Một số vấn đề cần lưu ý khi thực thi công ước viên năm 1980 về mua bán hàng hóa quốc tế (CISG) tại việt nam

So I/2Q19 - N3m thu- Mirfii Bi,n

MOT SO VAN DE CAN LlAj Y KHI THUC THI CONG UdC VIEN
NAM 1980 VE MUA BAN HANG HOA QUOC TE (CISG) TAI VIET NAM
Nguyen Thu Huang'
Tomtk: Cong u&c Viin 1980 yi hyp dong mua bdn hdng hda quoc ti (CISG) do Uy ban ciia Lien
hiep qudc vi Lugt thuong mgi qudc te (UNCITRAL) ban hdnh. cd hieu luc tic ngay 01/01/1988 nhdm
huong tdi vifc thdng nhdt ngudn lugt dp dung cho hgp dong mua bdn qudc ti hdng hda. Ngay 01/01/2017,
CISG bdt ddu cd hieu lice tgi Viet Nam. Bin cgnh nhimg thudn lgi. Viet Nam cung phdi ddi mat v&i nhiiu
kho khan bdt lgi nhdt dinh vi mat phdp lugt. Chinh vi vdy, di CISG trd Ihdnh cdng cu hiru hieu ddi v&i
giao dich mua bdn hdng hda voi thicong nhdn nu&c ngoai, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam cdn hiiu ndi dung
cua CISG ciing nhu dieu kiin dp dung vdo Ihuc tien.
Tickhoa: Cong u&c Vien ndm 1980; dp dung; mua bdn hdng hoa qudc te; giao kit hop dong..
Nhdn bdi: 30/11/2018; Hodn thdnh biin tap: 02/01/2019; Duyet ddng: 17/01/2019.
Abstract: The Vienna Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG)
drafted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNITRAL) has taken effect since
01/01/1988 with the purpose to create an uniform legal source applicable to contracts for international
sale of goods. Since 01/01/2017, CISG shall enter into force in Vietnam. Besides the advantages, Viemam
isfaced with certain legal difficulties and challenges. Therefore, to make CISG become an effective tool
for transactions for international sale of goods with foreign traders, Vietnamese enterprises are required
to comprehend CISG content and conditions for its application in practice.
Keywords: the Vienna Convention in 1980, application; International Sale of Goods; contract
signing
Date of receipt; 30/11/2018; Date of revision: 02/01/2019; Date of approval: 17/01/2019.
\. Su- tac dong cua CISG ddi vdi Viet Nam
hgp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc tl (MBHHQT).
Hien nay, CISG la mgt frong nhung cdng udc Trong phan nay cung da ngu rd nguyen tic frong
quoc tl thanh cong nhit trong Imh vuc thuang mai viec ap dung CISG: nguygn tac tu do vg hinh thit^c
quoc tl, duge phe chuin va ap dung rdng rai vdi ciia hop ddng; nguydn tac dien giai cac tuygn bd,
tren 89 qudc gia thanh vidn frgn the gidi. Hiu hit hanh vi va xii sy ciia cac bgn. Cdng udc cung nhan
cac doi tac ban hang Idn ciia Viet Nam tren thi gidi manh den gia trj ciia tap C|uan frong eac giao djch

{Phap, Dire, Ca-na-da, Nhat Ban, Hoa Ky...) ddu mua ban hang hda qudc te (MBHHQT).
da tham gia CISGl
Phdn 2: Ky kit Hgp ddng (trinh lu, thii tuc giao
__ Vaifrocua CISG duge khing djnh trong thuc kit hop ddng) (tir Diiu 14 - 24) quy djnh kha chi
tiln vdi hon 3.000 an Id cd lien quan^ (tuc la cac tilt, cu thi va diy dit cac van dl phap ly dat ra trong
phan quyit, quyit djnh giai quyet cac tranh chip qua frinh giao kgt hgp ddng MBHHQT
hgp dong sii dung hoac dua fren cac quy djnh eiia
Phdn 3: Mua bdn hdng hda (tir Didu 25 - 88)
CISG), dong thdi dang duge dieu chinh khoang ndu cac vin de phap ly trong qua frinh thyc hien
80% giao djch thuong mai qudc tl^
hgp dong va duge chia thanh 5 chuong vdi nhiing
Npidung ciia CISG gom 101 dieu, ca ciu ndi dung ea ban lidn quan din nghia vu bdn ban,
thanh bin phin:
ben mua, vin dl chuyen djch riii ro bang hda...
Phdn 1: Phgm vi dp dung vd cdc quy dinh Day la phin cd so lugng dieu khoan Idn nhat, bao
cAM«g(hiDilu 1 - 13) quy djnh cac trudng hgp ap gdm nhirng quy pham phap Mat bien dai, de higu,
dung theo CISG. Theo do, CISG chi ap dung cho dd ap dung trong thyc te ciia CISG, trong dd nghia
' Tien sy, Vien Han Lam Khoa Hgc Xa hgi Viet Nam
^Tmhtotheri diim Cong udc c6 higu luc cho din ngay 4/12/2018. www.cisg.law.pace.edu,
'TinhtirthcridilmC6ngudcc6higulucchodlnngay4/l2/2018. www.cisg.law.pace.edu,
• . ,T H
' International Trade Cenfre & Ministty of Trade of Viemam, Report on key multilateral treaties affectmg trade not ratttied
by Metnam- A cost/benefit analysis, March 2007, pp27.

®


ifail.IJIllJHJIIJII.IA
vu cua ngudi ban va ngudi mua duoc quy dinh chi
tiet trong hai chuong rieng.

CISG khdng cd mdt chuong rieng vg vi pham
hgp ddng va che tai do vi pbam hgp ddng. Cac npi
dung nay duge Idng ghep trong Chuong II, Chuong
III va Chuong V, qua do thg hien sy binh dang ve
mat phap ly cho ngudi ban va ngudi mua frong hgp
ddng MBHHQT. Ddng thdi, CISG cung dua ra cac
bien phap bao dam phap ly trong trudng hpp ngudi
mua vi pbam hgp ddng va quy djnh rd khi nao
CISG duge ap dung va viec ap dung CISG cho
nhimg boat dpng mua ban qudc te giira hai nudc
lign quan.
Phdn 4: Cdc quy dinh vi bdo km, gia nhgp, phe
chudn Cong u-ffc (tir Diiu 89-101) quy djnh vl cac
thu tuc dg cac qudc gia ky kgt, phg chuan, gia nhap
CISG; cac bao luu cd thi ap dung; thai diem CISG
cd hieu lyc va mdt sd van d^ khac mang tinh chat
hanh chinh khi tham gia hay tir bd Cdng udc.
Thuang mai qudc tg hien nay da frd thanh mgt
phan quan frpng eua ngn kinh te, vi vay thdng nhat
va hai hda hda Mat phap qudc td vg hgp ddng thuang
mai la mdt xu hudng phat tridn tat yeu ciia thuong
mai qudc te. Hon niia, viec giam thieu ehi phi giao
djch qudc te la mgt muc tieu quan trgng ciia tat ca
cac chinh phu ciing nhu cac doanh nghiep, frong do
mdt bien phap him hieu nhat la don gian hda giao
thuang qudc te bang each tang cudng tmh dn djnh
phap Mat eua giao dich qudc tg^ va xda bd cac rao
can phap ly (frong giao djch npi dia, ngudi ban va
ngudi mua thudng dg dang tim duge Mat ap dung
chung digu chinh quan he giao dich cua minh. Tuy

nhign, khi ngudi ban va ngudi mua d hai qudc gia
khae nhau vdi van hda va khung phap Mat khac
nhau, van dg Mat ap dung frd nen rat phiic tap do cac
rao can phap ly didu chinh giao dieh cd yeu to nudc
ngoai). Vi le dd, CISG ra ddi la nham muc dich giam
thigu nhirng xung dotfrongcac giao djch thuong mai
quoc te va dua ra mdt khung phap ly thdng nhat, cd
thg ap dung tai mgi qudc gia ma khdng phan biet
frinh dp phat frign kinh te.
Cd thg ndi CISG la mdt trong nhirng cdng udc
thdng nhat vg Mat tu thanh cdng nhit vdi ndi dung
mang tinh hien dai, linh boat, phii hgp vdi thyc tidn
MBHHQT. Bdi, CISG la tap hgp cac quy pham kha
hien dai, thg hien duge sy binh dang giira bgn mua

vabgn ban trong quan he MBHHQT^Cac qui !
trong CISG cung phii hgp vdi thuc tidn MBHHQ1
do duge soan thao dua frdn mdt ngudnluat quan
frong la cac tap quan thuang mai qudc tg, trong do
cd Incoterms cua Phdng Thuong mai Qudc te

acc).

,

So vdi cac cdng udc da phuong khac ve mua
ban hang hda (nhu cac cdng udc Hague 1964)* thi
CISG la Cdng udc qudc tl cd quy md idn hon ban
vl sd qudc gia tham gia va mire dp dirge ap dung.
Diiu dang ndi la khi cac qudc gia phd chuin CISG,

cac diiu khoan ciia CISG se tu ddng duge ap dung
mdt each bat budc ddi vdi giao dich thuong m^i
qudc tl va duge npi Mat hda - trd thanh Mat ndi dja
ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien. CISG ciin^ trd thanh
ngudn Mat trong nudc ciia rat nhieu qudc gia.
Nhu vay, khi gia nhap CISG, Viet Nam se bd
sung vao ngudn phap Mat dieu chinh cac giao djch
MBHHQT mpt cdng cu phap ly him hieu bao ve
Igi ich chinh dang cua cac doanh nghiep, tranh
nhirng riii ro phap iy khdng cin thigt do sy khac
biet qua Idn frong y thiic phap Mat, muc dich giao
djch ciia cac ben..., ddng thdi tao ca hdi cho cac
doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd tbl chii ddng trong cac
giao djch hang hda qudc te phd bidn. Vide xac djnh
mdt ngudn Mat thdng nhat diiu chinh hgp hgp
ddng MBHHQT se mang lai cho Viet Nam va cac
doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhimg lgi ich khdng nhd,
cu the la:
Thu nhat, hieu qud ve kinh te: CISG la co sd
phap ly dd cac doanh nghiep frong nudc tham gia
giao djch qudc td mang tinh canh tranh cdng bang
vdi cac ddi tac nudc ngoai. Vide ap dung hgp ddng
mau theo CISG se tidt kidm cac chi phi tu van Mat
su; tiet kiem thdi gian va tien bac trong viec soan
thao hop ddng. Hgp ddng mau theo CISG dd tiip
can ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp khi tham gia giao
dich qudc te, thiic day cac giao dich thuang mai
qudc td va vide ap dung CISG se giiip cac doanh
nghidp tranh duoc riii ro khi tranh chip xay ra so
vdi trudng hgp budc phai ap dung phap Mat nudc

ngoai ma ben Viet Nam cd the khdng bilt vl cac
qui dinh dd.
Thir hai, tdc ddng ddi^v&i he thong phdp lugt
Viet Nam: Digu khoan mau cua CISG giiip hoan
thien phap Mat Viet Nam lien quan den giao djch

^ Cac cong udc Unifonn Law on International Sale (ULIS) va Unifomi Law on the Formation of contracts of sales (ULF)
dupc thong qua tai Hgi nghi Hague nam 1964 va co hieu lyc tir thang 8/1972.
" John Felemegas (ed.). An International Approach to the Interpretation of the United Nations Conveniion on Contracts
for the International Sate of Goods (1980) as Uniform Sales Law (Cambridge 2007).


Sol/2019-Namthu-Mut)iBor

nay. Hgp ding mau theo CISG la kdt qua nghien
ciru cua cac chuyen gia thupc nhidu he thdng phap
luat khac nhau, vi vay, cac y tudng dd cd the la giai
phap hiiu hieu frong qua trinh hoan thien phap Mat
Viet Nam. CISG cung cap cac quy djnh ap dung
chung cho cac ddi tac thuong mai cua Viet Nam
thu6c nhiiu he thdng phap Mat khac nhau trgn thd
gicri va nhimg can cu dd loai trir nhu cau ap dung
ph^ lugt nudc ngoai, ngoai trir hien tugng xung
dot phap luat
2. Mot s6 noi dung khac biet giira CISG va
phap luSt ciia Viet Nam, dong thdi can lira y den
cac quy dinh ve luat ap dung
Mac du cac quy dinh ciia CISG va phap luat
VietNam kha Mong thich vdi nhau, song van bpc
16 mpt s6 npi dung khac biet giira CISG va phap

lu^t cua Viet Nam, cy thg la cac dieu khoan trong
Luat thucmg mai nam 2005 da bpc lg nhieu bat cap,
doi hoi Viet Nam phai sua ddi nham bao dam tinh
hop ly, tinh hap dan ciia Mat frong dieu chinh hgp
ding MBHHQT. Trong dd tap trung vao cac van
de sau:
a. Hinh thirc cua hop ddng
Hinh thiie cua hgp ddng ndi chung cd the la
hinh thii-c vigt/hinh thiic mieng hoac thdng qua
cac hanh vi khac. Ddi vdi hgp ddng MBHHQT
cung CO the tdn tai dudi cac hinh thirc nay Phap
luat cac nudc quy djnh hinh thiic hgp ddng
MBHHQT hgp phap khi thda man cac didu kien
nhat djnh, do cd thd la hgp ddng duge ky kit dudi
hinh thirc van ban (hoac cac hinh thiic khac cd gia
trj phap ly tuong duong), Idi ndi, hanh vi nhat
djnh. Hgp ddng MBHHQT phai duge phe chuan
hay cong chiing,... mdi duge coi la hpfp phap vg
hinh thiic. Chang ban d nhidu nudc phat tridn,
nhu: Hoa Ky, Anh... hgp ddng HDMBQT cd thd
duge ky kit bing Idi ndi, bing van ban, bing hanh
vi hay bang bat ky hinh tbire nao khac do cac ben
tirdo thda thuan.
_ Theo phap Mat mdt sd nudc dang phat tridn,
ching han nhu Viet Nam hgp ddng MBHHQT phai
duge ky kit dudi hinh thiic van ban. Theo Khoan 2
Bieu 27 Luat thuong mai nam 2005 quy djnh:
"Mua ban hang hda quoc tl phai duoc thuc hien
ten CO sd hgp ddng bang van ban hoac bang cac

hinh thirc cd gia trj phap ly Mong duong". Cac hinh
thirc cd gia frj phap ly tuong duong d day bao gdm
didn bao, telex, fax, thdng diep dir lieu va cac hinh
thirc khae theo quy djnh cua phap Mat (Khoan 15
Dieu 3 Luat thuong mai nam 2005).
De giai quygt quan diem mau thuan trong vide
xac dinh hinh thiic hgp ddng giiia cac qudc gia
thanh vign, CISG da chpn giai phap thda hiep bing
each dua vao Cdng udc nhirng quy djnh theo
hudng^ cdng nhan ca hai loai hinh thiic hgp ding
tai Didu 11: Hgp ddng MBHHQT cd tbl duge ky
ket bang Idi ndi va khdng cin thiit phai tuan thii
bat ky yeu eau nao khac vl mat hinh thirc ciia hgp
ddiig; Tuy nhien, Diiu 96 cua CISG eho phep cac
qudc gia bao luu, khdng ap dung Diiu 11 niu Mat
phap ciia qudc gia dd quy djnh hinh thirc van ban
la bat budc ddi vdi hgp ddng MBHHQT.
Tuong frr nhu CISG, mpt sd van ban qudc tg
khac ciing chip nhan su khac nhau vl hinh thtic
hgp ddng. Theo Diiu 1.2 (nguygn tic khdng bit
bugc vg binh thirc cua hgp ddng - No Form Required)
cita Nguyen tac Hgp ddng Thuong mai Qudc te
(PICC)^, vide giao kit hgp ddng MBHHQT khdng
ddi hdi phai tuan theo bat ky didu kien nao vg hinh
thirc: "Bd nguyen tac Unidroit khdng bat budc hgp
ddng, tuygn bd hay bat ky mgt hanh vi nao khac
phai duge giao ket hay chung minh bang mpt hinh
thirc dac biet. Chiing cd thd duge chimg minh bang
bat ky each thiic nao, kg ca bang nhan chimg". Tuy
nhidn, theo Dieu 1.4 ciia PICC (nhung quy pham

bat budc - Mandatory Rules) thi "Bp nguyen tae
nay khdng han chg viec ap dung nhimg quy pham
bit budc, cd ngudn gdc qudc gia, qudc td phii hpp
vdi cac quy pham cd lign quan ciia Tuphap qudc
tl". Nhu vay PICC cdng nhan nguyen tac tu do vg
hinh thirc hgp ddng co thi bj ban che bdi cac quy
djnh rieng ciia phap Mat qudc gia hoac phap Mat
quoc tl. Ching han, phap Mat qudc gia, phap Mat
quoc tl qui djnh bit bude hinh thirc hgp ddng
MBHHQT phai lap thanh van ban thi cac bgn se
phai ap dung hinh thiic viet.
Do vay, dya trgn tinh thin cua CISG, khi gia
nhap CISG, Viet Nam da thuc hien quyin bao luu
(khdng ap dung) Diiu 11 ciia Cdng udc. Didu nay
ddng nghTa vdi viec phap Mat eua nudc ta Mong

' Vien Thing nhit Tu phap Qu6c tl, viit tit theo Tiing Phap la UNIDROIT, mgt to chuc quoc te lien chmh phu thaiih
iap nam 1929 da tap trung nghien cihi tim kilm cac quy dinh chung dl dilu chinh hop dong co the thich hop trong nhieu
H thing phap luat ciia nhimg nudc khac nhau. Do do, nam 1994 UNiDROIT da cho ra ddi cudn sach Principles ot
Inleraational Commercial Conffacts - Nguyen tic Hgp ding Thuong mai Qudc te (PICC)


\

CEBSBSSS
thich vdi CISG mac dii Viet Nam chi cdng nhan
hinh thiic viet ciia hcrp ddng MBHHQT.
b. Doi vdi che tdi bdi thr&ng thiet hgi
Phap luat VietNam va CISG diu quy djnh each
xac dinh thiet hai duge bdi thudng do hanh vi vi

pham hgp ddng. Sy khac biet d day chinh la d tinh
chat ciia thiet bai duge bdi thudng. Trong khi CISG
cung nhu phap Mat cac nudc thudc he thdng Mat
thi chii trpng nhan manh den viec bdi thudng
nhirng "thiet hgi cd the du doan, tinh duoc tru&c
trong tirong lai" do hau qua ciia viec vi pham hgp
ddng con phap Mat Viet Nam lai chit trpng nhan
manh "thiit hgi thuc te. trice tiep". Cu thd, Dieu
302 Luat thuang mai quy dinh: "bdi thirdng thiet
hai la viec bgn vi pham bdi thudng nhimg tdn that
do hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng gay ra cho ben bi vi
pham; gia trj bdi thudng thiet hai bao gdm gia tri
tdn that thyc td, fryc tigp ma ben bj vi pham phai
chiu do bgn vi pham gay ra va khoan Ipi tryc tigp
ma bgn bj vi pham dang le dupc hudng ndu khdng
cd hanh vi vi pham"
Lign quan dgn thiet hai, CISG va Luat thuong
mai Viet Nam ddu quy djnh vd ban chd traeh nhiem
ddi vdi thiet hai xay ra. CISG va phap Mat Viet
Nam deu quy djnh vg cac trudng hgp mign frach
tuong ddi tuong ddng. Sy khac biet nhat djnh lien
quan ddn vide phap Mat Viet Nam chua cd quy djnh
vg viec mign traeh do Idi ciia bdn thii ba trong khi
CISG cd quy dinh cu thg vg van dg nay (Didu 79)
Vd CO ban, cac chd tai do vi pham hgp ddng
duge quy djnh theo CISG cy the va Mong ddi day
du so vdi quy dinh ciia phap Mat Viet Nam. Day
cCing ehinh la lgi thg khi VietNam gia nhap CISG
va ap dung CISG trong qua trinh thuc hien hop
ddng giira cac ben ddi tac so vdi viec ap dung Mat

Viet Nam theo sy Ma chon ciia cac ben.
Mdt trong nhirng khac biet trong quy djnh vd
che tai ap dung khi vi pham hgp ddng lidn quan den
chg tai phat vi pham, do la CISG khdng quy dinh
chg tai phat vi pbam hgp ddng (tdn tai nhieu quan
digm rat khac nhau giira cac nudc theo cac he thdng
phap Mat chau Au luc dja va thdng Mat). Vdi
nhiing khac biet nhat djnh, CISG va phap Mat Viet
Nam vd mua ban hang hda la hai he thdng phap Mat
dieu chinh bd sung cho nhau trong timg frudng hop
neu nhu Mat ap dung la CISG hoac phap Mat Viet
Nam tiiy pham vi didu chinh.
c. Lugt dp dung
Trong qua trinh giao thuong, mdt hpp ddng dCi
duge giao ket hoan chinh, chi tidt dgn dau ciing

o

khdng tbl du kiln, chira dung tit ca nhirng van de,
nhimg tinh hudng cd tbl phat sinh trong thuc te.
Trong trudng-hpp hgp ddng khong cd yeu to nuac
ngoai, cac bdn se dua vao phap Mat Viet Nam dieu
chinh tranh chip phat sinh. Ddi vdi hgp ddngcd
ygu td nude ngoai nhu hgp ddng MBHHQT, viee
xac djnh Mat ap dyng doi vdi hop ddng la het sire
quan trpng (cd thi Mat qudc gia ngudi ban, ngudi
mua, noi thuc hien hgp dong, theo dieu udc qudc tg
ma cac bgn la thanh vign nhu CISG...). Thdng
thudng cac bdn trong hop ddng MBHHQT se thda
thuan dilu khoan Mat ap dung va co quan giai

quyit tranh chip nhu mdt trong nhirng didu khoan
ca ban ciia hgp ddng.
Co quan giai quyit tranh chap phat sinh tir vide
giao kit va thyc hien hgp ddng_MBHHQT cd thd la
toa an hoac trgng tai. Thyc tidn giao dich cua cac
doanh nghiep Viet Nam cho thay, cac ddi tac ciia
Viet Nam chii yiu mudn chpn Trpng tai qudc tl
/Tda an nudc ngoai.
Luat ap dung cho hgp ddng MBHHQT mang
tinh chat da dang va phirc tap. Didu nay cd nghTa
la hgp ddng MBHHQT cd thd phai chju sy dieu
chinh ciia Mat nudc ngoai (Mat ciia nudc ngudi
ban. Mat cita nudc ngudi mua hoac Mat ciia bat ky
mdt nudc thii ba nao), tham chi phai chiu sy dieu
chinh ngudn qudc td trong dd cd CISG. Trong
trudng hgp nay, CISG se tao cho bgn Viet Nam cac
can cii rd rang, cd kha nang dy doan trudc neu nhu
tranh chap xay ra.
Trong tu phap qudc tg cung nhu theo phap Mat
Viet Nam, cac ben cd quyen tu do thoa thuan chpn
ngudn Mat ap dyng cho quan he hgp ddng ciia
minh. Ngudn Mat do cd thg la Mat quoc gia, digu
udc qudc tg vg thuang mai hoac tap quan thuang
mai qudc td. Tuy nhien, didu quan trpng d day la
sy hieu biet ciia cac ben frong qua frinh chpn nguon
Mat ap dung.
Luat ap dung cd thd duge lua chpn ngay tir giai
doan dam phan, ky ket hop ddng, bing each chi ro
rang Mat qudc gia mdt nudc nao dd se duge chgn
la Mat ap dyng cho hgp ddng. Vi du: "viec giai

thich hgp ddng va dilu chinh cac tranh chip lien
quan dgn hgp ddng nay duge ap dung theo phap
Mat ben ban hang"_. Vide Ma chon Mat ap dung cho
hgp ddng cd thd tign hanh khi tranh chip phat sinh.
Cach nay duge cac ben ap dung khi frong hgp dong
MBHHQT ma cac bdn da ky trudc do khdng cd
dilu khoan vl Mat ap dyng. Trong thyc tl, each nay
la rit khd ap dung vi cac bgn khd cd thi dat duge


So 1/2019 - Nam thiJ Mi/ifi Bo'n

mot sy dong thuan ve viec chgn Mat ap dung khi
ma tranh chip da phat sinh.Trong trudng hgp nay,
thircmg chi dat duge su thdng nhat khi Mat duge
lua chgn la luat mang tinh trung lap va dd tiep can,
TO rang. Vay, CISG la su Iya chpn hiru hieu trong
tnidng hgp nay.
Luat ap dung ciing cd the duge xac dinh theo
quyit djnh cita ca quan giai quyet tranh chap.
Theo Khoan 2 Digu 14 Luat trpng tai thuong mai
nam 2010 quy djnh: "Ddi vdi tranh chap cd ygu td
nu6c ngoai, Hpi dong trgng tai ap dung phap Mat
do cac ben Iya chpn; neu cac ben khdng cd thda
thuan vl luat ap dung tbi Hdi ddng trpng tai quygt
djnh ap dung phap Mat ma Hdi ddng trgng tai cho
la phii hgp nhat". Nhu vay, trpng tai Viet Nam cd
quyen chpn luat ap dung cho hgp ddng MBHHQT
khi cac ben khdng thda thuan Mat ap dung. Cac
ben trong hgp ddng ciing cd the dan chieu ddn cac

dang hop ddng mau, dang dieu kien co sd giao
hang mau tdn tai dudi dang tap quan quocte nhu
INCOTERMs.
Ngudn qudc tg (didu udc va tap quan qudc te)
thuong mai cd thg duge coi la Mat ap dung trong
hgp dong ngu qudc gia ciia cac bgn dgu la thanh
vien cua digu udc qudc td (nhu CISG) hoac cac bgn
thoa thuan ap dung tap quan qudc tg.
Tap quan thuang mai qudc te la nhirng thdi
quen thuang mai duge nhieu nudc ap dung mdt
each thudng xuygn vdi ndi dung ro rang dd dya
vao do cac bgn xae djnh quygn va nghTa vu vdi
nhau. Thdng thudng, tap quan qudc tg ve thuang
mai dupc chia thanh ba nhdm: cac tap quan cd tinh
chat nguygn tic; cac tap quan thuong mai qudc tg
chung va cac tap quan thuong mai khu vyc. Tap
quan cd tinh chat nguygn tic: la nhung tap quan
CO ban, bao triim duge hinh thanh tren co sd cac
nguyen tac co ban ciia Mat qudc te va Mat qudc gia
nhu nguyen tac tdn trpng chii quyen qudc gia,
nguyen tac binh dang giiia cac dan tgc. Tap quan
thirong mai qudc tl chung la cac tap quan thuong
mai dupc nhidu nudc cdng nhan va dupc ap dung
onhieu nai, nhidu khu vuc tren tbl gidi. Vi du:
Incoterms nam 2010 (Cac dilu kien thuang mai
qulctl) do Phdng Thuong mai Quoc tl (ICC) t|p
hgp va soan thao nam 2010 duac rit nhiiu qudc
gia trgn thi gidi thira nhan va ap dung trong hoat
iJong mua ban hang boa quoc tl. Hay UCP 500
(Quy tac thyc hanh thong nhat tin dung chirng tir)

dolCC tap hgp cac quy pham thyc chat duge
^ong nhat dudi dang tap quan. Tap quan thuong

mai khu vyc (dja phuong): la cac tap quan thuong
mai qudc tl duge ap dung mang tinh "linh boat" d
tirng nudc, timg khu vuc hoac tirng cang tiiy thudc
vao thdi quen giao djch ciia thuong nhan thudc dia
ban tuang irng Tap quan qudc tl vl thuong mai
chi cd gia tr] dya tren su thda thuan ctia cac bgn,
trdn CO sd dan chieu cu thi ciia phap Mat, tren ca
sd quydt djnh ciia ca quan giai quydt tranh chip.
Trong thyc tg, vide ap dung tap quan qudc te ehi
hiiu hieu ddi vdi bgn VietNam niu cac doanh nhan
hdu bigt day du ve ndi dung cu the ciia cac tap
quan thdng qua viec tim hieu thdng tin tai cac
Phdng Thuong mai Qudc te, Phong Thucmg mai
va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam, Thuong vu cita Viet
Nam d nudc ngoai, cac bd phan lanh sy co quan
dai dien ngoai giao cac nudc tai Viet Nam...Phap
luat Viet Nam cho phep cac bgn duge quygn Iya
chpn Mat phap nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai
qudc tg (ngu tap quan dd khdng trai vdi cac nguyen
tac CO ban ciia phap luat Viet Nam) thg hien kha
nang bdi nhap va hai hda hoa phap Mat trong digu
kien hdi nhap cua Viet Nam.
Luat thuong mai cung quy djnh each thirc ap
dung phap Mat ddi vdi cac giao djch thuong mai
cd ygu td nudc ngoai nhu hop ddng MBHHQT.
Theo do, Luat Thuang mai Viet Nam dupe ap dung
ddi vdi cac boat dpng thuang mai thyc hien ngoai

lanh thd Viet Nam theo thoa thuan cac bdn; ddi vdi
cac trudng hgp theo chi dan ciia Mat nudc ngoai,
dilu udc quoc tl ma Vigt Nam la thanh vign. NIU
dilu udc quoc tl ma Viet Nam la thanh vign cd quy
djnh ap dung phap luat nudc ngoai, tap quan
thuong mai quoc te hoac cd quy dinh khae vdi quy
djnh ciia Luat Thuong mai Viet Nam thi ap dung
quy djnh ciia dilu udc qudc tg dd. Cac bgn trong
giao djch thuong mai cd yeu td nudc ngoai duoc
thoa thuan ap dung phap Mat nudc ngoai, tap quan
thuong mai qudc tg ndu phap Mat nudc ngoai, tap
quan thuong mai qudc tl dd khdng trai vdi cac
nguyen tic co ban ciia phap Mat Viet Nam. Phap
Mat Viet Nam cho phep cac ben duge quyen Ma
chpn Mat phap nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai
qudc tl (niu tap quan do khdng trai vdi cac nguygn
tic CO ban cua phap luat Viet Nam) thg hien kha
nang bdi nhap va hai hda hda phap Mat trong dieu
kidn hdi nhap ciia Viet Nam,
Trgn CO sd nghign ciru thuc tienap dung CISG
tai cac qudc gia thanh vien cho thiy, mac dii cac
hieu qua kinh te va phap ly cua CISG la rat to Idn
nhirng khdng phai la khdng cd nhirng tac ddng bat


•"•••""=""•"

m%

Igi. Cy thi nhu vide cac quy djnh eua CISG khdng hiru hang hda la rit quan frong. Tron§ sd do, d p

bao triim mgi van dd phap ly cd lien quan den hgp bigt lidn quan din giai doan tiln hgp ddng, chuyen
ddng MBHHQT. Vi vay, dg nhimg hgp ddng nhu quyin sd hiru hang hda... cin duge bd sung va dieu
the nay dupc ky kgt va trien khai thuan lgi va an chinh theo hudng cu thi hda va bat nhjp duge cac
toan vg phap ly, cac bgn ky ket hgp ddng van ddng each thirc bien dai trong giao kit va chuyen giao
thai phai quan tam dgn cac ngudn Mat khac. Chang bang hda hien dai ngay nay. Van de nay can phai
ban, CISG khdng digu chinh: tracb nhiem eua cac duge lam rd nhim tranh nhirng lam tudng d ca
ben trong giai doan dam phan; didu kien hieu lyc doanh nghiep lin chuydn gia phap ly, khien cac chu
cua hgp ddng; van dd iiy quygn; van de thdi hidu; tbl chu quan trong viec tim higu va ap dung cac
van de chuyen quygn sd hiru ciia hang hda. Vi vay, van ban phap Mat cin thiet khac, va ket qua la cd
ben canh CISG, van can mdt ngudn Mat khac (Mat thi bj dgng khi xay ra tranh chap lien quan din hgp
qudc gia) de digu chinh cac van dd ma Cdng udc ddng MBHHQT ngay ca khi da cd CISG.
Vidn khdng dd cap din. De giai quyet van dl nay,
Tdm lai, tuy cd nhimg ban chi nhit djnh nhung
Hgp ddng MBHHQT mau ciia Phdng Thuang mai khdng tbl phii nhan CISG mang lai nhirng co hpi to
qudc tl ICC (in ban so 556 nam 1997 cua ICC) Idn vl kinh td cung nhu tac ddng tich eye den
ggi y c|uy dinh didu khoan "Luat ap dung" trong khung phap Mat cac qudc gia thanh vien khi gia
hgp ddng nhu sau: "Bdt ky vdn de ndo liin quan nhap. Khi VietNam da la thanh vien ciia CISG, cac
den hgp dong ndy md khdng duoc qui dinh mdt qui pham thyc chit duge thdng nhat hda trd thanh
cdch ro rdng hay ngdm hieu trong cdc diiu khodn ngudn dieu chinh ddi vdi cac ben lien quan trong
cua hop ddng thi se duoc diiu chinh b&i Cdng uac hgp ddng MBHHQT. Do do, viec lua chpn CISG se
Vien cua Lien hgp qudc vi mua bdn hdng hod qudc giiip doanh nghiep Viet Nam giam thigu riii ro phap
ti, vd neu nhirng vdn de dd cung khdng thudc ly, giam tranh chap phat sinh, tranh duge phai ap
phgm vi dieu chinh ciia Cdng u&c thi se tham chiiu dung Mat nudc ngoai trong cac hgp ddng. Hoac ngu
t&i Lugt cua qudc gia noi ngir&i bdn dat tru sa kinh cd franh chap, CISG la dieu kien giiip giai quyet
doanh". Nhu vay ed nghTa la, thdng thudng Mat tranh chip trong cac hgp ddng mua ban qudc td
ap dung ddi vdi nhirng van dg chua duge digu thuan Igi hon cung nhu tang vi tbl frong giai quyit
chinh tai CISG se ap dyng Mat qudc gia ngudi ban tranh chap. Can phai nhan manh rang, nhimg Igi
ddng try sd.
ich ndi trdn cd y nghTa rat Idn ddi vdi cac doanh
nghidp vira va nhd khi tham gia vao cac boat dgng

Cd thg nhiin thay, ddi vdi hgp ddng xuat khau
kinh doanh qudc te. Tuy nhidn, tinh chu dpng ciia
ciia ben Viet Nam, viec quy dinh rd rang ve nhiing
cac doanh nghiep se quydt djnh hieu qua thyc thg
van dg tign hgp ddng (giai doan dam phan), hieu
CO hgi neu tren./.
lyc hgp ddng, iiy quyen, thdi hidu, chuyen quygn sd

HOAN THIEN PHAP LUAT VE HOI DONG QUAN TRj CONG TY NIEM YET
(Tiep theo trang 55)
Vdi quy dinh bai nhiem thanh vign HDQT hien
hanh, se xay ra trucmg hgp lam dung quyen lyc ciia
cac cd ddng kiem soat cdng ty - ngudi dai dien cho
ed ddng, nhdm cd ddng thidu sd trong cdng ty bj cd
ddng, nhdm cd ddng Idn bai nhiem, bat chap nhdm
cd ddng thigu sd phan ddi. Chinh vi vay, ndn chang,
LDN can phai cd co sd, dieu kien va ly do ro rang
chii khdng ndn cho phep DHDCD cd thg bai nhiem
thanh vien HDQT bat cii liic nao dd tranh tinh frang

Igi dyng quy dinh nay dd bai nhiem My tien'^. Quy
djnh tai Khoan 2 Digu 156 LDN cd the sira ddi theo
hudng tuong tu Khoan 2 Didu 169 LDN nhu sau:
"Thdnh vien HDQTbi bai nhiem trong cdc trudng
hgp sau day: a) Khdng hodn thdnh nhiem vu, edng
viee duge phdn cdng;^ b) Vi phgm nghiem trgng
hoae vi pham nhieu Idn nghia vu eua thdnh vien
HDQT quy dinh cita L ugt ndy vd Diiu le cdng ty; c)
Theo Nghi quyet ciia Dgi hdi ddng cd ddng"J.

''' Vo'Ugoc Dao {20]5), So sdnh phdp luat QTCT CO phdn & Viet Nam vd Nhdt Bdn, LuSn van Thsic sy Lulth
Luat - Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.