu mpi vi6c;
Toi khong thich nhfing nhi?m vu tuong dfii dtm gian va de thyc
hien.

Tfi mfi. mufin tim hieu \k dpi^ lyc thiic dly hiu het nhihig gi toi lam.
Toi tfiidi thu giai quyet cac van d^ hoan toan moi dfii voi tfii.
Tfii thich cic o6ng vi?c doi hfii nhieu kha nSng ciia minh hon \k
cac cdng v i ^ dl dang hoan thanh.

2,72

Tfii cam thay thoai mar hon khi toi co thfi dat ra cac myc tieu cho
rifing minh.
Dirpc I4m nhfhig vi|c ma minh thich thii la dieu rat quan trpng doi
voi tfii.

3,00

Cho den chimg nio loi con cfi thfi Iam nhihig gi minh hung ihii
khfing quan tam den luong va thuong.
Tfii say me iam nhimg cong vigc ma tfii thich den miic hau nhir
quen mpi thiir khac.
Toi rat thich giai quyel cic van dfi phire tap.
Toi m u ^ bi^ xem tfii thyc sy thanh th^o cfing vific ciia minh &kn
muc nao.
Dieu quan trpng nhit doi vfii tfii la yfiu thich cfing vific cua minh.
M trung binh cna cac hem done eg ben trone
Ghi chu: Diim thdp nhdt Id 1, cao nhdt Id 4.

2.95
2,72

n.» ,A ^ ^ *'*'""^' ^^"^ *'°' * ^ *™"8 CO XU hirong cao hon dong ca ben ngoai
(M U 2,72 so vdn 2,42 tren thang 4 diem voi di&n cang cao thi dpng ca ^ g

TAPCHfTAMLyHOC. Stf 10(211). 10-2016


cao), nhit quan vol xu huong da phat hien duac trong mot nghien ciiu mioc day
Cling tren mot ralu chpn thanh nien d6 thi (LS Van Hao, 2012). So sanh T-test
thi thiy nam gidi c6 xu huong th6 hien dgng co ben ngoai cao hom nu gioi (2,46
so vol 2,37 voi p = 0,03). Thanh nien Ha Noi co xu huong the hien dong co ben
ngoai cao hon thanh nien thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh (M tuong ung 14 2,46 so voi
2,37 voi p = 0,04). Nguoc lai, dong co ben trong ciia thanh nien Ha Noi thap hon
thanh nien thanh phd Hd'chi Minh (M tuong ung la 2,66 so voi 2,78 vol p = 0,00).
Thanh nien lam viec trong khu vuc tu nhln (ngoii Nha nuoc) the hi?n dgng eo
ben ngoai eao hon so vcri thanh nien lam viec trong khu -vuc Nha nude (M tuong
ung la 2,48 so vol 2,37 vcri p = 0,01). Thanh nien c6 hoan canh gia dinh ngheo
hoac giau co (2 dfiu mut ciia 5 miic) co xu huong thi hien dgng ca Iam vi?c ben
ngoai cao hon so vol cac nhom con lai (cfin ngheo, trung binh, kha gia).

Ba item dgng co ben ngoai co dilm trung binh (M) cao nhit (tren thang 4
diSm) 14 cfic item 9, 2, 11 (Tdng luang/tdng thu nhdp Id dpng ca lam viic rdt
mgnh me cia ldi, M = 2.85; Tdi thich cd ai do dgt ra cdc mtic tieu ro rang cho Idi
trong cdng viic, M = 2,76; Tdi phdi cdm thdy id minh se dg, dup'C cdi gi dd tit
cdng viic dang ldm, M = 2,63). Day cung dac dilm ciia xu huong ddng co ben
ngofii mfi chiing toi da phfit hien dugc cfich day 5 nfim. K6t qufi nfiy phinfinhm^t
dilu ling "fliu nhfip/tiln" la cfic ylu td dii mang tinh chfit "ngoai Iuc" nhimg Ijii
thuc day rO nhat.
Trong dilu ki?n kinh te ViSt Nam chua cho phep trfi cho nhihig ngucri
Iao dgng muc luong eao, efic nhu cfiu co bfin vfin chua dugc dfip ling tot, dfic
bi^t voi nhihig ngudi mdi tham gia thj trudng Iao ddng thi quan diem vd tien
luong ciia Herzberg F. (dfin trong Aamodt, 1999) vfi ciia Taylor deu dfing ban
lufin. Theo Herzberg, tien lucmg it cd tfic dung tao ddng co cho nhan vidn (nhu

sg dugc ban trong phfin dgng ca ben trong dudi day). Quan dilm nfiy cd thi
diing hon vdi nhdm ngudi lao dgng cd nhu cau'co bfin da dugc dap ling hofic
nhdm trung luu trd len. Ngugc Iji, Taylor F., trong cudn sfich dl ddi cua dng
"Cfic nguyen tfie qufin Iy khoa hgc/The Principles of Scientific Management"xufit bfin tir 1911 thi qua quylt rfing khdng thi khiin cho mdt ngudi lfim vi?c
hfing say hem trong mgt thdi gian dai, tru khi anh ta dugc hiia hen mdt khofin
tfing lucmg dfing kl vfi dn dinh (dfin theo Aamodt, 1999). Du mudn hay khdng
thi vdi thanh nien mdi tham gia thi trudng Iao ddng, dang ho^c chuan bi cho
qufi trinh sdng tv lap, tiln luang/thu nhjp la mdt trong nhChig ylu td quan trgng
nhat. Ket qua nfiy mdt lan n&a khfing djnh rfing "luong/thu nhjp" la ylu to ed
siic nfing nhat U-ong qua trinh tim kiem vi?e Ifim eiia thanh nien. Dfit cfiu chuydn
nfiy n-ong u-inh dd phit uiln kinh tl nhu Vi$t Nam thi thfiy dd khdng phii Ifi vin
de gfiy ngjc nhien.

T«P CHlTAM LV HOC, S6 10 (211), 10 - 2016


Ba itenn dgng ea ben trong cd dilm tiung binh (M) cao nhit la cac item
4,5, 15 (Tucdgdng, nS hre uong lit cd cdc cdng viec md muih ldm, M= 3.14;
Tim cdch ndng cao. cdi liin nhOttg gi dang ldm, M = 3,05; Duac ldm nhirng
vifc md minh thich thi Id diiu rit quan trpng ddt vdi tdi. M = 3.0). Cac item
nay deu cd mdi lien he vdi nhau. Con ngudi thudng chi tu no luc {\a vi thi dl
efii tien, sfing tao) trong cdng viec nlu hg lam nhiing gi ma minh hung thii.
Dieu dang chu y Ifi "Dugc ldm nhirng viic md mmh thich Ihu Id diiu rd, quan
'rpng ddi vdijdr ed dilm trung binh cao thii 4 trong tit cfi cfie item. Xu hudng
chung ciia mfiu chpn nay kha nhfit quan vdi xu hudng chiing tdi phat hien dugc
tit mau chgn tri thirc 10 nam trudc day (Le Van Hfio, 2006), dii thir bac cd khfic
nhau it nhieu.
Ldc nay cd thi dat ra cfiu hdi la lieu co mfiu thufin khdng khi luang/thu
nhfip (thudng dugc coi la dgng co ngoai sinh) la ylu td quan trpng nhfit trong
lua chpn viec Iam eiia thanh nien, trong khi ddng co ngi sinh lai cd xu hudng

cao hon khi xem xet ddng co Iam vi?c ndi ehung cda eon ngudi? Cd Ie khi
L luong vi su an tofin ehua dupe bao dam thi ngudi lao ddng ed xu hudng chu
J trgng vao khia canh cd thi dip img nhu ciu co ban, ddng nhu Muchinsky da dl
cjp hay trudc dd Maslow da qufi quylt. Nhung nlu xem xet dgng ca bdn trong
vfi ben ngofii ndi ehung nhu mdt \ lu td thuc diy Ifim viee thi dgng co ngi sinh
ed tiem nfing the hien trdi hon (it nhilu) so vdi ddng ca ngoai sinh. Ndi cich
khic, khi nhu cau co bin dupe bio dim thi bin chit cua edna viec, miic dp t(i
chu Irong cdng viec. iihihig ylu td ndi sinh se din chilm uu tiil. hudng ldi phit
trien, hien thvc hda tiem nfing eua bfin than.
Ket luan
(1) Trong lua chgn viee Ifim eiia thanh nien thi luong/thu nhfip Ifi yeu td
ed gii trj thue dfiy Idn nhfit, chilm ty le vugt udi ttong sd efic ylu td khic Du
cung dugc luu tfim dfing kl nhung -Co hgi hien thue hda bin than", "Ydu ciu
eua cdng viec" va "\ nghia xfi hdi eua cdng \-iec" chua phai Ifi uu tien cao vdi
nhihig thanh nien mdi tham gia thi tnidng Iao dgng, kl cfi d nhOng ngudi cd
trinh dp dji hpe ud len. Xu hudng nay cung khdng khfic so vai thanh nien d
cac nude dfi phfii trien xet ve nhimg uu tien hay ddng co ttorig qufi trinh tim
kiem vi?e Ifim.
(2) Khi di tim viec lam, ddng co ben ttong cua thanh nien cd xu hudng
cao han dpng co ben ngoii. Dieu niy cd nghia li xet vl mfit tiim nfing (nhit la
khl cac nhu cfiu co bin da dupc thda man) miic dp hiing thu Ifim viec nhu mdt
ydu to tu thfin. chap nhfin khd khfin va vugt qua thfich thiic, khd khan cua thanh
men li dfing ghi nhjn.

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, SO 10 (211), 10-2016


I

I lifa tham khao

Aamodt M.a., Applied indusnial/organlzalional psychology, Brook/CoIe & Wadswoith,
FTP An hitemational Thomson Publishing Company, pp. 3 81,1999.
2. Cabinet Offiee, The Japanese Youlh In comparison with the youth ofthe world, A
Summary Report of die Sevenfli World Youfli Survey, 2003, January 2004.
3. European Commission, Survey among young people aged between IS - 30 in the
European Union, Summary, 2007.
4. Le VSn Hao, Bdng luc Idm viic bin n-ong vd bin ngodi cua cdn bd nghiin ciu
Viin Khoa hpc xd hdi Viit Nam vd Viin Khoa hpc cdng nghi Viit Nam, Tap ehi Tfim
ly hge, Sd 7/2006.
5. L6 Vfin Hfio, Mgt sd vdn de ca bdn cua thanh niin dd thi nude ta, Bao efio de tai
cip Bg, 2012.
6. Le Vfin Hfio, Ddo tgo nhiing Iqi ndng mgng tinh chuyin dich chg sinh viin ngdnh
Tdm ()i Ape, Tap ehi TSm IJ hoc, Sd 10/2013.
7. Muchinsky P.M., Psychology applied to work - An Introduction to Industt-ial and
Organlzaiional Psychology, Brooks/Cote Publishing Company and ITP, 1997.

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