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Tgp chi Ddn tpc hoc so 4 -2020

VE CHU NGHIA D A N T O C - TOO NGlTdl'
PGS.TS. ViTOTig Xuan Tinh
Vien Dan toe hoc

Tdm tdt: Chu nghia ddn tdc - tdc ngudi (Ethno-Nationalism) lay su chia se vdn hoa vd
ngudn gdc cua tpc ngudi de thdng nhdt ve chinh tri, gidnh quyen luc nhd nude hay dot tu tri
cho tpc ngudi, dd phdt trien rdt mgnh me d cdc chdu luc A, Phi, My Latinh, dgc Met trong
Chien tranh the giai lan thir hai vd sau khi Lien Xd cung cdc nude xa hdi chu nghia a Ddng
Au tan rd. Ddy Id mdt logi hinh cua chu nghia ddn tdc (Nationalism) vd su ra ddi, phdt triin
cita nd tgi cdc qudc gia trudc hay sau khi gidnh duac ddc lap tir chu nghia thuc ddn, d nhirng
nude di cao ddn chu, nhdn quyen deu cd ngudn gdc tir bdt binh ddng ve Ipi ich vd mdu thudn,
xung dot xd hpi. Nhdn dien duac chii nghia ddn tpc - tpc ngudi se hint ich cho qudn tri xd hdi
a nhiiu qudc gia trong bdi canh hien nay.
Tie khoa: Chu nghia ddn tpc - tpc ngudi, quyen luc nhd nude, tu tri, qudn tri xd hdi.

Abstract: Ethno-Nationalism uses cultural sharing, and ethnic origins to homogenize
political movements, to increase the power of states, or to demand ethnic autonomy. EthnoNationalism has developed vitally in Asia, Africa, Latin America, especially during the
periods after the World War II and the after the collapse of socialism in Soviet Union and
East European countries. Ethno-Nationalism is a distinct type of Nationalism. It originates
from social inequality and conflicts in colonial or independent countries, or democratic and
human-right based countries. It is beneficial to many countries in governing the society once
they are able to identify Ethno-Nationalism in the contemporary context.
Key words: Ethno-Nationalism, state power, autonomy, society governance.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 1/7/2020; ngdy gui phdn bien: 11/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 27/7/2020
Mo^dau
Thi ky XX, vat sang ca thi ky XXI dugc xem la ky nguyen cua vdn dh dan tpc tren thi
gioi. Do id sir phat tnin ciia phong trao gidi phong dan toe sau chien tranh the gioi lan thu
hai tai cdc chdu luc A, Phi va My La tinh. He qua ctia phong trao nay la hang loat cac nuoc
thodt khoi ach th6ng tri cua thuc dan phuong Tay, tien toi xay dung cong dong quoc gia ' Bai viSt la ket qua nghien cuu cua dS tai cip Co so: "Tpc nguai vat quoc gia - ddn idc trong phai trien a Viet

Nam hi?n nay" do Vien Dan tpc hpe quan ly, PGS.TS. Vuong Xuan Tinh lam chu nhiem.


Vucmg XudiiJ:

dan tdc moi theo cac che dp chinh tri khac nhau. Mpt trong nhimg nin tang quan trpng cua
phong trao ay chinh la chii nghia ddn tpc (Nationalism).
Tuy nhien, van o cac chau luc ndy, noi chu nghia ddn tpc ket lieu chii nghia tb^rc dan,
lai khong phai la sir ket thuc cupc hanh trinh cua chu nghia dan tpc, ma chi la mo ra mpt
hanh trinh moi (Khan, 2005, p. 28). Dieu do co nghia, chu nghia dan tpc hdu thuc dan khong
6 trang thai tinh ma van trong su van dpng, bien doi. Mdu thudn npi tai lai xuat hien, nhat la
mau thuan giiia cac tpc nguoi chiem uu the, co dpi ngu tinh hoa nam giir phan Ion cac vi tri
quan trpng ve quan tri dat nuoc voi nhung tpc nguoi thieu so hay nhom xa hpi hi le hoa.
Dinh cao ciia vdn di dan tpc trong thoi ky hau thuc dan la su bimg no mau thuan, chien tranh
sac tpc sau khi Lien X6 va cac nude xa hpi chu nghia Dong Au tan ra. Mpt lan niia, chu
nghia dan tpc lai dugc di cao, vira la vii khi tu tudng, vua chi phoi cau trie chinh tri ciia
nhiing quoc gia co lien quan.
Chu nghia dan tpc Id van de phuc tap, da chieu, vi the da dugc nhieu hpe gid tren the
gioi quan tam va luan giai. Bai viet nay chi tap trung tim hieu moi quan he ciia tpc nguoi vol
chu nghTa dan tpc, cu the la ve loai hinh chii nghia dan tpc - tpc ngudi (Ethno-Nationalism) .
De tim hieu, chiing toi se xem xet khai niem, loai hinh, ban chat, cdc dang thuc vd su tac
dpng ciia no trong boi canh chinh tri, xa hpi, van hda khac nhau.
1. Khai niem, lo^i hinh va ban chat chu nghia dan toe - toe ngirm
De tim hieu khai niem va loai hinh chii nghia dan tpc - tpc ngudi, trudc hit phai hieu
ve chu nghTa dan tpc. Den nay, do tu nhieu each tiep can nen cung co nhieu dinh nghTa hay
each hieu ve chu nghTa dan tpc. Hechter (2000, p. 7) cho rang, chu nghia dan tpc Id hanh dpng
tdp the hudng den lam cho bien gidi qudc gia trung khdp vdi su qudn tri cua qudc gia dd.
Smith (1991, pp. 91, 70-79) lai xac dinh, chii nghTa dan tpc Id loai hinh cua van hda, gdm tu
tudng, ngdn ngu, huyen thoai, bieu tupng, y thiic trong su tuong lien vdi toan cau. Calhoun
(1997, pp. 11-12) thi quan niem, chii nghia dan tpc khdng phai hoc thuyet, ma hon cd Id each

trao doi, suy nghi va hanh ddng. Cdn Khan (2005, p. U) lai nhin chii nghTa dan tpc dudi
chieu canh tam ly, cho rang nd la su ai ky ciia mdi ca nhan vdi viec tung ca ban sac van hda
nhdm cua hp, va gidng nhu cac hinh thiic di ky, nd lay ngudn sue manh tii viec cam ghet ke
khac hon la tir tinh yeu ciia minh.
Ve thdi diem ra ddi, Calhoun (1993, pp. 211-239) da tdng hgp dugc nhiiu y kiin, tuy
nhien phan Idn deu cho rang, chu nghia dan tdc da trd nen phd biin vdo nam 1815 - thdi gian
phdt trien manh me cua phong trao gidnh ddc lap dan tpc.
Xem xet co sd cua chu nghTa dan tdc, theo Eriksen (2010, pp. 121-122), chu nghra nay
dugc khdi ngudn tir cac nguyen tdc chinh tn, nhu tinh cam hay phong trao, tham chi cd tinh
- Co tac gia sir dyng thuat ngu ti^ng Anh la "Ethnic nationahsm".


Tgp chi Dan tpc hoc so 4 - 2020
di thudng. Beissinger (2009, pp. 331-347) nhan xet, cd mau sac khac nhau d chu nghTa dan
tdc Diirc thi ky XIX, chii nghTa dan tpc Arap the ky XX, chu nghTa dan tdc mdi xuat hien
trong phong trdo chdng thuc dan, chu nghTa dan tdc d Ddng A, va chu nghTa dan tpc tai
nhung nude Ddng Au sau khi Lien Xd vd cac nude xa hdi chii nghTa d khu vuc nay sup dd.
Khan (2005, pp. 126-127) lai khdng dinh, chii nghTa dan tpc khdng phai la ban sac van hda,
tdn giao, ma la quyen luc chinh tri va ludn gan vdi nha nude - nd phuc vu cho nha nude hay
tien den gidnh lay nha nude.
Ve loai hinh chu nghia dan tdc, cd nhieu y kien khac nhau. 6 day, chiing tdi chi di cap
loai hinh lien quan den tdc ngudi. Tir chiiu canh thanh Igc tdc ngudi (Ethnic cleansing)
trong qua trinh xay dung qudc gia - dan tdc, Hechter (2000) chia thanh chii nghTa dan tdc
dung nap (Inclusive nationalism) va chii nghTa dan tpc loai trir (Exclusive nationalism).
Eriksen (2010, pp.121-122) cho rang cd hai loai, dd la chii nghTa dan tpc tpc ngudi (Ethnic
nationalism)^ va chu nghTa dan tdc phi tpc ngudi (Non-ethnic nationalism). Vdi Smith (1991,
pp. 82-83), chu nghia dan tpc - tdc ngudi gdm hai diln trinh: (I) Phong trao thdi ky tien ddc
lap, dan den ly khai vdi td chiic chinh tri Idn hon va thiet lap mpt dan tdc - tdc ngudi chinh
tri; va (2) Phong trao thdi ky hau ddc lap, trong dd hudng den ca viec md rpng quan he vdi
dong tpc d ngoai bien gidi qudc gia - dan tdc.

Neu quan niem ve chii nghia dan tdc - tpc ngudi, Roshwald (2001, p. 5) dat trong so
sdnh vdi chii nghTa dan tdc cdng dan (Civic nationalism), bdi theo tac gia, chii nghTa dan tdc
bao gdm hai loai hinh dd. Chu nghTa dan tdc cdng dan hudng ve ban sac tap the ciia quan
chiing va quyen cua hp, dua tren tu chu ve lanh thd - chinh tri, tren co sd ciia cac gia tri
chung ve ddc lap, chii quyen, bdn phan vdi lanh thd qudc gia. Chu nghTa dan tdc cdng dan
xudt hien d cac nude phuong Tay nhu Anh va Phap, noi cd truyen thdng ddc lap, tu chu tir
lau ddi, noi cd manh ddt thuan lgi ve chinh tri - van hda de tao lap ban sac dan tpc dudi tdc
ddng cua phdt triin kinh ti thuong mai, lien ket toan cau, nen chinh tri phd thdng dau phieu,
su phat triin ciia gido due va truyin thdng. Cdn chu nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi lai khang dinh
ban sdc tdc ngudi dua tren ndi gidng chung va ddi chu quyen lanh thd, nhan manh cac dac
tnmg chung vi van hda (ngdn ngii, tdn gido) nhu la co sd cua dan tdc - chinh tri. Chu nghTa
dan tpc - tpc ngudi hien dai cd ngudn gdc tii dpi ngii tri thiic tinh hoa d the ky XIX tai Trung
va Tay Au. Say me tu tudng thdng nhdt cac td chiic ciia tdc ngudi cd td tien chung, nhan
mjinh nin van hda dac thii, chii nghia dan tdc - tpc ngudi dugc xem nhu ddn din viec tao lap
chinh phu theo chu nghia sd vanh, ddc tai va thieu bao dung.
Ngugc vdi quan ni^m vi chu nghia dan tpc - tdc ngudi cua Roshwald, tu nhin nhan
chii nghTa dan tpc cd quan h? vdi chu nghTa lang man, Japtok (2005, p. 135-137) da nhan xet,
^ Do Eriksen dung thuat ngu "Ethnic nationalism" nen chung toi chuySn ngii sang tiSng Viet la "Chu nghia dan
tpc tpc nguin" (khong co dau gach ngang).


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Vircmg.X'ii'i'

trong tat cd cac cdng ddng, ki tir nuyen thdng din hien tai, ki ca trong xa hpi phuong Ti') ^ a
xa hpi cdng nghiep, thdnh vien ciia dan tdc dugc xac dinh bdng ddng mdu hay van hda hon la
lanh thd hoae phap luat. Cdn phdn biet chii nghia ddn tdc - toe ngudi trong ddng chay cua

chu nghTa dan tdc. Chii nghTa dan tdc hudng den van de lanh thd va cac nhdm dugc xac dinh
trong lanh thd do, trong khi chu nghTa dan tdc - tpc ngudi lai nhdm vdo tinh loai trir va cd
gang bao ve ban sdc van hda dudi dp luc cua ddng hda. Cdn Conklin (2007, p. 87) thi khdng
dinh, chimg tdc la hat nhan ciia chii nghTa dan tpc - tdc ngudi.
Tir nhin nhan vi khai niem, loai hinh va ban chat chu nghTa dan tdc - tpc ngudi neu tren,
sau day chiing tdi trinh bay dien trinh cua chu nghTa dan tdc - tpc ngudi theo khung phdn tich
cua Smith qua hai thdi ky: thdi ky tien ddc lap va thdi ky hau ddc lap (Vuong Xudn Tmh,
2019a, tr. 288-289). Viec xac dinh tien doc lap, hau ddc lap la can cii vao thdi diem trudc va
sau khi mdt tpc ngudi cd uu the, lay chu nghTa dan tdc lam ndng cdt da gidnh dugc quyen lire
nha nude de ciing cdc luc lugng xa hdi khac xay dung mpt qudc gia - dan tdc cd chu quyen.
2. Chu aghia dan tpc - toe ngirdi voi phong trao thdi ky tien dpe lap
Tren thS gidi, cd nhieu cdng trinh phdn anh van de nay, song cd the lay nghien cuu cua
Suzman (1999) lam vi du dien hinh. Tir tiep can tdc ngudi ve van de dan tpc (Nation), vdi
quan diem cho rang, dan tpc la khdi niem chi mdt nhdm tdc ngudi gianh dugc quyen lire nha
nude, theo Suzman (1999, p. 1-7), chu nghia dan tdc cd the dugc phan tich theo 4 each: nhu
mgt loai hinh tu tudng; mdt thir tinh cam; mpt qua trinh xay dung dan tdc (Nation-building);
mot hanh ddng tap the. Tren co sd do, tac gia chpn each thu tu de phan tich cdc phong trao
theo chit nghia dan tdc qua ba trudng hgp: tdc ngudi Ireland, cac toe ngudi chdu Phi vd tdc
ngudi Do Thai trade Chien tranh the gidi lan thii hai. Ba trudng hgp nay nhu la hanh dpng
tdc ngudi (Ethnic movement) vdi muc tieu chmh hi gidnh quyin luc nha nude. Vay cac hanh
ddng cd tinh dan tpc ciia tdc ngudi se tu chuyen bien nhu thi nao di tir mdt nhdm xa hdi trd
thdnh nhdm thdng tri cua qudc gia - dan tpc ddc lap, cd chii quyin? Van di then chdt ft-ong
nghien ciiu ciia Suzman khdng phai la hinh thiic hanh ddng mang tinh dan tdc dugc td chiic
nhu thi nao, ma la diiu gi da lam nd thanh cdng.
Di giai quyit vdn di neutt-en,tac gia xdy dung khung phan tich: (1) Chu nghTa dan tpc
nhu la mpt hanh ddng xa hdi; (2) Sir thay ddi cau tilic xa hdi va nha nude; (3) Tu tudng vd
tpc ngudi; (4) Kinh ti va td chiic; (5) Xung dot tpc ngudi va tao lap nha nude; (6) He thdng
va luat phap qudc ti. Qua dd, cd thi Idy vi du vi sir thanh cdng cua chii nghTa phuc qudc Do
Thai - diin hinh cua chii nghTa dan tdc - tpc ngudi. Tiip theo sir phat nien cun chii nghTa dan
tdc d chau Au vao cudi tiii ky XDC, phong trao phuc qudc Do Thai hudng du, thanh lap Nha

nude Do Thai. Trong khuon khd td ehiic dan tdc chu nghTa, ngudi Do Thai da pi^t irj^n 3
chiin luge phuc vu muc tieu ciia hp: Mot Id, phat triin tinh cam dan tpc chu ngi,], -jn, . ,vi cu
dan Do Thai tren thi gidi; Hai Id, theo dudi sir ung hp qudc te cho cdc muc t.cu. /v„ /,, ,-^g
cudng phat triin ciia ngudi Do Thdi d Palestine. Thdng qua gido due va hoat ddn. ^an hoa


I^P^hlDdntpc hoc so 4 -2020
ngudi Do Thai ddy mgnh hdi phue vi ngdn ngir, thiit lap dang chinh tri, quan dpi va co sd
kinh ti; thiic ddy viec dinh cu cua ngudi Do Thdi tai noi day.
Ba trudng hgp nghien cuu da neu cho thay, ngdn ngG, van hda, tdn gido diu rdt quan
trpng de tao lap chu nghia dan toe - tpc ngudi. Vdi moi trudng hgp, ban sdc ngdn ngir cd
quan he vdi tdn gido. Viec xay dung thiet che tdn giao, trudng hgc va bao chi la nhimg vdn
de dugc uu tien. Cac dang phai chinh tri theo khuynh hudng chu nghia dan tdc - tdc ngudi ed
vi \u then chdt. Dd ehinh la nhiing co sd cua tu tudng chii nghTa dan tdc - tde ngudi
(Suzman, 1999, pp. 16-59). Qua nghien cim, tde gia cdn neu 6 dac diim chung vi sir thanh
cdng ciia chii nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi. Dd la: (1) Cd mot ban sdc tdc ngudi dua tren co sd
lich sir, tdn gido, ngdn ngii, van hda ehung va xung dot vdi cde nhdm khdc; (2) Cd chii viit
ciia tdc ngudi va gidi tri thiic cd thi biiu dat vi tu tudng, lich sii mang tinh dan tdc chu
nghia; (3) Cd thiet che td chirc vdi su cd ket ve cac ITnh vuc chinh tri, van hda, kinh ti va khi
can thiit gdm ca quan su, do dpi ngu lanh dao kiim soat; (4) Xac dinh lgi ich vat chdt va dam
bdo an nirih cho tdc ngudi bdng su kiem soat theo dudng ldi dan tdc chu nghia; (5) Bdi canh
dia chinh tri eiia chii nghTa dan tde - tdc ngudi dien ra thuan lgi, va cd quoc gia da dugc xay
dung theo khuynh hudng ndy; (6) Cac yeu td trong nude va qudc ti thiic ddy sir khiing hoang
cua chinh the de phong trao dan tdc chii nghia gidnh dugc quyen luc (Suzman, 1999, p. 184).
O khu vuc Ddng Nam A, Brown (2006) cho rang, tdc ngudi cd vai trd quan trpng
trong chii nghTa dan tdc, bdi hau het cac nude deu cd tdc ngudi hat nhan (Score ethnic
group), vdi vai trd tao lap dan tdc. Tdc ngudi hat nhan gan vdi vai trd van hda va ca su ddng
hda, cdn cac tdc ngudi thieu sd thudng cd dan tri thap. Song, y kien ciia Tarling va edng sir
lai cd mdt sd khac biet, bdi neu len miic dp han che ciia chii nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi noi
day. Theo cac tdc gia, Ddng Nam A la khu vuc da dang ve van hda va cdu tnic ehinh tri.

Khuynh hudng chung ciia phong trao ehdng thue dan tai viing nay la dien ra trong lanh thd
do ngudi chdu Au kiem sodt, tir do thiic day viec tao lap nha nude mdi, va cac dan tdc dugc
hinh thanh tir nhiing cdng ddng d he thdng hanh chinh ma thuc dan da xac dinh. Chu nghTa
dan tdc dua tren co sd tdc ngudi da xuat hien, song qua vai trd cua nha nude, ma dien hinh la
Thai Lan - qudc gia khdng bi su cai tri true tiep cua ehii nghTa thue dan, nhung lai chiu anh
hudng rat da dang tii chu nghTa thuc dan. Chu nghia dan tdc - tpc ngudi Malay (Malaysia)
mac dii dua tren co sd van hda, phat trien trong lanh thd noi ngudi Malay chiem da sd nhung
bat lgi vi diiu kien kinh ti va uy the, da khdng trd thanh lire lugng chinh tri cdt yeu cho den
sau nam 1945. Rat nhiiu nhdm cu dan cd van hda chung d Ddng Nam A qua nhd be, khdng
du ngudn luc de tao thanh nha nude rieng, va chu nghTa dan tpc - tde ngudi chi thudc ve cac
nhdm cd th\rc thi chinh tri Idn. Nhiing cdng ddng nhu ngudi Karen va ngudi Shan, ngudi
Islam d Myanmar, ngudi Moros d Philippine lai phan ddi xu hudng ehu nghTa dan tde - tdc
ngudi eiia cu dan chiem uu the noi hp sinh sdng. Vi vay, khdng ed sir thanh edng trong tao
l^p nha nude ddc lap ciia mdt tdc ngudi rieng. Moi dan tdc (Nation) dupe lap nen chi la mpt


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VmrngXii."- - r -

edng ddng tudng tirpng, tren co sd thdng nhdt cdc cu dan khac biet vi van hda (Tai Imu- 1-d.,
2008, pp. 290-291).
Nghien cim chu nghTa dan tde - tdc ngudi - mot yiu td quan trpng khiin I '•-•'» ^^ * ^
vo, Giuliano (2011, p. xii) khdng dinh, chit nghTa ndy khdng xudt hien do su khac biet van
hda, tdn giao, ngdn ngir hay khung hoang vi dia ly. Nd chi xudt hien khi hmh thanh nhdm
oan han che dp, dugc chia se giiia nhirng ngudi ddng tdc. Su odn hdn ay dugc cac nhd ddn
tdc chii nghTa phat trien trong mdi tuong tdc, tao thanh y thiic. Di kiin triic su oan hdn
(Constructing grievance), cac nha dan tde chu nghia khdng chi xac dinh diiu kien hien tai da

dp bire tpc ngudi cd chung ban sac nhu the nao ma edn thuyet phuc cdc cd nhdn quan tam
den su thanh cdng ve vat chat va dieu kien xa hgi cho dan tdc (Nation). Ndi each khac, cac
nha lanh dao dan tdc chu nghTa phai thiie day y thiic dan tdc cua ngudi dan, nudi dudng y
thirc dd, vugt len mdi quan tam chi ve tpc ngudi ciia hp. Noi ndo chu nghTa dan tdc xuat hien
d Lien Xd (cu), noi dd dupe cdc nha dan tde ehu nghia md ta cd su thieu edng bang eho tpc
ngudi thieu sd - dd la sir thieu cdng bang trong thi tradng lao ddng dia phuong, hay Id sir bat
binh ddng cua ngudi lao ddng dan tdc thieu sd so vdi ngudi lao ddng Nga. Do vay, chu nghia
dan tdc da phat trien trong sir tuong tdc nang ddng cua cau tnic kinh te, trong dien ngdn cua
cac thu ITnh chinh tri, va trong kinh nghiem cua ngudi dan. Dieu do cd nghTa, su huy ddng
nhdm cu dan theo chii nghTa dan tpc khdng de dang, va viec chinh tri hda tdc ngudi khdng
dien ra mdt each binh thudng.
Sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, tren lanh thd cii ciia nude nay cd 180 khu vuc biing nd xung dot
dan tdc, trong dd nhung khu vuc nguy hiem nhat la tai vimg Caucasus. Su bimg nd ciia mdi
cudc xung dot thudng da trai qua mdt sd giai doan. Dau tien, bat ky cudc xung dot ndo deu cd
tinh chat "hda binh" hoae an gidu sau do cac cude dung dp vii trang dien ra, dan den su xam
lang cua quan dpi, thanh Ipe sac tpc, xam chiem lanh thd, va tao ra "cde vimg trang". Trong bdi
canh dd, sd phan cua ngudi Nga d viing Caucasus; cac dan tde Azeris, Abkhazia, Ossetes,
Akhiska Turks d Georgia; ngudi Armeni d Daghestan; ngudi Kurd va Udis d Armenia; ngudi
Gruzia d Azerbaijan; ngudi Lezgis d Azerbaijan va Nga; cdc tdc ngudi Abadzeks, Abazins,
Adigs, Balkars, Ingush, Kabardins, Pontic Greeks, Cherkess, Chechen vd Shapsugs d Nga diu
cd lien quan. Tinh hinh dan tpc tai vimg Caucasus bi anh hudng cua nin kinh ti tir Lien Xd
(eu), ciia cdc nha tu sdn quan lieu va nan mafia; ciia cai td vd su tan ra ciia Lien bang Xd viit;
ciia viec tiiiiu chinh saeh tu chinh phii d cac qudc gia cd lien quan; ciia khuynh hudng khdi
phue chi dp todn tri, va no lire giai quyet cac van de dan tdc bang quan dpi.
Nhiing cudc xung dot ke tren tdn tai dudi ba hinh thiie chinh: (I) Mdt s>i) nhdm ngudi
Nga, chu yiu la ngudi Cossacks thupc viing Stavropol'skii va Krasnodarski I (krais) tioi true
xudt ngudi thude cdc sdc dan Bdc Caucasus bdn xir, cung nhu ngudi ti nan ., r. ,;, j^^u
ngudi Armeni vd Turks Meskhetian; (2) Mat khac, cac nhdm tpc ngudi ban ,;
,, , ^j^^^j
ngudi Nga khdi nhimg vimg ddt tu tii ciia hp; (3) Mdt sd dan tdc thieu sd ban :• i^,,,, ^^

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4 - 2020
thdnh vien cua nhiing nhdm Bdc Caucasus khde khdi cdc lanh thd ma hp tuyen bd cd ehii
quyen trong lich sir. Hinh thiie thanh Ipc tpc ngudi nhu vdy Id phd bien nhdt (Vien Nghien
cim tir vdn va phdt tiiin, 2018,ft-.111-122).
3. Chii nghla dan t$c - tdc ngiroi voi phong trao thdi ky hau doc lap
Diing nhu nhan xet cua Khan (2005, p. 28), viec ket lidu chii nghia thue dan lai md ra
hdnh trinh mdi ciia ehu nghia ddn tdc. Hon niia, chu nghTa dan tdc cdn xuat hien tai mpt sd
nude giuong cao ngpn cd dan chu, nhan quyin. Dieu dd cd thi thdy qua nhiiu noift-enthi
gidi, song trong muc nay, chiing tdi chi trinh bay van de lien quan din chii nghTa dan tdc tde ngudi tai Myanmar, d My va trudng hgp dan tdc Hmdng.
Trudc khi Myamnar gianh dde lap tii thuc dan Anh vao nam 1948, ngudi Miin - tdc
ngudi chiem uu the ve dan sd chua bao gid thdng nhat dugc dat nude. Vuong qudc cua hp
tdn tai ben canh eac tieu qudc cua ngudi Karen, ngudi Shan va eac nhdm thieu sd khac.
Thuc dan Anh khi eai tri d Myanmar (1885 - 1948) da thi hanh chinh sach chia re, kich ddng
mau thuan dan tde. Chinh saeh nay lam sau sac them bat ddng giira cde tpc ngudi va la mdt
trong nhiing nguyen nhan dan den xung dot tde ngudi thdi hien dai.
Khi Myanmar tien den gianh ddc lap, van de thdng nhat dan tdc dugc dat ra. Thii ITnh
phong trao giai phdng dan tdc la ngudi Mien hiia hen vdi cde dan tdc thieu sd Shan, Chin,
Karen, Kachin, Kayin, Kayal, Mon va Rakhine rang hp se cd quyen tu tri, bao tdn nen van
hda eua minh. Ddi lai, hp can tu nguyen tham gia xay dung mdt lien minh chinh tri cung
ngudi Miin va tmng thanh vdi nha nude mdi. Chinh sach nay thuyet phuc nhieu tde ngudi
tham gia soan thao hiin phap va gia nhap lien bang. Song, lai cd nhirng nha lanh dao ngudi
Miin khdc cho rdng, sir thdng nhdt dan tdc can dugc xay dung ti-en co sd mdt ngdn ngu
chung, he thdng giao due chung vd tir dd se xuat hien nin van hda qudc gia ehung. Quan
diim dd khiin lanh dao eiia cac nhdm thieu sd that vpng va tiic gian. Mot vai nhd lanh dao
cua cde tpc ngudi thiiu sd dua vao thuc dan Anh de bdo ve ban sac va nen ddc lap, cdn sd
khac ehdng lai bang nhung cudc ndi day.
Tir ndm 1948 - 1988, eac chinh phu ndi tiip nhau d Myanmar da cd gdng giai quyit
vdn dh xung dot tdc ngudi theo nhiiu hinh thiie, song it thanh cdng. Su biing nd phong ti-ao

dan chii nam 1988 chdng lai chinh quyin quan sir ddn din Dang Lien doan qudc gia vi ddn
ehii (NLD) ra ddi, gdp phdn tao ra thi ba ben trong ddi song chinh tri Myanmar, gdm Chinh
phu Hdi ddng khdi phuc ti-dt tii vd ludt phap qudc gia/Hpi ddng phat hien qudc gia
(SLORC/SPDC), qudn dpi (Tatmadaw) - NLD, va cac nhdm tpc ngudi thieu sd. Den horde
ndm 2010, Chinh phii da dat dugc thda thuan ngimg bdn vdi 40 nhdm khdc nhau, nhung
khdng mdt thda thuan ndo dugc ky kit ehinh thirc, tru tnrdng hgp cua Td chuc dde lap
Kachin (KIO). Hai nhdm vii trang Idn nhdt la ciia Dang Nha nude Wa thdng nhdt (UWSP)
vd cua Quan dpi lien doan dan ehii dan tpc (NDAA) vdi quyin tu tri rdng rai d cac viing bien


Virang\!ianJ

gidi vdi Trung Qudc it quan tdm thda thudn ngimg bdn. Khi Chinh phii cua NLD ndm on yen
diiu hanh dat nude vdo ndm 2016, viec gidi quyit vdn di xung dot tpc ngudi d M • -nmar
them budc tien mdi. Theo dd, Chinh phu va cdc nhdm vii trang sdc tpc da ky tdng sd 33 thda
thudn, md ra hy vpng ddi thoai hda binh nham chdm dut xung dot. Tuy nhien, sir chia re giiia
cde nhdm vii trang sac toe ky va chua ky thda thudn lai gia tang. Nhung nhdm vu trang manh
nhdt tir chdi ky thda thuan da hgp thanh Lien minh phuong Bac, tien hanh hang loat vu tdn
edng tai bang Shan doe bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc trong nam 2016 - 2017. Tinh the nay khien
tiin trinh dam phan hda binh giiia Chinh phu vdi luc lupng ly khai ciia cac dan tpc thieu sd
van cdn phirc tap (Vien Nghien cihi tu vdn va phdt trien, 2018, tr. 73-89).
Sau Chiin franh thi gidi thii hai, chu nghia dan tdc - tdc ngudi khdng chi tieptiicbung
nd tai nhiiu nude gianh dugc ddc lap tir chii nghia thuc dan nhu Myanmar, md cdn xuat hi^n
d cac nude di cao dan chii, nhdn quyen nhu My. Tai nude My, ehu nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi
kit hgp vdi chu nghia phan biet chiing toe (Racial separatism) ndi len d Hawaii, sau khi
Hawaii trd thdnh bang thii 50 eua nude nay vdo nam 1959. Nam tren Thdi Binh Duong, each
li^c dia Hoa Ky khoang 3.700lan vi phia Tay Nam, quan ddo Hawaii la noi cu tni ciia thd dan
Hawaii vd nhiiu cu dan cd ngudn gdc ehau A, chdu Au va mgt sd noi khde tren the gidi. 0
qudn dao nay, vuong trieu phong kien da hinh thdnh tir cudi the ky XVIII. Den cudi the ky
XDC, dugc su trg giup eua thuong gia My vd chau Au, nen cdng hda dugc thdnh lap, va sau do

Hawaii sap nhap vao Hoa Ky nam 1898. Viec sap nhap nay da timg bi nhieu ngudi ban dia
phdn ddi, vd dieu dd cd nghTa, ehu nghia dan tde - tdc ngudi d Hawaii cd cdi ngudn lich su.
Trong mdy thap ky qua, da xuat hien cac nhdm theo chii nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi doi
chu quyen cho Hawaii. Nhirng ngudi theo chii nghia nay da dang ve thanh phdn, gdm cd giao
su dai hpe, tien sT, sinh vien vd sd nay thudng lam viec, hpe tap d cac ngdnh khoa hpe ve
chinh tri, nhdn hpe, nghien cuu tdc ngudi. De ddi lai chii quyen cho ngudi ban dia Hawaii,
hp khdng chi diing khau hieu ma mdt sd ngudi cdn di vdng quanh the gidi keu gpi ung hp,
van ddng Uy ban an ninh eua Lien hiep qudc yeu cau My nit khdi Hawaii, td chiic cupc hpp
mat cua nhiing nha hoat ddng chii nghia ddn tdc - tdc ngudi tai New York va Geneva, gap gd
cac nhd dan tpc chii nghia d qudc gia cd quan he vdi Vuong qudc Hawaii trudc ddy.
Nhirng ngudi theo chu nghia dan tdc - tdc ngudi cho rdng, thd ddn Hawaii la cdng dan
ddu tien eua Hawaii va trudc khi thuyen hirdng James Cook (ngudi Anh) din ddt ndy, ddi
sdng noi day rdt tdt. Chinh ngudi viing Caucasus vd ngudi chau A tdi day Idm ddo Idn cupc
sdng. Hp dua ra ludn diem; Hoa Ky la thirc dan cua Hawaii nen cdn tien hanh giai thuc dan;
va de giai thue dan, phai ed chien luge dua van di nay ra tda an qudc te, de nghi Uy ban an
ninh ciia Lien hiep qudc can thiep. Hp yeu cdu tdi thiet chi dp qudn chii, ddi tra di{ dai cho
ngudi ban dia, phan biet Igi ich ciia ngudi Hawaii ban dia va ngudi Hawaii nhap cu y(j Q ^
han viec thd ddn Hawaii hi chd dap va nay la nhiing ngudi ngheo ddi, hg len an ihuyin
hudng James Cook cimg dodn thiiy thu ngudi Anh din Hawaii nam 1778 da mang theo bcnh


lop^hiDdn tpc hoc s6'4 -2020
tat ciia phuong Tay khiin trong vdng mdt the ky sau dd, 95% thd dan d day bi chet. Nhiing
cd dao din Hawaii lai tiip tyc giit chit nen van hda ban dia. Hoa Ky da xam chiem Hawaii,
dung chinh phu bu nhin, thuc hien che dp cai tri thuc ddn tir nam 1893. Vdi lap luan Hawaii
khdng thupc chii quyin cua Hoa Ky, nhdm theo ehu nghTa dan tdc - tpc ngudi cho rdng viec
Chinh phii hien nay yeu edu hp ddng thui la khdng diing. Chdng han, ngay 17/9/2004, mpt
ngudi ten Id John Philip Souza tuyen bd Vuong trieu Hawaii bi lat dd bdt hgp phdp vao nam
1893, nen bang Hawaii khdng cd tinh ehinh danh, khdng thi thu thui eua dng ta, vi dng ta
van la cdng dan cua Vuong qudc Hawaii ndm xua. Khi John Philip Souza bi chinh quyin

Hawaii giam cdm, nhdm theo chu nghTa dan tde - tde ngudi cdn quyen gdp tiin ung hd. Nam
2006, chinh quyen d Hawaii khdi xudng td chirc ky niem "Ngay qudc gia" tai Cung dien
lolani, noi vdn Id thu phu cua Vuong qudc Hawaii, biiu tugng cho lanh thd vd nha nude
Hawaii trade day. Cudc ky niem nay khdng thdnh cdng vi bi nhiing ngudi theo chu nghTa
dan tdc - tdc ngudi phan ddi va pha rdi (Conklin, 2007, pp. 87-107).
Nhin nhan tinh hinh d Hawaii, Conklin da nhan xet: cd mdt su rac rdi tren Thien
dudng , va nd de dga den todn the nude My. Chii nghTa phan biet chiing tdc va ehii nghTa
dan tpc - tpc ngudi dang Idn manh d Hawaii. Vdi nude My, chu nghTa do nhu ke tdng pham
eua hien tai va nan nhan cua tuong lai. Van theo tac gia, viec ddi chu quyen eua ngudi
Hawaii ciing tuong tu "Phong trao giai phdng" d cde noi khac tren the gidi, nhu tai Quebec
(Canada), Bac Ireland, Scotland, Sri Lanka, Ddng Timor (Indonesia), Chiapas (Nam
Mexico), va eiia ngudi Kurd (Nam Thd NhT Ky va Bac Iraq) (Conklin, 2007, p. 17).
Nhu da trinh bay, trade va trong Chien tranh the gidi thii hai, chu nghTa phuc qudc Do
Thai - thudc loai hinh chii nghia dan tpc - tde ngudi biing phat. Tir mdt eu ddn khdng td qudc
trong nhiiu thi ky, ngudi Do Thai da gianh thang lgi khi nam 1948 thanh lap qudc gia Israel d
Palestine vd dugc Lien hiep qudc cdng nhan. Trong phan nay, chiing tdi trinh bay them tradng
hpp ngudi Hmdng - mdt tde ngudi cd hoan canh gdn gidng ngudi Do Thai hudc ddy, vdi sir
trdi day ciia chu nghTa dan tde - tdc ngudi, nhdt la tir sau Chien tranh thi gidi thii hai den nay.
Ngudi Hmdng cd ngudn gdc d Trung Qudc. Theo quan diem cita gidi sir hpe Trung
Qudc, ngudi Hmdng da trd thanh mdt bd phan ciia lich su Trang Hoa khoang 3.000 nam
trade Cdng nguyen. Do thdt bai trong viec chdng lai cac the luc phong kien Tmng Hoa, hi
hang mdy tram nam horde day, mdt bd phan ngudi Hmdng thien di vi phuang Nam, sinh
sdng tai Vdn Nam (Trung Qudc) va eac nude Viet Nam, Lao, Myanmar, Thai Lan. Nam
1975, sau khi chiin tranh Ddng Duong Idn thu hai kit thiic, mdt bd phan ngudi Hmdng d
Lao da theo dpi quan cua Vang Pao di tan sang Thai Lan vd tir dd den dinh cu tai eac nude
My, Canada, Phdp, Australia, Nam Phi. Day la cudc thien di Idn thir hai trong lich sii ciia
dan tdc nay, tao nen su da dang trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi Hmdng. Ve dan sd ciia ngudi
'' Hawaii duoc coi la Thi§n duong ve moi tnrong va quan he xa hoi.

B

VuangXv ^ '_'J-'L

Hmdng, tir cudi thap ky 90 ciia thi ky XX, udc tinh d Trang Qudc cd khoang ^'.nOO.OOO
ngudi, Viet Nam - 800.000 ngudi, Ldo - 250.000 ngudi. My - 250.000 ngudi. 1 li-' ^ ^ "
130.000 ngudi, Phap - 30.000 ngudi, Myanmar - 15.000 ngudi vd Australia cd 1.600
ngudi,... (Vuong Duy Quang, 2005, tr. 25).
Trong lich sir phat trien cua ngudi Hmdng, viec xung vua, ndi phi chdng lai cdc nha
nude eai tri d viing thdp da dien ra rat nhieu lan vd tai nhiiu nude trong khu vuc. O Tmng
Qudc, viec xung vua ciia ngudi Hmdng phat trien thdnh cde biin cd Idn ciia ljch su tde
ngudi, ki tir trade Cdng nguyen (chdng lai nhd Thuang), hay vao thi ky VIII (chdng lai nha
Dudng), hoae thi ky XVIII (chdng lai nha Thanh), de lai hau qua la cd nhung cudc di cu Idn
ve phia Nam. Ngoai ra, trong thdi ky can hien dai, cdn nhiiu cudc xung vua khdc. Tai Ldo,
cd nhiiu cudc xung vua chdng lai ngudi Phap (1918 - 1921, 1950), ehdng lai ngudi My
(1960), vd sau nay ehdng lai ca Chinh phii Cpng hda dan chii nhdn dan Lao (sau nam 1975)
tai nhiiu tinh d miin mii Bdc Lao, ed liic lan sang cd Vipt Nam. Ci Thai Lan, da timg xdy ra 3
vu xung vua tai cdc tinh Chiing Rai vd Nan (tir nam 1967-1990), khiin chinh quyin phai
dan dp manh tay. Cdn d Viet Nam, viec xung vua cua ngudi Hmdng ciing tiing diln ra d
vung miin mii phia Bde di chdng lai ngudi Phdp (1917 - 1918), vd sau nay la chdng chinh
quyen each mang.
Cimg vdi vice xung vua, ndi phi, cac nhdm bao loan cdn ehu traong thanh lap "Vuong
qudc Hmdng" va chu traong dd cdng duge day manh sau nam 1975. Diing dau nhdm ndy la
mdt sd ngudi dinh cu d nude ngoai, cau ket vdi cac phdn hi chdng ddi d eae qudc gia khu
vuc Ddng Nam A. Dien hinh, cd the ke tdi nhdm cd siiy thanh lap "Vuong qudc Hmdng
Chaopha" (The Hmong Kingdom Chaofa State) vdi "bien gidi qudc gia" dugc xac dinh la
phdn ddt vimg mien Trang va Bac Lao, the hien ngay tren "qudc huy" cua "Vuong qudc".
Nhdm nay da cd nhiing hoat ddng tren mgt sd dien dan eiia Lien hiep qudc, ed quan hp vdi
viec ndi phi d Ldo nhieu nam qua, ddng thdi ra Idi keu gpi vdi ndi dung nhu sau: "(1) Chiing
tdi keu gpi thdnh lap mdt nha nude Hmdng cd chu quyen, de dam bdo eho ngudi Hmdng

dupe sdng trong hda binh, tu do vd an ninh; (2) Chiing tdi keu gpi tdt ca cac luc lugng nude
ngoai nit khdi vung ddt vd lanh thd ciia ngudi Hmdng md hg da chiim doat, khai thdc va xay
dung nhiing dap thiiy dien; (3) Chimg tdi de nghi Uy ban An ninh ciia Lien hiep qudc thua
nhdn Vuong qudc Hmdng Chaofa nhu da thira nhan Cosovo". Tai Viet Nam, vao nam 2011
ciing xudt hien viec ddn Vdng Chir (mdt biin tudng eua xung vua) vd ndi phi tai huyen
Mudng Nhe, tinh Dien Bien nhdm muc dich bao loan vd thdnh lap "Vuong qudc Hmdng"
(Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2013).
Kit luan
Chu nghTa ddn tpc - tpc ngudi (Ethno-Nationalism) Id mpt lo^i hinh quan ir, i ^ ^,ia chii
nghTa dan tpc (Nationalism), dugc hinh thdnh tren co sd tgc ngudi, tire de cao h,,r, „;^ ^^^
ngudi, Idy tdc ngudi lam trung tdm, thdm chi thanh Igc tpc ngudi (Ethnic eleansiii.< rl^m


Tgp chi Ddn tpc hoc sd'4 - 2020
dat muc dich ehinh tri Id xay dung nha nude dde lap vdi tde ngudi chiim uu thi lam chii thi,
hodc tdc ngudi dd dugc tu tri trong mdt qudc gia - dan tdc. Trong Chiin tranh thi gidi Idn
thii hai, chii nghia dan tdc - tdc ngudi biing nd d nhiiu nai thudc cde chau luc A, Phi, My
Latinh chdng lai chii nghia thye dan va da kien tao dugc nhieu qudc gia - dan tdc ddc lap vdi
cac thi chi ehinh tri khac nhau. Tuy nhien sau do, chii nghTa nay lai tiip tuc hdi sinh khdng
chi d ngay eac quoe gia - dan tdc da neu ma cdn xudt hien tai nhirng nude di eao ddn chii,
nhan quyin. Trong bdi canh toan cau hda, chu nghia dan tgc - tdc ngudi cdng cd diiu kien
phat trien xuyen qudc gia.
Nhiing trinh bay tren day cho thay, khi chu nghTa dan tpc lai trd thanh tu tudng chii
dao eua nhan loai vdo cudi the ky XX va dau the ky XXI (Vuong Xudn Tinh, 2019b, tr. 2548), thi chii nghTa dan tpc - tdc ngudi la nhan loi cua chu nghTa dan tdc. Sir chia se ve van
hda vd ngudn gdc td tien cua tdc ngudi la nhung yeu td de dang ket ndi trong huy ddng
phong trao chinh tri va tinh thdng nhat ve chinh tri. Tuy nhien, ngudn gdc sdu xa ciia chii
nghTa dan tdc - tdc ngudi khdng phai su chia se ay, ma chinh la viec bat binh ddng ve Igi ich
va mau thuan, xung dot xa hgi tai cac qudc gia. Theo dd, chii nghia dan tde - tdc ngudi va
chu nghTa ddn tdc ndi chung chi la phuong tien ciia cac lire lugng ehinh tri de dat muc dich.
Va ciing theo dd, td lich sir hinh thanh den eae phuong thirc van ddng, phdt trien ciia chii

nghTa dan tpc - tdc ngudi d ca trudc va sau thdi ky ddc lap ciia nhieu qudc gia ve eo ban la
gidng nhau. Nhan dien dugc cac dac diem nay, se gdp phan nang cao nhan thue ve chu nghia
ddn tde - tdc ngudi trong quan tri xa hdi d cac qudc gia hien nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Beissinger, Markr (2009), "Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism",
Contemporary European History, YollH, 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 331-347.
2. Brown, David (2006), Contending Nationalisms in Southeast Asia, Asia Research
Centre, Murdoch University, Working Paper.
3. Calhoun, Craig (1993), "Nationalism and Ethnicity", Annual Review of Sociology.
Vol.19, pp. 211-239.
4. Calhoun, Craig (1997), Concepts in Social Thought Nationalism, University of
Minnesota Press.
5. Conklin, Kenneth R (2007), Hawaiian Apartheid Racial Separatism and Ethnic
Nationalism in the Aloha State, E-BookTime, LLC.

6. Eriksen, Thomas H. (2010), Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives
Pluto Press.


Vuang Xtui'i
I. Giuhano, Elise (2011), Constructing
Republics, Cornell University.

Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism

i" R">'•'•'^ ^

8. Hechter, Michael (2000), Containing Nationalism, Oxford University Press.
9. Japtok, Martin (2005), Growing Up Ethnic: Nationalism and the Bildungsroman

in

African American and Jewish American Fiction, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
10. Khan, Adeel (2005), Politics of Identity: Ethnic Nationalism

and the State in

Pakistan, Sage Publications.
I I . Vuong Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hda tdm linh cua ngudi Hmdng d Viet Nam:
Truyen thong vd hien tgi, Nxb. Van hod Thdng tin & Vien Van hda. Ha Ndi.
12. Roshwald, Aviel (2001), Ethnic Nationalism

and the Fall of Empires:

Central

Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923, Routiedge.
13. Smith, Anthony D. (1991), National Identity, Penguin,
14. Suzman, Mark (1999), Ethnic Nationalism

London.

and State Power: The Rise of Irish

Nationalism, Afrikaner Nationalism and Zionism, Maemillan Press LTD.
15. Tariing, Nicholas (Ed, 2008), History of Southeast Asia, Vol. II: The Nineteenth
and Twentieth Centuries, Cambridge University Press.
16. Vuong Xuan Tinh (2013), "Bdi cdnh lich sir, dac diem kinh te - xa hdi eua eac dan
tdc thieu sd vdi edng tdc van ddng quan chiing bdo ve ehu quyen, an ninh bien gidi qudc gia
vung Tay Bac", Bdo cdo trinh bay tai Hpi thao: Cdng tdc ddn tpc, tdn gido cua bd dpi bien

phong cdc tinh bien gidi Tdy Bdc vdi nhiem vu qudn ly, bdo vi chu quyen an ninh biin gidi
qudc gia thdi ky hpi nhdp qudc te, do Hpe vien Bien phdng, Vien Dan tpc hgc vd Vien
Nghien cim tdn giao ddng td chiic, HdNdi, ngdy 11/12/2013.
17. Vuong Xuan Tinh (2019a), Cong dong kien tgo: Tdc ngudi vdi quoc gia - ddn tdc
trin thi gidi vd a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hdi, Hd Ndi.
18. Vuong Xuan Tinh (2019b), " V i dan tdc, y thirc dan tdc vd chii nghTa dan tpc",
ti^ong Vien Dan tde hpe (2019), Mdt sd vdn di ve tdc ngudi vd chinh sdch ddn tdc d nude ta
hien nay, Ky yeu Hdi nghi Dan tpc hoc qudc gia nam 2018, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Npi,
0-. 25-48.
19. Vien Nghien cuu tu vdn va phdt hien (2018), Xung dot tpc ngudi trong khu vuc vd
tren thi gidi giai dogn 1990 den naj', Nxb. Dan tri. Ha Npi.