Hoàn thiện khung khổ pháp luật đối với hoạt động tín dụng đen

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TiUCHlHH-KINHJlIiniil -

HOAN THIEN KHUNG KHO PHAP LUAT
DOI VQFI HOAT DONG TfN DUNG DEN
Tin dung den Id logi hinh hogt dgng bdt hap phdp co quy mo rpng khap trong todn xd hgi tU thdnh
thi din nong thon, dd vd dang gdy lo Idng, bite xdc trong dulugn vd bat on vian ninh trgt tu-xd
hgi. Ben cgnh do, trong boi canh cdng nghe 4.0 phdt trien mgnh me dd mang Igi nhieu phtfcfng
tien giup cho hogt dpng tin dung den ngdy cdng phdt trien khdng chi vingUdi cho vay, ngddi vay
ng md con dan den nhieu te ngn xd hpi nghiem trgng. Bdy Id dgng hogt dpng tin dung ddnsU
khong qua he thong ngdn hdng hay to chdc tin dung khong cd ddng ky kinh doanh. Bdi viet ddnh
gid thi/c trgng hogt dgng cua tin dung den vd dexudt mpt so gidi phdp nham hgn che hogt dgng
tin dung den len 161 vdo ddi song xd hpi.
Tdkhda: Tin dung den. phdp ludt, cho vay ngng ldi

cb vu lai suat d u g c tinh tbi 1095%/nam, cao gap nhieu
PERFEGTHE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST BLACK CREDIT

Ian miie lai suat toi da 20%/nam theo quy dinh a i a Bb
luat Dan su. Day la hoat dbng bat b g p p h a p va tgo

Cao Thi Hoa

Black credit is an illegal activity that has a
large scale throughout the society, and has
been causing anxiety and annoyance in public
opinion, instability in social and security.
In the context of the strong development of
technology 4 0, it has opened many means to
help the growing black credit activities not only

about lenders and borrowers but also lead to
many serious social evils. The article assesses
the current status of black credit activities and
proposes some solutions to limit black credit
activities from entering social life
Keywords: Black credit, law, usury

ra nhtrng he luy n g u y hie'm cho xa hbi, c'an cb nhiing
bien phap ngan chan kip thbi ttong thbi gian tbi.
Quy dinh cua phap luat ve hoat d o n g tin dung den
De kiem soat van de lien quan den viee cho vay
nang lai, tgi Dieu 468 Bb lugt Dan s u 2015 da quy
dinh eu the ve miic tran eiia lai suat cho vay. Lai suat
vay do cac ben thoa thuan, eu the, t r u b n g h g p cac
ben cb thba t h u a n v'e lai suat thi lai suat theo thoa
thuan khbng dupe vupt qua 20%/nam ciia khoan ti'en
vay, trir trubng h g p luat khac cb lien quan quy dinh
khae. Can eii tinh hinh thue te va theo d'g xuat a i a
Chinh phu, Uy ban thubng vu Quoc hgi quyet dinh
di'eu chinh miie lai suat noi tren va bao cao Qubc hgi
tai ky hgp gan nhat. Trubng h o p lai suat theo thba
thuan vugt qua Iai suat gibi h a n d u o e quy dinh tai

Ngay nhdn bai: 24/4/2020
Ngdy hodn thien bien tap: 6/5/2020
Ngay duyet ddng: 12/5/2020

khoan nay thi miic lai suat v u a t qua khong cb hieu
lue. Trubng h p p eac ben cb thba thuan v'g viec tta Iai,
n h u n g khbng xac dinh ro Iai suat va cb tranh chap ve

lai suat thi lai suat dupc xac dinh bang 50% miic lai
suat gibi ban quy dinh tgi khoan 1 Dieu nay tai thbi

Dat van d e

diem tra ng.
Tin d u n g cho vay nang lai cb n g u o n gbc sau xa

Tin d u n g den khong chi lam eho ngubi vay tien

til' choi hui hg, vi vay, quy dinh cua p h a p luat v'g

lam vao tinh eanh khanh kigt ve tai chinh, ma ebn true

nghiem cam boat dpng cho vay nang lai t h u b n g gan

tiep Iam gia tang tj' lg cac vu an n h u cubng doat tai

vbi boat dong hui ho. Tai Dieu 471 Bg luat Dan s u

san, giet ngubi.. Nhiing nam gan day, Iai suat duge

2015, hp, hui, bieu, p h u a n g dugc quy dinb n h u sau'

tinh tiTing binh tic 146%/nam den 547,5%/nam, ea biet

La hinh thiie giao dich ve tai san theo tap quan tren


t c o sb thoa mugn cua mpi luiuin iig5i?sw3H

lJ3ai:GHfNH

^^^^mim.:

CO sb thoa thuan a i a mpt n h b m ngubi tap h o p nhau

s u Ibn m a n h cua boat dong nay la khong the kiem

lgi cimg dinh ra so ngubi, thbi gian, so ti'en hoac tai

soat dupc. Nhiing vu do bg; dbi ng tiieo kieu xa hoi

san khac, the thiic gbp, linh hg va quyen, nghia vu

den, he luy ciia no khong ehi la lam meo mo, hiiy hoai

cua eac thanh vign. Vigc tb chiic h p n h a m m u c dich

nen kmh te, ma cbn lign quan den ca siic khbe va tinh

tuong tig ttong nhan dan d u g e thuc hign theo quy

m a n g con ngubi.

dinh ciia phap lugt. Trubng h p p viec to chiic hp cb lai

Tin d u n g den dang co chieu h u b n g d i l n bien ngay

thi miic lai suat phai tuan theo quy dinh cua Bp luat

eang phiic tap, nb khbng ehi phat trien b nhieu dianh

nay. Nghiem cam vigc to ehiie hp dubi hinh thiic cho

phb, thi xa, thi ttan trong ea nuoc ma ebn len Ibi den

vay ngng lai.

nhieu ngo ngach den eae vimg nbng thbn. Ngoai ra,

Phap luat quy dinh, neu hanh vi eho vay n a n g lai

boat dgng tin d g n g den con dupc ehia se tren cac

tai dign nhieu !an se bi truy a i u trach nhiem hinh s u

trang m a n g xa hpi n h u Facebook, zalo, eae trang

tgi Bp luat Hmh su nam 2015, sira doi nam 2017. Dieu

Credy, vaytieudimg, doetordong, SHA, robocash.vn,

201 quy dinh eu the v'g tgi chg vay ngng lai ttong giao

gifi tin n h a n qua dign thoai hoae goi dign thoai trgc

dich dan sg, ngubi nao ttong giao dieh dan s u ma cho

dep de tu van.... Hap dan hem niia, eb trang web cbn

vay vbi lai suat gap 5 Ian miie Iai suat cao nhat quy

d u a ra dii "chigu" cho vay voi lai suat 0%/nam tiong

dinh tiong Bp luat Dan su, thu lpi bat ehinh tit 30 trigu

10 ngay dau tien, phi tu van 0%, phi dich vu 0%; thii

dbng den dubi 100 trieu dong... bi phat tien 50-200

tue vay sigu nhanh, sieu d a n gian va vbi g'an 100%

trieu dong, hoae phat cai tao khbng giam giii d e n 3

d o n xin vay von dugc chap nhgn.

nam. Dong thbi, cb the bi xir tu tir 6 thang den 3 nam,

Thue te, khong phai ai d i n g co the tiep can dugc

hoac bi cam hanh nghi, cam dam nhigm chiic v g tir 1

voi ngubn tin d u n g ngan hang, vi nguon tin dung hgp

nam den 5 nam tiiy theo miie dp va tinh chat vi pham.

p h a p nay dbi hbi nhirng dieu kien rat chat ehe, dbi hbi

Nhu vay, neu vay 60 trigu dbng, lai suat 20%/thang

phai cb thu nhap bn dinh, co co quan bao lanh, hoac

tia 3 thang ca goc va Iai 96 trieu dong van ehua dii can

cb tai san thug'chap. Theo quy dmh a i a cac ngan hang

cit de xir ly hinh sg, trong khi chua cb quy dinh xir ly

hign nay thi vigc vay von cua ngubi dan tbn nhieu ehi

hanh ehinh ve hanh vi nay.

phi ban d'au n h u bat bugc chii the vay ti'en ehi mua

Dii vbi miie phat n h u vay n h u n g tinh trang "tin

bao hiem tien giri va bao hiem nhan thg, mat lihieu

dung den" van dang lan tran m a n h me. Do do, nhieu

thbi gian ehb, phai tham dinh tai san, eb trubng h g p

chuyen gia kiiih tg, ngan hang bay tb h y vgng p h a p

tiiy vao ngubl tham dinb ciia ngan hang eho gia tai

luat se sbm eb them dieu khoan ehe tai doi vbi h a n h

san cao hay thap va lam khb de trong qua trinh vay.

vi cho vay ngng lai (vi cii' mgt ngay ma ehua eb nhiing

Trong khi db, ngubi di vay tien la ngubi thieu hut ve

quy dinh va nhiing bign phap chat ehe thi ngay db

tai ehinh trong sinh hogt hogc khb khan ttong lam an

Iai cang nhieu thigt hgi hon eho n g u a i dan va cae tb

nen viec chi them khoan tien n h u vay la mat mat doi

chiie kinh te).

vbi hg va vi thbi gian nen hp tim den vay "tin dung

Theo Khoan 3, Dieu 2; Dieu 4; Khoan 1, Khoan

den" vbi Iai suat cao. Tuy nhien, thii tuc thuc hien don

2, Khoan 3 Dieu 6, Luat Ngan hang N h a n u b e n a m

gian, nhanh n h u n g hg luy phia sau no la khong the

2010, Ngan hang N h a n u b e Vigt N a m chi cb chiic

kiem soat duge.

nang quan ly nha nube doi vbi hogt d b n g n g a n h a n g

Cac doi t u g n g cho vay "tin d u n g den", dbi n p

ciia to chiic tin d u n g , chi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u b e

thug eho eac to ehiie tin d u n g den hoat dbng chuyen

ngoai; ngogi hoi, bao gom ca cbng tac cap p h e p ,

nghigp va p h u c tap, n u p d u b i d a n h nghia eac cbng

thanh tia, giam sat hogt dbng n g a n hang, ngoai hoi

ty, cira h a n g cam do lam gia tang ty le ve cac vu

cua to chiie tin dgng, ehi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u o c

an n h u cubng dogt tai san, lira d a o ehiem doat tai

ngoai. Ngan hang N h a n u o c khbng cb chitc nang,

san, bat ebe, giet n g u b i .. gay hoang mang d u Iuan,

nhigm vu, tham quyen trong vigc q u a n ly, thanh tra,

mat trat tu, an toan xa hbi. Ngn nhan ciia "tin d u n g

kiem tia ti'n dung den...
Thtfc trang va hau q u ^ cua h o a t d p n g tin d u n g d e n

d e n " da p h a n la nhiing n g u b i Iao dbng p h o thbng,
khbng cb viee Iam on dinh, h a m me cb bac, r u g u
ehe, sb de, lubi Iao dbng, n g u b i bubn ban n h o le

Tin dung den b Vigt Nam da hinh thanh tir rat

k h b n g cb dieu kien tiep can cac n g u b n von chinh

lau, hoat dbng dubi hinh thiie ngam. Tuy nhign, thbi

thbng, k h b n g cb tai san thue chap hoae nhiing chu

gian gan day, boat dpng tin d u n g den ngay eang p h b

cira h a n g Ion, den n g u b i "eimg qua boa quan", eb

truong, khong ebn an niip n h u truoc day cho thay

n h u cau cap bach ve chi tieu sSn sang chap n h a n


«
mgi dieu kien va t h u b n g k h b n g n h g n thiic d u g c
moi n g u y hiem tir "tin d u n g den".
Mat khac cbn mpt so vubng mac ttong qua trinh

Thii- ba, ra soat lgi hg tiiong van ban quy phgm phap
luat eb lien quan, nhat la vigc sira dbi Luat Ngan hang,
Lugt Cae to ehiic tin dung, nhSm timg bube hoan thien

ap dung va thuc thi phap luat dbi vbi logi hinh hoat

cac CO sb phap ly cho viec quan Iy, ngan chgn va xir ly

dbng nay. Theo quy dinh oia Bp Luat H i n h s u 2015,

cac he qua nguy hiem a i a tin d g n g den, ngan khbng

day chi la tgi pham it nghiem ttpng; nhan thiic ciia eae

eho xam nhap, thao tiing khu vyc tai chinh chinh thiic

cg quan tien h a n h to tung tgi dia p h u o n g ehua thong

d i n g n h u tao hanh lang phap Iy cho cbng tae phong,

nhat ve so ti'en "Thu loi bat chinh" nen vigc ap d u n g

ehbng toi pham tiong Iinh vgc ngan hang.

bign phap ngan chan ciing gap nhieu khb khan lam

Th if tu, de ban d i e tin d g n g den c'an t h u b n g xuyen

anh h u b n g den cbng tac mb rpng dieu tra xac minh

va kip thbi day m a n h phat trien cac loai hinh tin d u n g

cac tinh tiet ttong vu an. Thuc tien vigc xir Iy hinh

chinh thiic, tang nguon cung ti'n dgng, t h g c hign cac

s g dbi vbi logi tgi nay chua nhi'eu, do do qua trinh

chinh sach u u dai, nbi Ibng eac dieu kien cho vay,

dieu tia xir ly ciing con Iiing tiing, ehua cbii dbng. Ben

m b rgng mgng lubi hogt d p n g tir thanh thi den nbng

eanh do, tiang thiet bi phuc vu cho vigc dieu tta van

thbn, tir dong bang den mien mil va vimg sau, viing

con thieii va chua dong bp, ehuyen nghigp.

xa. Ngan hang N h a n u b e tang cuong chi dao cac ngan

Gidi phap han ch£ hoat dong tin dung den

hang t h u o n g mai, n g a n h a n g chinh sach xa hbi va eac
to d u i c tin d u n g tap trung phat trien m g n h me, da

Dii tiibi gian qua nhieu bang nhom, to ehiie boat
dong tin d u n g den lien Hep bi tiigt pha n h u n g van
cbn khbng it ke h b tbi p h a m lgi d u n g can kip thai
cb bign phap ngan chan de bao dam tiat tu an toan
cho xa hpi.
Thif nhai, cac eo quan chiic nang can chii dgng
tuyen truyen, eanh tinh ngubi dan bie't ve nhiing nguy

hai a i a tin d u n g den nham nang cao nhan thiic phap
luat cho ngubi dan, nhat la cac quy dinh ve giao dich,
vay m u p n sir d u n g von an toan, cac thii doan lien
quan de'n cho vay nang lai, dbi n g thug; nhan m a n h
den vai tib a i a chinh quyen co so va cac nganh lien
quan tiong quan ly cap phep kinh doanh cho cae loai
hinh dich vu ma "tin dung den" n u p bong De ngubi
dan tianh xa cac dieh vu eho vay nong eiia tin dung
den. Ben canh db, Nha nuoc c'an thbng tin rbng rai ve
eac hoat dgng vay von uu dai eiia Nha nube; van dpng
nguoi dan tham gia phbng ngira, to giac tgi p h a m nbi
ehung, tpi p h a m lien quan den "tin d u n g den" nbi
rieng; kig'm soat chat che va co quy dinh eu the dbi
vbi boat dgng a i a cac co sb c'am do, kinh doanh tai
diinh, dich vu dbi ng thue va cae co sb co bieu hien
cho vay nang lai...

dang thi ttubng tai chinh - tin d g n g ehinh thiic, ca ve
san pham, quy mb, t h u tgc h u y d b n g von, cho vay
va chat lugng san p h a m tin dgng, giam b b t phi dich
vu ttong viec vay tien, d a p iing cac n h u cau tin d u n g
chinh dang a i a ngubi dan va doanh nghigp.
Thif ndm, mpt tiong nhiing yeu to quan ttgng de
phong ngira, day liii "tin d g n g den" la y thiic a i a moi
ngubi trube s u cam d b ciia "tin d u n g den". Nhieu
trubng h g p tea thanh nan n h a n o i a "tfn d u n g den"
Cling bbi su xuong cap ve dao due, sg tham lam, thieu
kie'n thiie, nhe da ca tin... dan den nhiing h a n h vi vi
phgm phap luat n h u bai bac, lb de, ca do bong da, lira
dao... Vi vay, de hgn ehe va day liii tin d u n g den, bgn

eanh eac giai p h a p tieh cue va kip thbi a i a co quan
chiic nang, ea n h a n mbi ngubi can giO gin p h a m chat
dgo diie, nghiem chinh chap h a n h eae quy dinh ciia
phap luat, trang bi cho ban than nhiing kig'n thiie can
thiet de khbng bi sa chan vao n h u n g chiec bay eiia
"tin d u n g den".

^

T A I L I I U THAM KHAO:
/ Quoc hoi, Bg ludt Ddn su 2015;
2. Oudc hpi. Bp ludt Hinh Slf 2015;

Thif hai, Dieu 201 Bg luat Hinh su hign b a n h quy
dinh ve tgi eho vay lai ngng ttong giao dich dan su,
tuy nhien quy dinh nay van chua dit manh de ran de
doi vbi hanh vi vi pham phap luat a i a eac n h b m doi
t u g n g cho vay tin dgng den. Xet ve cac hg luy, day la
tpi phgm het siic nghiem ttpng, gay nguy hai Ibn cho
xa hgi. Vi vgy, de ngan chan hanh vi bat hpp phap nay
can cb su can thigp manh tay eiia cac co quan eb tham
quy'gn ttong xir ly hinh su, dbng thbi ap d u n g bien
phap xir ly h a n h chrnh.

I 102

3. Qudc hpi, Luat Ngdn hdng 2010;
4 Qudchpi, Ludt cdc tdchdc tin dung 2017;
5. Chinh phu (2019), Nghi dinh so 19/2019/tW-CP ban hdnh ngdy 19/02/2019;
6.

littps://wwwnhandan.com.vn/hangthang/tieu-diem/item/4l479002%F2%80%9Ccon-bao%F2%80%9D-tin-dung-den.html.

Thong tin tac gi^:
ThS. Cao Thi Hoa - Trifdng Dai hoc An Giang, Bai hgc Quoc gia
TR Ho Chi Minh

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