Tính đặc thù của hoạt động sáng tạo

Tinh dac thu cua ho^t dong sang tao
T r i n Vi§t Dung"
Tom tat: Sdng tao la hoat dpng ddc tnmg cua con ngirdi, la hoat dpng tao ra cai
mdi CO gia tri, hoat dgng giai quyit van de va hoat dpng co myc dich cua con ngudi.
Hoat dpng sang t?io bao gim: chu the sang tao, van di ciia sang tao, moi tnrdng sang
tao (cdng cu, phuang ti^n, nguyen Ii?u ciia sang tao), san pham sang t^o. Ngudi Vi?t
Nam da sdng tao ra nhidu gia trj vat chat va tinh than to Idn. Tuy nhien, trong boi canh
hpi nhap quic te hien nay, ngudi Viet Nam can phat huy hon nua phim chat sdng tao
cua minh.
Tir khoa: Sang tgo; sang tao hpc; cai mdi; gia tri.

1. Md dau
Sdng tao Id ndng lye d^c bidt mang tinh
ddc trung cua con ngudi, thd hien khd ndng
vugt tigi ciia con ngudi so vdi thi gidi loai
vdt. Bdng lao ddng sdng tao, con ngudi dd
t^o ra mpt nen vdn minh rye rd, tao ra
nhiing sdn pham ki di^u ma thidn nhidn hdo
phdng ciing khdng the cd dugc. Nhiing
thanh qud md con ngudi dgt duge hidn nay
trong mpi ITnh vyc (tir khoa hpc cdng ngh§
den kinh te, vdn hda, xd hgi,...) deu Id kit
qud cua hogt ddng sang tgo. Hi?n nay, sy
phat triin manh md ciia khoa hpc vd cdng
nghe, nhdt la cdng nghd thdng tin, khien
cho nhan ti quyit djnh su phdt tridn ciia cdc
quic gia chii ydu khdng phdi la vdn, tai
nguydn, ma chu yiu la tri thuc, tiic Id nguin
nhdn lye vdi ham lugng tii tu? sang tgo cao.
Cac quic gia sd khdng the phat tiidn ndu
khdng cd sang tgo di tao ra nhihig sdn

phim mdi uu trdi hon. Ndng cao ndng luc
sang tgo Id nhu ciu cip thiit dii vdi sy tin
tgi vd phat triin cua eac quic gia. Nghi
quyit si 29-NQ/TW ngdy 4 thang 11 ndm
2013 Hgi nghj Trung uong 8 khda XI vi
doi mdi can bdn, toan dien gido dye va dao
tgo dd ndu rd: "Ddi vdi gido dye dai hpc,
tgp trung ddo tgo nhdn lye trinh do cao, boi
dudng nhdn tdi, phdt trien phdm chat va

ndng luc ty hgc, tu lam giau tri thtic, sang
tao cua ngudi hpc". Vide ndng cao ndng lye
sang tao cho ngudi Viet Nam phu thudc
khdng ehi vdo ndng Iyc bam sinh ciia cac ca
nhdn, md cdn phy thupc vdo mdi trudng xd
hdi. Dd tgo dugc mdi trudng xd hdi thuan
Igi cho sy sang tgo, chiing ta cdn hieu dugc
tinh chdt ddc thii hogt ddng sdng tgo. Bai
vidt nay dd cap ddn mpt sd quan niem cua
cdc nhd sdng tao hpc vi sang tao hpc vd
sang tao.
2, Khoa hoc ve sang tao
Mdi hi mdn khoa hpc ddu cd qua trinh
hinh thdnh vd phdt tiien ciia nd. Khoa hpc
vd sdng tgo (hay Sdng tgo hpc) khdng phdi
Id mdt ngogi 1$. Pappos (nhd todn hpc Hy
Lgp ndi tidng sdng vdo khoang ndm 300 Id
ngudi ddt nen mdng chinh thiie cho khoa
hoc sang tgo), tiong tgp 7 ciia tac phim
"Tuyen tdp todn hpc'^ da viet ve mpt bd

mdn khoa hgc Id Heuristics (cd gdc Id tir
Eureka - tim ra rdi). Heuristics nghidn ctiu
tu duy sdng tao, cae quy ludt ciia sang tao,
cdc phuong phap, qui tic tgo ra cae phat
minh vd sang chi (phdt minh va sang chi d
day hiiu theo nghia rgng nhit). Vdi myc
'** Th?c sT, Tniirag Dgi hpc Hing hai.
DT: 0983380138. Email:

41


Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, si 12(97) - 2015
dich nhu vgy, cd thi coi Heuristics chinh la
Khoa hgc sang tao hay Sang tgo hpc. Sau
Pappos, cdc nha khoa hgc dd cd gang tiep
tuc phat triin Heuristics d i xdy dyng nd
thaiji mpt bg mdn khoa hpc hodn ehinh.
Trong s i dd, phdi k i din cdc nhd khoa hpc
nhu Descartes, Leibnitz, Bolzano vd Poincare.
Theo hp. Heuristics ed nhi?m vy nhan thiic
qud trinh giai quyet van de; muc dich cua
Heuristics la tim ra dugc cae quy ludt chung
ciia cdc qua trinh didn ra khi con ngudi suy
nghi vd gidi quyit cae van d i ma khong phy
thupc vdo npi dung cua chinh cdc van de
dd. Tuy nhidn. Heuristics hay Sdng tao hpc
ehi dugc xem xet d nhiing net chung. Nd
chua phdt huy dugc tdc dyng tiong vi?e
ndng cao khd ndng sang tgo ciia con ngudi,

cho ndn tidn thyc ti, it ngudi biit den nd vd
nd dan di vdo Idng qudn. G.Polya (nha toan
hpc ngudi My gic Hungary) nhgn xet: "Dd
Id ITnh vyc nghidn ciiu khdng cd hinh ddng
ro rdng... Nd dugc trinh bay tidn nhiing net
chimg chung, it khi di vao chi tiet"[l, ti.5].
Sau Chien tranh thd gidi thii hai.
Heuristics dd hdi sinh, chuydn sang thdi ky
phdt trien mdi ca chidu rdng lan chieu sau.
Bit diu tu thdi ky nay, nhiiu trung tdm
nghien cuu ve sdng tao hpc ra ddi va phdt
trien. Ndm 1954, tgi Bufialo, bang New Yoric,
Alex Osbom (tac gid cua phuong phap ndo
cdng) thdnh lap Td chiic giao dye sdng tgo
(CFF). Ndm 1967, thdng qua ede hogt dpng
eua Osbom, tgi dgi hpc Buffalo, Trung tdm
nghien ciiu s ^ g tgo (CSC) dugc thanh lap.
Hi$n nay. My Id nude cd s i lugng eac nhd
chuydn mdn, td ehiie hogt dpng nghidn cihi
vi sdng tao nhidu nhit thi gidi.
6 Tdy Au, ndm 1969 Edward de Bono
(tdc gid cua phuong phap sang tgo nhu tu
duy chiiu ngang) dd thdnh lgp Cdng ty
nghien cim nhgn thuc d Cambridge vd sau
dd la Trung tam nghidn cim tu duy. Tir ndm
1997, tgi Dgi hpc Malta, Edward de Bono
dd de xudt vi?c dao tgo thgc s^ v i sang tao.

42

d Lien Xd (cii), Ly thuyet gidi cac bai
toan sang c h i (TRIZ) do G.S.AItshuUer
(nha sang chi, nhd van viit truy?n khoa hpc
vidn tudng) xay dyng tu nam 1946. Nam
1968 G.S.AItshuUer lien kit vdi Hiep hpi
todn lien bang cua cac nhd sang chd va hpp
I^ hda thanh lap Phdng thi nghidm nghien
ciiu vd dp dyng cdc phuong phap sang chd,
din nam 1971 thdnh lap Hpc vien vd sang
tgo sdng ehi. Phuang Tdy biet den TRIZ
chi sau khi Lien Xd sup dd nhung da tidp
nhgn nd mgt each mau le va sau rpng do ly
thuyit ndy cd nhidu uu diem hon so vdi cac
Iy tiiuyit khdc da bidt. Ngdy nay, TRIZ da
tid thanh thugt ngii qudc td.
Ci Viet Nam, TRIZ tidp tyc dugc ki thiia
vd phat huy. Ndm 1991 tai Trudng Dai hpc
Tdng hgp Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Trung tam
Sdng tgo khoa hpc - ky thudt (TSK) ra doi
vd tid thdnh co sd chinh thiic ddu tien d
nude ta gidng dgy, ddo tgo vd nghien ciiu ve
phuong phdp lugn sang tgo vd doi moi
(PPLSTVDM). PPLSTVDM Id phin iing
dung eiia Khoa hpc ve sang tao.
Thang 8 nam 1990, Hgi nghi quoc te
nghien ciiu ve sang tgo td chiic tai thanh
phd Buffalo thupc bang New York - M? da
thdng nhdt d|it tir tiing Anh Creatology cho
sang tao hpc. Nhu vdy. Heuristics la tdn co
dien, Creatology la ten hi§n dai ciia khoa

hoc sang tao. Trong tuong lai, Creatology \i
mdn khoa hpc ed trien vpng phat trien
mgnh me vi nhu cau cua thdi dgi kinh te tri
thiic cin cd nhimg ngudi lao ddng thong
minh sang tgo.
3. Dinh nghTa ve sang tao
Dinh nghia vd sang tao ludn la thao tic
tu duy quan tigng ddu tien d i hieu ve sang
. tao, su khdc bipt ca ban giGa hogt dgng
sang tao vdi cac hoat dgng khdc cua con
nguoi. Tuy nhien, hien dang cd nhiiu dinh
nghia ve sang tao.
Theo L.X.Vugotxki, sang tao la "hoat
ddng tao ra cdi mdi khdng phdn bi?t ket qua


Tran Vi?t Dung
tao ra nd ed y nglua hien thyc cy the hay cd y
nghTa vi mdt tu duy - tinh cam" [1, tr.25].
Tac gid Diic Uy thi cho ring sdng tgo Id "sy
d^t khdi thdnh hdnh ddng ciia mpt san phim
lien he mdi me, nay sinh tir su ddc dao cua
mgt ca nhan, va nhung tu lieu biin ci, nhan
su hay nhQng hoan cdnh ciia ddi ngudi iy"
[2, tt.9]. E.P.Torance (My) cho rdng, "Sang
tgo Id qua trinh xac dinh cdc gid thuyit nghien
eihi chung vd tim ra kit qua" [l,tt.25].
6 ede dinh nghTa tidn, sang tgo dugc coi
Id hogt ddng tgo ra cai mdi. Tuy nhien, ttong
thye ti cd nhung cai mdi (gidi phdp mdi, san

phim mdi) nhung lgi khdng khd thi, khdng
ed gia tri. Vi the, theo mdt si tdc gia, hoat
dOng sang tgo khdng nhihig tao ra yiu ti
"mdi" ma cdn tgo ra ydu td "gia tri". Chang
han, tiong Tit didn tiidt hpc, sang tgo dugc
hiiu "la qua trinh hogt dpng ciia con ngudi
tgo ra nhirng gia tri vat chat, tinh thin mdi ve
chit. Cdc loai hinh sdng tgo dugc xdc djnh
bdi ddc trung nghe nghidp nhu khoa hpc ky
thugt, to chitc qudn sy. Cd thi ndi sang tao
cd mdt ttong mpi ITnh vyc cua thi gidi vdt
chit vd tmh thin" [1, ti.24 - 25]. Tdc gid
Phan Dui^ cho rdng: "Sang tgo la hoat dpng
tao ra bit ky cdi gi cd ding thdi tinh mdi va
tinh ich Igi" [3, tt.l4]. Tdc gid Ld Huy
Hodng quan niim ring: "Sang tgo Id qua
tiinh hogt ddng eiia con ngudi, tidn co sd
nhgn thiic dugc cdc quy ludt eua thd gidi
khdch quan, tao nen nhiing gid tii tinh thin
vd vat chit mdi vi chit, dap ung cac nhu
ciu da dang cua xd hgi" [4, tt.39]. Theo
M.E.Wilson: "Sdng tao Id qud trinh ma kit
qud Id tgo ra nhihig kit hgp mdi can thiet tir
cdc y tudng, dgng ndng lugng, cdc don vj
tiidngtin,cdc khdch thi hay tdp hgp cua hai
- ba eac yiu ti neu ra" [2, tt.27 - 28]. Tac
gid Phgm Thanh Nghj coi sdng tgo "Id qua
Uinh tiin tdi cai mdi, la ndng lye tgo ra cdi
mdi, sang tao dugc danh gid tidn ca sd sdn
phim mdi, die ddo vd ed gia tii" [5, ti.28].

M^c dii cd sy khdc biit nhdt djnh ttong

each hiiu vi sdng tao nhung cac djnh nghTa
trdn ddu coi sdng tgo Id hoat ddng tgo ra cai
mdi vd cd gid trj. Tuy nhidn, theo mit sd
tdc gia sang tgo cd mdi lidn h? mdt thiet vdi
gidi quyit vin di, sang tgo can dugc coi
nhu Id kit qud ciia hogt ddng gidi quyit van
dd. J.H.Lavsa (Tiep Khic cu) cho ring:
"Sdng tao Id sy lua chpn vd sii dung nhiing
phuong tidn mdi, edeh giai quydt mdi" [1,
tt.25]. 6 ddy, sang tgo Id gidi quyit vin di
theo each mdi. Trudng phdi Gestal thi lai
cho ring "sang tao Id su thdu hidu xudt hien
khi nguai tu duy nim bit duge nhiing net
ehinh ydu ciia van de vd mdi quan he cua
ehiing vdi giai phap cudi ciing. Sang tgo
duge coi la hogt ddng gidi quyet van de ddc
trung bdi tinh mdi me, tinh phi truydn
thing, su bin bi vd khd khdn tiong hinh
tiidnh vin di" [5, ti.27].
4. Dac diem cua sang tfto
Sang tao la hogt ddng tao ra cdi mdi cd
gia tri. Cai mdi ed gia trj ehinh Id sdn pham
sang tgo. San phim sang tao bao gid cung
phdi cd ydu td "mdi" vd "gia trj". Niu san
phdm chi ed "gia tri" md khdng cd ydu td
"mdi" thi dd ehi la sy tdi tgo cdi da cd. Neu
sdn phdm chi cd ydu td "mdi" ma khdng cd
yiu ti "gid tri" thi myc dich chu thd khdng

thi dat dugc. Cac sdn phim sdng tgo (nhu
"Truydn Kiiu" cua dai thi hdo Nguyin Du,
"Hp thdng bdng tudn hodn cdc nguyen to
hda hpc" eiia D. I.Mendeleev, "Dinh ly
Pitago" eua nhd todn hpc Hy Lgp Pitago,
"Ly thuyet qudn ly theo khoa hpc" cua
F.W.Taylor, sang chd "mdy hai nuac" ciia
James Watt...) ddu ed ydu td mdi va gid trj;
ttong dd ydu td mdi Id ndi bgt. Gia trj mdi
duge tgo ra tidn co sd cua tu duy Id san
phim sang tgo. Tuy nhidn, mgt si san phim
dugc tao ra tuy ed gid tri nhimg yiu ti
"mdi" khdng dang ke, hode tuy cd yiu ti
"mdi" nhung ydu td gid trj lai khdng dang
ki. Khi dd that khd danh gid sdn phim iy
cd phdi la san phim sdng tao khdng vd hogt
43


Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hpi Vigt Nam, so 12(97) - 2015
ddng tgo ra sdn phim dd cd phdi la hoat
dgng sang tao hay khdng. Trong nhiing
tiudng hgp khd xdc djnh nhu vgytiiicdn uu
tidn yiu ti mdi so vdi yiu td gia tri. Ndi
cdch khdc, ttong hai yiu ti "mdi" yd "gid
trj" thi yiu ti mdi la yiu ti tidu bidu han
eho ddc trung eiia sdng tgo.
_
Sang tao Id hoat ddng gidi quyit van dd.
6 ddu ed sang tao thi d dd chic chdn cd van

de, d ddu cd vin di thi d dd ed thd dan den
sdng tao. Sang tgo la nhdm giai quyit van
di dat ra. Sang tao Id hogt dpng hudng ddn
dii tugng (dii tugng cua van dd) dd yuon
tdi diiu cin cd (dd la muc dich eiia vdn dd
nhung hidn tiidi chua thi dgt dugc vdi su
hiiu biit hi?n thdi). Diiu cin cd chinh Id
sdn phim sang tao (ding tiidi Id giai quyit
dugc vin di). Tuy nhidn, vi^c gidi quyet van
de cd thi la do ngau nhien, do ai dd mdch
bdo, hoac do tdi li?u dua lai. Gidi quyet van
de mOt each ngau nhidn nhu vdy khdng phdi
Id sang tao. Vi vay, vdi sdng tgo thi hogt
dpng gidi quyit vin dd phdi dugc coi nhu Id
kit qud tit yiu cua qua trinh tu duy cua con
ngudi. Sang tao Id hoat dpng gidi quyet van
dd nen ciing la hoat dpng gidi quyet mdu
thuan. Khi van de dd dugc xdc dinh thi mdu
thuan trung tam la mdu thuan gi&a mdt ben
Id mong muin cua chii thi nhdn thdc (ehu
the mudn biet ldi giai ciia van di, chii thi dd
nim bit vd cd khd ndng nim bdt dugc mpt
sitiidngtm vi vin dd) vdi mpt bdn la bi in
cua khdch thi nhdn thuc.
Sang tgo la hogt ddng cd myc dich cua
eon ngudi. Khdng ed myc dich (hay ddng
co) thi khdng thd cd hoat dpng sang tgo.
Myc dich sdng tgo thue diy chii thi hoat
dpng tao ra gid trj mdi. Myc dich sang tgo
xuit phdt tir nhu ciu cua tiiyc tien xd hpi.

Nd khdng phdi Id hoat dpng ty phat, hay
hoat dpng mang tinh bdn ndng, md la hoat
dpng tiong dd chu thi cd y thiic r5 rang vd
myc dich cua minh vd tu gidc thye hidn
nhi$m vy ma bdn than ddt ra (mdc du tiong
44

cac giai doan cua sang tao, tidmtiiirc,v6
thiic cd vai trd nhit dinh nhung hoat dgng
ty y thure van giii vai fro chu dgo). Khi xet
thyc tiln theo nghTa Id hoat dpng cd muc
dich nhdm tao ra nhung san phim (vat chit,
tinh than) phyc vy nhu cau ciia ddi sdng thi
ed thi ndi ring "sang tao gdn lidn vdi lao
ddng, hay sdng tao ehinh Id sy phdn anh ciia
tiinh dp khdc nhau ciia lao dpng" [4, ti.38],
sang tgo la vi$e dap img nhu eau khach
quan eiia thyc tien xa hpi. Khi do thi chung
ta mdi thiy ring sang tgo Id kit qua tit y^u
ciia qua trinh tu duy cua con ngudi.
5. Nhung bp phan hgp thdnh ciia hoat
d$ng sang tao
Hoat dpng sdng tao bao gom 4 bg phgn
hgp thanh cd mdi quan he chdt che. Do la:
chu thi sang tgo; vdn de cua sdng tgo; moi
trudng sang tgo (bao ham edng eu, phuong
tidn, nguyen lipu ciia sang tgo); sdn phim
sdng tgo. Cd 4 bg phdn tidn bao quat tat ca
cac yeu td cd the anh hudng tdc ddng d^n
hogt ddng sdng tgo, den ket qud cua s^g

tao. Niu thidu mdt tiong 4 bp phantienthi
boat ddng sang tao se khdng diln ra hoiic
khdng edn Id hoat ddng sdng tgo. Ching
han, ndu khdng cd sdn pham sdng tao thi
hogt ddng cua con ngudi chi la hoat dgng
gidi quydt vin di chii khdng phdi la boat
dpng sdng tgo. Trong 4 bp phan dd, chu the
sang tao gift vi tri trung tdm cua hoat d$ng
sdng tgo; san phim sdng tao Id kit qua cudi
cimg cua sang tgo; muc dich ciia van de tgo
ndn dinh hudng cua hoat ddng sdng tgo.
Chu the sdng tgo (ea nhdn hay tap the)
giii vai tid quyit dinhteongqud trinh tgo ra
sdn phdm sdng tao. Cd the cd rdt nhieu
ngudi cimg tgo ra sdn phim sang tgo.
Ching hgn, cd nhiing cdng trinh xdy dpg
phdi cin din hang vgn ngudi (nhu xay dva%
Kim Ty Thap d Ai Cgp). Nhung khong phai
tdt cd nhiing ngudi tham gia do deu la chii
thi sdng tao. Chu thi sang tao la nhflng
ngudi quyit djnh din sdn phim sdng tao,


Trin Viet Dung
nhirng ngudi khdc Id nhung ngudi mang
tinh chat giiip viec cho ehu the sdng tao. d
hdu het nhiing sdn pham sang tgo thi y
tudng, Idi gidi cua sdn phdm sdng tao ludn
la phan quan tigng nhdt, do vgy chu thi
sdng tgo trudc het phdi Id ngudi tgo ra ^

tudng, ldi gidi cua san phim. Dii vdi
nhiing cdng trinh sdng tgo Idn, cd nhiiu
h ^ g muc thi chu thi sdng tao Id mdt tdp
thi, mdi ca nhdn trong tdp thi ddm nhan
gidi quydt mot vin di Idn tiong he vin dd.
Vi dy, khi xay dyng mot edng tiinh Idn nhu
dudng hdm xuyen bien thi chii thi sang tgo
la tgp the nhiing ea nhan cd nhidm vy xdy
dyng dy an, thiit ki cdng trinh, ti chiic thi
cdng cdng trinh, tiong dd thiit ki cdng trinh
giii vai ttd quan trgng nhit.
Vdn de sdng tgo theo Phan Diing la bdi
todn. Id tinh hudng, d do ngudi gidi biit myc
dich cdn dgt, nhung khdng biet cdch dgt den
myc dich, hogc khdng biet each tdi uu dgt
ddn myc dich tiong mpt sd cdch dd biet [3,
ti.l7]. Nhdm tdc gid Nguyen Cdnh Toan eho
ring; "Vin dd hay tinh hudng cd vdn de Id
tiang thai tdm li Iiing tiing ciia con ngudi
xuit hien ttong qud trinh nhgn thiie hay
ttong hogt ddng thye tien nhu mpt mdu
thuan giGa cdi biit vd cdi chua biet, giGa chu
tiii vd khdch tiii" [6, ti.92 - 93]. Nhu vdy
theo hai tac gid tidn, van dd Id tinh hudng
hay bdi todn, d dd chii the xdc djnh nhipm vy
hogt dgng hudng din dii tugng nhdm dat
muc dich nhit djnh (nhung ehua the dat myc
dich do sy hieu bidt hipn thdi ciia chit the vd
cd thi do thiiu nhGng ngudn Iyc ve cdng cy,
phuang tidn, kj ndng, tdi ehinh...). Dgt dugc

myc dich Id gidi quydt dugc vin dd tir dd
thda mdn dugc nhu cdu xac djnh. Tdt ca
nhiing vin de khi gidi quydt dugc deu dem
lgi sdn phim sdng tao. Tuy nhien cd nhGng
vin di ddi hdi ndng Iyc sdng tgo d muc eao
ciia chii thi thi mdi ed thi gidi quyit dugc.
Do vgy, vin di sdng tgo la vin di khd. De
gidi dugc vdn dd khd thi nguoi gidi phdi

thoat duge each tu duy Idi mdn, phai cd sy
pha each, phaitimra cdch thuc tu duy mdi.
Moi trudng sdng tgo (bao ham cdng cy,
phuong tien, nguydn lieu eua sdng tgo) la
mdt ttong bin bg phgn hgp thdnh ciia hogt
dgng sang tgo. Mdi tiirdng sang tgo bao
gdm toan bd nhung yeu td ty nhien, xa hpi
(tgo thdnh mdi trudng sdng cua chu thd)
vdn cd dnh hudng true tiep hay gian tiep
den hogt dpng sang tgo cua chu the. Mdi
trudng sdng tgo bao gdm 8 thanh phdn sau:
khi hdu; cdnh quan cd lien quan; tdi nguyen
thien nhidn cd lidn quan; he thdng phdp ludt
va chinh sdch lidn quan (mang tinh kich
thich hay kim hdm sdng tao d nhiiu logi
hinh sang tao nhit djnh dudi gdc dO eiia the
ehe); he tu tudng xd hpi lien quan (y tiiGe
chinh tri, phdp quyen, ttidt hpc, y thuc tdn
giao, y thtic dao due... ed the kich thich hay
kim hdm sang tgo d nhiiu loai hinh sang tgo
nhdt djnh); ngudn thdng tin lien quan (hpc

thuyet, tu tudng, tu lifu khoa hpc lien quan
ddn van dd cua sang tao...); sy anh hudng
tryc tidp cua tgp the den chu thd sang tao vd
tdm ly (khuydn khich hay cim dodn, khen
nggi hay che bai...), ve dieu kipn (thdi gian,
tdi chinh, phuong tipn, cdng cu dugc su
dung va khai thdc) sang tgo; nhu ciu (van
dd) eua thdi dgi, xd hpi hay tap thi (cd thi
dnh hudng den ca nhan tao ndn ddng tuc di
cd nhan gidi quydt vdn dd ciia cdng ding).
Mdi trudng sang tao cy thi dnh hudng din
hoat dpng sdng tao cua chu thd nhit djnh
theo hai chidu hudng: tich eye (ndu nhu cd
tac dyng thuc day sdng tgo, dem lgi hipu
qud hon eho chu the trong qud trinh sdng
tao) vd tieu cue (ndu kim hdm sang tao,
khdng tao dieu kien thuan lgi eho sdng tgo
dgt hieu qud). Di nang cao ndng Iyc sdng
tao eua chii thi, chdng ta cd thi tdc ddng
vao mdi trudng sdng tgo, tG dd mdi tiirdng
sdng tgo tac ddng theo hudng tich cyc din
hoat ddng sang tao ciia chu thi. Nhu ciu
gidi quyet vin di cua xa hpi, ciia thdi dgi s6
45


T?p chi Khoa hpc xa hpi Vigt Nam, so 12(97) - 2015
Id dpng lye thiic diy vipc phdt huy ndng Iyc
sang tgo eiia con ngudi. Dd la nhdn td xa
hdi quan tipng d i eon ngudi phat trien nang

luc sdng tao ciia minh nhdm gidi quyet vdn
d i d^t ra. Chi do ddn chu, ty do (ndm d
thanh phin phdp ludt vd chinh sdch cua nha
nude) trong ddi sdng xa hdi Id didu kien
khdch quan eho sy phat huy tidm ndng sang
tao ciia nhGng ea nhdn trong xd hpi. Ngugc
lgi, che dp dpc tdi, chuydn chd sd la nhan td
kim hdm, lam thui chdt kha ndng sdng tgo
ciia ed nhan trong xa hdi. Trong hdu het cac
hoat dOng sang tgo, con ngudi phdi can den
nhGng cdng cu, phuong tidn, nguyen lipu de
sdng tgo san phim. Chu the sdng tgo khi su
dung cdng cy, phuang tipn hay nguydn lipu
deu phdi khai thdc, su dyng tu mdi trudng
sdng tgo (dudi hinh thuc mua, mugn, xin hay
tu tim kiem). Hpa sT khdng the cd mpt btic
tranh neu khdng cd gidy (vdi, go...), biit,
pham mau. Nhd khoa hgc thye nghiem cdn
cd nhiing dyng eu thi nghiem. Cd nhirng y
tudng mdi mdi chi la y tudng chu khdng thi
thdnh san phim dugc vi thieu nhting diiu
kipn khach quan cdn thiit d i vgt chit hda tu
tudng (vdt li^u, mdy mdc, thidt bj). Tuy
nhidn, cd hoat dpng sang tao chi thuin ttiy
su dyng tri thGc ciia chu thd d i tgo ra sdn
phdm s ^ g tao. Vi dy nhu: sang tdc tho, phdt
minh djnh Iy tiong toan hpc.
Sdn phdm sdng tgo Id kit qud cua hoat
ding sang tgo, la su ket tinh ndng Iyc sang
tgo ciia ehu the ddi vdi vin dd nhit djnh dd.

San phdm sdng tao Id "cai mdi cd gid trj".
San phdm sang tgo phdi t i n tai dudi m i t
hmh thdi nhit djnh (jiinh thai vgt chit hay
hinh thdi tinh thin); "nd dugc luu lai trong
tiidi gian" dudi mpt hinh tiiGc nhdt djnh
khien cho con ngudi ed thi khai thdc gid trj
cua nd khdng ehi mpt lin.
6. Ket luan
Ddn tpc ndo it nhiiu cung diu cd tinh
sang tgo. Ddi vdi ddn tpc Viet Nam, sang
tgo Id mpt trong nhCng phim chit nii bgt.
46

Nghj quydt Hgi nghi l i n thG 5 Ban Chap
hdnh Trung uong Ddng (khda VIII) da cW
ra nhGng phim chdt eo bdn eua con ngudi
Viet Nam Id: "long ydu nude ndng nan, y
chi ty cudng dan tgc, tinh thin doan kit, y
thdc cgng ding gin kit ca nhan - gia ^nh lang xa - Td qudc; ldng nhdn di khoan
dung, trpng nghia tinh, dao ly, due tinh cSn
cu, sang tao ttong lao dpng; sy tinh te tiong
Gng xG, tinh gidn dj trong lii sing" [7,
ti.56]. Trong cac phim chat do cd phim
chit sang tgo hay sang tgo ttong lao dpng.
Ngudi Viet Nam da sang tgo ra nhiiu gia tri
vat chit va tinh thin to Idn. Tuy nhidn trong
boi cdnh ddi mdi vd hgi nhap qudc td hign
nay, ngudi Vidt Nam can phdt huy hon niia
phdm chat sdng tao ciia minh. Dd lam dupe
dieu dd can cd nhidu didu kien. Vide nhan

thuc diing ddn nhiing van de ly ludn cita
sang tao hpc Id mdt dieu kidn can thiit de
khoi day vd phat huy ndng lye sdng tao cua
con ngudi Vipt Nam.
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] Huynh Vdn Son (2009), Gido trinh Tdm li
hpc sdng tgo, Nxb Gido dye, H^ N0i.
[2] Due Uy (1999), 7am ly hpc sdng tgo, Nxb
Gido dye. Ha Npi.
[3] Phan Dung (2010), Gidi thi$u phuang phdp
lugn sdng tgo vd doi mdi, (t.l bp sach Sdng
tgo vd ddi m&i), Nxb Tre, Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
[4] Le Huy Hodng (2002), Sdng tgo vd nhStig
diiu ki?n chu yiu de kich thich syr sdng tgo
cda con ngudi Vi^t Nam hi?n nay, Nxb
Khoa hpc x3 hpi, Uk Npi.
[5] Pham Thanh Nghj (2012), Gido trinh Tdm
ly hpc sdng tgo, Nxb Dgi hpc Quic gia Ha
Ngi, Ha Npi.
[6] Nguyin Canh Toan, Nguyin Vdn Le, Chau
An (2004), Khai dqy tiem ndng sdng tgo,
Nxb Giao dye, Tp. Hi Chi Minh.
[7] Dang Cpng sdn Vigt Nam (1998), Vdnki^ti
Hpi nghi Idn thu 5 Ban Chdp hdnh Trung
uang Ddng khda VIII, Nxb Chinh tij quoc
gia, Hd Ndi.