Mấy suy nghĩ về định hướng đổi mới giáo dục đại học trong giai đoạn 2011 2020

MAY SUY NGHT VE OjNH HUONG
DOI MOI GIAO DUO DAI HOC
TRONG GIAI DOAN 2011 2020
TS. Nguyen Khac Binh
Bi Giio due viiDdo tao.

•
T6M TAT
Tinh di'n ngay 3111212010 cd nude eo 414 trucfng dqi hpe vi eao ddng (188
trudng dqi hpc vi 226 trudng cao ddng). Quy mi sinh viin toin qudc li 2.162.106.
Mqng ludi trucmg dqi hpc, cao ddng dd phd kin 62163 tinh, thinh phd. Tuy nhien, hi
thing giao due dqi hoc nudc la vdn cin bdc Id mil sd hqn ehi bdt cap nhu: Ca cdu hi
thdng gido due dqi hpc chua ding hi. Tinh trqng mdt ein ddi gitta ca cdu trinh dp, ea
cdu nginh nghi dio tqo cham dupc khac phuc, chua dip img duqc yiu cdu nhin luc
cua xd hii. Nhieu loqi hinh trudng (trudng dqi hpc, viin dqi hpc, hpc viin trong hpc
viin v.v...).
Trudc tinh hinh dd, gido due dqi hpc cdn phdi ddi mdi hudng chudn hia, hiin
dqi hoa, xd hdi hoa va hii nhip qudc te, trong do ddi mdi ca chi qudn ly gido due vd
dao tqo, phdt trien dpi ngii giio viin vd cdn bi qudn ly la khiu then chdt v.v...
Ttt khoa: Bdt cap; chua ddng bi; chua hiiu qud; ddi mdi, gido due dqi hpc.
Ngiy nhin bai: 23/12/2011; Ngiy duyit ding bii: 20/5/2012.
1. Thurc trang giao dtic dai hpc hien nay
/ . / . Nhttng thdnh tuu
1.1.1. Quy md vd mqng ludi ca sd gido due dqi hpc phdt triin, ddp dng
lot han nhu cdu hpc tap cda xd hpi
- Tinh dft'n ngiy 31/12/2010 ca nude cd 414 trudng dai hpc va cao dang
(188 trudng dai hpc va 226 Irudng cao ding), trong dd 52 irudng dai hpc va 28
trudng cao dang ngoii cdng lip chift'm ly le 19,3%; Ci nude cd 159 co sd dao
lao sau dai hpc (71 vien nghidn edu, chidm 44,7% va 88 Irudng dai hpe, ehie'm
55,3%), trong dd cd 121 co sd dao tao lidn si va 101 co sd dao lao thae si (trong
dd, cd 7 Irudng dai hpc ngoai cdng lap dupc giao nhiftm vu dao lao trinh dp

thae si).
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- Nam 1987 tdng sd sinh viftn li 133,136, nim 1997 Ul 715,231 (ting 5,4
lin), nim 2010 li 1.643.780 (ting 2,30 lin so vdi nim 1997 vi gin 12,35 lin so vdi
nam 1987); Ttt nam 2000 ddn nay, cic co sd trung binh mdi nim dio lao 650
tidn sT Uong nudc. Nam 2008, cic co sd dio tao sau dai hpc da tuydn dupc
1,805 nghiftn cdu sinh vi 22.885 hpc viftn cao lipc. Nam 20io, cic co sd dio
tao sau dai hpc trong nudc di dang ky 2.504 ch! tiftu dio tao tidn si vi 30.638
chi tiftu dio tao thae si. So vdi chi tiftu dio tao dr nudc ngoii, nim 2010, sd
lupng nghiftn cdu sinh trong nudc cao hon 3,57 lin, hpc viftn cao hpc gip 13,3
lin. Tting quy md dio tao khdng chfnh quy hiftn nay 532.972 sinh viftn, chidm
xi'p xi 24,43% tdng quy md dio tao cia cic trudng dai hpc, cao ding.
- Mang ludi trudtng dai hpc, cao ding d i phi ki'n 62/63 tinh, thinh phd.
Ngudn lire cia xi hdi diu tu cho giio dttc dai hpc tang nhanh, co chd quan ly
nhi nudc vd giio dtic dai hpc da ddi mdi, tang cudng giao quydn tu chi, tu chju
trich nhiftm cho cic co sd giio due dai hpc vi co ehft giim sit chit lupng dio
tao vi viftc thuc hidn cam kfti diu tu xay dung co sd giio due dai hpc.
1.1.2. Sdsinh viin tdt nghiip: Nam 1987 cd 19.900 sinh viftn tdt nghiftp,
nam 1997 cd 73.736 (tang 3,7 lin so vdi 1987) vi nam 2010 cd 222.665 (tang
11 lin .so vdi nam 1987.
1.1.3. Ngdnh nghi ddo tqo: Ty lft dao tao cic nginh ky thuit - cdng nghft,
ndng - lam - ngu, y dupc, van hda - nghft thuat, thd due, thd thao tang; dao tao ngudn
nhan luc thudc cac linh vuc cflng nghft, thdng lin, sinh hpc, vat Uftu mdi duoc uu tiftn.
1.1.4. Hinh Ihi'tc ddo tqo: Theo quy djnh cia Luat Giao due 1998 vi
2005, hinh thdc dio tao cao ding, dai hpc dupc da dang hoi, gdm dio tao chinh
quy tap trung va giao due Ihudng xuyftn/dio tao khdng chfnh quy (vtta lim vtta

hpc, dio tao ttt xa va tu hpc cd hudng din).
1.1.5. Ddi ngu gidng vien: Nam 1987 ddi ngu giang viftn cia cic trudng
dai hpe, cao ding la 20.212 giing viftn vdi 2.041 lift'n si, 526 giio su, phd giio
su. Nam 1997, ldng sd giang viftn da tang Iftn 65.337 ngudi vdi 6.475 liftn si,
2.117 giio su, phd giao su. Nam hpc 2010 - 2011 tdng sd giang vien cia cic
trudng dai hpc, cao ding la 74.573 ngudi.
1.1.6. Cdng tde .xd hdi hod gido due vd viic huy ddng ngudn luc cho
gido dttc dddqi duac kit qud budc ddu: Nam 1997 mdi cd 15 tnrdng dai hoc tu
thuc, de'n nay da cd 50 Irudng dai hpc, 30 trudng cao dang ngoai cdng lap.
1.1.7. Trong nhttng nam gin day, cdng tic quan ly chai lupng da dupc
chu trpng: Dii hinh thanh cac id chdc chuyftn trich vd dinh gii vi kidm dinh
eliil lupng. Tinh den thing 12/2008, da ed 114/163 (70%) trudng dai hoc lU
danh gia, trong dd cd 40 Irudng dupc dinh gia ngoii. CPng lie quan ly giao
due dai hpc da cd chuydn biftn theo hudng tang quydn lu chi, tu chiu trach

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TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


nhiftm eua cic co sd dio tao. Mdt sd van bin quy pham phip luat da dupe ban
hinh nhim cu thd hda cic chi truong dd trong dd Nghj djnh 115/2010/ND-CP
cua Chinh phi quy djnh trich nhidm quan ly nhi nudc vd giio due.
1.2. Nhitng hqn chi, bdt cdp
1.2.1. Vi he thd'ng gido due dqi hpc
Co ciu he thd'ng giio due dai hpc cdn ed nhttng bit cap nhit djnh. Tinh
trang chua can ddi gitta eo ciu trinh dd, co ciu nginh nghd dio lao eliam dupc
khac phtic, chua dip dng that td't yeu ciu nhan luc cia xa hpi: nhidu trudng dio
tao vd kinh Id, tii chfnh, kft toin, ngan hing v.v... nhtmg ft irudng dio tao vd
cdng nghe, ky thuat, khoa hpc.

He thd'ng giao due dai bpc Viftt Nam phan ting chua that rd rftt, su phit
tridn cua giao dtic dai hpe ehua that tuong xdng vdi su phat tridn cia kinh lft xa hpi Viet Nam trong thdi ky ddi mdi. He thd'ng giao due dai hpc cua Viet
Nam hiftn lai edn chda mdt sd yeu td chua hop ly: nhidu loai hinh Irudng (dai
hpc, trucmg dai hpc, vien dai hpe, hpc viftn trong hpc viftn); mpl sd trudng dai
hpc dao lao ca trinh dp cao ding, trung cip, day nghd; mdt sd Irudng cao ding
dao lao ca trung cip va cdng nhan ky thuat din dft'n ngudn lue bj phan lin
khdng lap trung vio nhiem vu chi'nh cua bac hpc.
1.2.2. Chdt luang ddo tao dqi hpc
Chai lupng dio tao da dupe nang cao nhidu, song chua dap dng that td't
yftu cau cua xa hpi do chuong trinh dio lao chua hiftn dat va id chdc dao tao
chua tdi. Su phit tridn quy md giio due dai hpc trong nhttng nam qua da dap
dng loi ban nhu ciu hpc tap cua nhan dan, nhung chit lupng giao due chua theo
Idp dupc nhu ciu phit tridn ldnh lft xa hpi cua dil nudc va hpi nhap qud'c td,
mpl phin do quy md dio lao tang qua nhanh (1.649.028 sinh viftn so vdi
133.136 sinh viftn lang gin 12,39 lin), trong khi cic dieu kiftn dam bao chit
lupng chua tupng xdng. Trong giio due dai hpe ehua giai quyfti dupc mau
thuin gitta phit Irie'n sd lupng vdi nang eao chai lupng. Cdn nhttng npi dung
trong chuong trinh giao due dai hpc ddi kbi cdn nang ve ly thuydt, nhe vd thuc
hanh, chua gin vdi yftu ciu xa hdi, chua phi hpp vdi nhu ciu va khi nang hpc
tap cia da sd sinh viftn. Phucmg phip day hpc d mdt sd trudng, bd mdn vin theo
lai truydn thu mdt chidu, ddi bdi sinh viftn phai ghi nhd miy mdc, chua phit
huy dupc lu duy phe phan, tu duy sang tao vi linh thin tu hpc d sinh vien. Dpi
ngu giang vien d mpl sd Irudng, nhit la cac Irudng d dja phuang cdn thidu vd sd
lupng, yeu ve chuyftn mdn cung nhu kinh nghiftm thuc tft'. Cdng tie nghiftn cdu
khoa hpc chua dip dng yeu ciu dao lao va nhu ciu thuc tiftn cua phat trien kinh
td - xa hdi, chua gin nghiftn cdu khoa hpc vdi dio lao, nhai la dao tao lift'n si.
Ca sd vat ehai cua nha irudng cdn thidu thdn. Chua kdt nfli dupc dao tao cua

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nhi trudng vdi thuc td ddi hdi cia x i hdi. Cdng tic thanh, kidm tra cdn han chd.
He thd'ng kidm dinh chai lupng dio tao dai hpc dang hinh thinh.
1.2.3. Vi .vd hdi hda gido due
Xa hiji hda giio due hidn nay cd nhidu thinh tint, song vin cd nhttng
didu bit cip. Nhi nudc hiftn miSi chi huy d^ng dupc m^t phin ngudn lire cia xa
hfti cho giio due dai hpc (80 trudng din lip, tu thuc ra ddi), chua buy ddng
dupc nhidu ngudn luc nudc ngoii cho giio due dai hpc, Ihiftu ydu td giim sit
cia xa hdi. Xa hi>i hda giio due hiftn nay d mdt sd dja phuong chua toin diftn,
nfti dung chfnh vin chua thttc hiftn tdt, dd li diu ra cua giio diic dai hpc vin
chua thd dip dng nhu ciu cia xi hOi, din dft'n viftc cung - ciu khdng gap dupc
nhau, Ihiftu su gin kfti gitta cic co sd giio due dai hpc vdi viftn nghiftn cdu vi
doanh nghiftp.
1.2.4. Vi dpi ngu gidng vien vd cdn bd qudn ly
Ddi ngu giing viftn va cin bft quin ly giio due d mdt sd irudng dai hpc
chua dap dng dupe nhiftm vu giio due dio tao trong thdi ky mdi. Cdn thidu quy
hoach (I.iii tao ddi ngu giing viftn dai hpc din dftn tinh trang ddi ngu giang viftn
vtta thtta, via ihift'u, vtta khdng ddng bd vd co ciu. Chinh sich luong cho giang
viftn va ein bd quan ly cia Nha nude cdn bit cap vi chua thda ding, dac biftt li
ddi vdi giang viftn dai bpc cd hpc vi, chdc danh Icboa hpc.
1.3. Nhung nguyen nhdn eua hqn ehi, bdt cap
Cdng lac quan ly giio due cdn nhidu bit cap: Cic van ban quy pham
phip luat vi cic chinh sich vd giio due dai hpc chua hoin chinh. Viftc ehia cat
cic nhiftm vu quan ly nhi nudc vd giao due gitta Bd Giao due va Dao tao vdi
cic bp nganh khic da lam cho viftc quan ly nhi nude ddi vtS hft thd'ng giao due
dai hpc chua thdng nhil.
Diu tu cia Nha nudc eho giio due dai hpc cdn chua dip dng dupc nhu
ciu giao due ngay cing ldn hidn nay.

Qua trinh hdi nhap qudc id da mang tdi nhung CO hdi ldn nhung cung
mang de'n nbidu thach thdc dfli vdi giio due dai hpe. Mai trai cia kinh td thi
trudng da cd it nhidu anh hudng tieu cue dft'n giao due dai hpc.
2. Npi dung doi mtii giao due dai hpc
2.1. Quan diim ehi dqo
Ddi mdi can bin, loan diftn ndn giio due Viftt Nam theo hudng chuin
hda, hien dai hda, xa hdi hda vi hdi nhip qud'c te, trong dd, dfli mdi co chd
quan ly giio due va dao tao, phat trien ddi ngtt giio viftn vi cin bd quan ly la
khau then chdi. Tap trung nang cao chit lupng giio due, dio lao, coi trpng giao
due dao ddc, Idi sd'ng, nang luc sing tao, ky nang thuc hanh, kha nang lap

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TAP CHi TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


nghiep. Ddi mdi co chd tii chinh giio due... Ddi mdi manh me ndi dung,
chucmg trinh, phucmg phip day vi hpc.
2.2, Mttc tiiu
Ddi mdi can ban vi toin dien giio due dai hpe, tao dupe chuydn bift'n co
bin vd chit lupng, hiftu qua vi quy md, dip dng yftu ciu cia su nghiftp cdng
nghiftp hoi, biftn dai hoi dil nudc, hdi nhap kinh td qud'c tft vi nliu ciu hpc tap
cia nhan dan. Dft'n nam 2020, giio due dai hpc Viet Nam dat trinh dd tiftn tiftn
trong khu vuc vft tift'p can trinh dd tiftn lift'n trftn thd gidi; cd nang luc canh tranh
cao, thfch dng vdi co chd thj irudng djnh hudng xa hdi chi nghia.
2.3. Ndi dung ddi mdi
2.3.1. Ddi mdi hi thd'ng gido due dqi hpc
Cai cich Iriftt dd vi lai co ciu bft thd'ng giao due va dio tao, ttt trung
uong ddn co sd, ttt tu duy, quan didm, cliuong trinh dio tao ddn phuong phap,
phuang liftn day vi hpc theo hudng hpi nhap qud'c tft.

Ra soil, danh gii lai mang ludi cic co sd giio due dai bpc biftn cd; ddi
mdi cflng tic quy hoach phat tridn mang ludi, bio dam lliuc hien ddng eae muc
liftu phat tridn giio due dai hpc.
Phan ting dai hpc theo 3 ling:
- Dai hpc nghiftn cdu (dao lao vi cap dft'n van bang lift'n si): Trong dd, cd
mfll sd viftn nghien edu dupe sap nhap.
- Dai hpc dng dung (dao lao va cip den van bing thae si).
- CAc trudng cao ding: id chdc giang day va cip de'n van bing cao ding.
Trong dd, cd thd trudng trung cip chuyftn nghiftp, Irudng day nghe sap nhap vao.
Diu tu manh me cho mdt sd viftn nghiftn cdu trpng didm cd quy md Idn
phuc vu chie'n lupc phat trien kinh td - xa hpi cia Nha nudc.
xay dung eo chd lien thdng ttt cao ding Iftn dai hpc; liftn thong gitta cac
trudng dai bpc; liftn thdng gitta cac Irudng dai hpc cia Viet Nam vdi hft thd'ng
giao due dai bpc qud'c lft'.
2.3.2. Ndng cao chdt lucmg ddo tqo
xay dung, chuin hda dpi ngu giang viftn ca vd sd lupng vi chit lucjng.
Ddi mdi manh me ndi dung va phuang phap giao due, dio tao;
Chuan hda chuang trtnh va giio trinh dao tao dam bao phu hpp vdi yeu
cau cua thuc liftn xa hdi va hdi nhap qud'c le;
Tang cudng diu tu ngudn lire (lai chinh vi nhan luc) xdng dang cho cac
CO sd vat chai cho cac eo sd giao due dai hpe;
TAPCHITAM LtHOC, Sd6 (159), 6 - 2012


Td chdc kidm djnh chit lupng giio due dat hpc.
2.33, Xi hdi hda gido due dqi hpc
Cd chfnh sich khuydn khfch ci nhin, id chttc xa hdi trong vi ngoii nudc
tham gia tfch ctlc vio viftc md trudng dai hpc, hd tro kinh phf xiy dung co so
vat chit cho cic CO sd giio due dai hpc.
Cd CO chd dd cic nhi tuydn dung, hOi nghd nghidp vi m(>t sd thinh phin

xa hdi khic cd liftn quan tham gia vio viftc xiy dung ndi dung, chuong trinh
dio tao cia nhi trudng phtic vti nhu ciu xi hOi.
xay dung quy djnh vd Hfli ddng trudng cd thinh phin tham gia cia xa
hdi (nhi luydn dung lao dflng, hdi nghd nghiftp, cha me sinh viftn...) dd giim
sit chit lupng dio tao vi boat ddng cia nhi trudng.
2.3.4. Che lid chinh .tdch dd'i vdi gidng viin vd cdn bd qudn ly
Xiy dung chd dd luong phi hpp vdi chdc danh, hpc vj cho ddi ngu giang
viftn vi ein bft quan ly giio due irudng thinh ttt giang viftn.
Cd chinh sich ddng vien, khuyft'n khich giang viftn, cin bd quan ly ra
nudc ngoai dir hdi nghi, h(>i thio khoa hpc qud'c td, tham quan, dii cic Idp bdi
dudng chuyftn mdn, giang day dd lift'p thu cdng nghft mdi, kidn thdc mdi.
Cd ehft dd khuyft'n khich thu but ngudi cd nang luc chuyftn mdn, trinh dd
cao, nhidu kinh nghiftm trong vi ngoii nudc lim giang viftn.
2.3.5. Ddi mdi qudn ly nhd nitdc ve gido due dqi hpc
Ddi mdi tu duy quan ly nhi nudc vd giio dtic dai hpc.
Thd'ng nhit quan ly nha nudc vd giio due dai hpc la Bt5 Giio due vi Dio
lao; tttng bude xda bd co quan chi quan co sd giio due dai hpc.
xay dung hoan ihiftn hft thd'ng van ban quy pham phip luat vd giao due
dai hpe, trudc hfti la tap trung xay dung Luat Giio due dai hpe.
Doi mdi eo chd quan ly giio due, chuydn ddi ttt co chd nha nudc kidm
soil sang CO ehft nhi nudc giim sal ket hpp vtS dao tao theo nhu ciu xa hdi.
Tang cudng cdng lac thanh tra, kidm tra cac co sd giio due dai hpc vd
viftc thuc hien cic quy djnh cia phip luat.
Yftu ciu cic CO sd giao due dai hpc phai cdng bd cdng khai.chuin diu ra
va cic didu kien dam bao ehai lupng.
Xac lap CO che kiem tra, giim sat cia xa hdi; phit huy vai trd cia cac
doan Ihe, id chdc quin chung, dac biet li cic hdi nghd nghiep trong viec giam
sat chai lupng giip due dai hpe.

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Tttng budc giao quydn tu chi cho cic co sd giio due dai hpe (ddi ngu
nhan Itic, hpc thuit, tii chinh, dip tao vi cip van bing, phong chdc danh khoa
hpc) tren eo sd tiftu chf cu thd vft cic didu kiftn dim bio chit lupng cia nhi
mtdng.
Kiftn toin bft miy quin ly nhi nudc vft quin ly giio due dai hpc; thanh
lap CP quan kift'm djnh ehai lupng giio due ddc lap; nang cao nang luc ddi ngu
can bd quan ly cia co quan quan ly nhi nude vd giio due dai hpe; phan cip
quin ly nhi nudc vd giio due dai hpc theo ddi lupng vft chdc nftng nhiftm vu.
Cic CP sd giio due dai hpc id chdc quin ly vi quan trj nhi trudng theo
npi dung dupe phin cip vi cliju su giim sat cia xa hdi, Bd Giio dtic vi Dio lao
va Hdi ddng trudng.
Tii lieu tham khao
1. Bao cao cua Bp Giao due vft Dao tao tai Hpi nghi So kftt tridn khai chi thj 296/CTTTg cua Thu tudng Chinh phu va Chuong Irinh hanh dflng cua Ba Giao due va Dao
tao v6 ddi mdi cflng tic quan iy giao due dai hoc giai doan 2010 - 2012.
2. Thfl'ng ke giao due dao lao nam hoc 2010-2011.
3. Viemam Education and Training Directory (third edition - 2004).
4. Bao cao chuong trinh chinh saeh phat tridn giao due dai hoc (giai doan 2) nam
2010.
5. Ky yeu Hpi nghi loan qufl'c cac trudng supham (8/2011).

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