Nghiên cứu về mạng lưới xã hội trên thế giới

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so'2 -2019

NGHIEN CUtJ VE MANG L U 6 l XA HOI TREN THE G l d l *
PGS. TS. Vuong Xuan Tinh
Vien Dan toe iioc

Tdm tdt: Nghien cuu mgng ludi xd hdi dugc cdc hgc gid nude ngoai rdt quan tdm boi
cd tdc dung tot cho viec ung dung de thuc hien nhirng muc tieu phdt triin kinh te - xd hot Bdi
viet ndy tdng quan mgt so thdnh tim nghien cim ve mgng luoi xa hgi tren the gidi, qua do
nhdn mgnh cdch tiep can, ly thuyet vd phuong phdp nghien ciru. Vi tiip can, cd cdch phdn
tich cdu true vd phi cdu true, tiep can ben trong vd ben ngoai mgng luoi. Vdi ly thuyet, co m
hinh mgng luoi loi vd mgng ludi ddng chdy; co cdc ly thuyet cdu true, chicc ndng vd qud
trinh. Ve phuang phdp nghien ciru ciing co nhieu cdch, trong do ddng chu y Id cdc phuong
phdp nghien cihi logi hinh quan he vd ve so do mgng ludi.
Tu' khda: Mgng luoi xd hgi, tiep can, ly thuyet, phuang phdp nghien cuu.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 14/I/20I9: ngdy gui phdn bien: 25/2/2019; ngdy duyet ddng: 3/4/2019

Mffdau
Mgng luoi xd hoi (Social network) la cau true xa hoi do ea nhan hay to chiic tao lap
qua cae diem nut (Node) dugc gan bo bang mpt hay nhieu kieu phu thuoc lan nhau nhu ban
be, ho hang, moi quan tam chung, trao doi ve tai chinh cung nhu su ghet bo, quan he gioi,
hoac cae moi quan he ve niem tin, tri thue hay uy tin. Gan vai van de mang luoi xa hoi, con
CO khai niem phdn tich mgng luoi xd hoi (Social netu'ork analysis), tiic sir nhin nhan moi
quan he xa hpi trong ly thuyet ve mang luoi, bao gom nhiing diem nut va cae moi quan he.
Diem nut la tac nhan trong mang lucfi, con moi quan he la su gan bo giiia cae tac nhan. Ket
qua ciia cau tnic mang la phuc hpp nhieu loai quan he giiia cae diem niit. Mang luoi xa hpi
van hanh a nhieu cap do khac nhau, tir gia dinh den quoc gia, co vai tro doi vai viec xae djnh
eac van de dang dat ra, nhiing to chirc dang hoat dong va miic dp thanh cong ciia cae ca nhan
trong viec dat duac muc tieu ciia hp (Social Network Analysis: Theory and Applications,
2011, ti. 2). Borgatti va cpng su lai c6 djnh nghTa ng4n gpn han khi cho r^ng, mang luai xa
hgi la viec thik lap va lien kit cae diSm nut; trong phan tich mang luoi xa hpi, diem mit la

Bai vi6t la kit qua nghien cuu cua d6 tai c§p Bp: ""Mang luai xa hoi ciia tdc nguoi Lo Lo vd Nimg a linh Cao
Bdng trong phdt triSn kinh li. ddm bdo trgt tu xa hoi viing hien gi&i''' do Vicn Dan tpc hpc quan ly, TS. Le
Minh Anh va TS. Le Thi Miii la Dong chii nhiem.


cae ca nhan hoac tap tha (gia dinh, nhom, to chirc, quoc gia) (Borgatt, & mf_

^, ^

tr. 1157-1167). Con theo Percira va cong SLI (2011, tr. 4), Idiai niem mang lua, xa n,^^
hang thi ky truoc, di cap tin m6. quan he gtOa cae thanh v,en va, he thong xa W-

^^^ •

Ichai niem do duoc b6 sung ca internet di xem xe, eau tnic cua ca nhan hay to en

^^^^

thiat lap nhim ehia se cae mdi quan tam, dong CO. gia tri va mue tiBu chung. Hgp P

•

b6 sung nay thuoe pham vi truyin thong xa hoi, no, ma su tham g,a va tuong tae
ngucn dong vai tro Ion.
Tran ea sa noi ham Ichai niem vua da cap, bai via, dilm la, mot s6 nghian cu-u ve mang
luai xa hoi tran thi giai tu ngu6n tai lieu tiing Arth, qua do hy vong gop phan .hue day mot
Itnh vue nghien cim eon ehua phat trien a Viet N a m nhit la nghien cim ta, vung dan toe
thieu so.
I. T6ng quat nghien curu ve mang lirol xa hoi

Tren the giai, nghien ciru vg mang luai dugc su quan tam khong chi ciia khoa hgc xa
hpi ma ca mgt s6 nganh cua khoa hpe tu nhien nhu vat ly, dich t l hpc, sinh hgc. Tuy nhien,
Kathleen Hardin Williams lai cho r k g , ly thuydt mang luai xa hpi gan vai ly thuyet xa hpi
hgc, tire nhin xa hpi nhu mot dang ciu tnic quan he dupe cae ca nhan thiet lap. Khai dau,
mang luai dupe xay dung tir m6i quan he giiia cae ca nhan (hoae nhiing bg phan xa hgi
rong lan han), va mo hinh xa hgi dupe thigt lap qua mang luai eua moi quan he, hay la su
ket n6i cua cae diSm nut. Trong mang luai xa hpi, co the eae d i i m nut khong c6 moi lien
ket voi tat ca eac mit. Mang dugc kat chat la tit ca tae nhan dugc kk n6i chat, vi du nhu
gia dinh. Tac nhan cua eac mang nay kk n6i vai tae nhan khac dugc ggi la su bac cau, vi
du nhu qua hon nhan ciia mot thanh vien gia dinh (WilUams, 2005, tr. 20-22). Nghien ciiu
mang luai xa hot rit hiiu ich trong ting dung. Tir goc do quan ly, qua tong quan, Borgatti
va cpng sir cho hiht, nghien ciiu mang xa hgi co the lam sang to eac van de nhu hoan thanh
nhiem vu (Sparrowe va cpng su, 2001, tr. 316-325), luan ehuyen von (Krackhardt and
Porter, 1985, tr. 242-261), viee thang tiln (Burt, 1992), su bign d6i (Obstfeld, 2005, tr.
100-130), qua trinh thuc diy (Burt, 2004, tr. 349-399), hay irng xir thiSu chuin muc (Brass
va cpng su, 1998, tr. 14-31). Ly thuyet mang luai xa hgi con duac img dung cho viec hien
dai hoa quan he ciia nha nuoc; cho cae cpng dong mang luai vai cpng dong que huang cua
hp; cho viec thiet lap mang luoi chinh tri trong ting xir tap the (Williams, 2005, tr. 20-22).
Do mo hinh pho bien cua mang luai la cau tnic va nhung diem niit duoc xay dung
trong cae cau tnic do, nen theo Borgatti va cpng sir, trong nghien ciiu mang luai di^u quan
trpng la tim hieu viec thiet lap diem niit va moi hen he - tire xae dinh mang luai. Cae tac
gia con cho rang, mang luai khac biet voi nhom, bai mpt phan khai niem chii'c nang eua
nhom la ton tai bien gioi Du chimg ta co thira nhan bien gioi ma nhat hay khong hien t6n
thi su khac biet cua ngiroi ben trong va nguoi ben ngoai la vo ciing quan trpng doi vai khai


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so'2 -2019
niem nhom. Do do, khi nghien ciiu nhom, chiing ta thuang xem xet viec thiet lap bien gioi
cua nhom (Borgatti, 2011). Con theo Wasserman va cpng su, trong mang luai xa hpi, cae
tac nhan rat da dang, ke tir ca nhan, gia dinh, nhom, cong ty, tham chi dat nuac. Moi quan

he cua dong chay nguon luc co the la vat chat hay phi vat chit (Wasserman and Faust,
1994/1999, tr. 4). MePherson va cpng su lai cho biet, co ba dac diem cua mang luai xa hpi,
do la tinh cap bac, tinh bac cau, tinh dong dieu (thich ai giong minh, nhu ciing nghe nghiep,
ton giao, nhan chung, tpc nguai) (MePherson va cpng sir, 2001, tr. 415-444).
Van theo Borgatti va cgng sir, tuang phan vai nhom, mang luai khong co bien giai "tu
nhien". Mang luai cung co the c6 cho khong co moi lien he, do la mgt trong so nhiing diem
mit khong huang den eac diem khac, tire mang luoi bi phan ehia thanh nhOng manh va nhu
cae hpp phan. Vi du ro nhat la khi nghien ciiu sir lien ket cua cae nhom phi Igi nhuan. Co the
liic dau khong eo to chiic nao lien minh vai to chiic nao. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat
trien, van co to chiic np lien he vai to ehirc kia theo con duang hep nao do. Tom lai, eac to
chiic khong tap hgp thanh vong tron, song giira chung van co su lien ket keo dai. Ve loai
hinh mang ludi, theo Borgatti va cpng su, gom co ba loai: (1) Mang luai loi (Core): tu cae ca
nhan hat nhan, lien ket vai cae ca nhan khae; (2) Mang luoi lien he: tir ca nhan cua mang
luai nay lien ket voi ca nhan cua mang luai khac; (3) Mang luai dgc lap: moi nhom la mgt
mang luai dgc lap. Hon niia, eac tae gia con cho rang, khong the noi mang luai nay hem
mang lucri khac (Borgatti, 2011).
Khai niem mang luai xa hpi co lien quan mat thiet vai von xa hpi. Theo Rowson va
cpng su, trong khi von xa hpi dugc eac nha xa hpi hpc, chinh tri hpc, kinh te hpc sir dung
dam chat ly thuyet thi viec nghien ciiu mang luai xa hpi lai co tinh kinh nghiem, ung dung
va cho rang mang luai xa hpi can thiet doi voi von xa hgi (Rowson va cgng su, 2010, tr. 7).
Khi tong quan tai lieu cua Coleman, Le Nggc Himg cho biet, tac gia nay da xay dung mo
hinh t6ng hgp mang luai ba nguai hinh tam giac, trong do ba dinh cua tam giac chinh la von
xa hpi, con ducmg ket noi ba dinh ay chinh la mang luoi xa hpi. Tir cau tnic don gian do, co
thS phat triin thanh ciu tnic tdng hgp mang luai xa hpi. Mo hinh tong hpp cho thay, von con
nguai la tap hgp cae nang luc tdn tai trong moi ca nhan, nhom, to chirc va the hien trong hing
diu m6i ciia cae quan he xa hpi. V6n xa hpi t6n tai trong timg quan he giiia cae ca nhan, nhom,
to chiic, tiic la quan he xa hgi giiia eac diu moi mang luoi xa hpi ciia con nguoi. Can cii vao
quy mo ciia nhom co the phan biet mang luoi xa hgi vi mo voi dac tnmg la tap hgp cae quan
he xa hpi trong nhom nho va mang luai xa hpi vT mo dua vao nhiing quan he trong nhom Ion
hay trong eong d6ng xa hgi (Din theo Le Ngpc Hung, 2008, tr 45-54).

Xae dinh vai tro nghien ciru mang luai xa hpi, Rowson va cpng su cho rang, trong ciu
tnic xa hgi, dii ca nhan hay tap thg dhu co m6i lien he, nlu hieu biet dupe moi quan he con


VuangXiail!!!!^
6
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,—-—
ylu - tire han chi trong l,an kit xa ho, eua ca nhan va cong d6ng, se gop phan « " J ' ^ ^ '
phap nang cao co hoi nghi ngh,ap cho ho. Qua ngh,en cuu, eiing eo the b,at d u « nh ^^ ^^
xu, quan dilm va phan xa xa hoi, do do phuc vu dae lue cho eae chinh sach cong.
•
P
hiiu bilt m6i l,an he va cae ehuyin b,an g,a tri xa hp, cDng nhtr tag xu se l,uong
can mo, vl xay dung chinh sach, va, mue dieh du mpt can ,h,ep nho nhung tao nen
Idch Ion qua anl, huang cua mang luai, Cdc tae g,a eon cho biet, ngh.an em, ™»"S ™ ' '^^
hoi CO y nghTa vo, xa ho, rong Ion, vi mang lua, xa hpi la ea sa eua von xa ho,. Thong
mang luo, xa hoi se giup xae djnh vl t6 ehue cua eong dong, gop phan xay Jur.g ch,en luge
thue dly su trng xu va tham gia. Tom lai,totocmgvl mang luoi xa hoi cung lAu ve cae ta,
san vln tai san xa hoi, ta, san eong la nhung dilm quan trong de ehung ta suy ngh, ve chmh
sach tao lap cpng ding trong ml, quan he than thien nhu the nao va can xay dung cae
chitang hinh tra giup ra sao,... Quan d,lm neu tren duac cae tac gia ung dung ngh,en cuu a
New Cross Gate, mpt cpng ding 6 phia dong nam thi, do London - nai con lvai can hoi: "Bang each nao eon nguoi nang eao vi thi eua hp va sir phat trien qua ket noi xa
hpi o dia phuang?". Cau hoi nay nha,n tim hiiu m6i quan he eua ca nhan a cae mirc dp
manh, ylu va khong eo (Rowson va eong sir, 2010, tr. 7, 19-23).
2. Tilp can va ly thuyet nghien cu'u
Khi xem xet each tilp can nghien cira mang luoi xa hpi, Emmenuel Pannier tong hpp
dugc hai each, do la thue hien theo phan tich eiu tnic va phan tich phi cau trite. Phan tich
e k trite mang tinh dinh lugng, eo nguon glc tCt truyin thing trac lugng xa hpi va la hien

than cita truang phai "phan tich ciu mic" kieu Ang-16-xac-x6ng. Phuang phap phan tieh phi
eiu tnic la nghian cira dinh tinh voi su "thju hiiu", chiu anh huong cua truong phai
Manchester. NIU each tilp can thir nhat chu yau dua vao viec khai thae va thu thap dir lieu
sEn c6, thi each tilp can thir hai it chu trpng cae nguon dG heu da co nhung lai chu tam vao
viec dua ra nhirng nghien cuu dac thi, vi phuang phap eung nhu va kat luan (Pannier, 2008,
tr. 100-115). Qua tong quan nghien ciru, Kathleen Hardin Williams con cho biet, co hai each
tiap can phan tieh mang luoi xi, hot, do la each tiep can ben trong va tiep can ben ngoai. Tiep
can ban hong la thu thap dir lieu cita ego, tire chi thu thap dir lieu eua mpt diam nut va moi
quan he cita ego, nin con duge goi la tiap can phan tich mang luai ea nhan; tiap can ben
ngoai la thu thap dir lieu cua hrng diam ni,t (Williams, 2005, tr. 24).
va mo hinh ly thuyet lien quan, Borgatti va cpng su cho biet c6 ha, loa,, do la: (1)
Mo hinh ly thuyat mang luai loi (tir mang ciia nhom loi phat trian ket noi \(i\ cae mang
khac), vi du trong mang luoi cua gia dinh thi mang loi gom bo me va con car t o, tir do ma
rgng su ket noi; (2) Mo hinh ly thuyat mang luai dong chay (Flow) hay con gpi la mang
luoi hinh ong (Pipe), day la mo hinh dong chay tao nen duang lian ket da,, li: nhirng mo
hinh nay c6 tha phat triln thanh nhilu ly thuylt kliac, chang han, diem nut nao cang g4n


Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so 2 - 2019
trung tam se de nhan dugc su lien ket sam han diem a xa trung tam. Theo cae tac gia, co
nhieu ly thuyet va phuang phap nghien ciiu mang luai dua tren mo hinh dong chay, do vay
trong nghien ciiu nen thuc hien ve ban do mang luai (Borgatti & Halgin, 2011).
Wasserman va cgng su lai xae dinh co 4 nguyen tac sir dung ly thuyet mang luai xa hpi.
Do la tinh doc lap cua cae tac nhan; moi quan he hay ket noi trong dong chay ciia nguon
lire; su bat bugc hay cho phep doi vai tac nhan boi mang luai; va viec giii viing moi quan
he cua mang luai boi cau tnic xa hpi (Wasserman and Faust, 1994/1999, tr. 4).
Qua nghien ciru ve mang luai xa hgi, Rowson va cgng sy da de xuat ba van de chinh
CO y nghia nhu ly thuyet, do la nghien ciru ve cdu trite, chuc ndng va qud trinh (Rowson va
cgng su, 2010, Ir. 25-43). Theo cae tae gia, nghien cim cau tnic (Structure) cua mang luai xa
hgi chinh la xem xet ve moi lien ket (Cormectivity), nghien ciiu ehiic nang (Function) la tim

hieu su lan toa (Contagion), nghien ciiu qua trinh (Process) de thay dupe sir anh huang
(Reflexivity). Cu the nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, ve cau triic mang luai xa hpi, can tim hieu nhiing nguyen tac cua moi lien
ket, tire mang luai do dupe dieu hanh nhu the nao va ket cau ra sao. Sy lien ket dugc thuc
hien theo bay nguyen tac. Nguyen tae 1 la de xuat ba miic dp anh huong trong quan he, do
la tat ca cong viec chung ta lam deu qua cae ket noi: (i) Tac dpng den ban ta - tiic a miic
dp 1; (ii) Tac dgng den ban ctia ban ta - mirc do 2; (iii) Tac dgng den ban cua ban ciia ban
ta - miic dp 3. Va ngugc lai, chiing ta cung bi anh huang ciia ban ta nhu vay. Con Robin
Dunbar thi cho ring, moi nguai co kha nang c6 150 nguai ban va dieu do con dupe gpi la
con so Dunbar^. Nhu vay, ve ly thuyet mot nguoi co 150 ban va theo ba miic do tren se co
the CO anh huang gip 3 lan so ban nay. Nguyen tac 2 dugc gpi la "Nhiing con chim ciing
mau long" hay ly thuylt mang luai xa hgi dong dieu, tiic nhiing nguai gidng nhau (gioi,
tu6i, vi thi xa hgi, tgc nguai, ton giao) se de chia se. Nguyen tac 3 la "Dia phuang, dia
phuong, dia phuang", tire a khu vye trung tam viec lien ket se de dang va nhanh han noi
xa. Nguyen tic 4: "Noi guang din din lan toa", nghTa la ban chat cua mang luai luon hi
anh huang ciia thuc hanh va ciu triic cgng dong. Nguyen tac 5: "Khong phai hg biet gi, ma
hg bilt ai", tiic nguyen tic ciia mang luai la ban cita ban cita ban anh huang din chiing ta.
Nguyen tic 6: "Kinh nghiem din din kit qua", tire nguoi cang eo nhilu trai nghiem thi
cang nhilu m6i quan he. Nguyen tic 7: "M6i quan he ylu khien ban lam viec", co nghTa la
vln dT bi han chi vl lien kit xa hgi, song trong tinh huong nao do bat bugc nguai ta phai
nang dgng hon va do do lai tao ra co hgi moi. Ca hpi nay, nhat la ca hgi viec lam co khi
din tir nhirng nguai hg khong biet ro lim. Vi thi, viec phat trien cpng dong luon gan vai
nang cao, ma rgng quan he ylu, hay trong thuat ngii von xa hgi gpi la bac cau, lien ket.
^ Xem: How Many Friend.s does One Person Need, in
httpV/www.thersa.org/cvents/vision/ visioiivideos/robindunbar-how-manv-friends-does-onc-person-necd (Triiy cap ngay 10/4/2018).


Thu hai, vh chirc nang mang luoi. ciu xem xet sy lan toa. Ngay ca voi ngire« ^^l
, ve cnuc iiaiiB iiiaug lu^..
- ; mang

kh, toang tac xa ho, xay ra tinh vj tha eua hp eung tang lan. Bai vay, chinh
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tren xe, truoc hit cin tac dpng vao hat nhan mang luoi. Nhirng nguai la . .
tro quan trpng vl gin kit xa hpi, vi du nhu vai nguoi dua thu.
Thu ba vl qua trinh cua mang luai. Vice ngh,an cuu qua trinh la tim hiiu fnh^phan xa
ci,a cgng ding, tire trong phan tich ein xem xet su can thiep va he qua cua no nh-i me nao.
Ly thuylt vl tinh dia ly cua mang luoi xii hgi qua thoi gian va khong gian ci,a

Ohnmacht (2006, tr 4-29) cung dang luu y. Cu thi, tac gia xem xet su di dgng, g,ao thong,
thong t,n qua lao dong, nghi ngai, du lieh...; xem xet mang luoi xa hpi ca ngi gan va no, xa.
Theo tae gia, trong tilp can mang lucri xa hpi, ngpai viec nghien eim cpng dong, von xa hg,,
phan tich mang lugi xa hgi, phan tich thi gioi nho, con eo thi tilp can sir di dgng nhu da
neu. Dl do luong do Ion ei,a khong gian hoat dgng, co thi xem xet chieu eanh cua eac Igai
khong gian nhu gia dinh (su biln dpng vl ch6 a), noi nghi ngai (thay doi cho nghi duong),
mang xa hgi (noi a va mli quan he xa hgi trong lien quan den viec di lai), noi lam viec (su
dieh ehuyin cho lam viec qua thai gian). Tran ca so xem xet eac yeu to tren, cp the thay tinh
dia ly ci,a eac mli quan he, nhirng ngucri quan trpng nhat, nai lam viec va nai nghi duang...
qua do se ve dugc sa dl khong gian hinh ellipse cua su di dgng. Co the noi, tinh dia ly ci,a
mang lucri chinh la diin giai vl su di dgng cua xa hgi hien dai.
3. Phu-oTig phap nghien cihi
va phuang phap nghian cim, theo Emmenuel Pannier, truang phai Tiep can phdn tich
cau triic lua chgn nghien cini "mang luoi hoan ehinh", tire lira chgn nhom tac nhan dua tran
eae tieu chi nhat dmh va nghian cuu tong the ket noi cua nhirng tac nhan do voi tong the da
chgn; nghian ciru hinh thirc cae moi quan he tap trung dual dang mang luai cau tnic ciia no.
Da thuc hien phuong phap nay, co the sir dung cae cong cu nhu: ma tran bang sa do luai vai
dir lieu va nhirng moi quan he nham phac thao mo hinh chung, phan tieh tai lieu, trao doi,
quan sat, bang hoi. Trong khi, trucmg phai Tiep can phdn tich phi cdu true lai sir dung
phuang phap nghien cim "mang luai xa hgi", tire nghian cim moi quan he cua mgt tac nhan
la trung tam cita mang luo,; nghien cim chi tiet ngi dung, ban ehat cua eac moi lien he ngay
trong mang luoi, Cae cong cu thugng sir dung khi thue hien phuang phap la: liet ke danh
tinh da Sim tap dir lieu ve eac quan he, phiin tieh tu heu phong van va quan sat tham dir
(Pannier, 2008, tr. 100-115).
Vai Borgatti va cgng su, de nghien cim ve mang luai xa hpi, truac het can quan tam
den loat hinh quan he ca nhan voi khung phan tich nhu bang sau:


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so'2 ~ 2019
Tinh trang quan he

Quan he xd hgi
Hg hang

Vai tro khac

Su' viec quan he

Quan he tinh thdn
Tac dpng

Me, anh chi Ban, ong chu, Thich, ghet
em mpt,...
sinh vien

Tinh than

Tieang tdc ben trong
Tuong tae ben trong

Biet, CO ve tiiichChuyen tro, khuyen
bao, giiip da,...

Nguon: Borgatti & Halgin, 2011.
Ve ban do mang luoi la phuang phap pho biln trong nghien ciiu mang luoi xa hgi
(Bartholomay va cpng sy, 2011; Schiffer, 2007; Sehiffer and Hauck, 2010, tr. 231-249).
Nghien cim cua McCarty eo the cho ggi y tot ve phuang phap ve mang luai xa hgi ciia ca
nhan khi dat cae cau hoi ve 5 hoac 3 nguofi quan trpng nhit trong cham soe siie khoe cua
ego\ hoi vl 6 nguai than ngoai nhiing nguoi trong gia dinh (McCarty, 2007, tr. 145-162). Ve
ban d6 dia ly mang luoi xa hpi qua thai gian va khong gian ciia Ohnmacht (2006, W. 4-29)
ciing la mpt phucmg phap tot. Khi tong quan mpt so tai lieu eiia eac tac gia nuac ngoai nhu

Jacob Moreno, Alex Bavelas, Harold Leavitt, Le Nggc Hiing eho bilt vl su quan tam ciia
nhimg tac gia nay doi voi phucmg phap nghien ciru mang luai xa hgi, nhu xay dung cae do
thiic xa hpi (Sociogram) de chi ro ca nhan quan he nhu the nao, co vi tri voi ai; ve eac mang
luai giao tiep trong do quan trgng nhat la kieu mang day, mang vong, mang thap va mang
hinh sao. De nghien cim hinh thii, khuon mau, kieu loai, quy mo, dac diem va tinh chat ciia
sy hinh thanh, van dgng va bien doi mang luai xa hgi, co hai phuong phap chii ylu trong xa
hpi hpc, do la nghien ciiu dinh lupng va nghien ciru dinh tinh. Nghien cim dinh lugng dupe
thuc hien qua tim hieu tan suat tiep xuc, cuong dp giao tiep, mat do quan he, dp ben viing ve
thoi gian va quy mo, phan bo trong khong gian ciia mang luai. Con nghien ciiu dinh tinh, co
the qua xem xet chieu, huong, vi tri, kieu dang, tinh chat va do tin cay ciia cae mang luai xa
hgi (Le Nggc Hung, 2003, tr. 67-75).
Ket luan
Nghien ciiu ve mang luai xa hgi dupe cae hpc gia nuoc ngoai rat quan tam, voi nhieu
quan diem, each tiep can, ly thuyet va phuang phap khac nhau. Nghien ciiu ve mang luoi xa
hpi CO tac dung tot khi img dung de thye hien cae muc tieu phat trien kinh te - xa hpi.
Moi each tiep can, ly thuyet, phucmg phap nghien cuu mang luoi xa hpi deu c6 mat
manh, mat han che; boi vay, nen ket hgp cae uu the ciia nhiing tiep can, ly thuyet, phuong
phap nay khi thye hien nghien cim mot dy an cu the nao do.


XiffS
ac vao doi
Han nira, viae img dung ly thuylt va phuang phap nhu thi nao eon phu thuoc
° '' ^ "
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, •
, ..
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I . „5 !i6i vol cu

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tugng nghien cim. Bai vay, ly thuyat va phuong pliap nghien cuu mang luoi xa .
^_^
dan a do thi eo thi phai khac vd, ngh,en cuu cu dan nong thon, dae biet la a vung ™ gc
thtlu s8, nai con kem phat triln va co nhimg mang luoi xa hgi dae thii.
Tai lieu tham khao
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Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so 2 - 2019
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