Đời sống của người cao tuổi ở đồng bằng sông cửu long trong bối cảnh già hóa dân số

TAP CHl KHOAJHQCXMlQIiAlilHl^Oifll

DOI S6NG CUA NGU-OI CAO TU6I
dodNG BANG SONG cCru LONG
TRONG B6I CANH GIA HOA DAN S6
PHAN THUAN'

fldi sdng ciia ngi/di cao tuoi chiu anh hw&ng cua qui trinh gia hoa dan se. Bai
vi4t niy phin tich thi/c trang ddi s6ng cua ngudi cao tuoi d Ddng bang song
Ciru Long nhim tim kiim s y tirang dong vi khic bi$t vdi cic nghien ciru trwac
dd qua cic chieu c^nh: thu nhip, sire khde, mdi quan h$ cua ngwai cao tuoi va
h09t ddng nhin rdi, di/a tren di4u tra miu 228 ngwdi cao tudi va phdng van sau
cin bd dia phuang tai 5 tinh trong vung; tir dd, gpi md mdt sd khuyen nghj de he
trg ngwdi cao tudi cd cugc sdng lot dep treng bdi cinh gii hda din sd.
Tirkhda: ngudi cao tuli, gia hOa dan s6, si>c khoe, thu nhpp, hopt dOng nhan rOi
Nhin bii ngiy: 7/2/2020; dwa vao bien tip: 15/2/2020; phan bien: 1/3/2020; duyet
ding: 10/4/2020
1. D A N NHAP
Gia hda dan so la qua trinh t i t y l u
cOa sy phat triln dan s i va la thanh
tyu phat triln cOa nhan lopi, chp nen
khdng t h i lopi tru qua trinh nay trong
tiln trinh ljch su (David K. Foot, 2008;
Yasuo Takao, 2009; Le Thj, 2011;
UNFPA (Quy Dan so Lien hgp quIc,
2011b; Le Van Kham, 2014; Aon,
2017). Trong b l i canh gia hda dan s i ,
ngudi cao tuoi ed xu hudng tang
nhanh va ed rlt nhilu nguy ca ton
thuang. Cae nghien cuu (TrIn Thj
van Anh, 2008; UNFPA, 2014; Nguyen

Quoc Anh, 2018; Giang Thanh Long
va Do Thj Thu, 2019; Sholaro Kumagai,
2019) cho ring, thu nhpp cua ngudi
cao tuli la mpt trong nhu'ng v l n d l

Hgc viOn Chinh tn Khu vyc IV.

dang quan tam, bdi da so ngudi cao
tuoi d l u ed thu nhpp thap va bIp benh,
trong do nguon thu nhpp chu y l u eua
hp la tu ho trg cOa con chau, h i trg
cOa nha nude, luang huu va tu san
xult/klnh doanh. Cd sy khac biet thu
nhpp giua nam va nu, thanh thj va
ndng thon (TrIn Thj Van Anh, 2008).
Tuy nhien, ty le ngudi cao tuoi co
luang huu cdn rlt it va dp bao phO h i
trg xa hoi eon thlp. V l n eon khoang
70% dan so trong dp tuoi 60-79 khdng
duge nhan bit ky h i trg thu nhpp nao
ti> eae ehuang trinh cOa chinh phu.
Tinh trang lam phat da lam gia trj that
cOa luang huu giam xuong khoang
33% k l tif nam 2010 (UNFPA, 2014).
Ben cpnh dp, mpt trong nhung v l n de
cOa ngudi gia la sue khde. cac
nghien cuu (Dugng Huy Lugng, 2010B l Quynh Nga, 2010; Le Xuan Cu -'


PHAN THUAN - DlSl SONG CtlA NGUtil CAOTUOl..

Pham Hai Hung, 2018) da chi ro, sue
khde cua ngudi cao tuoi ty le nghjeh
vdi tuoi tac. Theo tac gia Le Xuan CO Phpm Hai Hung, cd khoang 95%
ngydi eao tuoi ed b$nh, chO y l u la
b#nh man tinh khdng lay truyin. trung
binh 1 ngydi eao tuoi Vipt Nam m I e 3
bpnh. Sire khoe eOa ngudi cao t u l i
cang han c h l thi cang anh hudng d i n
chit lugng song cua hp; c h i t lugng
cudc s i n g cOa ngudi cao tuoi giam
din theo nhdm tuoi; ngydi cao tuoi
nam cd c h i t lugng song eao hgn
ngydi eao tuoi nO (Dugng Huu
Lugng, 2010). Cho nen, ganh nang
bpnh tat kep d ngudi cap tuoi ddi hdi
nha nude, cpng dong va gia dinh phai
dlu tu nguIn ngan sach dang k l cho
cdng tac kham, ehCra benh va cham
sdc y t l cho ngudi eao t u l i (Le Xuan
Cu - Pham Hal Hung, 2018).
Nghien cuu cOa Giang Thanh Long va
Wade Donald Pfau (2006) cho thIy,
m^c do da chuyen doi gia dinh td
truyen thong sang hien dpi nhung da
so ngudi cao t u l i van sing vdi eon
cai, dac bipt la vdi con trai. Trong khi,
phg nO' cao tgol nhieu d i l m yeu t h i
so vdi nam gidi eao tuoi v l : trinh dp
giao dge t h l p ban, ty le goa chdng va
ty Ip sing ed dan eung cao ban. Ddi

song cOa ngudi cao tuoi cung rat
khac nhau khi so sanh giu'a khu vuc
thanh thj vdi khu vuc nong thdn hope
giua eae vOng kinh t l ; du ed nhieu
kho khan nhung ngudi eao tuoi
khdng hoan toan la ganh nang gia
dinh ma cd ddng gdp tich eye cho
cupc sdng gia dinh.

0 Ddng bIng sdng Cuu Long, ngudi
cao tuoi tang tCr 1,4 trieu ngudi nam
2009 Ien 2,2 trieu ngudi nam 2019.
Trong dd, ngydi cao t u l i d nong thon
eao han thanh thj. Tuy nhien v l chat
lugng cugc song eOa ngudi eao tuoi
ngi day thi chua cd danh gia eg t h i tu
cac nghien eu'u sau trong thdi gian
qua. Trong pham vi bai vilt nay,
chung tdi tap trung phan tich thyc
trang ddi song ngydi cao tuli d Dong
bIng song CLTU Long n h l m gdp phan
b l sung vao "khoang trong' nghien
ci>u trong v l n d l nay.
2. MOT S 6 KHAI NIEM VA PHLPONG
PHAP NGHIEN CUU
2.1. M o t s d khai niem
Gia hda dan sd da trd thanh chO d l
quan tam khdng chi d eae nyde tren
t h i gidi ma ea Viet Nam. Theo
UNFPA, khi dan so ty 65 tuoi trd Ien

chiem ty 7% d i n 9,9% tong dan s i thi
duge col la "gia hda"; 10-19,9% gpi la
dan s i "gia"; 20-29,9% gpi la dan so
"rat gia" va tu 30% trg Ien gpi la dan
sd "sieu gia" (UNFPA, 2011b: 2). Vdi
Viet Nam, dan s i duge xem nhu "gia
hoa" khi ty trgng nhdm dan so tu" 65
tuoi trd Ien ehilm tu 7-10% tong dan
so (Tong cgc Thing ke, 2017: 30).
Bao eao tdm t i t 'Gii hda treng the ky
21: Thanh twu va thich thirc" cOa
UNPFA cong b l nam 2012 ham y
ngudi eao tgol la nhung ngudi cd dp
tuoi ty 60 trd Ien. To chyc LPP dgng
Qudc t l (ILO) trong Cong wac sd 128
nam 1967 v l trg d p khuylt tat, trg
d p t u l i gia va trg d p ngydi sing sdt
xae djnh ngydi eao t u l i la ngydi 65


TAP CHl K H O A H O C X A H Q I i i i i S L ^ ! ^
tuoi tra Ien. Tai Viet Nam, theo Lu$t
Ngifcri cao tuoi so 39/2009/QH12
du'cp'c Quoc tipi khoa XH, ky hpp thi> 6
thong qua ngay 23/11/2009. ngipcri
cao tuoi du'Q'c quy dinh la cong dan
Vi$t Nam ti> du 60 tuoi tra l§n, doi vai
ca nam va ni> (Quoc hpi, 2009).
Trong dd'i song, moi c^ nhan lira chpn
cdc hoat dpng khac nhau de thtr gian

trong thai gian nhan roi. Thoi gian
nhdn rSi dyp'c hilu la thai gian cua
con ngu'b'i tho^t khoi cong viec kilm
s6ng va tu- do li^'a chpn c^c hinh thiic
the hi^n (Nguyen Tuan Minh. 2009:
61). Hogt d0ng nhan roi gom cac hogt
dpng nhtf: dpc Scich, xem tivi. hogt
dpng vdn hoa, hogt dpng giao dgc,
hoat dpng the thao, giai tri. lam vi^c.
di d^o. du ngo^n, viet Icich, chai game,
nghe radio, di nha tha, ho^t dpng
chinh tri va ho^t dpng thu- gian khac
(Ann L. Horgas. Hans-Ulrich Wilms vd
Margret M. Baltes, 1998, Joe Verghese
va cpng sy, 2003; Ha Thj Minh Khifang,
2007; Nguyen Tuan Minh, 2009).
Chat iwong song la khai niem nhieu
chieu c^nh. Chat lu'gng cuoc song
du'p'c xem nhu cam giac hanh phue
cua ca nhan, cd nguon goc ti> nhCrng
trai nghiem cua hp thong qua nhieu
khia cgnh nhu- SLPC khoe, gia dinh,
vi^c nha, cong viec, thu' gian. Khai
nipm nay du'p'c xem xet nhu' tieu
chuan cho vipe thiet lap m6i quan h#
chgt che gii>a con ngtfai vai moi
trifang (Andrew/ S. Harvey, 1993).
2.2. P h u a n g phap nghien CLPU
Oe danh gid thyc trgng dai song
ngifai cao tuoi a 06ng b^ng song

Cuu Long. nghi§n cuu sy dyng
phyang phap phSn tich tai li$u co san
nh^m hinh thanh khung phan tich cua
van d l nghiSn cu-u; cdc bao cao,
thong ke cua dja phu-ang; dong thai
tiln hanh khao sat 228 ngyffi cao tuoi
va 160 can bp cdc cap o cac tinh VTnh
Long. C^n Tha, Kien Giang, An Giang
vd Cd Mau'^'. Phuang phap thu thgp
thdng tin bSng bang hoi va phong van
SciU,

Vb'i 228 nguoi cao tuoi dup-c khao sat
CO 47.8% nguai cao tuoi song a thanh
thj va 52,2% song a nong thon; dp
tuli trung binh la 70,39; nam cao tuoi
la 48,2%, nu- cao tuoi la 51,8%.
3. K t T QUA NGHIEN e u ' u
3.1. v l tinh hinh su'C khoe cua ngyo-i
cao tuoi
Theo quy lu$t chung, tuoi cang cao,
sue khoe cang giam. Khi da ngoai 60
tuoi, qua trinh dong hoa giam di, qua
trinh dj hoa tang Ien, qua trinh lao hoa
dien ra vai tic dp ngay cang nhanh,
dong thai phat sinh nhung loai benh
tat dac trung cua tuoi gia. Ca cau
b§nh tat cua ngyai cao tuoi a Viet
Nam dang chuyen tu benh lay nhilm

sang benh man tinh, khong lay nhilm
(UNFPA, 2011b: 27). Danh gia ve tinh
trang sue khoe eua nguai cao tuoi a
Bong bang song Cuu Long qua khao
sat, CO tai 56,1% nguai cao tuoi cho
rang sue khoe cua hp binh thuang,
con lai la sue khoe y l u chilm 34,7%
va sue khoe t i t chilm 9,2%. Trong
do, nhom 60-64 tuoi sue khoe t i t va
binh thuang chilm 73%; nhom tu 75
tuoi tra Ien vai 58.9% sue khoe y l u .


PHAN THUAN - £)Cy\ S O N G CUA NGU'Clyi CAO TUOl..
Qua danh gia v l tinh hinh benh tat
trong 12 thang cho thiy. co 50%
nguai cao tuoi mdc tu 2 chung benh
tra Ien va ca c l u benh tdt eua nguai
cao tuoi tap trung vao cac b^nh nhu
tim mach, huyet ap, dau khap, tieu
duang... (Bang 1). Co the noi, ca edu
b?nh cua nguai cao tuoi co ca benh
do thoai hoa theo thai gian vd benh do
thay doi l6i song. Mpt so benh nhu
dau khap, thodi hoa cot sing, suy
th$n... thuang duae xem Id nhOng
can bpnh the hien su thoai hoa theo
thai gian, trong khi cae bpnh huylt dp,
tieu duang, tim mgeh... la nhung can
bpnh do s y thay doi l6i sing.

Bang 1. Ca clu bpnh tgt cua nguai cao
tuoi a Dong bdng song Cuu Long trong
12 thdng
So lu'gng
(206)

c a c lopi bpnh

Ty le (%)

Tai bien

11

5,3

Suy than

20

9.7

Dirdng ruOt, ung
thu va b$nh v§t

20

9,7
13,6

Thoai hCa cpt song

28

Tieu dudng

33

16,0

Tim mpch

59

28,6

Bau khdp

93

45,1

Huyet ap

105

51,0

Muc thu nhap

Nguon: Kit qua khao sat cua tac gia nam
2020.
3.2. v l thu nhap eua n g y d i cao tuoi
Kit qua khao sat cho thIy, ty le ngydi
eao tuoi cd thu nhap chilm 73,7%,
trong dd thu

nhap

thlp

nhlt

ding/thang, bIng 04% so vdi thu
nhap binh quan chung cua toan vCing
(3,6 trieu dlng/thang) va chi bIng
87,1% eua thu nhap binh quan chung
eua ea nude. Trong s i 134 trudng
hgp nhd duge thu nhpp hang thang
eua hp (chilm 79,8%), thu nhpp eua
ngudi cae t u l i tu' 2 tripu trd xuIng
chilm 34,3%; thu nhpp tu 2,1 d i n 4
tripu ehilm 42,9% va thu nhap tren 4
tripu chilm 23,3%. Xet v l khu vyc
sing, ed han 1/3 tong s i ngudi eao
t u l i g thanh thj ed muc thu nhpp tu
tren 4 trieu ddng/thang; trong khi dd,
1/2 tong s i ngudi eao tuli d nong
thon cd thu nhap tir 2 tripu trd xuong
(xem Bang 2). Vdi gia trj kilm djnh y

nghia thing ke (sig =- 0,000 <0,05)
cho phep k i t luan ring, ed su khac
biet v l thu nhpp cua ngudi eao tuli a
thanh thi va ndng thon tai Oing blng
sdng Cuu Long va dieu nay cung phu
hgp vdi k i t qua nghien cuu trudc dd
cua TrIn Thi Van Anh (2008) ring, thu
nhap cua ngudi eao tuoi d thanh thj
cao hgn d ndng thon.
Bang 2. Tuang quan giua thu nhpp va
khu vyc song cua ngudi cao tuoi (%)

la

Thanh thj N6ng thOn
(68)
(76)

TO 2 trieu trd xudng

22,4

60,0

T u 2,2 den 4 trieu

42,1

43,1

Tren 4 trieu

35,5

6,9

100

100

Tong

NguIn: Kit qua khao sat cua tac gia nam
2020.

500.000 dong/thang va cao nhlt la 15

S6 lieu Bang 3 cho thIy, thu nhap eua

tripu dong/thang, binh quan thu nhap

ngydi eao tuoi eon phu thuoc vao so

eua

hoat ddng tao thu nhap. Ty le ngydi

ngygi

cao

tgol

la

3,4

trieu


TAP CHl K H O A H O C X A H O l i i i & f ! ^
eao tuoi ed 1 hopt ddng tpo thu nhjp
chiem 83,5% va cd 2 hopt dgng tpo
thu nhap trd Ien chilm 16,5%. K i t qua
phan tich m i l quan hp giua thu nh$p
vdi heat ddng tao thu nhap cua ngudi
eao tuoi d Dong blng song Cuu Long
vdi gia trj kiem djnh sig = 0,002 <0,05
da gdp p h l n khIng djnh ring, ngudi
eao tuoi cd nhilu hopt ddng tao thu
nhpp thi ed thu nh$p cang eao.

cho ngudi cao tuli ed cudc song tot
han. Ty Ip ngudi cao tuli d thanh thj
ed luang huu ehilm 89,1% so vgi
10,3% g nong thdn. Thu nh^p tu hopt
ddng lam thue/iam mudn thi khong
eao va hoat dpng nay phg thuoc vao
von sinh k l (sue khoe, trinh do^, tuoi
tac) cua hp. Thu nhpp tu chu d p thi

phg thupe vao kha nang h i trg eua
con chau.

Bang 3. Tuang quan gi&a thu nhap vdi s6
nguAn thu nhap cua ngudi cao tuli (%)

K i t qua khao sat eung cho thIy, thu
nh$p trung binh cua nhom ngydi eao
tuli cd thu nhap thlp nhlt la 1,2 trieu
dong/thang va nhdm ngudi cao tuli
ed thu nh$p eao nhat la 7,1 trieu
dlng/thang, chenh Ipch gan 6 lan.
Dilu nay cho thIy, thu nhpp binh
quan cua ngudi eao tuoi d Ding bang
song Cuu Long co sy phan hda rd ret.
Nhu vpy, trong b l i canh gia hda dan
so, ngudi cae tuli d Ding blng song
Ciru Long cung phai byan chai de cd
thu nhpp nhlm on djnh cugc sing tuoi
gia. Da s i ngudi cao tuli co thu nhap
tu trg cap eua con chau, hopt dgng
budn ban hope lam kinh te (lam vudn,
Chan nudi...); tuy nhien, tiiy thuoc vao
khu vuc song, so lugng hoat dpng tao
ra thu nhap, cd sy phan hda thu nhap
giua cac nhom ngudi eao tuoi. Do dd,
d l duy tri thu nhap on dinh cho ngudi
cao tuoi cin tinh din vipe md rpng
cac hoat dgng eo t h i mang lai thu
nhpp, dpc biet la d l i vdi nhom cd thu

nhpp thlp nhlt noi chung va g ndng
thon noi rieng.

S6 ngu6n TU 2 tn^u Tu 2.2 din Tr6n 4
thu nhpp trd xuAng 4 tri§u tri$u Tdng
37,5
30,0
55.0 100
NguIn: Kit qua khao sat cua tdc gia nam
2020.
Thu nh§p ciJa ngudi eao tuoi tu nguon
trg d p eua con chau chiem ty Ip eao
nhlt 40%, tilp d i n la budn ban/san
xult (Chan nudi, lam vudn...) (38,2%),
trg d p cua nha nude (13,5%). lugng
huu (17,1%), va thlp nhlt la heat
dpng lam thue (4,7%). Trong dd, 20%
nhdm thu nhpp cao nhlt chu yeu la
nhdm ngudi eao tuoi cd lugng huu;
20% nhdm thu nhap thlp nhlt la
nhdm ngudi eao tuoi lam thue va
nhpn trg d p xa hpi. Hopt dpng h i trg
tu" eon chau eua nhdm thu nhap thlp
nhlt ehilm 18,9% so vdi 10,8% cua
nhdm thu nhpp eao nhlt. Dilu nay
cho thIy, nhdm ngudi cao tuli cd thu
nhpp thlp nhlt chu y l u la lam thue,
nhpn trg d p eua nha nude va con
chau.

3.3. Ve mdi quan he cua ngu'ai gia
Cd t h i ndi, luang huu la mgt trong
nhung nguon thu nhpp cd t h i giup

Gia hoa dan sd da va dang dien ra g
vung dIt chin ring vao thap nien dau


PHAN THUAN - D O I SONG CCIA NGLfOl CAO TUOl..
cua the ky XXL V l ty s i gidi tinh cua
ngydi cao tuoi, eg ba nhilu hgn eg
dng va tuoi cang eao thi ty s i nay
cang nghieng v l eg ba. H/ldt trong
nhu'ng nguyen nhan la tuoi thg trung
binh eua nu ludn cao hgn cua nam.
Cho nen, xu hudng nu hda dan so
cao t u l i la mgt trong nhu'ng dpc trung
cua qua trinh gia hda dan s i (UNFPA,
2011b; Phan Thuan, 2020).
Thir nhit, phij nw cao tudi cd xu
hudng sdng dan than nhieu han so
vdi nam giai cao tudi. Qua k i t qua
khao sat, ed 55,3% ngudi eao t u l i
dang o6 vg/ching; 39% la gda hoae ly
hdn/ly thSn va 5,7% la chua k i t hdn.
Trong dd, nu' gidi eao t u l i gda hojc ly
hdn/ly than ehilm 53,4% va dpc than
chilm 6,8% so vdi 23,6% va 4,5% cua
nam gidi cao tuoi (xem Bang 4).
Bang 4. Tuang quan giOa tinh trpng hon

nhan vdi gidi tinh cua ngudi cao tuoi (%)
Dang G6a ho$c Chua
ket Tong
Gidi tinh c6 vg/ ly h6n/ly
han
than
chong
Nam
(110)
Nu
(118)

71,8

23,6

4,5

100

39,8

53,4

6,8

100

NguIn: Kit qua khao sat cua tac gia nam
2020.

Nhu vay, nu' gidi cao t u l i dang sdng
dan than eao han so vdi nam gidi
trong boi canh gia hda dan so. Theo
Mai Phuang (2011: 31), phg nu' cao
tuoi thudng phai doi mat vdi nhilu rui
ro han so vdi nam gidi eao tuoi xet ve
thu nhap, tinh trpng khuylt tat va kha
nang tilp can djch vg cham sdc sdc
khde. Khao sat cQng cho thIy, 61,3%

nam gidi eao t g l i ed thu nh$p binh
quan ty 4 trieu dong trd len/thang'so
vdi 38,7% cua nu' gidi cao tuli trong
eung nhdm thu nhap; ngyge Ipl cd
54,3% phg nu cao t u l i cd thu nh$p
dydi 2 tripu dong/thang so vdi 45,7%
cua nam gidi eao t u l i . Trong khi dd,
nd eae tuoi ed ty le khuylt tat cao hgn
so vdi nam, 51,43% so vdi 48,57%
tugng ung*^'.
Thir hai, ngirdi cao tudi vin thich sdng
vdi con chiu. Moi giai dopn cua vdng
ddi con ngudi deu ed nhung d0c dilm
tam ly khac nhau. Ngudi gia thudng
mong muon sing chung vdi con chau
trong nhung ngay thang c u l l ddi. Tuy
nhien, trong boi canh gia hda dan s i
nhu hipn nay, quy mo gia dinh cang
ngay cang thu hpp va eon cai muu
sinh lpp nghiep ngi x u ngudi ngay

cang nhieu hgn, nen ngudi cao tuoi
thudng rgi vao hoan canh sing mpt
minh. Cau hdi dpt ra ring, lipu hoan
canh nay ed dung vdi ngudi eao tuoi
d Dong blng sdng Cuu Long khdng?
K i t qua khao sat ed 93,9% ngudi cao
t u l i cho ring hp thich sing vdi eon
chau; tham chi ea nhung ngudi eao
tuoi dang s i n g mgt minh thi ty le thich
sing vdi eon chau cung kha cao
(68,2%). Ngoai ra, ty le ngudi eao tuoi
d thanh thj thich song vdi eon chau
chilm 91,7% se vdi 95,8% cua ngudi
cao tuoi d ndng thdn va ty Ip nay d
nam eao tuoi la 94,5% so vdi 93,2%
nu cao tuoi. Dieu nay eho thIy, cd su
khac biet giua thanh thi va ndng thdn
v l sd thich song vdi eon cai; nhung d
khia canh gidi v l van de nay khdng


TAP CHl K H q A H O C X A > | O l ^ i ^ H ! . i ^
mdy khde bipt Sa dl nguai cao tuoi
thich song vai con chau vi dilu do
giup hp cam nhan cupc song vui va y
nghTa han; duac con chdu giup da
nhieu trong sinh ho^t; song vai con
chau de day con chau nhung dilu hay,
dao due Idm nguai nhdm tra thdnh
ngyd'i tot vd dieu ndy cung giup cho

con chdu giu gin truyin thong cua gia
dinh (xem Bang 5).
Bang 5. Ly do ngu'b'i cao tuli thich sing
vdi con chdu
Ly do

SA
lugng
(214)

TylS

(%)

CuOc s i n g vui hen

166

77,6

Duge con chpu giiip i3&
nhi^u thi> trong sinh hopt

116

54,2

Dpy cho con chau nhOng
<3iiu hay. lam ngirdi t6t

111

51,9

Giup con chau gio gin n6t
truyen thing cua gia i31nh

90

42.1

NguIn. Ket qua khao sdt cua tdc gia ndm
2020.
Thu- ba. St/ gSn ket giu-a thanh vi§n
trong gia dinh v&i ngw&i gia. Cf Thai
Lan, hinh thue thdm hoi nguai gid
trong gia dinh eo s u thay d l i , chju tdc
dpng cua biln doi cau true ddn so.
Hinh thuc tham hoi tryc tilp dup-c
thay bdng hinh thuc gpi dien. th^m chi
con chau sinh song cung mpt dia
phuang van thuang gpi dien thoai
han la d i n thdm hoi tryc tilp (UNFPA.
2011a: 55). Cf Oong bdng song CLFU
Long thi sao? K i t qua khao sdt cho
thay. CO tai 90,8% nguai cao tuoi cho
rdng khi biet hp bpnh thi con chau den
thdm hot vd ehr co 9,2% eho rdng con
chdu khong den. Vd theo hp, con chdu

khdng d i n tham dygc la do ban cong
vi§c hay di lam an xa. Hlnh thuc tham
hdi tryc tilp ehilm 83,3% va hinh
thde mn thopi hoi thSm chilm 54,7%
so ngudi duge hdi. Ngoai ra, nghien
cuu cdn xem xet tin suit den chgi
hoje tham hdi sue khoe ngudi cao
tuli thi k i t qua cho thay, chi cd 67,4%
ngudi eao tuli cho ring eon chau cua
hp thudng d i n chai hope hoi tham
sue khde khi khong co bpnh tat. Da s i
ngudi cao tuli dlu thua nhan eon
chau cua hp ed quan tam nhyng eon
chau hp eung co hpnh phue va cong
vipe rieng nen chu ylu gpi dipn thopi
hoi tham. Trydng hgp nhu'ng ngudi
gia cd con chau di lam an xa thi chu
y l u la gpi dien hoi tham, tru khi ban
than hg ed v l n d l si>e khoe thi con
chau d i n tham hoi tryc tilp. Co t h i
ndi, dipn thopi di dpng la phugng tien
tpo sy g i n kit gida ngydi cao tuoi vdi
con chau. Hlnh thuc tham hdi blng
gpi dipn thopi d nong thon ehilm ty le
eao hgn so vdi thanh thj, va da s i hg
eho ring, vi con chau ciia hp d l u di
lam an xa.
Cd 88,3% ngudi eao tuli g thanh thj
khang djnh con chau hp den tham khi
CO bpnh so vdi 93,3% eua ngudi cao

tuoi d nong thon; eo 71,3% ngudi cao
tuoi d thanh thj cho rang con chau cua
hp thudng xuyen d i n chai/hdl tham
so vdi 63,9% eua ngudi eao tuoi d
nong thon.
Thir tu, nguy co tdn thwang tinh than
cua ngwdi cao (uoi. Tdn thuang tinh
than la mpt trong nhdng v l n d l ma
ngudi gia van phai d l i dien. Le Ngpc


PHAN THUAN - OOl S O N G CIDA NGLTOI CAQ TUOI ,

Lan (2019) khIng djnh: ngudi cao t u l i
thugng bj 1pm dgng v l mpt tinh t h i n ,
chu y l u la ndi nang ldi... Qua khao
sat g Dong b l n g sdng Cuu Long thi
cd 37,2% ngudi cao t u l i cho ring hp
tCfng bj con chau ndi nang ldi. Ty le
nay khdng nhilu, chi chilm 1/3 ting
s i ngudi tra ldi nhung dieu nay eung
phan anh ngudi gia dang cd nguy ca
ton thuang tinh t h i n t u eon chau cua
hp. Ty Ip ngydi gia d thanh thj va
nong thon da tdng bj eon chau hope
ngydi khac ndi npng ldi la nhu nhau.
Theo ngudi cao tuoi giai thich, do
cong vlpc cua eon chau hg qua nhilu
nen ddi luc cang thing vl t h i budng ra
nhCrng ldi noi nang khlln hp cam thIy

dau Idng; ngoai ra, mau thuIn each
sing giu'a ngudi gia vdi eon chau; va
suy nghT eOa eon chau cho ring ngudi
gia la "ganh nang" eung la mgt trong
nhung nguyen nhan ngudi gia bj con
chau ndi nang ldi. Nhu vpy, ed the do
ap lye cudc song, cdng viec, mau
thuan ve i l l song giua hai the he, xem
ngudi gia la ganh nang la nguyen
nhan gay ra ton thugng cho ngudi gia.
Ngoai ra, cham sdc cho ngudi gia
trong gia dinh khi quy md gia dinh
cang nhd thi ap luc nay cang tang va
khi dd nguy ea gay ra ton thuang
ngudi cao tgol cang cao.
3.4. v l hoat dpng nhan rdi ciia ngu'di
cao tuoi
Trong b l i canh gia hda dan s i , thdi
gian nhan rdi ega ngydi eao tgol la
mpt trong nhu'ng v l n de can quan tam.
Viee tan dung thdi gian nhan r l i ed
hieu qua eOng la mgt trong bien phap

nang eao c h i t lugng sing eua ngudi
gia. Nghien eifu eija Yun Hye Kim va
cdng s y (2006) eho thIy, n l u ngudi
cao tuoi cd tham gia nhilu hopt dpng
nhu the dgc, giai tri, dpc sach, di
dao... thi SU'C khde tinh t h i n , t h i chat
eiJa hg tot hgn (Yun Kye Kim, Tae

Youl Ha and Bog Hieu Le, 2006). Qua
khao sat chung tdi nhpn thIy: eo
71,1% ngudi eao t u l i eho ring hp chi
d nha xem tlvi, 36,4% thudng tan g i u
vdi hang xdm, 14,9% tham gia cac
cau lac, vui chai giai tri eho ngudi cao
tuoi; 12,3% d nha trdng chau, trIng
cay canh va nhau eung bpn be chilm
ty Ip nhd (3,9%). Ngudi eao tuoi d
thanh thj danh thdi gian de tham gia
cac cau lac bp va eho vipe trong chau,
lam vipe nha nhieu hgn so vdi d ndng
thon (Bang 6).
Bang 6. Hoat dpng nhan roi cua ngudi
cao tuli theo khu vyc song (%)
Hopt dpng
Den cPc cau lac b$
cho ngudi cao tuoi
0 nha xem ti vi

Thanh Nang Chung
then
thi
(109) (119) (228)
26,6

4,2

14,9

67,9

73,9

71,1

35,8

37,0

36,4

2,8

6,0

3,9

TrCng chpu, lam viec
nha, trong cay
20,2
canh..

6,0

12,3

Qua nha hang x6m
noi chuyen
Ban be ru nhau

NguIn: Kit qua khao sat cua tac gia nam
2020.
3. THAY LCTl K E T
Ddi song ciia ngudi eao tuli d Dong
blng sdng Cuu Long theo k i t qua
nghien cuu ed nhu'ng dilm tuang


TAP CHl KHOAHOCXAHOlsoiif^a::

dong vai cae nghien CLPU truac d6.
Thu nhdp cua ngu6i cao tuoi a D i n g
bdng song Cuu Long chu y l u la tra
cap cua con chdu, ty kinh doanh/bu6n
ban, tuang huu. trp* d p xa hpi va Idm
thue. Thu nh|p nay phg thupe vdo cdc
nguon thu nh$p. Ty Ip phg nCr cao tuoi
song dan thdn nhilu han nam giai.
Ngyai cao tuoi a Dong bdng song
Cuu Long cung c6 nguy ca t i n
thuang tinh t h i n vd khong c6 s y khde
bi§t v l t i n thyang tinh than cua ngub-i
cao tuli a thanh thj vd n6ng thon.
Ngodi ra, nghifin cuu cQng c6 nhung
phdt hi$n: M0t lit, luang huu la mOt
trong nhi>ng nguon thu nh§p quan
trpng giup cho ngud'i cao tuoi cai thipn
euOc sing. Cho n§n. c i n phai khuyen
khich t h i hO tre tham gia bao hiem xa

hOi ca ty nguyen va b i t bu|c d l c6
cu|c sing tot han khi v l gid. Han
nua, thu nh$p cua nguai cao tuoi
khong chi phg thupe vdo nguon thu
nh$p md c6n phy thupe vao so lup'ng
nguon thu nh^p. Do v$y, can ma rpng
nguon thu d l gop phln cai thipn thu
nh$p cho ngud'i cao tuli.
Hai /d, du ngud'i cao tuoi song dan
than hay dang song v6i eon chdu thJ
da so hp d l u thich sing chung vai
con chau. Dieu ndy eho thay, du xd
h|i CO thay doi nhung tam ty nguai

eao t u l i van muln g i n gOi ^di con
chau. Tuy nhi§n, vl$c lam cung nhu
ap luc cudc sing d l i vdi thi hp tre a
D i n g blng sdng Cuu Long va quy nno
gia dinh nhd ngay cang phl bien da
khiln sy g i n kit giOa ngudi cao tuoi
vdi eon chau It nhilu bj anh huang.
M|ic du vay. dien thopi da^trd thanh
phugng tidn de duy tri m i l gan ket
gida ngudi cao tuli vdi eon chau eiJa
hp. Do dd, cin hudng din ngudi eao
tuli si> dgng cong nghp va h i trg k i t
n i l internet d l giijp ngudi eao tuoi bdt
thIy ed dan, tpo sy gin kit han vdi
t h i h$ tre.
Ba li, nghien ciru da cho thIy, hoat

ddng nhan rli ciJa ngudi cao tuoi kha
dan dipu, dac bipt la g ndng thon.
Ngudi cao tuli g thanh thj thudng cd
eae hoat dpng trong thdi gian nhan rdi
nhy tham gia eae cau lac bp, eae ngi
vui chai giai tri; trong chau, lam vlpc
nha, trIng cay canh; trong khi dd
ngudi cao tuoi d nong thdn thudng d
nha xem ti vi, di tan giu vdi hang xdm.
Do dd, d n cd sy quan tam va nhilu
hoat dpng danh eho ngygi eao tuoi de
hp cd t h i thanh thgi tham gia cac hopt
dgng nay trong thdi gian nhan roi,
giup cac eg song vui, song khde va ed
Ich khi tuoi v l chilu. Q

CHUTHiCH
" ' Ting hgp tu bao cao hopt dOng ngudi cao tuoi nam 2019 cua cSc tinh An Giang S6c
Trang, HPu Giang va Ca Mau.
«' DO' li«u duge si> dgng trong b4i viet niy la k^t qui khao sat tu de tai cap ccr sd "Anh
hudng cua gia hCa dan s6 doi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa h«i d Ding bang s6ng CCru Lena"
do ThS. Phan Thupn IPm chu nhi$m. nam 2020.


PHAN THUAN - OOl S O N G CUA NGLTOI CAO TUOl..
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