Nhận thức và ứng xử của cha mẹ đối với rối nhiễu cảm xúc ở học sinh trung học cơ sở

NHAN THQC V A L/NG XLJ CUA CHA ME
DOI VOI ROI NHI^U C A M XUC
6 HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thj Minh Hang
Khoa Tdm ly hgc, Dgi hgc Khoa hgc xd hot vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qud'c gia Hd Npi.
I
TOM T A T

Nghien ciiu ve nhgn thifc vd ifhg xif cua cha me dd'i vdi rdi nhiiu cdm xiic d
hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd da cho thdy, cha me nhdn thitc tuang dd'i tdt ve cdc ddu hieu
ca bdn cita rdi nliiSu cdm xiic vd cdc dgc diem tdm ly dS ddn de'n rdi nhiiu cdm xiic.
Cha me cho rdng, khd khdn trong hgc lap vd dp life hgc tap dnh hifdng Idn nhdt de'n
ddi sdng cdm xiic cita con. Phdn Idn cha me dd ifng xif theo nhifng cdch thifc khd thi,
de thuc hien, khdng cdn nhieu thdi gian vd khd liieu qud de tim hieu van de cua con
vd hd Irff con. Tuy vdy, vdn cd mot ty le ddng ke cha me cd nhdn thifc chifa diing ve
rdi nhieu cdm xiic vd Ung xif chua phii hop khi con cd bieu hien bdt thudng ve cdm xiic
Til khoa: Rdi nhiiu cdm xiic; Nhgn thifc ve rdi nftieu cdm xuc; Cha me; Hgc
sinh trung hgc ca sd.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/9/2014.
1. Dat van de
Hgc sinh trung hgc cd sd (THCS) la liia tudi vi thanh nidn dang d trong
giai doan phat triin ma cae nha tam ly hgc cho rang dl xay ra khung hoang.
C!ac em gap rat nhilu khd khan ve hgc tap, vd cac quan he hgc dudng, quan he
xa hdi, ve tam ly ca nhan, trong dd khd lam chu cam xuc ciia ban than la mgt
khd khan rat dae trung 6 liia tu6i nay. Nhijng nghien ciiu g^n day eho tha'y,
trong bdi canh kinh te - xa hgi biS'n d6i nhanh va phiie tap hien nay, nhiing khd
khan vdn dae trung cho liia tudi hgc sinh THCS lai cang them phuc tap. Thuc te
dd da lam cho khdng it hgc sinh liia tuoi vi thanh nidn mac cac rdi nhilu tam ly
ndi ehung, rd'i nhilu cam xiic (lo au, stress, thu minh, ne tranh xa hdi, sg giao
tie'p, sg di hgc va nang hdn cd the la tr^m cam) ndi rieng. Na'u nhu cac rd'i nhilu
hanh vi dl nhan biel, do dd dugc quan tam hdn thi cac rd'i nhilu cam xuc lai

khd nhan bie't hem, it nhan dugc su quan tam cua ngudi Idn, trong dd ed cha me
va giao vien. Nhilu ly thuyet tam ly hge cung nhu thuc te da chiing minh rang,
neu ngudi Idn, dae bidt la cha me ed kid'n thiic va ky nang tdt ve phdng ngiia thi

50

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd'10 (187), 10-2014


cd thd han chd dugc rit nhidu rdi nhidu 6 con. Vi vay, nghien cdu vd nhan thdc
cua cha me vd rdi nhidu cam xuc d hgc sinh THCS nham cd co sd hd trg cho hg
kidn thiic va ky nang phdng ngiia rd'i nhidu cho con la ra't can thie't.
Theo quan diem cua chiing tdi, rd'i nhidu cam xuc la cac bieu hien bat
thudng va bit dn vd phuong dien cam xuc, gay khd chiu va lam anh hudng ddn
cugc sd'ng cua ca nhan, thudng bidu hidn bang cac da'u hieu vd nhan thiic, hanh
vi, cam xuc va cac trieu chiing vd co thd, nhung khdng kem theo cac trieu
chiing loan thin.
Thuat ngtt "Rd'i nhidu cam xiic" dugc chiing tdi sir dung vdi ham y ma
bac sT Nguydn Khac Vien (1999) da chi ra, bao gdm khdng chi cac trieu chiing
benh ly m i ca nhung dau hieu bSt thudng, ba't dn va cd anh hudng den hoat
ddng sdng binh thudng cua ca nhan. Theo dd, rd'i loan cam xuc va rdi nhidu
cam xuc cd ciing cac bidu hien gidng nhau, nhung khac nhau vd mirc dd bidu
hien va mde dd anh hudng de'n cudc sdng ciia ca nhan mang nd. Sii dung khai
niem rd'i nhidu cam xuc dd nghien ciiu ca nhttng bidu hidn bit thudng, ba't dn d
hgc sinh ma hien tai chua ddn miic lam sang, nhimg cd thd tidn tridn thanh
benh ly ndu khdng dugc hd trg kjp thdi ttt cha me va chuyen gia tam ly. Didu
nay mang lai gia tri du bao, phdng ngtta chd khdng chi la tri lieu khi da cd
benh.
Nhan thiic va ling xir ciia cha me vd rd'i nhidu cam xuc 6 hgc sinh THCS
se dugc lim ro thdng qua 5 phuong dien sau day: 1) nhan thdc vd bidu hien cua

rd'i nhidu cam xuc; 2) nhan thiic ve cac dac didm tam ly ca nhan ciia hgc sinh
de din ddn rd'i nhidu cam xiic; 3) nhan thdc vd eac ydu td anh hudng ddn rd'i
nhidu cam xuc ciia hgc sinh; 4) irng xii cua cha me khi con cd nhiing da'u hieu
bit thudng vd cam xuc; 5) danh gia ve su cin thidt cua chucfng trinh phdng
ngira rd'i nhidu cam xiic trong truiing hgc va nhttng dd xua't ciia cha me trong
viec phdng ngiia rd'i nhidu cam xiic cho hgc sinh THCS.
2. Khach the va phucfng phap nghien cum
Khdeh the nghien ciiu bao gdm 151 phy huynh, trong dd cd 32 ngudi
(21,2%) d Ha Ngi; 51 ngudi (33,8%) d Hai Phong; 68 ngudi (45%) d Ninh
Binh. Cd 46 ngudi (30,5%) la nam gidi va 105 ngudi (69,5%) la ni~t gidi. Phan
bd dd tudi ciia khach the nghidn cdu nhu sau: 20 - 30 tudi: 4%; td > 30 - 40
tudi: 59%; > 40 - 50 tudi: 31%; > 50 - 60 tudi: 2% va tren 60 tudi: 4%.
Phucmg phdp nghien cim chii ydu la didu tra bang bang hdi va phdng vin
sau. Cd 3 phucfng an danh gia muc do anh hudng ciia cac yen td dugc nghien
ciiu ddn rd'i nhidu cam xiic la rdt dnh hudng, tuang ddi dnh hudng va hdu nhu
klidng dnh hudng. Cd 3 phucfng an danh gia dng xu cua cha me khi con cd bieu
hien cam xiic bit thudng la thuc hien thudng xuyen, thuc hien tuang ddi thudng
xuyen va hdu nhu khdng thuc hien. Cac sd lieu nghiSn ciru da dugc xu ly bang
TAP CHlTAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10-2014


phan mem SPSS 16.0. Cac gia trj danh gia bang didm trung binh cd cac mttc
nhu sau:
* Nhan thdc vd mde do anh hudng ciia mgt sd ye'u to den rdi nhidu cam xiic
- It anh hudng:

DTB ttt 1,0 - 1,66;

- Tucfng ddi anh hudng:

DTB tir 1,67 - 2,33;

- Rit anh hudng:

DTB ttt 2,34 - 3,0.

* iTng xii ciia cha me khi con cd dau hidu ba't thudng vd cam xiic
- Hiu nhu khdng thuc hien:

DTB ttt 1,0 - 1,66;

- Dugc thuc hien tucfng ddi thudng xuyen:

DTB ttt 1,67 - 2,33;

- Dugc thyc hien thudng xuyen:

DTB ttt 2,34 - 3,0.

3. Ket qua nghien ciiu
3.1. Nhgn thiic cia cha me ve bieu Men rdi nhieu cdm xiic
Cd thd ndi, bidu hien ciia rdi nhidu cam xuc rat da dang, cd nhttng diu
hieu de nhan bidt, nhung cung cd nhidu da'u hieu an giau hay bj che khuit,
tham chi cd nhirng da'u hieu lam ngudi ta nhim lin vdi cac benh co the. Chang
han, dau diu hay dau bung thudng bi nhim vdi cac benh nhu "suy nhugc thin
kinh" hay benh vd tieu lida. Dac biet, ddi vdi Ida tudi vj thanh nien, nhttng dau
hieu nhu dau diu, met moi hay it ndi ddi khi bi ngudi Idn danh ddng vdi nhttng
dac diem tam ly binh thudng ciia Ida tudi nay. Do vay, vide cha me nhan thdc
diing cac bidu hien ciia rdi nhidu cam xuc la vd cung quan trgng de phdng ngiia
sdm va hd trg kjp thdi cho con em minh.

Bdng 1: Nhdn thire ciia cha me ve bieu hien cita rdi nhieu cam xitc (%)
Diing

Khdng dung

1

Budn ba

85,9

14,1

2

Ngai giao tiep, khong mudn di ra ngoai

82,8

17,2

3

It noi

77,5

22,5

4

Trd nen hay khdc

62,9

37,1

5

An it, khong ngon mieng

6

Cac bleu hien

TT

53

47

ft ngu

65,6

34,4

7

Noi nhieu hon binh thudng

41,7

58,3

8

Trd nen lam li, kho bao

76,7

24,3

52

TAP CHI TAM V> HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


9
10

Hay cau gat

11

An nhidu hem binh thudng
Lam di lam lai nhidu l^n hanh d6ng nao dd

12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19

Dau bung, dau da day

it van ddng
Tang van ddng
Kho ngdi yen mot chd
Mai tap tmng
Kei qua hoc tap giam siit
Thudng xuyen ra khoi nha
Thudng xuyen nhan tin, len mang

77,4
20,5
16,4
60,3
46,4
31,5
43
80,8
84,9
28,8
34,2

22,6

79,5
83,6
39,7
53,6
68,5
57
19,2
15,1
71,2
65,8

Bang so lieu tren day cho biet budn bd la mdt dau hieu bit thudng vd
cam xuc ma cha me dd nhan ra nha't (85,9% cha me chgn). Tie'p ddn la nhiing
diu hieu khac nhu ke't qud hgc tap siit kem (84,9%), nggi giao tie'p, khdng mudn
di ra ngodi (82,8%), mdt tap trung (80,8%). Tit ca cac da'u hieu tren ddu li cac
bidu hien ciia rd'i nhidu cam xuc, trong dd budn ba hay phdng cam xuc tram la
mdt trong nhiing da'u hieu cua trim cam; ket qua hgc tap sut kem la mdt diu
hieu dac trung ciia lo au d giai doan lam sang va tram cam chii ydu (Major
Depression) ma ban chat la cam xiic da anh hudng den ket qua ciia hoat dgng;
ngai giao tie'p, khdng mud'n di ra ngoai la da'u hieu cua tram cam; mil tap trung
vtta la diu hieu cua lo au vda la da'u hidu cua trim cam.
Nhu vay, ta't ca 10 diu hieu dugc cha me lya chgn nhidu nhit ddu dung
la cac da'u hieu cOa rd'i nhidu cam xuc (theo cac tieu chi cua rdi loan khi sic
trong DSM-IV va ICD-10 va nhttng ngudi khac). Cac dau hieu rdi nhidu cam
xuc dugc nhan bidt lien quan den nhidu phuang dien khac nhau: cam xuc, hanh
vi, nhan thdc, sinh hoat. Cde ddu hieu hdnh vi; ngai giao tidp, khdng mudn ra
ngoai, it noi, it ngii, trd nen hay khdc, lam di lam lai nhidu lin mdt hanh dgng
nao dd; Cde ddu hieu cdm .tiic; budn ba, hay cau git; Cdc ddu hieu nhgn thtic;
mit tap trung, kdt qua hgc tap sut kem; Cdc ddu hieu ve sinh hogt; ft ngu, an it
va khdng ngon mieng. Tuy nhien, cac bieu hien vd hanh vi dugc cac cha me

nhan biet nhidu nha:t. Dac didm nhan thitc tren day ciia cha me la hoan toan hgp
ly bdi tren thuc td, cac bieu hien vd hanh vi la dd nhan ra nhit, cdn cac bidu
hien vd cam xuc khd nhan biet hon, cac diu hieu trong sinh hoat thudng ngay
ra't dd nhim lin vdi cac benh co the. Trong 4 dau hieu diu tien cd ty le cha me
lua chgn cao ttt 80,8 - 85,9% thi cd hai diu hidu lien quan ddn nhan thuc, dd la
kdt qui hoc tap Slit kem va mit tap trung. Phai chang, didu nay chdng td cha me

TAP CHf TAM LVHOCSd 10 (187), 10-2014

53


quan tam nhieu de'n viec hgc tap ciia con, vi the, nhutig gi lien quan de'n hgc tap
ihi dugc nhan biet ro hdn?
C!ac ke't qua cung cho thSy cd tii 25 - 30% so' cha me khdng nhan ra
nhiing dau hieu quan trgng ndi tren la bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic. Ngoai ra,
cha me cdn nham lan 6 mgt so bilu hien khac, dac bi6t la nhung bilu hien liSn
quan den vi6c an, ngu va cac dau hieu cd the. Chang han, lan lugt cd 47% va
83,6% cha me cho rdng dn il, khdng ngon mieng va dn nhieu han binh thudng
khdng phai la cac dau hieu rdi nhilu cam xiic. Tren thuc te', nhiing hanh vi an
ud'ng khac thudng la nhiing da'u hieu xua't hien d^u tien khi chiing ta lo lang,
bat an hay bi mgt cii sd'c tam ly nao dd, trong khi dd, nhUng bieu hidn khac vl
cd thi, cam xiic va hanh vi va hoat ddng lao ddng, hgc tap hay sinh hoat thudng
xua't hien mudn hdn. Nhu da ndi d tren, cac da'u hidu vl co the cung it dugc
nhan bie't hdn: ed 79,5% cha me khdng cho rang, dau bung, dau dg ddy la dau
hieu rd'i nhilu cam xuc. Vdi ty le ft hdn, nhung cung la mdt so' lugng dang ke
khi cd 37,1% va 34,4% sd cha me khdng nhan ra cac dau hieu nhu trd nen hay
khdc va // ngii la dau hieu rd'i nhilu cam xuc. Ngugc lai, cd mgt so' da'u hieu
khdng phai la bieu hien ban cha't eua rd'i nhilu cam xiic thi lai dugc nhieu cha
me lua chgn: cd 28,8% va 34,2% sd cha me cho rang hay di ra khdi nhd va

thudng xuyen nhdn tin, len mgng la bilu hidn rd'i nhilu cam xiic. Hai loai hanh
vi nay thuc cha't khdng phai la cae bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xuc.
Ke't qua nghien ciiu cho thay dilm trung binh (DTB) nhan thiic cua cha
me d Hai Phdng la 1,0, trong khi dd, DTB cua cha me cf Ha Ngi la 1,59 va DTB
eua cha me a Ninh Binh la 1,53. Kilm dinh ANOVA cho ke't qua: Sig = 0,000
< p = 0,05 cho phep khang dinh phu huynh 6 Ha Ndi va Ninh Binh cd nhan
thiic lot hdn vl cac da'u hieu rd'i nhilu cam xiic so vdi phu huynh b Hai Phdng.
Khdng ed su khae biet ve gidi tinh ciia cha me trong nhan thiic vl cae da'u hieu
rdi nhilu cam xuc a hgc sinh THCS; khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghia theo
Irinh do hgc van cua cha me (Sig = 0,217 > p = 0,05).
Tdm lai, phan Idn cha me dugc dilu tra da ed nhan thiic kha td't vl bilu
hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic, trong dd, nhiJng bieu hien vl hanh vi dugc nhilu cha
me nhan bie't nha't, cdn nhiing bieu hien vl co thi va cac bieu hien trong sinh
hoat hang ngay nhu an, ngu thi ft dugc nhan bie't hdn. Khoang mdt phan ba sd'
cha me dugc hoi cdn nh^m lan mdt so da'u hieu khac ma ban cha't khdng phai la
bieu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic.
3.2. Nhgn thu'c cua cha me ve cdc dgc diem tdm ly cd nhdn de ddn den
rdi nhiiu cdm xdc
Dae dilm tam ly ca nhan dugc xem la mdt trong nhiing yeu td cd anh
hudng Idn den rd'i nhilu tam ly ndi chung va rdi nhilu cam xiic ndi rieng. Ph^n
Idn eac nha tam ly hoc lam sang eho rang, cd nhiing dac diem tam ly ca nhan la

54

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd' 10(187), 10-2014


"yeu td' bao ve" dd'i vdi roi nhilu tam ly, mdt so khac lai la cac "ye'u to' nguy
co" lam ca nhan nhay cam hdn vdi tac nhan gay stress. Theo quan diem cua
nhilu nha tam ly hgc lam sang va chiing tdi d6ng tinh vdi quan diem nay, phan

Idn cac rd'i nhilu tam ly (trong dd cd rd'i nhilu cam xiic) bi gay ra bdi tac ddng
cua cac kich thfch gay cang thang diln ra trong mgt thdi gian dai lam suy ye'u
cac chiic nang tam ly binh thudng cua ca nhan.
vay nhan thiic cua phu huynh dang cd con la hgc sinh THCS vl va'n de
nay nhu the' nao? Ke't qua nghien ciiu the hien trong bang sd lidu dudi day.
Bdng 2: Nhgn thtic cua cha me ve cdc dgc diem ldm ly
de ddn de'n rdi nhieu cdm xuc (%)
Dac diem tam iy

Dung

Khong
dijng

Tinh that thudng, dd thay
ddi

68,2

31,8

Vui ve, yeu ddi

8,6

Ua hoat d6ng

11,3

Dung

Khong
dung

Sdng noi tam

62,3

37,7

914

Tulap

15,2

84,8

88,7

Manh dan, tu tin

9,3

90,7

Dac didm tam ly

It tam SU vdi ngudi khac

64,9

35,1

It hoat ddng

56,3

43,7

Da nghi

52,3

47,7

Hay tam su vdi ngudi
khac

10,6

89,4

Kem ty tin, nhiit nhat

75,5

24,5

Bi quan

53,6

46,4

Lac quan

5,3

94,7

Phil thudc vac ngudi
khac

49,0

51,0

Qua nhay cam

73,5

26,5

So'ng hudng ngoai

8,6

914

Detin

33,1

66,9

C^u loan

23,2

76,8

Theo dinh gia ciia cha me thi dac didm tam ly ca nhan dd din de'n rdi
nhidu cam xuc nha't la kem tir tin, nhiit nhdt (cd 75,5% sd cha me lya chgn).
Day li mdt dac didm tam ly lam cho tre vj thanh nien tu han chd co hdi thiet
lap va duy tri cac mdi quan he xa hdi va han chd dang kd co hgi hien thyc hda
ban than trong hgc tap va cac hoat ddng khic. Trong khi dd, lien he xa hdi tich
cue va thanh cdng trong hgc tap lai la nhimg didu kien hdt sdc quan trgng cd
tiid lim giam stress, tang tam trang tich cue va sy yeu ddi. NhQng tre nhiit nhat,
thidu ty tin cung thudng cd xu hudng sdng hudng ndi. It chia se vdi ngudi khac,
ma day lai chi'nh la nhung yeu td nguy co cd the din den rdi nhidu cam xuc.
Nhttng ngudi ty ti, danh gia thip ban thin cd xu hudng it giao tie'p, thu minh

TAP CHI'TAM LYHpC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014

55


nen cd It cac lien he xa hdi, ma thie'u hut lien he xa hdi la mdt trong nhiing
nguyen nhan gSy tr^m cam (Lewinsohn & Cdng su, 1979).

Dac diem tam ly ca nhan tie'p theo ma nhilu phu huynh lua chgn la qud
nhgy cdm (73,5%). Trong cac tai lieu ve tam ly hgc lam sang va tam benh ly thi
qua nhay cam la mdt dac diem tam ly ca nhan dugc nhac de'n dau tien nhu la
mdt yeu to' nguy cd tiem in cd anh hucmg true tie'p de'n rd'i nhilu cam xuc. Qua
nhay cam cd thi lam cho ca nhan nhan thtic sai lech vl cac kfch thich ben
ngoai, ve ban than, lam cho ea nhan suy diln va van vao minh nhiJng ldi ndi,
hanh ddng cua ngudi khac ma thudng la ft hoac khdng lien quan de'n ban than
(Beck, 1972, 1975, Beck A.T., Emery G., & Greenberg R.L., 2005; Ellis A. &
Abrams M., 2008). Vdi each phan iing nhu vay, dan dan cd the lam hinh thanh
d ca nhan kilu tu duy tieu cue, nghia la chi nhin thay mat tieu cue ciia va'n de
ma bo qua nhiing mat/ylu td' ti'ch cue.
Nhiing dac diem tam ly ea nhan tilp theo duge nhilu phu huynh lua
chgn la: tinh tinh thdt thudng, di thay ddi (68,2%), it tdm sii vdi ngudi khdc
(64,9%), sd'ng ndi ldm (62,3%). Cd the ndi, tinh tinh thdt thudng, di thay ddi la
mdt dac dilm tam ly dac trung b liia tudi vi thanh nien, bilu hien o su thay doi
nhanh chdng va lien tue tii trang thai cam xiic nay sang trang thai cam xiic kia.
Nhieu khi trang thai nay di kem vdi nhiing hanh vi cd ti'nh chat thdi diem,
khdng duge du bao trudc ma thudng dugc ggi bang nhiing tii nhu "hanh vi xd'c
noi, thie'u suy nghi". That vay, trang thai cam xiic dl thay d6i viia la nguyen
nhan viia la hau qua cua sU thieu/kem kilm soat ban than cua vi thanh nien. Cd
thi chinh vi su bieu hien cam xiic ro ret ra ben ngoai nhu vay ma cha me dl
nhan tha'y va lien he dae diem ca nhan nay vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiic. Tinh tinh tha't
thudng, dl thay d6i d vi thanh nien ddng vai trd nhu mdt ylu td' nguy co (di
kem vdi cac nguy cd khac) cd the dl lam nay sinh nhung cam xiic tieu cue. Ben
eanh dd, sdng npi tdm va it ldm su vdi ngUdi khdc la hai dac dilm cd lien quan
mat thie't vdi nhau, trong dd trong nhieu trudng hgp thi dac dilm thii hai la he
qua ciia dae dilm thii nhat. Nhiing ngudi sd'ng ndi tam thudng cd xu hudng il
chia se vdi ngudi khac va thudng don nen cam xiic ben trong. Dd la mdt nguy
co tilm in dl din de'n rd'i nhilu cam xiic.
Ngoai ra, nhiing dae diem ca nhan khac dl dan de'n rd'i nhilu cam xiic

dugc khoang mdt phin hai so' cha me lua chgn g6m cd: it hogt dpng (56,3%), bi
quan (53,8%), da nghi (52,3%). Day diing la nhiing dac dilm tam ly ddng vai
trd la yeu to' nguy eo ddi vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie.
Nhu vay, phan Idn cha me hgc sinh da cd nhan thiic diing vl cac dac
diem iam ly cd thi la nguy cd din din rd'i nhilu cam xiic cua hgc sinh THCS.
Tuy nhien, ben canh da so' nay cflng cdn kha nhieu cac bac phu huynh chua
nhan thiic day dii ve van dl nay. Co khoang 25 - 75% sd phu huynh chua nhan

56

TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC. Sd' 10 (187), 10 - 2014


thiic diing vi cac dac diem ca nhan trong md'i lidn he vdi cac cam xiic tieu cue
va T6'I nhilu cam xiic. Chang han, ngay ca b dac dilm tam ly dl din den rdi
nhilu cam xuc cd nhilu cha me lua chgn nha't la "Kem tu tin, nhiit nhdt", ^'Qud
nhgy cdm" hay "Tinh linh that ihudng, di thay ddi" cflng cd khoang tii 25% so'
cha me khdng cdng nhan dilu nay. Dd'i vdi nhiing dae diem khac nhu "It tdm
su vdi ngudi khdc", "Sdng npi tdm" edn cd tii 35,1 - 37,7% so ngudi khdng
nhan thtic dugc day la nhung ylu td tilm ^n dl lam nay sinh cam xiie tieu cue.
Tham chi, cd mdt sd' lugng Idn phu huynh cd nhan thiic chua diy du khi cho
rang cac dac dilm nhu bi quan hay it hoat ddng khdng phal la cac ylu to' nguy
cd vdi ty le lan lugt la 46,4%; 43,7% so ngudi khdng lua chgn. Hoac chi ed
23,2% sd' cha me cho rSng, "Cdu loan" la mdt dae diem tam ly dl din den rd'i
nhilu cam xiic. Trong Idii dd, mgt so' nha tam ly hgc nhu Lewinsohn (1979),
Beck (1975) cho rang ciu toan la mdt ye'u id nguy cd tilm In, bdi nhflng ngudi
cd tinh ciu toan thudng khdng hai long vdi bat cii viec gi/dllu gi thudc vl ban
than minh va cflng ft hai long, tham chi ludn ludn khd chiu vdi nhiing viec lam
hay nhflng gi thudc vl ngudi khac, vl thi gidi xung quanh. Dd that su la mgt
trong nhflng nguy co lam xua't hien cam xiic lieu cue, bat an, khd chiu.

Cflng dl dang nhin tha'y ed mdt so' dae diem tam ly mang tfnh bao ve
dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie nhu Igc quan, vui ve yeu ddi, sd'ng hudng ngogi,
mgnh dgn, tu tin, hay tdm su vdi ngifdi khdc, tia hogt ddng nhung vin cd
khoang tii 5,3 - 11,3% sd cha me cho day la nhflng dae diem tam ly dl din din
rd'i nhilu cam xiic. Dilu nay phan anh su nhan thiic chua day du va ed mau
thuIn trong nhan thiic vl cac dac diem tam ly ca nhan dl din de'n rd'i nhilu cam
xiic. Trong danh sach cac dac dilm tam ly ma chung ldi neu tren cd mdt sd dac
diem tam ly cin sU phan tfch danh gia sau sic hon mdi ed thi nhan bilt chiing
la ylu td' bao ve hay ylu to nguy cd dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie va ihudng thi
chiing la nhung dac diem mang ti'nh nude ddi trong mdi quan he vdi nguy cd
rd'i nhilu cam xiic (phu Ihugc vao tCmg tinh hud'ng va ea nhan cu thi), chlng
han. It/ lap hay di lin. Chinh vi thi ma ty le phu huynh chon va khdng chpn
chiing la nguy cd gan nhu ngang nhau.
3.3. Ddnh gid cua cha me ve cdc yeu td dnh hudng den rdi nhieu cdm
xuc cua hgc sinh
Ly luan vl tu6i vi thanh nien cho ring, cf giai doan liia tuoi nay, mdi
Irudng eiia tre ehii yeu la cac md'i quan he gia dinh, quan he vdi ban va cac
quan he lien quan de'n hge tap. Quan he vdi ban va hge tap la hai hoai ddng ehu
dao cua hoc sinh THCS. Do vay, ehiing tdi mud'n tim hieu danh gia cua cha me
vl miic dd anh hudng cua cac md'i quan he va viec hge lap din ddi sd'ng cam
xiic ciJa tre.

TAP CHlTAM LV HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10 - 2014

57


Bdng 3: Ddnh gid cua cha me ve miic dp dnh hudng
cua cdc mdi c/uan he vd viec hgc tap de'n rdi nhiiu cdm xuc d tre

TT

Cac yen td

Rat
anh
huiing

Mile do (%)
It anh Khdng
anh
hudng

STB

SD

0,63

huiing

1

Quan he ban be

68,7

23,3

8,0

2,6

2

Quan he vdi cha me

40,7

40,0

19,3

2,2

0,75

3

Quan he vdi anh/chi em

35,3

47,3

17,3

2,2

0,71

4

Quan he vdi nhiing ngudi khac
trong gia dinh

25,3

54,0

20,7

2,0

0,68

5

Quan he vdi thay/c6 giao

44,7

38,0

17,3

2,3

0,74

6

Quan he vdi ban cdng gidi

38,7

43,3

18,0

2,2

0,73

7

Quan he vdi ban khac gidi

64,0

30,0

6,0

2,6

0,61

8

Khd khan trong hoc tap

84,7.

10,0

5,3

2,8

0,52

9

Ap luc hoc tap

87,3

10,0

2,7

2,9

0,43

10

Dac diem tam ly cua mdi em

70,0

23,3

6,7

2,6

0,61

Ghi chu; * UTB; diem trung binh; SD; do lech chudn.
Bang sd lieu tren cho thay cd 87,3% sd phu huynh cho ring, ap lyc hgc
tap rit anh hudng de'n ddi sd'ng cam xuc ciia hgc sinh THCS. 84,7% sd phu
huynh tin ring, khd khan trong hgc tap anh hudng manh ddn cam xiic cua tre.
Nhu vay, theo danh gia ciia cha me thi khd khan trong hgc tap va ap luc hoc tap
la hai ydu td anh hudng manh nhat ddn ddi sd'ng cam xuc cia hgc sinh "THCS
vdi DTB lin lugt la 2,9 va 2,8. Mdt phy huynh cho bidt; 'Tdi thdy chau hgc ed
ngdy, cd tudn, khdng ed thdi gian ldm viec gi cd md chdu vdn bi thdylcd gido d
lap ndi Id chua tie'n bg. Ke't qud hgc tap hgc ky nay lgi cdn siit di. Ve nhd chdu
ddm ra hay cdu gdt vdi bd me vd em. Hdi han chuyen d It^, cd ldc thi chdu
khdng ndi, cd luc chi ven ven hai tit ''hinh thudng". Hdi them thi chdu gdt len.
Gdn ddy chdu it noi vd thinh thodng keu dau ddu. Ddi luc cdn qudt vd ddnh
em" (0\\ N.T.T., Ha Ndi).
Nhiing ydu td tidp theo sau day, mac du cd cudng dd ydu hon mdt chiit
nhung vin anh hudng manh ddn ddi sd'ng cam xuc cua hgc sinh THCS, dd la
ddc diem tdm ly cd nhdn (DTB = 2,6) va ciuan he vdi bgn (DTB = 2,6). Phin
Idn cha me ddu cho ring, vdi lua tudi vi thanh nidn thi anh hudng ciia ban manh
hon anh hudng cua cha me. "Chiing nd nghe bgn hdn nghe minh. Do vdy, hdm

58

TAPCHiTAMiyHOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


ndo thdy con be ve nhd hay gdt gdng, ldm li, "ndu chao" dien thogi Id y nhif cd
chuyen gi do vdi bgn" (Anh T.T.A., Ha Ndi). Dilu nay cflng phii hgp vdi dac
diem tam ly Iiia tu6i, khi ma dd'i vdi cac em vi thanh nien thi nhu cau vl ban rit
Idn va quan he vdi ban la mdt hoat ddng chu dao (cung vdi hgc tap). Tuy nhien,
theo danh gia cua cha me, trong quan he vdi ban thi quan he vdi ban khac gidi
cd anh huong manh hdn so vdi quan he vdi ban ciing gidi (DTB lin lugt la 2,6
va 2,2). Kilm djnh One Sample Test cho tha'y cd du cd scf dl nhan dinh nhu vay
(Sig = 0,000 < p = 0,01). Them vao dd, dae dilm tam ly ciia hgc sinh tudi day
thi vd'n dac trung boi tfnh tha't ihudng, dl thay doi, cam xiic manh, nhung
khdng 6n dinh cung la mdt ye'u to' nguy cd dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie. Cd de'n
70% sd' cha me dugc hoi cho ring dac diem tam ly liia mdi rat anh huong den
ddi sd'ng cam xiic ciia hgc sinh THCS.
Nhu vay, theo danh gia cua cha me thi tit ca cac md'i quan he cua hgc
sinh THCS cung nhu viec hgc tap va dac dilm tam ly ca nhan ciia tre cd anh
hucmg Idn din ddi sd'ng cam xiic cua eae em. Chilu hudng eiia su anh hiidng
nay la tfch cue hay tieu cue phu thudc vao su thanh cdng hay tha't bai trong
quan he, trong hgc tap cflng nhu miic do kilm soat cac xung nang tam ly liia
tudi. Tuy nhien, miic dd anh hudng ciia tCmg ylu td' tren la khdng nhu nhau.
Trong dd, dang chu y la chi cd 40,7% sd' cha me cho ring md'i quan he vdi cha
me cd anh hucmg rit Idn de'n rd'i nhilu cam xuc cua con, trong khi dd cd den
19,3% sd' cha me phii nhan su anh hudng nay.
Dua vao kit qua nghien ciiu (theo DTB), danh gia cua cha me vl cac ylu
td' anh huong din rd'i nhilu cam xuc ciia hgc sinh THCS cd ihl duge phan thanh
cic miic sau:
- Cdc ye'u id dnh hiidng mgnh: khd khan irong hgc tap, ap lue hge tap,
dac dilm tim ly ca nhan, quan he vdi ban, quan he vdi ban khac gidi.

- Cdc yeu id tuang ddi dnh hudng: quan he vdi cha me, quan he vdi
thiy/ed giao, quan he vdi anh/ehj/em, quan he vdi nhfltig ngudi khac trong gia
dinh, quan he vdi ban cung gidi.
- Cdc ye'u td il dnh hifdng: khdng cd yeu td nao dugc danh gia la it anh
hucmg.
3.4. Ifng xu cda cha me khi con co nhiing ddu hieu bdi thudng ve cdm xdc
3.4.1. V'ng xucua cha me
Nhilu nghien ciiu cho ring iing xu eua cha me dd'i vdi con cd anh hudng
Idn de'n each thiic iing phd ciia con dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiic. Cac con cd xu
hudng bat chude phan iing cua cha me trong cac tinh hud'ng cd su de dga tCr ben
ngoli gay ra nhiing trang thai cam xiic nhu stress, lo au, lo hai, nhiing cdn
hoang sg. Hon nfla, nlu cha me ed kien thiic va ky nang iing phd td't vdi rdi
TAPCHf TAM l y HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10-2014

59


nhieu cam xiic thi cd the ngan ngiia hoac lam giam cac bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam
xiic 6 con cai.
Bdng 4: Ifng xu cua cha me khi con cd ddu hieu bdt thudng ve cdm xdc
Mlicd6(%)
Thinh Khong
Thirong
xuyen
thoang bao gicr

STB

SD

52,3

1,7

0,78

49,0

4,0

2,4

0,57

TT

Cach ung xii

1

Khong de y lam d6l bi^u
hien cua con

19,5

28,2

2

Hoi ban, chia se de tim hieu

nguyen nhan

47,0

3

Ch6 doi con ttr chia se

16,8

55,0

28,2

1.5

0,66

4

Dong vien, khich le

53,7

43,6

27

2,5

0,55

5

Cho con hoac dua con di choi
ben ngoai

33,5

61,1

5,4

2,3

0,56

6

Cham soc hon den viec
an/ngu cua con

45,0

51,0

4,0

2,4

0,57

7

Tim hieu qua bao chi, internet
ve nhihig bieu hien bat
thircmg ciia con

20,8

49,7

29,5

1,9

071

8

Hoi thong tin qua ban be ctia
con

26,2

59,1

147

2,1

0,63

9

Li6n lac/gap gO giao vien ciia
con de tim hidu

10,1

51,0

38,9

2,4

0,67

10

Khong lam gl ca vi nghT rang
moi chuyen se qua

3,4

18,8

77,8

1,3

0,51

11

Khong lam gi ca vl do la bieu
hien binh thucmg cua liia tu6i
nay

27

18,6

847

1,2

0,45

12

Tim den cac chuyen gia tu
va'n tam ly

5,4

57,0

37,6

1,6

0,57

13

Cho con di kham 0 benh vien

6,0

60,4

33,6

17

0,57

14

Di chiia, nha tha de cSu
nguyen

4J

28,9

66,4

1,4

0,58

15

Dl Cling bai, xem boi

2,7

10,1

87,2

1,2

0,43

16

Khong biet lam gi ca

4,0

10,1

85,9

1,2

0,48

17

Dong vien con tbam gia cac
hoat dong the thao

32,2

56,4

11,4

2,2

0,63

60

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014


18

Dong vien con tham gia cac
hoat dOng linh nguyan

16,1

67.1

16,8

2,0

0.58

19

Giam tai viec hoc tap ciia con

24,8

577

14,5

1,9

0,65

Ghi cha • * Dd doi diem d iihifiig hem ifng xif khdng hieu qua.

Nhin chung, cha me cd each dng xu tuong dd'i hieu qua dd'i vdi cac van
dd cam xuc cua con minh. Cha me thudng thuc hidn cac hanh vi khac nhau,
trong dd 53,7% sd cha me thudng xuyen dgng vien, khich le (DTB = 2,5); 47%
sd cha me lidi hanlchia st^ vdi con de tim hieu nguyen nhdn (DTB = 2,4); 45%
sd cha me chdm sdc hdn de'n viec dnlngii eiia eon (DTB = 2,4); hen Igelgdp gd
gido vien cua con de tim hieu (DTB = 2,4). Day cung la nhdng each thdc dd
lam nha't va cd thd thirc hien ngay lap tdc, nen ducjc cha me sir dung thudng
xuyen nha't. Trong nhidu trudng hcDrp thi ddng vidn va hdi han/chia se tam tu vdi

con la nhimg each thdc hieu qua, bdi tre se cam nhan duoc sir quan tam va tinh
yeu thuong ma cha me danh cho minh.
Nhimg each thdc irng xijr du(?c thuc hien d mirc do tuong ddi thudng
xuyen la eho eon hodc dua con di chai a ngodi (DTB = 2,3); ddng vien con
tham gia cdc hogt ddng tlie thao (DTB = 2,2); ddng vien con tham gia cde hogt
ddng tinh nguyen (DTB = 2,0). Kdt qua nghien ciiu d phan 3.2 cho tha'y ap luc
hoc tap la ydu td duoc cha me diinh gia la anh hudng Idn nha't ddn rd'i nhidu
cam xtic cua hoc sinh, nhung d day, gidm tdi viec hgc cho con lai khdng phiii la
viec lam uu tien ciia cha me (DTB = 1,9). Nhiing hanh vi dng xir khac cung
duoc thuc hien d mirc dp tuong ddi thudng xuyen la Itdl thdng lin qua bgn be
ciia con (DTB = 2,1); tim hieu qua bdo chi, internet ve nhifng bieu hien hdt
thudng cda con (DTB = 1,7); cho con di khdm a benh vien (DTB = 1,7).
Nhiing each thdc ilng xir it hieu qua hon, tham chi la khdng diing ne'u
xet tit gdc dd phdng ngiia va lam giiim di bidu hien rd'i nhidu cam xuc cm con
thi cung it dugc sir dung hon (did dgi con tu chia se, khimg ldm gi cd vi nghi
mgi chuyen se qua, di cung bdil.xeni bdi, khdng ldm gi ed vi dd Id bieu hien
binh thudng cita lira tudi...). Dang tide rang, trong nhQng each thuc ma cha me
khdng lua chon cd ca viec tim den cdc chuyen gia tu vdn tdm ly dd ducJC hd tro.
Didu nay cung phan anli mdt thuc td la d nude ta, ngay ea d nhihig thanh phd
Idn nhu Ha Ndi va Hai Phdng thi dich vu hd tro tam ly chua duoc phd bien.
Nhu vSy, phin Idn cha me da dng xir theo nhihig each thuc kha thi, dd
thuc hien, khdng can nhidu thai gian va kha hieu qua dd tim hidu va'n dd ciia
con vii hd tro con. Tuy vay, kdt qua nghien cdu cung cho tha'y chi cd khoang td
30% - 50% sd cha me dugc hdi da thudng xuyen dng xir theo nhirng each thdc
nay ma thdi. Theo dd, phu huynh Ha Ndi va Ninh Binh cd each img xu vdi cam
xuc ciia con phii hgp hon so vdi each ung xir ciia phu huynh d Hai Phdng (Sig =

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014

0,000 < p = 0,05). Ket qua nghiSn cihi cflng cho bidt, cd su khac biet cd y nghia
giiia trinh dd hoc vSri ciia cha me va each ling xii khi con cd cam xuc bat
thudng. Theo dd, cha me cd trinh dd hgc vlin dai hgc va tren dai hoc cd each
thdc ting xu vdi cac vdn do hgc van trung hgc co sd va hung hgc phd thdng (Sig = 0,000 < p = 0,05).
Khdng ghi nhan dugc sir khac biet trong dng xii vdi bidu hien rd'i nhidu cam
xiic cua con xdt vd gidi tinh va nghd nghiep ciia cha me.
3.4.2. Hdnh vi tim kiem stf hd trgxd,hgi cita cha me
Trong thuc td, dd phdng ngda va hd trg hiSu quii nhiing vSh dd cam xtic
cua con thi nhidu khi cha me ra't can ddn su trg giup cila nhung ngudi xung
quanh. Vay, cha me thudng tim den vdi ai va tim de'n dau khi can giup dd?
Bdng 4: Nhitng ngudi/nai md cha me lien he khi cdn hd trg
TT

Cac ca nhan/td chiic

Thudng
xuyen

Thinh
thoang

Khdng
bao gid

DTB

SD

2,6

0,62

1

Ngudi than trong gia dinh

64,4

28,9

6,7

2

Giao vien cua con

63,8

31,5

4,7

2,6

0,58

3

Trudng hoc cua con

50,3

40,3

9,4

2,4

0,66

4

Ban be ciia con

39,6

43,6

16,8

2,2

0,72

5

Ban be cua minh

13,4

52,3

34,2

1,8

0,66

6

Benh vien

7,4

66,4

26,2

1,8

0,55

7

Cac trung tam tu van tam ly

8,1

54,4

37,6

1,7

0,61

8

Cac dia chi khac

1,3

0,49

Nhin chung, tim den su hd trg tii nhiing ngudi khac de giai quye't va'n de
cam xuc ciia eon dugc cha me thuc hien tuong dd'i thudng xuyen. Trong dd,
ngudi thdn trong gia dinh va gido vien cua con la nhiing dd'i tugng dugc tim
de'n trude tidn vdi ty le lua chgn thudng xuyen ISn lugt la 64,4% va 63,8%
(DTB = 2,6). Cd 50,3% sd cha me tiep can vdi trudng hgc ciia con, cu th^ la,
cac giao vien bd mdn va ban giam hieu. O miic dd it thudng xuyen hon la cac
dd'i tugng khac nhu bgn be cua con (DTB = 2,2); bgn be ciia minh (DTB = 1,8);
benh vien (DTB = 1,8) va cudi ciing la cdc trung ldm tuvdn ldm ly (DTB = 1,7).
Cac dd'i tugng va dia ehi khac phu huynh cd tim den nhung a miic do it khi la:
hang xdm, can bd dan pho va ngudi quen.
3.5. Ddnh gid cda cha me ve su cdn thiet cua chuang trinh phong
ngiia rdi nhiiu cdm xiic trong trudng hgc

62

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. So 10 (187), 10 - 2014


Kdt qua nghien cdu chi ra cd 89,9% sd phu huynh cho rang, rat cdn cd
mdt chucfng trinh phong ngda rd'i nhidu cam xuc cho hgc sirih THCS, chi cd
10,1% sd ngudi cho la khdng cdn thidt. Ne'u cd, thi theo hg, chuong trinh nay
nen dugc td chitc trong trudng hgc (87,2%) bdi cd d trudng thi "hgc sinh mdi
de tiep can vd thdi gian cdc con 6 trudng Id chit yeu nen thudn tien. Han niia,
dit sao toi cdng tin tifdng trudng hgc han Id nhitng nai khdc" (chi D.T.N, Ha
Ndi). Tuy vay, cung cd ddn 45,6% sd cha me cho la chuong trinh phong ngda
rd'i nhidu cam xuc nen thuc hien d cac trung tam hoac d cdng ddng nhu
phudng, xa bdi "de d trucmg hgc cdng tdt nhung ne'u a cdc nai khdc cung cd thi
thudn lgi han vd cd dieu kien phd bie'n rang rdi han" (chi N.T.T, Ha Ndi).
Ngoai ra, cha me hgc sinh cung de xua't mdt sd bien phap giup phdng ngira va
lam giam rd'i nhidu cam xuc d hgc sinh THCS:
- Gia dinh, cha me cdn quan tam hon ddn con: 21,9%;
- O trudng hgc cdn cd chuyen gia tam ly: 89,4%;
- Giao vien nen la ngudi tu va'n cho hgc sinh: 19,2%;
- Giao vien quan tam hon den hgc sinh: 21,2%;
- (I) trudng hgc can giang day bd mdn tam ly cho hgc sinh: 23,2%;
- Gia dinh va nha trudng khdng gay ap lire cho hgc sinh: 90,7%;
- Cd nhieu hoat dgng ngoai khda cho hgc sinh: 11,9%;
- Giam thdi gian hgc cho hgc sinh: 22,5%.
Trong nhOng dd xua't ndi tren, cd nhOng dd xua't dang luu y la gia dinh
va nha trudng khdng gay ap lire cho hgc sinh, d trudng hgc cSn cd chuyen gia
tam ly va dac biet, cd 23,2% cha me cho rang cdn day bd mdn tam ly hgc trong
trudng hgc cho hgc sinh THCS.
4. Ket luan
Phdn Idn cha me dugc didu tra da cd nhan thdc kha td't vd bidu hien rd'i
nhidu ciim xuc, trong dd, nhung bidu hien vd hanh vi dugc nhidu cha me nhan

biet nha't, cdn nhung bidu hien vd co the va cac bidu hien trong sinh hoat hang
ngay nhu an, ngu thi It dugc nhan bidt hon. Cung vay, phan Idn cha me hoc
sinh da cd nhan thdc dung vd cac dac diem tam ly cd thd la nguy co ddn ddn rdi
nhidu cam xiic cua hgc sinh THCS. Tuy nhien, ben canh dd cflng con kha nhidu
cac bac phu huynh chua nhan thirc day dii vd van dd nay va cd sir mau thudn
trong nhan thdc ciia hg. Theo danh gia cua cha me thi cac ydu td anh hudng
manh ddn rd'i nhidu cam xuc cua hgc sinh THCS la: khd khan trong hoc tap, ap
luc hgc tap, dac diem tam ly ca nhan, quan he vdi ban, quan he vdi ban khac
gidi. Co tir 30% - 50% sd cha me dugc hdi da ung xu vdi cam xiic bat thudng
cua con theo nhflng each thdc kha thi, dd thirc hien, khdng cin nhidu thdi gian
va kha hidu qua dd Om hidu va'n dd ciia con va hd trg con.

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10 (187), 10-2014

63


Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Khac Vien, Tdm ly ldm sdng Ire em Viet Nam, NXB Y hgc va Trung tam
Nghien ciiu tre em, 1999.
2. Beck A.T., Depression:
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