ảnh hưởng của động cơ làm việc đến sự chủ động trong công việc của người lao động tại các doanh nghiệp

ANH HUONG CUA DONG CO L A M VIEC
DEN sy CHU DONG TRONG CONG VIEC
CUA NGUOI LAO DONG
TAI CAC DOANH NGHIEP
Nghign ciru nay dugc tai tro bcri Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cdng ngh6 Qudc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Tinh tich cue cua ngais lao dong trong cac doanh nghiep a
Viet Nam hien nay. Ma sdVM .2-2013.24; PGS.TS. l e Thi Minh loan lam chii nhiem.
PGS.TS. Le Thj Minh loan

Khoa Tdm ly hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hdi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Qudc gia
HdNpi.
NCS. H^ Thj Minh Chfnh

^

TOM T . 4 T

.Sir dung lhang do dpng ca Idm viec ciia nguiri lao ddng ciia tdc gia Gagne M.
vd cdng sir (2010) Ihiel ke, nghien ciru cho thdy, dpng ca npi Igi cua ngudi lao dpng
thdp nhdl, cdc logi ddng ca nhu: ddng nhdl. vi ky vd ben ngodi cd dp mgnh ngang
nhau. Sgudi lao dpng the hien sy: chii dpng ro nhdl d hdnh vi Irudc vd sau khi lam viec.
ty I? ngudi lao dong cd .nr chu diing Irong cdng vice d muc dp cao khd it Cd mdi luang
quan thudn chieu giirg su chii dpng Irong cdng viec vdi cdc logi dpng ca lam viec Ca
hdn logi dpng ca Idm viec deu iham gia vdo md hinh gidi thich .sir bien thien cua su chii
dpng trong cdng viec. Irong dd, dpng ca vi ky cd dnh hudng mgnh nhdl.
Tir khoa: Dpng caldm viec: Suchii dpng: Sgw'ri lao ddng.
Xgdy nhgn hdi: 21/11/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng hdi: 25/11/2016.
1. Dat van de
Cac edn^ trinh nghign cim nhim ly giai lai sao con ngudi hanh ddng nhu
thg nav hay thg kia. vg thuc chat, la nhiing nghign cim vg ddng co cua con
ngudi. Trong Tam iy hpc Id chirc. ca ngudi quan ly va cac nha khoa hpc dgu

quan tam tdi Iv thuygi vg ddng co (Steers. Movvdav va Shapio. 2004). Ronald
Smith L. cho rang, khai niem ddng eo dugc diing nhu mdt khai niem trung tam
nham ly giai hanh vi va cae nguygn nhan cua nd (Smith, 1993). Ddng co lam
vige cua ngudi lao ddng duge higu la mdt lyc hay sire manh ly giai tai sao ngudi
lao dpng lai danh nang lugng. tap trung vao muc dich va duy tri cam kgt ciia hp

TAP CHf TAMiy HOC Sdi 2 (213), 12-2016

79


ttong mdt khoang thdi gian can thigt dg dat dugc cac muc tigu quan trpng cua td
chiic, cdng tv (Lg Van Hao, Larsen K.S., tt. 62 - 63).
Ddng CO lam v iec cd anh hudng tdi tam ly ciia ngudi lao ddng d nhieu
khia canh khae nhau, ttong dd cd sy chu ddng ttong cdng viec. Cac tac gia Grant
A.M. va Ashford S.J., 2008; Parker S.K., Williams H.M. va Turner N., 2006b
xac dinh hanh v i chii ddng nhu la hanh dpng ly djnh hudng v a tap ttung vao
tuong lai ciia td chirc, ttong dd muc tigu cua ca nhan la dem lai sy thav ddi, bao
gdm thay ddi linh hinh v a thay ddi chinh minh. Theo each higu v g sy chu ddng
nhu tren, cae lac gia nhan manh tdi nhimg hanh vi mang tinh ly giac ciia ca nhan
nhim thay ddi ban than va Id chiic. 1 rong bai vidt nay, chiing tdi hidu sy chii
ddng d cip dp thdng thudng ban cho phii hgp vdi nhiing hanh v i thuc td cua
ngudi lao ddng khi ndi ve sy chii ddng. Sy chii dpng trong cdng v iec ciia ngudi
lao ddng la hidn tugng lam Iy phan anh y Ihurc ciia ngudi lao ddng, thd hidn d
vide thyc bidn cdng vide ma khdng can sy ddn ddc, giam sat cua ngudi quan ly.
chii ddng hgp tac vdi ddng nghiep, lam cho cdng vide didn ra theo kd hoach da
djnh sin va ly kidm tra, danh gia dd nit kinh nghidm, hoan thanh cdng vide tdt
hom. Anh hudng ciia ddng co den hanh vi chu dpng dugc phan tich ttong cac
cdng trinh nghidn cim. Theo Gagne M. (2010), co sd cho hanh vi chii dpng la ca
nhan phai thay dugc hanh vi dd quan trgng ddi vdi vide dat dugc muc tidu ha>

mong mudn ciia chinh hp. Didu nay cung phii hgp vdi cac ly thuyet vd ddng co
nhu ly thuydt thidt lap muc tidu (Locke va Latham, 1990), ly thuydt hanh dpng
(Hacker, 1985) va ly thuydt ve nhan thiic xa hdi (Bandura, 1986), kidn nghj ciia
Grant (2000) khi xem xet vai trd cua muc tidu trong hanh vi chii ddng. Myc tidu
ca nhan ma cac tac gia dd cap ldi chinh la dpng co ciia ngudi dd.
Muc dich cua bai vidt la lam rd thyc trang ddng co lam vide ciia ngudi
lao ddng va kidm djnh gia thuydt vd anh hudng cua ddng co lam vide ddn sy
chii dpng trong cdng vide cua ngudi lao ddng t^i cac doanh nghidp.
2. Khach the \k phircng phap nghien ciru
2.1. Khdeh thi nghiin cuu
Mau nghidn ciiu dugc tidn hanh vdi 1.200 ngudi, dai didn cho til ca cac
nhdm ngudi lao ddng, nganh nghd san xuit kinh doanh d 3 midn Bic, Trung, Nam
cua Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, qua qua trinh sang Ipc dil lieu, chung tdi dua vao \\i ly
953 phidu, mpt sd phidu bj loai bd do thidu thdng lin hoac thdng tin tra ldi khdng
dang lin c4y. Cu thd, cd 332 ngudi lao dpng d Ha Npi (chidm 34,8%), 200 ngudi
d Hai Phong (chidm 21,0%), 164 ngudi d Da Ning (chiem 17,2%), 257 ngudi d
thanh phd Ho Chi Minh (chidm 27,0%); 465 ngudi lao dpng la nam gidi (51.1%),
445 ngudi lao ddng la nil gidi (48,9%); dp ludi trung binh cua ngudi lao dpng
trong nghidn curu nay la 27,4 tudi; thdi gian lam vi?c trung binh la 3,49 nam.

80

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC Sd 12 (213), 12-2016


>

2.2. Phuffng phdp nghiin ciru
Bai V ici Sii dung cac phuomg phap nghien cim la phuong phap didu tra
bang bang hdi. phone vin sau va xu Iv so lieu bang phan mdm thdng kd toan

hpc SPSS.
Thang do sy chii ddng ttong cdng v iec cua ngudi lao ddng do nhdm
nghien euu ty thidt kd. Dp lin cay cua thang do dam bao (a = 0,9). Sii dung phep
phan tich nhan to, lhang do sy chu ddng trong cdng v iec quv thanh 3 nhan id vdi
tdn ggi: a Sy chu ddng trong cdng vide ciia ngudi lao dpng thd hidn d y thirc
trude va sau khi lam viec (5 bidn). b' Sy chu ddng trong cdng v ice cua ngudi lao
ddng the hidn d v thirc khi lam vide (3 bidn), c' Sy chu ddng trong cdng vide ciia
ngudi lao ddng thd hidn d thai do hgp lac vdi ddng nghidp (3 bidn). Nghidn cim
sii dung cac cau hdi md dd tim hidu vd ly do hg lam cdng v iec hidn lai, cung nhu
sy chii ddng trong cdng vide ciia hp. Ngoai cac phdp thdng kd md ta, nghien ciiu
cdn sii dung mdt sd phep thdng kd suy luan dd tim hidu anh hudng ciia cac loai
dpng CO lam vide ddn sy chii dpng ttong cdng vide ciia ngudi lao dpng.
3. Ket qua nghien eiru
3.1. Dgng eff Idm viie eda ngucri lao dgng
Kdt qua nghidn cuu vc ddng ea lam viec ciia ngudi lao ddng dugc tdng
hgp d bang 1 cho thay, ddng co ndi lai vi ydu thich cdng vide cd DTB thap nhat va
ydu nhat d ngudi lao ddng. Nhiing ddng <:a ddng nhat. ddng co vj ky va ddng co
bdn ngoai dugc danh gia cao hom. Thyc td nay cho thay, ngudi lao ddng di lam
khdng phai v i su ydu thich, sav- md, mong mudn dugc cdng hidn bdt minh cho
cdng vice ma vi nhiing ly do cude sdng Ihudng nhat: v i mieng com, manh ao, vi
Idng ty tdn cua ban than, v i dugc ddng nhat ban than minh vdi Id chirc.
Bdng 1: Dgng ca Idm viec cita ngirdi lao dpng
DTB

DLC

/. Ddng ca noi tgi

3,4H

n.7H

Toi thich cong vice nay.

3.68

0.89

Toi thav vui ve khi lam cong vi?c na>.

3.56

0,95

Dong ca lam viec

Toi CO nhiinp khoanh khSc \ ui thich ma conp \ iec mang lai.

3,21

1.08

2. Dgng ca dong nhal

3,76

0,7i

Conp V iec na> ^^^o P^ep loi d^t dirge muc lieu trong cupc song.

3,60

1,04

Cong vi?e na> dung voi ke hoach nghe nghiep ciJa toi.

3.87

0,88

TAPCHfTAMlYHOCSd 12(213). 12-2016

81


Cong viec nav phii hop vdi cac gia tri ca nhan ciia loi.

3.81

0.98

J. Dong ca vi ky

J.'O

0,78

Toi phai la ngudi xuat sac trong cong vice, toi phai la "nguoi chien thang",

3.6S

0,96

Cong viec la cuoc song eiia toi va toi khong muon bi that bai.

3,75

0.88

Danh tieng ciia toi phu thuoc vao cong viec nay.

3,67

1,07

4. Bong ca ben ngoai

3,70

0,85

Cong viec nang cao mirc song cua toi.

3.68

0.99

Cong viec mang lai thu nhap cho toi.

3.72

0.99

Cong viec nay cho phep toi kiem dugc tien.

3.71

1,05

Trong cac ndi dung phan anh ddng co ndi tai ciia ngudi lao ddng thi "De
cd nhimg khodnh khde vui thich md cdng viec mang lgi" la ndi dung cd didm sd
thap nhat (DTB = 3,21). Nhiing khoanh khae vui thich trong cdng vide se xua
tan met nhpc, tao hung phan v a se lam phong phu ddi sdng linh than ciia ngudi
lao ddng. Song, khi ma ngudi lao ddng, dac bidt la cdng nhan lao ddng, cdn
phai buon chai v i muu sinh cupc sdng vdi nhiing ap lyc v c thd chit va tinh
than trong cdng vide (cdng vide nang nhpc, don didu, thdi gian lam vide nhidu.
ap lyc cdng vide ldn) thi nhiing nidm vui chi la thoang qua va kha it di. Chj B,
Th.B.L., cdng nhan Cdng lyTNHH Chd bien thyc phim Minh Vu ndi: "Ld lao
dgng chdn tay, cdng viec mdi ngdy deu nhu nhau, luy ihdnh ihgo nhung khdng
cd sir mdi me vi the niem vui md cdng viec mang lgi Id rdt it. Chimg ldi lam
vi^c VI nhieu ly do vd niem vui Irong cdng vi^c ciing Id mpt yiu Id nhung nd
khdng phdi Id yen Id quyet dinh" Ciing theo chia se cua anh Ng.D.T., cdng
nhan Cdng ty cd phan qudc td Samnec: '"Niim vui phdi cpng them nhiiu yiu Id
khde vi nhir luong cao, mdi truong lam viec thodi mdi, dirge huong du chi dp
phiie lgi... mdi cd the khien ngirdi lao dpng hit long cho cdng viec vd khdng
nggi sdng tgo neu cd khd ndng vd dieu kien thugn lgi"
Ddng CO ddng nhat vdi nhiing bidu hidn nhu: '"Tdi chpn eang viec ndy vi
nd cho phep tdi dgt dirge muc lieu trong cupc sdng", "Bdi vi cdng viec ndy diing
vdi ke hogeh nghe nghiep cua tdi". "Bdi vi cdng viec ndy phii hpp vdi cdc gid trj
cd nhdn eua tdi" Ihudng xuvcn xuat hidn Irong cac cupc phdng vin cua dd tai.

Chj H.Th.M., cdng nhan Cdng ty San xuat bao bi Iy giai: "A/MC lieu ciia ldi Id
moi thdng tie! kiem 2 trieu vd cdng viec hiin nay cua ldi dang giup ldi thuc hien
tdt muc tieu md tdi da de ra" hay "Muc lieu eiia tdi Id xdy mgi ngdi nhd mdi
khgng trgng han nhimg cdng viie md tdi dgng Idm rdt khd cd thi gidp tdi dgt

82

TAP CHf TAMiy HQCSd 12(213), 12-2016


i

dirge muc tiiu ndy nhung khdng Idm thi biet lam viec gi bdy gid"- Chi D.Th.lL.
Bd phan hanh chinh, Cdng ty Dinh Vang.
Bdn canh Iy do lam v ice vi muc tidu cupc sdng thi Ij do v i phii hgp vdi kd
hoach nghd nghidp cung cd nhiing y kidn trai chigu nhau. Cd ngudi da chuan bj
tam the rd rang cho cdng viec hien tai. chang ban, anh D.G.L.. cdng nhan Cdng
ly Xay dyng sd 3 Hai Phdng cho bigt: "Tdi ndi gdt bd tdi Idm nghe xdy dimg,
nggy lir nhd tdi dd choi vdi bay, vdi thudc vd dugc bd hudng ddn nen tdi rdt
thao viec. Cho din thdi diem ndy, tdi thdy cdng viec phii hgp vol mong mudn
eua tdi vd ldi chug cd y dinh chuyen viec hay chuyen cdng ty' Song cung cd
khdng it ngudi. khi kg hoach nghg nghiep khdng thyc sy rd rang thi viec lam
theo nhiing ngudi di Irudc la lya chpn tdi uu. Chj Ph.Th.Th.H., nhan vign Cdng
ly ed phan Giay I lai Phdng giai bay: "(J que tdi nhieu nguai hpc dgi hgc ra
truong ciing khdng xin dugc viec, ciing ehi lam cdng nhdn nhu tdi nen hgc xong
cdp 3, tdi xin di Idm ludn. Nhirng cdng nhdn chug cd kinh nghiem thi khi vdo
cdng ty se ed ngudi ddg tgo" Ciing cd khi viec lua chpn cdng vice lai khdng
phai do djnh hudng ban dau ma la sy lya ehpn bit budc. Anh Ng.V.T.. nhan vign
Cdng ty TNHH Bao bi Hdng Phat ndi: "Cdng viec hien tgi trdi hdn vdi dinh
hudng nghe nghiep cug ldi nhung tdi vdn gdn bd vi tdn sudt Igo dgng vira phdi

vd thu nhgp on djnh"
Vg ddng CO vj ky nhu '"dgnh tieng", "thgm vgng chien thdng", "khdng
mudn bi thdt bgi" ciing la nhiing digu thdi thue ngudi lao ddng lam viec. Chung
ldi khdng cho rang, nhimg ddng co nay la xau, ma chi mudn ndi tdi each hien
thyc hda nhu cau nay ciia ngudi lao dpng. Mong mudn "dirge han nguai".
"duge de egg' se la tdt khi ngudi lao ddng nd lyc, cd gang ttong cdng vi?c bang
nang luc va nhiel huygt cua minh dg hoan thanh cdng vice tdt nhat. Tuy nhign,
dd la xu hudng khdng mong mudn khi hp tra dap ldn nhimg ngudi khae dd danh
lai kdt qua, vinh quang cho ban than minh. Trong cac bidu hi?n cua dpng co nay
thi "Boi vi cdng viec Id cupc sdng cug tdi nen tdi khdng mudn thdt bgi"" cd DTB
cao nhal. Phai chang, thyc td nay la do da phan ngudi lao ddng ttong nhdm khao
sat la cdng nhan trong cac day truydn san xuat hang loai vdi cdng vide khdng
qua phire lap, khdng ddi hdi sy tinh td ndn that bai ddi vdi hp khdng nhidu va
khdng dien ra thudng xuydn. Chinh vi vay, quan nidm cua hp vd sy that bai ciing
cd phan nang nc hon. luy vay, cung ed cai nhin mang linh bidn chiing hom vd sy
thit bai. Anh N.D.H., cdng nhan Cdng ty cd phin Lilama 69-1 ndi: ''Khi thdt bgi
Irong cdng viec, minh phai xem lgi xem minh dd thue hifn cdng viec nghiem tiie
chua. M'u da ed gdng het sue vd lam nghiem tuc rdi md cdng viic dien ra khdng
dung yeu cdu thi ed le minh khdng phii hgp vdi cdng viie do. vi^c xin chuyen
sang vj tri khde hogc tim kiem cdng viec khde Id viec nen lam" Vdi each nhin
nhu ttdn thi that bai cung la co hpi dd tich luy kinh nghiem nghd nghiep va giiip

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213). 12 - 2016

83


ngucri lao ddng can nhac xem minh cd thyc sy phii hgp vdi cdng vice hay khdng
A^ didu chinh ban than hoac lya chpn cdng vice khae.
Lam V ice v i danh tidng cua cdng v iec mang lai ciing la cai dich ma ngudi

lao ddng hudng ddn. Vide nhin nhan danh tidng ciia ngudi lao ddng cd nhimg dieu
kha binh di. Cd thd, khdng phai la cdng viec cao sang nhimg la cdng vice chan
chinh. dugc chip nhan v e mat xa hdi. Anh T.V.A., cdng nhan Cdng iv cd phan 26
- Bd Qudc phdng chia sd: "Ai cSng muon Idm cdng viec dirge xd hgi ddnh gid eaa
nhu bde .si gido vien nhimg tdi chi hpc het cdp 3 nen tdi khdng ma mdng den
nhimg nghi do. Vdi loi cdng viec khdng bj phdp lugt ngdn cam. khdng Idm con
cdi vd gia dinh phai xdu hd Id diiu quan trpng. Co cdng viec khde mang lgi thu
nhdp cao hon nhimg tpi vdn lira chpn cong viec ndy"
Ddng CO bdn ngoai cua ngudi lao dpng - nh&ng sue hiit v c Igi ich vat chat
ma hp nhan dugc - phu thudc chii ydu v ao nhiing chd do. chinh sach ma doanh
nghidp ap dung ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng. Nhu vay, cd thd ndi rang, boat dpng ciia
Id chirc cd thd lam lang cudng nhung cung cd the lam suy thoai ddng co lam
vide cua ngudi lao ddng. Cac ndi dung thudc dpng co bdn ngoai la "Cdng viec
mang lgi thu nhdp", "Cdng viec ndy cho phep ldi kiem dugc lien" va "Cdng viec
ndng cao mirc sdng ciia loi" cd ty Id ngudi lao dpng cho la "diing' va "'rat dung"
chidm ddng dao (trdn 60%). Mac dii, qua khao sat tai cac doanh nghidp hidn nay
cho thay. v di mirc luong hidn tai, phan Idn ngudi lao ddng chi lam dii dd trang
trai cupc sdng nhung rd rang cdng vide hg dang lam van mang lai cho hp cupc
sdng tdt hom la linh ttang that nghidp. Dd cd cupc sdng thoai mai va bdt khd
khan hom, ngudi lao ddng budc phai cd nhiing giai phap hd trg nhu: tang ca, lam
thdm, kidm nhidu vide. Theo chj N.Th.O.. cdng nhan Cdng ty cd phan May Dire
Giang chia sd: "Mgt minh tdi phdi chdm lo mgi viec Irong gia dinh nen phdi chi
lieu rdt nhieu. Tdi Idm cdng viec hien lgi vi cong ty nhieu viec, cdng nhdn dugc
ldng ca nhieu nen luang cung cao. Tdi lham gia tdng ca Idt cd cdc ngdy Irong
ludn de ed them thu nhdp"
3.2. Su chu dgng trong cong viie eda ngudi lao dgng
Kgt qua khao sat chung tdi trinh bay trong bang 2 cho thay, sy chu dpng
d y thirc trude va sau khi lam viec cao hon y thilc trong khi lam viec va chii
ddng hgp tac vdi ddng nghiep trong cdng vice.
Phan tich cac ndi dung thg hien sy chu dpng trong cdng vice ciia ngudi

lao ddng thg hien d v thuc trude va sau lam viec cho thay. ngudi lao dpng cd
sy chu ddng nhat la: "Kiem Ira cdn thdn Irudc khi rdi vi tri Idm viec (ldi cdc
thiet bi dien, eira...)" \k "Den doanh nghidp sdm hon 5 - 10 phut de chudn bi
trude khi vdo lam viec" (DTB = 4,23 va 4,13). Trao ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng,
ehimg tdi dugc bigt, hp dgn doanh nghiep sdm ban gid quy dinh dg kidm tra lai

84

TAPCHfTAMiynpCSd 12(213), 12-2016


may mde. ttang thidt bj mdt lin nira ttudc khi bit ta> vao thyc hien cdng v ice
eua mdt ngay mdi. Bdn canh do. hp ddn sdm dd cdn thuc hien an loan ttong lao
dpng nhu mac bao hd lao ddng. kidm tta thidt bi ttudc khi vao lam v ice. Cdn vtji
ndi dung "Kiem tra trude khi rdi vi tri lam viec (tdt cdc thiet bi dien, eira, ede
trang thiit bi phue vu cdng viec...)" khdng nhumg dam bao sy an loam cho doanh
nghidp ma cdn "Biit dugc cd cdi ndo bi hdng khdng de cdn kip thdi bdo cdo^M
trin hogc hdi mugn ngudi khde. Dd cdng Id budc chudn bi cho viec khdi ^ H
cdng viie thugn lgi vdo ngdy mai- chj D.Th.D., lam v ice tai Cdng ty Sao Vang.
Bdng 2: Su chu dpng trong cdng viec cua ngudi lao dgng
Ngi dung

DTB

DLC

Sir cha dpng trong cong vile the Men ay thirc tru&c va sau khi lam viec

3,99

0,67

1. Tir sap xep cac van de rieng de khong lam anh hirdng den cong v iec.

3.96

0.89

2. E)en sdm hon 5 - 1 0 phut de chuan bj tnroc khi lam viec.

4.13

0,90

3. Tir kiem tra. danh gia ket qua thirc hien cong viec cua minh.

3,83

0,90

4. So sanh ket qua lam v iec voi dong nghiep de Iir nit kinh nghiem.

3,83

0,99

5. Kiem tra can than truoc khi roi \ i tri lam \ iec (tit cac thiet bj dien. eira...).

4,23

0,84

Su cha dgng Irong cong viec the hien ay Ihuc khi lam viec

3,87

0,74

6. Khdng tri hoan nhirng vi^c co the lam ngay,

3,83

0,93

7, Lam \ iec tich cue ke ca khi khong co ngiroi kiem tra. giam sat.

3,82

0.94

8. Sii dung toi da kha nang ciJa minh trong cong vi^.

3.95

0,87

Su cha dgng Irong cong viec the hifn a thai do hgp tdc vai dong nghiep

3,90

0,73

9. Tim kiem sg giiip do de giai quyel van de ton dpng trong cong viec.

3.83

0,90

10. Chii dgng phoi hgp voi dong nghiep irong cong viec chung.

4,00

0,86

11. Chu dgng nhan khuyet diem, thieu sot de lam viec tdt hon.

3,89

0.90

Trong cac npi dung ve sy chu ddng cua ngudi lao ddng the hidn d y thiic
khi lam viec cho thay, ndi dung: "Sir dung tdi da khd ndng ciia minh trong cdng
vi4e" ed DTB cao (DTB = 3,95) va cd ldi 77.7% sd ngucri cho la "rit dung' va
""dung" Tuv vav. ket qua nay chua ddng true vdi > thde tu giac ciia hp trong
cdng V igc. Chinh vi vay, ndi dung "Lam viec tich cue ki cd khi khdng ed ngirdi
kiem tra, gidm sdt' \k "Khdng tri hoan nhiing viec ed thi lam ngay" cd DTB
thip hon (DTB = 3,82). Phai chang dieu nay la do ngucri lao ddng chi huy ddng
TAP CHf TAMiy HOC Sd 12(213), 12-2016

85

tdi da kha nang cua minh khi cd ngudi giam sat thuomg xuygn. lign lyc va do tac
phong cdng nghiep van chua dugc hinh thanh day dii d ngudi lao ddng.
Sy chu ddng ciia ngudi lao ddng thg hien d thai dp hgp tac v di ddng
nghigp duge phan anh manh nhal d "Chu dpng phdi hgp vai ddng nghiep trong
cdng viec chung". Digu nay hoan loan phii hgp vdi dac trung boat ddng nhdm
cua loai hinh id chiic la thyc hien muc tigu ciia nhdm ma cac thanh v icn khi
dung rigng Id. hp khdng thg thyc hien dugc va Id chuc can cd sy hgp tac va
thdng nhit y chi hanh ddng cua tat ca mpi ngudi.
Tdng hgp su chu ddng trong cdng viec cua ngudi lao ddng cho thay, chi
cd ly le nhd (10,8%) ngudi lao ddng cd sy chu ddng cao trong cdng viec, day
la sd lieu cin sy quan lam ciia cac nha quan Iy.
3.3. Anh huffng eda dpng eff Idm viec vd sif chd dpng trong cong vifc
eda ngudi lao dpng
Phep kigm djnh One-way Anova cho thiy sy khae biel cd y nghTa thdng
kg giura mirc dp chii ddn^ trong cdng viec va cac loai dpng co larn viec eiia
ngudi lao ddng. Kgt qua ldng hgp dugc thg hien d bang 3. Sd lieu thdng kg cho
thiy. d til ca cac loai ddng co, miic do chu dpng Irong cdng vice ciia ngudi lao
ddng cd chigu hudng tang Ign khi dpng co lam viec manh Ign. He sd luomg quan
giira su chii ddngttongcdng viec vdi cac loai ddng co lam viec Ian lugt la r = 0,52:
0,53; 0,56 va 0,47 vdi p < 0,01. Digu nay cd nghia la dii ngudi lao dpng lam vi?c
vi ddng CO nao, thii ly uu tign ra sao Ihi ddu cd lac dpng ddn sy chii ddng lam
V ice cua hp. Kdt qua nay ciing tuong ddng vdi kdt qua nghidn ciiu cua Kanfer ct
al. (2001), Fay va Frese (2001). Cu thd la cd mdi quan he lich eye giura nhu cau
cdng vide dd dap img vd kinh td va miic cam kdt cua ngudi lao dpng ddi vdi sy
chii dpng trong cdng vide (Kanfer el al., 2001) [8]. Kdt qua nghidn ciru cung cho
thiy, nhiing ngudi cd mong mudn kidm soat cao, mudn dugc "'dimg dau" thudng
cd nhidu kha nang cd tinh chii ddng cao (Fay va Frese, 2001) [4].
Bdng 3: Phdn tich luang quan giira mirc dp chit dpng

trong cdng viec vdi dpng ca lam viie
MiTC do

Dgng ca ngi tai
(F= 129^1;
p = 0,00)

^—

Dgng cor vi ky
( F = 138^3;
p = 0.00)

Dgng cor ben
ngoai (F = 80,28;
p = 0,00)

8,55

8,79

Thap

7,80

Dong cc dong
nhat (F= 118,8;
p = 0.00)
8.33

Trung binh

10,58

10,76

11,15

11,18

12,39

13,18

12,97

chu dgng

Cao

12,25

*Ghi chii: So li^u ghi trong bdng Id DTB ddnh gid ciia ngudi lao dgng ve dgng ca.

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TAP CHf TAMiy HOC Sdi 2 (213). 12-2016


Phan tich hdi quv mirc dp tac ddng cua cac loai ddng co ddn sy chu ddng

ttong edng v iec cho thiy, ca 4 loai ddng co ddu lham gia vao v iec giai thich sy
bidn thidn ciia sy chii ddng ttong cdng vide cua ngudi lao ddng (giai thich dugc
39% su bien thidn). Hon niia. sd lieu phan tich hdi quy miic dp tac ddng cua cac
loai ddng co lam vige dgn sy chii ddng ttong cdng v ice (bang 4) cho thay, ddng
CO vj ky cd anh hudng manh nhit (gia tri myel ddi ciia t Idn nhat) cdn ddng co
bgn ngoai lai cd anh hudng it nhat (gia trj mv et ddi cua t nhd nhal).
Phan lich mirc dp tac ddng cua cae loai ddng co ddn cac thanh phan ciia
sy chu dpng ttong cdng vide (bang 4) cho thay, dpng ca vj ky giai thich sy bidn
thidn ciia tit ca cac thanh phan ciia sy chu ddng trong cdng viec ciia ngudi lao
ddng manh nhat. Su anh hudng manh me ciia ddng ca vj ky ddn sy chu ddng
trong cdng vide ed thd dupe md la bang mong mudn chidn lhang, vugt ttdi hom
nhihig ngudi khae lam cho ca nhan ludn phai nd luc ttong mpi khia canh dd dat
dugc muc tidu cua minh. Sy chii ddng trong cdng vide ciia hp lien quan it hon
ldi vide cdng vide dd cd mang lai sy ydu thich, Igi ieh vd vat chat hay cd phii
hgp vdi muc tidu, gia trj cua ban than hay khdng, ma lidn quan nhidu hon tdi
viec cd dugc xgp thir bac cao trong nhin nhan, danh gia cua mgi ngudi tai noi
lam viec hay khdng.
Bdng 4: He sd hdi quy fi ve muc dp tdc dgng cua cdc Iggi dgng eg
din su chu dgng trong cdng viie
Dong CO
noi tai

Dgng cor
dong nhat

Dgng cor
vj ky

Dgng cor
ben ngoii

Sir chu dpng trong cdng viec the
h i ^ a y thirc truoc va sau khi lam
vi?c

0,219

0,095

0,246

0,119

Sir ehu dgng trong cong vife the
hi?n a y thirc khi lam viec

0,184

0,154

0,304

Khong
tham gia

Sir chu dpng the hi?n a Ihai dg hgp
tac voi don^ nghi?p

0,164

0,114

0,253

Khdng
tham gia

4. Ket luan
Trong cae loai dpng ca lam vige cua ngudi lao dpng thi dpng co ndi lai la
ygu nhit, cac lo^i dpng co ddng nhit, ddng ca vj ky va ddng co bgn ngoai cd dp
m^h nhu nhau.

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC. Sd 12 (213), 12 - 2016

87


Sy chu ddng ttong cdng vide cua ngudi lao ddng dugc the hien d 3 thanh
phan: Sy chu ddng thd hidn d y thirc trude va sau khi lam v iec. sy chu dpng thd
hidn d y Ihiic khi lam vide, sy chu ddng thd hien d thai dp hijp tac vdi ddng
nghigp. Sy chu ddng the hien d y ihiic irudc va sau khi lam vice thg hidn rd ban
hai thanh phan cdn lai.
Nghidn ciiu cho thay sy khae bidt cd y nghTa thdng ke giiia mirc dp chii
ddng ttong cdng v iec vdi cac loai dpng co lam vide, ddng co lam vice cang manh
thi sy chu ddng ttong edng viec eang Idn. Ca 4 loai ddng co nay ddu lham gia vao
vide giai thich sy bidn thidn ciia sy chu ddng irong cdng vide cua ngirdi lao ddng,
ttong dd, ddng co vj ky cd anh hudng manh nhal. Sy anh hudng manh mg cua loai
ddng CO nay dgn sy chu ddng ttong cdng v iec ciia ngudi lao ddng cd thg tao ngn
canh ttanh lanh manh giiia nhiing ngudi lao dpng nhung cung la mdi nguy hai
ligm nang dgn bau khdng khi tich eye cua doanh nghiep. Didu nay phu thudc rat

nhidu vao sy djnh hudng, giao due ngudi lao ddng cung nhu van hda cua doanh
nghigp.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Le van Hao. Larsen K.S.. Hdnh vi Id chirc Irong mpi the gidi dang thay ddi. NXB
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2012.
2. Bandura A.. Social foundations of thought and action: A .social cognitive theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986.
3. Grant J.M., Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26 (3),
pp. 435 - 462, 2000.
4. Frese M, & Fay D., Personal inilialive (PI): An active performance conceptforwork
in the 2l.si century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, pp. 133-187, 2001.
5. Gagne M., Forest J.. Gilbert M., Aube C, Morin E., Malomi A., The Motivation at
Work Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70 (4), pp. 628 - 646, 2010.
6. Cirant A.M.. Ashford SJ., The dynamics pfproaclivity al work. Research in Organizational
Behavior, 28. pp. 3 - 34, 2008.
7. Hacker W., Activity: A fruitful concept in industrial psychology. In M. Frese & J.
Sabini (Eds.), Goal directed behavior: The concept of action in psvchology (pp. 262 283), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985.
8. Kanfer R.. Wanberg C.R. & Kantrowitz T.M.. .loh search and employment: A personalitymotivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology. 86 (5).
pp. 837-855,2001.
9. Locke E.A., Latham G.P., A theory of goal .selling and task performance. Englewood
Cliffs. NJ; Prentice-Hall, 1990.

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10. Parker S.K. Williams H.M . Turner N.. Modeling the antecedents ofproacti\-e hehmior
at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (3). pp. 636 - 652. 2006.
11. Thompson J .\,. Proacthv personality andjob performance: A social capital perspective.

Joumalof Applied Psychology. 90(5). pp. I.OIl - 1.017,2005.
12 Van Dyne L. & LePine J A., Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of
construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Joumal. 41 (1). pp. 108 119. 1998.

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