Những yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến tiếp cận thông tin của phụ nữ dân tộc thiểu số

NHtTNG YEU TO ANH Hl/dNG DEN
TIEP CAN THONG TIN CUA PHU N C DAN TOC THIEU SO
(qua nghien cuu a tinh Lai Chau)'
VU THI THANH"
Tir khda: ddn Igc thieu sd, binh ddng giai, tiep cdn thdng tin, hda nhgp xg hgi
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 05/12/2019: ngdy gOi phdn bien: 06/12/2019: ngdy duyft ddng bdi:
10/02/2020.
Gidi thigu
Bio cao Quin li chi sd phit ttidn ben vihig 16.10.2 ve tiep can thdng tin
(trong cic muc tieu phit tridn ben vung - SDG) cua Td ehire Giio due, Khoa hpc
vi Vin hda Lien hgp qudc (UNESCO) (2019) di md dau bang vige trieh din ldi
phat bieu ciia cyu Bp trudng Bp Thdng tin nude Cpng hda Yemen: "Neu thdng
tin li sire manh thi vi$c tiip cin thdng tin chinh li mgt quydn ning". Bio eio
ciing eoi tiep can thdng tin la dieu thiet yeu dd dgt dupe cic muc tieu phit trien
ben vihig bdi thdng qua viee tiep can thdng tin, con ngudi duge trao quyen de
dua ra nhiing quydt djnh ed hiSu biet dya tren viec dupc nam bat thdng tin vi hg
biet den nhihig quyet djnh cd anh hudng tdi cupc sdng eua hp (UNESCO, 2019).
Bao cio ve hda nhap xa hpi eua Ngan hing the gidi (WB) da ehi ra ring, tiep can
cie dich vu thdng tin se tang cuimg sy ket ndi va thue day cic ca nhan tham gia
vao mpt "nen kinh te mdi" va dieu do gdp phan vio viec tang cuimg sy hda nhgp
xa hgi (WB, 2013). (3 Viet Nam, Chinh phu da cd nhihig no luc 6i tang eudng
tiep can thdng tin ciia ddng bao dan tpc thidu sd (DTTS). Chuong trinh muc tieu
qudc gia tir nim 2012 - 2015 da ehu ttpng dSn viec dua thdng tin den cic viing sau,
viing xa, ddng thai, eac dja phuong ciing dua ra nhihig muc tieu cy the nhim tiiuc day
bmh ding gidi ttong Imh vyc flidng tin (Vien Khoa hpc Iao ddng va xi hdi, Co quan
ve bmh ding gidi vi trao quyen cho phy nil Lien hpp qude (UN Women) vi Co quan
Phit Irien qudc te Ue - Australia Aid, 2015).

* TS.; Vi?n Nghien cuu Con ngudi, Vi^n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi^t Nam.
' Bai viet dirge thirc hi?n trong khuon kh6 ih tai dp Bo 2019 - 2020: "Nghien cim hoa nhjp xa hpi
cua phy nil dan tpc thiiu so tir each ti6p can phat trien con ngirdi" do Vi?n Nghien cihi Con ngudi

la ca quan chti tri.
Nghiin cdu bon ngudi sd 1(106) 2020

29


Vu Thi Thanh
Mac dil vgy, nhiing nhdm xa hpi y eu thd nhu phy nil DTTS vin ddi dign vdi
nhieu bit lpi trong tiep can thdng tin. Ket qui khio sit ciia td ehiic Care (2017)
tgi mgt sd tinh midn mil phia Bic Viet Nam da ehi ra ring phy nil DTTS tiep can
thdng tin it han nhieu so vdi nam gidi DTTS. Theo Vien Khoa hpc lao dpng vi
xa hdi va cae ddi tic (2015), eic chinh sach thdng tin cho nhflng ngudi d viing
sau, vung xa hien nay ehua dip ung tinh nhgy cim v^ gidi - thidu sy chii ttgng
diing muc den nhu cau vi khi nang tiep can thdng tin eua phy nil va ire em gii.
Bii viet nay se gdp phan lim rd nhiing khd khin ddi vdi phy nil DTTS trong tiep
can thdng tin. Dya tren eic ket qua nghien ciru dinh lupng (phdng vin bing bing
hdi 200 phu nil la ngudi dan tge Thai vi dan tde Mdng) va nghien eim dinh tinh
(phdng vin sau cin bd va ngudi dan) cua de tai: "Nghien ciru hda nhgp xa hpi
eiia phu ntt dan tpe thidu sd tir eieh tidp can phat trien eon ngudi" dupc thye hign
tai %li Khoen On va xa Phue Than (huyen Than Uyen, tinh Lai Chau), bii viet
khii quat tinh hinh tiip can thdng tin ciia phy nil DTTS va phan tich nhiing rao can
ddi vdi phu nil DTTS trong tiep can tiidng tin.
1. Tinh hlnh tilp can thong tin ciia phu nir dan toe thieu so
Trong xa hdi hien nay, flidng tin ngay eang ed vai trd quan ttpng ddi vdi ddi
sdng con ngudi. Bin than phu nil DTTS hign nay eung nhan thire duge sy can thiet
eua thdng tin ddi vdi hp. Theo ket qui khio sat, phy nil DTTS d tinh Lai Chau
dinh gii khi cao muc do can Mii ciia thdng tin ddi vdi hg. Ket qua phan tich diem
ttung binh ve miie dp can thiet cua cac loai thdng tin (theo thang didm 1 la "Khdng
cin thiet" den 3 Ii "Cin thiet") eho thay nhung logi thdng tin ma phy nil DTTS
thay can thiet nhat la cic thdng tin ve cham sde sire khde (2,87 diem), tiep den la

thdng tin ve kinh te (vay vdn; sin xuat, chan nudi) d khoing 2,6 - 2,7 didm. Sd dl
nhu vgy la do nhiing van de ve sue khde va kinh te gin bd mat thiet vdi ddi sdng
eua hp. Trong khi dd, diem ttung binh ve miie dp cin thiet cua cac logi thdng tin
khae (vi dy nhu ve luat phip, vige lam, ehinh trj xa hdi, bmh ding gidi, dit dai) cd
diem sd thap ban - dao dgng trong khoang tir 2,3 - 2,5 didm. Cin bp phy nil xa
Phiie Than eho biet: "Phu nu a ddy xem tivi Ihi chii yeu Id xem cdc chuang trinh
gidi tri phim dnh thdi chu hg it xem thai su hay cdc tin tiic khde" (phdng vin sau PVS, nil, cin bp). Lpai flidng tin ed diem sd trung binh dinh gia dg ein thidt thip
nhit li thdng tin ve dat dai. Dieu nay cd le bdi da sd ngudi dan d day Uiudng sir
dyng phin dat dai duge tiiira ke hoge dupe ehinh quyen giao (vi dy nhu dit rimg).
Dit dai d day it cd sy bidn dgng vi ngudi dan cung it mua, bin dit. Bin flian phu
ntt DTTS it dupc fliira kd dit dai tir cha mg de nhung khi liy chdng hg se dupe sir
dyng dat dai cua nhi ehdng. Chinh vi flie, mirc do cin fliidt eua flidng tin vi dit dai
khdng dupe phy nil danh gia eao nhu cie logi thdng tin khic.
Nghien cdu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020


Nhirng yeu td dnh huang den..
Bang 1: Sinh gia ve mvc dg can thiet ciia cac thdng tin (diem trung binh)
Diem
trung binh
2,87
2,78
2,63
2,49
2,48
2,48
2,45
2,32

Loai kien thirc/thong tin

Cbim sde siic khde
Sin xuat, chan nudi
Vay vdn
Luat phip
Vige lam
Chinh trj, xa hgi
Binh ding gidi
Dit dai

Igch chuan
0,40
0,46
0,58
0,63
0,64
0,58
0,62
0,68

Ngudn: Kel qud khdo sdl cua de Idi Igi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Cic ket qua so sanh cho thay vige dinh gii mue do ein thiet cua cic logi
thdng tin ve sire khde, kinh te, lugt phip la khi thdng nhat giiia cie nhdm dan
tpc, nhdm tudi v i nhdm hpc van (P>0,05). Tuy nhien, ed sy khae biet vi dan tge
vi hpc van khi dinh gia miic do can thiet ciia cie Ioai thdng tin ve viec lim, dit
dai va chinh trj, xi hgi. Nhin chung, phu nu' dan tdc Thai danh gii su can thiet
ciia eic thdng tin ve viec lim, dat dai va chinh frj, xa hgi cao ban so vdi sy dinh
gia nay cua phu nil din tpe Mdng. Ben canh dd, sy dinh gii ve mirc dp can thiet
eiia cic thdng tin ve viec lim, dat dai, binh dang gidi v i chinh trj xa hpi ciia eic
nhdm phu nil cd di hge ciing cao hem so vdi nhdm phy nil khdng di hpc.
Bang 2: Kiem djnh T-test so sanh mirc do can thiet ciia eic loai thong tin

theo nhom dan toe va hge van (diem trung binh)
Loai kien thirc,
thong tin

Thii

Dan tdc
Mdng

Cham sde sire khde
San xuat, chan nudi
Vay vdn
Lugt phip
Vige Iim
Binh ding gidi
Chinh tti, xa hgi
Dat dai

2,8
2,8
2,5
2,5
2,6
2,5
2,9
2,6

2,8
2,7
2,7

2,3
2,1
2,3
2,8
2,1

P

*+•

***
+ **

Khdng
dihoc
2,8
2,8
2,7
2,4
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,1

Hoc van
Cd
di hge
2,8
2,7
2.5

2,5
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,5

Ngudn: Ket qud khdo sdl cua di tdi tgi tinh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghi chii: Miic y nghia thdng ke *P<0,05: **P<0.01: "•P<0,001.
Nghiin cdu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020

P

*+

**
**
**


Vu Thi Thanh

Mac dil dinh gii cao miic do can thiet eua thdng tin nhung ti Ig phy nil duge
tiep can cic loai thdng tin ttong ba nim qua nhin chung la khdng cao. D?c biet.
cd gin 1/4 sd ngudi tham gia nghien cuu niy (chidm 22,6%) khdng dupc tiep egn
vdi bat cir loai thdng tin nao dupc de cgp d tten ttpng ba nim qua. Nhiing logi
hinh thdng tin m i phy nil duge tiep can nhieu nhat (chidm khoang tir 50 - 70 ^ )
li thdng tin ve sire khde, kinh te (vi dy nhu vay vdn vi sin xuat, chin nudi),
thdng tin ve lugt phip. Ding chii y, thdng tin v^ vide lim lgi li loai thdng tin ma
phy nil DTTS dupc tiip can it nhit vdi ti le li 25,0%. Thuc td cho flily cd gin
mpt nira phy nil tham gia nghien ciiu niy hign cd nhu cau tim kidm vi^c lam

(41,2%). Tuy nhien, viec duge tijp can it thdng tin ve vige lam nhu vgy sd la rao
cin doi vdi hp trong viec tiep egn vige lam.
Bieu do 1: Cie loai thong tin phu nu' dan t$c thiiu so
da tiep can trong 3 nam qua (%)
TTidng tin ve vi?c 1 ^
Thdng tin ve dat dai
Thdng tin v^ chfnh trj, xa hgi I
Thong tin v^ binh d ^ g gidi j
Thong tin v^ luat phip
Thong tin ve san xuat, chSn nuoi
Thong tin ve vay von

54,5
•

58,8

I Thdng lin v^ cham sde sue khde

Ngudn: Sd lieu khdo sdl cua de Idi lgi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Cic kdt qui so sanh eho thay khdng cd sy khic bigt ding kd giila eic nhdm
tudi ttong vige tiep egn eie loai thdng tin (P>0,05). Tuy nhien, cd sy khae bigt
giO'a eie nhdm dan tpe va nhdm hpe van trong tiep can cae thdng tin vd binh
ding gidi, chinh ttj xa hpi, dat dai va vige lam. Nhin ehung, ti Ig tiep can cae Ipgi
flidng tin nay eua phy nil dan tpe Mdng thip ban so vdi phy nil dan tpc Thii v i
cua nhdm phy nil khdng di hpc fliap ban so vdi nhdm phy nil cd di hpc.
32

Nghiin cliu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020

Nhirng yeu td dnh huang den..
Bang 3: Ti Ig tiep can cic loai hinh thdng tin
chia theo nhdm dan tge va hoc van (%)
Cic lo^i hinh thdng tin

Thii

Dan tpc
Mdng

Thdng tin ve chim sde sire khde
Thdng tin ve vay vdn
Thdng tin vd sin xuat, chin nudi
Thdng tin ve luat phip
Thdng tin ve binh ding gidi
Thdng tin ve ehinh ttj, xa hpi
Thdng tin ve dat dai
Thdng tin ve viec lam

70,3
62,2
55,5
51,6
54,7
52,3
36,7
31,1

63,9

52,8
52,8
47,2
36,0
13,9
8,3
13,9

P

**

*•*

***
*•

Khdng
di hoc
63,2
58,1
51,3
46,2
38,5
29,9
23,1
16,2

Hoc van
Cd

dihoc
74,7
59,8
59,0
55,4
56,6
50,6
31,3
37,3

P

*
**
**

Ngudn: Ket qud khdo sdl ciia de Idi tgi tinh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghichu: Miic y nghTa thong ke * P<0.05: *-P<0,01: •**P<0.001.
Xem xet sy da dgng ve thdng tin^ ma phy nu: DTTS dupc tiep can trong 3 nim
qua eho tiily cd 22,8% phy nil dupe tidp can tit I - 3 loai flidng tin trong 3 nim
vira qua va cd 48,7% dupe tiep can tir 4 logi thdng tin trd len.
Bieu do 2: So lugng loai hinh thong tin
ma phv nir dan tge thieu so duge tiep can trong 3 nam qua (%)

s Khdng tilp can • Tir 1 - 3 loai thdng tin « Tir 4 loai thdng tin trd len

Ngudn: Kit qud khao sdl cua dk Idi tgi tinh Lai Chdu nam 2019.
Kit qui so sanh khdng cd sy khic biet giila cie nhdm tadi va trinh dp hpc
vin vtiri sy da dang cua cic logi hmh tiidng tm ma phu nil tidp can. Tuy nhien, cd sy

' Bien so ve sv da djuig losi hinh thong tin dupc xay dimg dya tren bien s6 ve tong so cac loai hinh
th6ng tin ma ph\i nil DTTS tiip can duac de c|p a tren (bao gdm 8 loai thong tin vS vay von;
san xuat, chSn nuoi; lu^t phap; binh dang girji; chinh trj, xa hpi; dat dai; vi?c lam).
Nghiin clit/ Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020

33


va Thi Thanh
khic bigt \ e mat thdng ke giila hai nhdm din tpe, ttong dd, phy nfl: dan tpc Thai
dupc tiep can vtji nhieu loai thdng tm hon (vdi 55,9% tiep egn tir 4 logi thdng un
trd len) ttong khi ti le niy eua phy nu: dan tpc Mdng chi la 36,1% (P<0,05). Die"
niy cd 16 bdi phy nil dan tdc Thii tiep can dupe cac phuang tign thdng tin dgi
chiing, vi dy nhu tivi, nhieu han so vtJi phu nil ngudi Mdng. Cin bg phy nfl' d ban
ciia ngudi Thii (xa Phuc Than) cho biet: "Bdy gia hifn dgi rdi, nhd ndo cOng co
ti vi, cd dien. Cdc chi em bdy gia duac tiip cdn cdi ti vi, chu tru&c kia Ihi dien
khdng CO Ihi tii mu" (PVS, nil, cin bp). Trong khi do, theo phan inh cua cin bp
phy nil d mpt ban ngucri Mdng ( xa Khoen On) tiii vige tidp cin flidng tin qua
phuang tien thdng tin dai ehiing eua ngudi dan dja phucmg, nhit li phu nil cdn
rat hgn che:
"dddy it tivi ldm, cd gdn ndm chuc hg nhimg chdc chi 2 - 3 hg cd tivi thdi...
CUng cd gia dinh hg ldm thdo qud thi cung cd tien ddy nhung chdng hieu sgo
ngudi Mdng hg khdng quan tdm din vi^c sim sua lifn nghi cho gia dinh nen rdt
nhiiu nha khdng cd tivi di xem" (PVS, nfl-, ein bp).
2. Nhirng rao can doi vdi tiep can thdng tin ctia phu nir dan tpc thieu so
Tim hieu nhirng khd khin eua cua phu nit DTTS ttong tidp can thdng tin cho
tiily nhiJng khd khin phd bidn cua hp khi tidp can thdng tin la do "khdng biet chil"
(62,5%) va "khdng biSt tieng phd tiidng" (58,0%). Theo sd lieu khio sit, ed tti
70% phu nfl: ttong nghien eiru nay hien khdng bidt chil va cd 47% khdng biet tieng
phd tiidng. Day eung la didu khi phd bidn vdi phu nil DTTS d Viet Nam ndi

ehung. Kdt qua Didu tta 53 DTTS Viet Nam nim 2015 cho tiily ti Ig phy nil DTTS
bidt chQ la 73,4%, ttong dd ti le bidt chii cua phy nil dan tpc Mdng la 33,3% va
phu nil dan lge Thii Ii 72,0% (Irish Aid, Uy ban dan tpc v i UNDP, 2017).
Bieu do 3: Khd khan ciia phu nir dan tge thiiu s6 trong tiip c^n thdng tin (%)
Chi phi tdn kem
Di Igi khd khan
Khdng cd thdi gian •
Khdng biet tiep egnflidngtind dau
Khdng biet tieng pho flidng
Khdng biet chu ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • ^ ^ ^ ^ • • • ^ ^ B 62,s
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt cua di Idi Igi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Nghiin cliu Con ngudi 8d1(106) 2020

Nhiing yeu Id dnh huang din...
Phan tich nhan to bing phucmg phip tiianh phan chu yeu (Principle Component)
dupc sii dyng de xem xet eic khd khan ciia phy nfl DTTS ttong tiep can thdng tin.
Vice phin tieh nhan td duoc fliyc hign hai lin^. Ket qua phan tieh nhan td cho flily
ed 2 nhdm khd khin ciia phy nil DTTS khi tiep can thdng tm. Nhdm thii nhit
(duge dit ten la "khd khin ben ngoai") bao gdm cac biin sd: "khdng biit tiip can
Uidng tin d dau"; "chi phi tdn kem" va "di lai khd khan". Nhdm thir hai (dupe dit
ten li "khd khin vi nang lue ci nhin") bao gdm cie bien sd la "khdng biet chil' va
"khdng biet tieng phd thdng".
Bing 4: Ket q u i phan tieh nhan td nhirng khd khan
ciia phu nir DTTS trong tiep can thong tin

Chi phi tdn kem
Di Igi khd khin
Khdng biet tiep can thdng tin
ddiu
Khdng biSt chfl'
Khdng biet tiing phd thdng
Phuang sai Irich
Ti 1^ phuang sai trich
Tdng phuang sal trich
Diem trung binh
Dg Ifch chudn

Khd khan
ben ngoai
0,70
0,73

Khd khan ve

nang luc ei nhan
0,03
0,07

Tile
trieh xuat
0,49
0,54

0,73

0,11

0,55

0,09
0,06
1.77
35,45
35,45
0,22
0,28

0,80
0,81
1,13
22,75
58,21
0,60
0,39

'.

0,66
0,66
'•••<

^i

;^;

Ngudn: Ket qud khdo sdl cita de Idi Igi linh Lai Chdu nam 2019.
Phan tich kit qua diim ttnng binh ciia hai nhan td (vdi 0 la "khdng gap khd
khin" va 1 la "cd gip khd khan") cho thiy phy nil DTTS cd xu huijng it ggp phai
nhting khd khin ben ngoii (vdi diem trung binh li 0,22 diem). Trong khi dd, hp
CO xu hutjng gip phai nhieu khd khan ve nang luc ci nhan khi tiep can thdng tin
(vdi didm ttTtng binh la 0,60 diim). Kit qui so sinh giua eic nhdm cho thay
khdng ed sy khic biet giOa phy nil Thai vi Mdng ve nhiing khd khan ben ngoai
khi tiep can thdng tin (P>0,05). Tuy nhien, cd sy khic biet giila cae nhdm hpc vin

' Phan tich nhan to lin thi nhat g6m 6 loai kho khan dirpc it cap d tren, bao gom: "khong biet
tiep cjn thong tin cr dau"; "chi phi t6n kem"; "di lai kho khan"; "khong biet chii"; "khong biet
tieng pho thong"; 'khong co thdi gian". Ket qua cho thay biSn s6 "khong co thdi gian" dupc tai
vao hai yeu 16 nen bi loai khoi mo hinh phan tich nhan to. Phan tich nhan to lin thir hai dupc thyc
hi?n vdi 5 bien so con lai. Ket qua h? so KMO=0,55 va Bartlett Test co P<0,a5 cho thay cS miu
phu hpp va cac bien so co moi tucmg quan tong the de dua vao phan ti'ch nhan to.
Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020

35

Vu Thi Thanh
vi nhdm tadi vdi viec gip phii nhimg khd khin niy khi tiip egn Uidng tin. Nhdm
phy nil khdng di hpc gip phii nhflng khd khin ben ngoii nhiiu hem so vdi nhdm
cd di bgc v i nhdm phy nil trung tadi ttd len gip phii nhihig khd khin ben ngoai
nhieu ban so vdi nhdm thanh nien.
Bang 5: Kiem djnh T-Test so sinh khd khan ben ngoai
khi tiep can thdng tin giira cic nhdm hoc van va nhdm tudi
Hge van ***
Tudi***

Khdng di hpe
Cd di hpc
Tir 30 tudi
ttd xudng
Tren 30 tadi

SiSm trung binh
0,81
0,30

Dg l$ch chuan
0,26
0,37

0,42

0,41

0,71

0,35

Ngudn: Kel qud khdo sdl cua de Idi tgi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghi chu: Miicy nghia thing ki * P<0,05: **P<0,01: *''*P<0,001.
So sinh khd khin ve ning Iye ei nhan giila cic nhdm dan tOc cho thay phy
nO: dan tpc Mdng gip khd khan ve ning luc (bao gdm "khdng biet tieng phd
thdng" vi "khdng biit chil") khi tiep can thdng tin nhieu ban so vdi phy nil dan
tge Thii (vdi diim trung binh lin lupt la 0,80 va 0,48, P<0,001); phy nil tren 30
tudi cung gip khd khan ve nang lyc ttong tiep can thdng tin nhiiu ban so vdi
nhdm phy nil tte tir 30 tadi trd xudng (vdi diem trung binh Ian lupt li 0,71 va
0,42, P<0,001). Dieu niy dupe li giii do trinh dp bgc vin ciia nhdm dan tdc Thai
cao hon nhdm dan tdc Mdng (ti le ed di hpc cua phu nfl- dan tdc Thai vi dan tOc
Mdng lin lugt la 47,7% vi 36,0%, P<0,5) va trinh dp hpc vin ctia nhdm tre tir 30
tudi trd xudng cao hon so vdi nhdm tten 30 tuoi (ti le cd di hpc cua phy nO: tir 30
tuoi ttd xudng li 68,8% va cua phy nit tten 30 tudi la 24,4%, P<0,001).
Bang 6: Kiem dinh T-test so sinh khd khan ve ning lure ci nhan
trong tiip can thdng tin then nhdm dan tge, nhdm tuoi
Dan tdc '
Nhdm tudi*

Thii
Mdng
Tir 30 tudi ttd xudng
Tren 30 tudi

Diem trung binh Dg Ifch chuan
0,48
0,39
0,80

0,32
0,42
0,41
0,71
0,35

Ngudn: Kel qua khdo sdl cUa di Idi tgi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghi chu: .\iifcy nghTa thing ke **'P<0.001.
36

Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020


Nhiing yeu td dnh huang den...
De xem xet miic do inh hudng cua cie khd khan den viec tiep can thdng tin,
nghien ciru niy di sil dyng phuang phip phan tich hdi quy Binary Logistic. Biin
sd phy thugc trong phin tich md hinh hdi quy Ii "tiep can thdng tin trong 3 nim
qua" (vdi gii tri 1 li "cd tiep can" vi 0 la "khdng tiep can"). Vd biin sd ddc lap,
do cac bien sd nhan khau hpc nhu tadi, dan tdc cd mdi lien he vdi viec biet tieng
phd thdng, biet chfl' (vdi cac he sd Wang quan r > 0,3) nen cic yeu td nhan khiu
hpc nay khdng dupe dua vao md hinh phan tieh hdi quy. Cic bien sd dgc lap
duge dua vao md hinh phan tich hdi quy chi bao gdm nhflng khd khin ben ngoai
vi nhiing khd khan ve nang luc ca nhan trong tiep can thdng tin.
Trong md hinh hdi quy thir nhat cd 3 bien sd ddc lap thudc cic khd khin ben
ngoai bao gdm "khdng biet tiep can thdng tin d dau"; "chi phi tdn kem"; "di lgi
khdng thuin tien" (mdi bien sd cd hai gia trj: I la "cd gap khd khin" va 0 la
"khdng gap khd khan"). Ket qui md hinh 1 cho thay nhiing phy nfl' khdng gip
phii khd khin "Khdng biet tiep can thdng tin d dau" cd xie suat tiep can thdng
tin cao ban so vdi nhfl'ng phy nfl' gap phai khd khan nay (p<0,001); nhttng phy ntt
khdng gip phii khd khin "di lai khdng thugn tien" ed xie suit tiep can thdng tin

cao ban so vdi nhung phy nil cd gap phai khd khan nay (<0,05). Tuy nhien, yeu
td ehi phi khdng cd tic ddng den viec tiep can thdng tin cua phy nil DTTS
(p>0,05). Dieu niy cd le bdi chi phi khdng phii la mdl khd khan phd bien mi
phy ntt DTTS gip phai ddi vdi viec tiep can thdng tin (Bieu dd 3 d tren eho thay
ti Ig gip phii khd khan vi chi phi ttong tiep can thdng tin chi la 4,5%).
Md hinh hdi quy thir hai dua them bien sd ddc lip li nhiing khd khin ve nang
lyc ci nhan (bap gdm khd khan "Khdng biet tieng phd thdng" v i do "Khdng biet
chtt"). Ket qua cho thiy cic bien sd nay khdng cd tic ddng cd y nghia ve mat
thong ke din viec cd hay khdng tiip can thdng tin cua phy nil DTTS trong 3 nam
qua (p>0,05). Khi kiim scat cac biin sd vi nang lyc, bien sd "Chi phi tdn kem"
va bien sd "Di lgi khdng thugn tien" khdng cd tie ddng cd y nghla ve thdng ke
din viec tiip can thdng tin ciia phu nu DTTS. Tuy nhien, bien sd "Khdng biet
tiep can flidng tin d dau" vin cd tic ddng rit ldn tdi viec tiep can thdng tin ciia
phy ntt DTTS (ting tir 13,1 lin trong md hinh 1 Ien 14,5 lin ttong md hinh 2).
Diiu do chimg td biin sd khd khan do "Khdng biit tiip can thdng tin d diu" c6
tic dgng rit Itjn va dpe lap vdi cae biin sd khic tdi viec tiep can thdng tin cua
phy nu DTTS.

Nghiin cdu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020


Vu Thi Thanh
Bang 7: Ket qua mo hinh hoi quy Binary Logistic phan tich
cac khd khan vdi vifc tiip can thdng tin ciia pbxf nO- DTTS
M6 hinhl Mo hinh 2
Khdng gap khd khdn
"Khdng biet tiep can thdng 13,I***
14,5***
tin a ddu "
Co gap khd khan "khdng biet

1
1
liep cdn ihdng tin a ddu"
Khdng gap khd khdn "chi phi
0,4
0,4
Chi phi tdn kem
tdn kem "
Cd gdp khd khdn "chi phi
1
I
ton kem "
Khdng gap khd khdn "di lgi
2,2
2,5*
Di lgi khdngfliuantien
khdng thudn ti?n "
Co ggp khd khdn "di lgi
I
I
khdng thudn tiin "
Khdng biet tieng Khdng ggp khd khdn
0,4
"khdng biet lieng phd thdng "
phd thdng
Cd gap khd khdn "khdng biet
1
tieng phd ihdng"
t'i .
Khdng gap khd khdn

Khdng biit chtt
1,3
"khdng biet chii"
Cd gap khd khdn "khdng
1
biet chu"
Sig. Hosmer &
0,94
0,62
Lemeshow
R^
0,38
0,40
Constant
0,02
0,38
N
200
200

Cic bien so va gia t n
Khdng biet tiep can
thdng tin d dau

Ngudn: Kel qud khdo sdl cita de Idi Igi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghi chii: Mircy nghTa thing ke * P<0.05: '•**P<0,001.
Nghien cira nay su dung md hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh di tim hieu mdi lien hg
gitta nhflng khd khin trong tiep can thdng tin vi sy da dang ve thdng tin ma phy
ntt DTTS tiep can (the hign d bien sd tdng sd cac logi thdng tin m i phy nu di tiip
egn ttong 3 nim qua dupc de cap d phan tren). Md hinh hdi quy tuyin tinh thir

nhit xem xet inh hudng cua cic khd khan ben ngoai den sd lugng logi thdng tin
ma phy ntt DTTS tiep can ttong 3 nini qua. Ket qui cho thiy khd khin vi ngudn
thdng tin ("Khdng biet ttep can thdng tin d dau") cd tac dpng din sd lugng Ioai
38

Nghiin cuu Con ngu& s61(106)

2020


Nhirng yeu td dnh huang din..
thdng tin mi phy ntt DTTS da tiep can. Theo dd, nhung ngucri gip khd khin
"Khdng biit tiip egn thdng tin d dau" tiep can duge it hem 1,9 loai thdng tin so vdi
nhiing ngudi khdng gip phii khd khin nay. Sy khd khan trong di lai cung tic dpng
din sy da dgng ve thdng tin ma phu nu DTTS tiep can dupc. Cy the, nhung ngudi
gip khd khin "Di lgi khdng thuan tien" tiep can dupc it han 1,4 loai thdng tin so vdi
nhflng ngudi khdng gip phii khd khan niy.
Md hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh thir hai dua them cic bien sd khd khin ve ning luc
ci nhan vao bien sd dpc lap. Ket qua cho thay nhung ngudi gap phii khd khin
"Khdng biet tiing phd thdng" biet it hern 1,2 logi thdng tin so vdi nhflng ngudi
khdng gip khd khin nay. Vige biet chtt khdng cd inh hudng den sd lugng cic logi
thdng tin ma phy nu DTTS tiep can. Dieu niy cd le li do phy ntt d dja phucmg chii
yeu tiep egn cac ngudn cung cap thdng tin thdng qua hinh thire truyen thdng tryc
tiep dudi hinh thuc nghe, ndi mi it tiep can cic ngudn cung cap thdng tin qua vige
dpe, viet (de cap chi tiet d phan sau ve ngudn cung cap thdng tin).
Khi kiim soit eic bien sd khd khin ve ning Iue, bien sd "Khdng biet tiep egn
thdng tin d diu" cd tie ddng khdng ddi den sd lugng cic logi thdng tin mi phy ntt
DTTS dupc tiep egn so vdi md hinh I. O md hinh thir hai, viec di lai khdng thugn
tign vin tie dpng den sy da dgng ve logi thdng tin ma phy ntt DTTS dupe tiep can.
Theo do, nhflng ngudi gap khd khin "Di lgi khdng tiiuan tign" tiep can it ban 1,2

logi hinh thdng tin so vdi nhttng ngudi khdng gip phai khd khin nay (P<0,01).
Bing 8: Ket qua mo hinh hoi quy tuyen tinh phan tich tie dgng ciia nhirng
khd khan trong tiep can thdng tin vol so lugng cac loai hinh thdng tin
ma phy ntr DTTS tiep c^n
Md hinh 1 Md hinh 2
Cic biin so v i gii tr!
-1,9*»*
-1,9**»
Khdng biet tiep can Co gap khd khdn "Khdng biet
tiep cdn thdng tin a ddu"
tiidng tin d dau
I
1
Khong gap khd khdn "Khdng biei
tiep cdn thdng tin a ddu "
1,8
Cd gdp khd klidn "Chi phi tdn kem"
1,9
Chi phi tdn kem
I
1
Khdng ggp kho khdn "Chi phi
tdn kem"
-1,4**
-1,1**
Di lai khdng thugn tien Co gap khd khdn "Di lgi khdng
thudn tien "
I
1
Khdng gap khd khdn "Di lgi

khdng thudn tien '
-1,2**
Khdng biet tieng Co ggp khd khdn "Khdng biet
phd tiidng
tieng phd thong"
-

Nghien ciiu Con ngwdi so 1(106) 2020

•

:

-

•

-

39


va Thj Thanh

Khdng biet chtt

RN

Khdng ggp khd khdn "Khdng biil ••'1. • • • i , i ' . ; - , - S .
tieng phd thdng "

Cd gap kho klidn "Khdng biet cha" I
Khdng gap khd khdn "Khdng
biet cha"
0,19
200

•
-0.02
1
0.23
200

Nguon: Kel qud khdo sdt ciia di Idi tgi linh Lai Chdu ndm 2019.
Ghi chii: Mirc y ngliTa thing ke "P<0.01: ***P<0.001.
Nhu viy, ed the thiy ring sy sin cd cic ngudn thdng tin cd inh hudng rat lon
tdi viec tiip can thdng tin cua phy ntt DTTS. Theo Vign Khoa bgc lao dpng vi xi
hpi vi eic ddi tic (2015), viec thieu sy da dgng trpng phd bien thdng tin lam ban
chi ca hpi tiip can thdng tin cua phy ntt vi trd em gii DTTS. Cie phan tich sd
lieu tren day cho thiy khd khin "Khdng biet tiip can thdng tin d dau" tic dgng
din vige phy ntt DTTS cd duge tiip egn thdng tin hay khdng v i ciing tic dOng
den sy da dgng ve cic logi thdng tin ma hp tiep can dupc.
Tim hieu ve nhiing ngudn cung cap thdng tin ma phy ntt DTTS dupc tiep can
chp thiy eic hinh thirc tiep can thdng tin chu yeu cua hp li qua eie kenh truyin
thdng tryc tiep d dja phuang nhu hgp thdn ban, hpp cie td ehtie doin the hoic
qua cac cin bd dja phucmg (deu chiem khoang 50%). Dieu niy cd le bdi day la
ngudn cung cip thdng tin de tiep can nhat ddi vdi phy ntt dja phucmg. Theo phin
inh ciia cin bp thdn d xa Phuc Than, khi cd cic thdng tin ve san xuat, chin nudi,
vay vdn, d thdn thucmg td chirc cic cudc hpp de thdng bio cho ngudi dan biet ve
nhttng thdng tin niy. Tuy nhien, Vien Khoa hpe lao ddng vi xa hpi vi cie ddi tic
(2015) chi ra ring sy han che ve co hdi cua phu nu DTTS trong vige tham gia cic

hogt dgng cdng ddng lam can trd ca hdi de hp tiep can thdng tin. Su ban ehi vi
kha ning sir dyng tieng phd thdng ddi khi cung lam ban chi hieu qua tiip can
thdng tin cua phy nu DTTS tai cic cude hpp. Trong khi ti le phy nil DTTS d dia
phucmg khdng biit chu, khdng biet tiing phd thdng cdn kha cao thi d dja phucmg
lai tiiieu cic chuang trinh phit thanh. ttuyin hinh bing tiing din tpc. Viec thiiu
cac kenh cung cip thdng tin bing tieng dja phuang duge coi la rao can ldn tdi
viec tiip can thdng tin cua phu nil DTTS (Vien Khoa hpc lao dpng va xa hgi vi
cac ddi tac, 2015). Theo cin bg phu nu xi Khoen On, Hdi phy ntt chii yiu cung
cap thdng tin cho phy ntt dja phuong qua cac hinh thire tuyen truyin mieng. Tuy
nhien, do ein bp hdi phy nu xa la ngucri dan tpc Thii nen khi den eac ban eiia
ngudi Mdng, ein bp hpi phy ntt xa phii ndi bing tiing phd thdng va chi hpi
trudng chi hdi phy ntt ciia thdn bin se giup phien djch ra tieng Mdng. Diiu nay
cung lam giim hieu qua viec cung cap thdng tin cho phu ntt DTTS.
40

Nghiin cdu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020


Nhiing yeu Id dnh huang den..
Can bp hgi phy ntt d hai xa chia se rang hgi phy nu cd trien khai cic hoat
dpng thdng tin vi binh ding gidi den cac hdi vien. Tuy nhien, hieu qui ehua thyc
sy cao do phy ntt dudng nhu chua luu tim nhieu den nhiing thdng tin nay. Cin
bg phy ntt xi Phiic Than cho biit:
"Binh ddng gi&i thi tuyen truyen cho chi em rdi nhimg cd nhiiu nguai cir
duge tuyen truyen xong la lgi quen mdt. Lite hgp hgi de tuyen truyen chg hg thi
hg ai thi thdm ndi chuy&n vai nhau nen co khi cung chdng linh hgi duge nhieu.
Mmh nhdc nha hg thi hg cudi, chii y duge mgt ti rdi lgi ndi chuyfn" (PVS, ntt,
cin bp, xa Phdc Than).
Bing 9: Cic kenh tiep can tbong tin cua phu nir dan tge thieu so
Cac kenh cung cap thdng tin

Qua cic cupc hpp thdn
Qua cic ein bp ciia chinh quyen, dpin the, thdn ban
Qua eae cugc hpp ciia cie td ehiic doin the
Qua ngudi quen, ngudi than
Qua phuang tign thdng tin dgi chiing (ti vi, intemet,
dii bio,...)
Loa phit thanh ciia thdn, x i
Qua td roi, ip phich, bien quing cio
Xe truyen thdng luu ddng

Sd Iffong
107
102
100
85
84

Till
53,3
51,0
50,0
42,5
42,0

42
9
4

21,0
4,5

2,0

Nguin: Kit qud khda sdl cua de tdi Igi linh Lai Chdu nam 2019.
Tai hai dia ban khao sat, loa phat flianh d thdn chii yeu de phuc vu viec thdng
bao cho ngudi dan trong cgng ddng (vi du nhu thdng bio hpp thdn bin,...) ma it
cd cic npi dung mang tinh cung cap kien thirc, hieu biet chp ngudi dan. Bdi the,
ti Ig tiep cin thdng tin qua loa phit thanh d thdn xa Ii kha thap. Cin bp phy ntt xi
Khoen On eho biet: "Loa phdt thanh chi dimg de khi ndo cd cdng vi(c Ihl truang
bdn mai bdo cho nguai ddn" (PVS, can bp phu ntt xa). Ngoai ra, do dja hinh di
Igi khd khin va thiiu phuang tign truyen thdng nen it cic hinh thuc truyen thdng
bing xe lira dgng de cung cap thdng tin cho ngudi din ndi ehung v i phu ntt dja
phucmg ndi rieng. Sy ban che ve ngudn tiep can thdng tin dupc de cap d tren
phin nip li giai sy tic dpng tit Itjn cua khd khin "Khdng biet tiep can flidng tin d
dau" den viec tiep egn thdng tin va sy da dang ciia cac logi hinh thdng tin ma phy nu
DTPS duge tiep can.
Ket luin
Tuong ddng vdi kit qua cita mpt sd nghien ctiu khic (xem Vien Khoa hpc lao
dpng va xi hpi va cic ddi tic, 2015; Care, 2017), kit qui nghien ctiu d tinh Lai Chau
cho thiy mic dit danh gii cao tinh cin tiiiit ctia thdng tin nhtmg tten thyc te, viec
Nghiin cliu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020

41


Vu Thi Thanh
tiip can thdng tin cua phy nu DTTS cdn rit ban chi. Nhttng thdng tin mi hg tiep
can dupc chu \eu la nhiing thdng tin lien quan mgt thiit vdi ddi sdng hang ngay
eiia hp nhu sue khde. sin xuat. chin nudi. Trong khi dd, ba nim vira qua, cd
khdng qui 50% phu ntt DTTS dupc tiep can vdi cic thdng tin vi lugt phip, chinh
trj xa hdi, binh ding gidi, viec lim. Sy hgn che vi tiip egn thdng tin phd bien d

nhdm phy nu Mdng vi phy ntt khdng di hpe.
Nhttng rio can phd bien ma phy ntt DTTS gip phai khi tiip c|n thdng tin la
nhiing khd khin ve ning lyc (khdng biet chu, khdng biet tieng phd thdng) vi cic
khd khin ben ngoii, trong dd phd bien nhat la khdng cd cic ngudn cung cap thdng
tin ma hp cd the tiep can dupc. Nhin chung, phy ntt Mdng gip phii nhiiu khd khin
hon so vdi phy ntt Thii, phy ntt d dp tadi frung nien frd len gip nhieu khd khin
hon so vdi nhdm tudi thanh nien khi tiip can thdng tin. Khd khin "khdng biet tiep
can thdng tin d dau" cd tic ddng ding ke den viec phy ntt cd tiep can dupc thdng
tin hay khdng vi den sy da dang cua thdng tin ma hp dupe tiep egn. Thyc te cho
thiy, phy nu DTTS chu yiu tiip can thdng tin qua nhung hinh tiiirc ttuyen flidng
ttyc tiip tgi cpng ddng nhu cic budi hgp thdn bin, cic doin thi hojc tu cin bO dja
phuong. Tuy nhien, rao can ve ngdn ngtt (nhit li ddi vdi phy ntt Mdng) Iam cin
ttd higu qua cua vige tiep can thdng tin. 0 e cii thign vige tiep egn thdng tin cila
phy ntt DTTS Uii cin phii da dgng hog cic ngudn cung cap flidng tin. Die bigt, can
cd nhieu chuang trinh truyen thdng bing tieng dja phuang de md rpng ca hgi tiep
can thdng tin chp phy ntt DTTS. Ngoai ra, can ting cudng cic boat dpng dgy tieng
phd thdng vi chtt cho phy nu DTTS, gdp phan cai thign nang lye eiia hg de hp cd
the tiep can dupc thdng tin mdt cich hieu qua hem.
Tii ligu tham khio
1. Care. 2017. "Dy an ho Ug phu nil din tge thiiu sd tiip can thdng tin",
( />2. Irish Aid, Uy ban dan tpc va UNDP. 2017. Tdng quan Ihuc Irgng kinh li xd hgi
cua 53 ddn loc thieu sd. Ha Ndi.
3. UNESCO. 2019. Powering sustainable development with access lo information:
highlights from the 2019 UNESCO monitoring and reporting of SDG indicator 16.10.2.
4 Vign Khoa hge lao dpng va xa hoi, UN Women va Australia Aid. 2015. Bdo edo
an sinh xa hgi ddi vdi phu nU vd Ire em gdi Viet Nam.
5. World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Mailers: The Foundation for Shared
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Prosperity

Nghiin cuu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020