So sánh chất lượng cuộc sống ở bangkok và hà nội thông qua nhóm chỉ số môi trường tự nhiên và nhà ở của mercer

Do Thj Lien Van. So sanh chdl luang cupc song ..

So sanh chat lu'ong cuoc song a Bangkok va Ha Noi thong
qua nhom chi so moi trucrng tu* nhien va nha & cua Mercer
BS Thi Lien Vdn*
Vien Nghien cteu Phdt trien Kinh te - Xa hoi Hd Ndi
Ngdy nhgn bdt. 13/03/2019. ngdy giri phdn bien 24'04/20l9. ngdy duyil dang: 9/05/2019

T lien nay. khi de cap tdi chdt lieang eude sdng (CLCS) cua mpt thdnh phd, chting ta khdng
J. J. chi nhdn mgnh den cdc yeu td vdt ehdt vd linh thdn md edn chu trgng tdi nhimg vdn de
khde ve do thi nhu mdi trudng tu nhien vd nhd d. Di ed them nhimg ddnh gid khach quan vd sdu
sdc han ve linh vuc ndy, bdi viit se nghiin cuu so sdnh nhOng diim lucmg ddng vd khac biit ve
CLCS cua Bangkok vd Hd Npi thdng qua kit qud diiu tra khdo sdt ve nhom chi sd mdi trudng tie
nhien vd nhd a cua Mercer, ddng thdi chi ra nhung thdnh tuu, hgn chi, nguyin nhdn vd bdi hgc
kinh nghiem ddi vdi Hd Npi trong bdi ednh mdi.
Tir khoa: Chat lugng cuoc sdng, Bangkok, Hd Npi, Mercer
Mffdau
Trdn the gidi co nhieu each tiep can khde
nhau vl chdt lugng cudc song. Tiiy timg muc tieu,
dilu kien, hoan cdnh khde nhau d moi mot khu
vyc, quoc gia hoac thdnh phd ma cac hpc gia dua
ra each tilp can phii hgp. Ngay nay, khi de cap tdi
CLCS cua mdt thanh pho, ngudi ta khong chi
nhan manh din cac ylu to vdt chat hoac tinh thdn,
ma con chu trgng tdi ca nhiing ylu td biic xiic
khac trong do tbj nhu mditiTJongtu nhien vd nha
d. Hai ylu td cung chinh la 2/10 nhdm chi sd quan
frgng trong Bp chi so CLCS cua Mercer va se
dupe sir dung dl phan tich, lam ro khi so sanh
giiia 2 thdnh phd Bangkok va Hd Ngi.
J. Khai quat ve chat lu^ng cuoc song

thanh pho
Theo quan diem cua nhom tdc gid Takashi
Inoguchi vd cac cgng su (2014) cho rdng, cdc
chi s6 CLCS khong chi bao gdm sy giau co,
viec ldm ma con la viec bdo ve moi trudng, siic
khde thi chat va tinh than, giao due, thdi gian
* lien vn
' WHO QOL (1995).
Nghien ciiu An D p vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56

giai tri va cdc ITnh vyc vdn hda, xa hdi khac. Cdc
tdc gia da dl cap tdi sdu ldi sdng gdm: cupc
sdng hien dai, cupc sdng sd, ddi song tdn gido,
ddi sdng toan cdu, ddi sdng chinh trj, cupc sdng
gia dinh'. Cdn theo Marans (2012), ddy la mpt
khai niem mang tinh lien nganh vd nd dupe the
hien qua cac nghien cuu lien nganh^.
Q gdc dp khac, Smith, Nelischer &
Perkins (1997) cho rdng CLCS khong chi vdi
muc dich la thu hiit ngudi mdi ma cdn khuyen
khich cu ddn bien tai d lai gdn bd vdi thanh
pho. Dieu nay ddi hoi phdi cd hdnh dpng de
ddm bdo su hdi long ciia cdng ddn vdi cupc
sdng thdnh pho^.
CJ Viet Nam, Bp chi so do thj (Vietnam
Urban Indicators - VUI) cua Tdng cue thdng ke
va Bg Xdy dung dugc xay dung tir ndm 2011
nhdm dua ra cdc chi tieu thdng ke. VUI sii dung
97 chi tieu thong ke cdc do thj gdn vdi cdc muc
tieu phdt friln thien nien ky. VUI cung cap thong

tin vl timg do thj tren nhieu mat nhu dan sd, lao
dpng, y te, giao dye, van hoa, an toan, sir dung ddt,

' Marans, R.W (2012).
' Smith, T. et al (1997).


Dd Thj Lien Van. .So sdnh chdt lugng cudc sdng ..
nha d, giao thdng, thoat nude, cap dien, thong tin
lien lac, cap nude, thodt nude, quan ly chdt thdi
rdn - ve sinh mdi trudng, kinh te tai chinh, vd qudn
frj dd thj "*.
Trong so cdc Bp chi sd dua ra khao sdt
CLCS, bp chi sd Mercer dugc danh gia la todn
dien, dugc tbyc hien thudng xuyen hdng nam.
Bg chi so khong chi cung cap nhiing thdng tin
hiru ich ma cdn dua ra nhtrng khuyen nghj can
thiet ddi vdi cac thanh pho, cac qudc gia tren
the gidi. Bp chi sd cdn la thudc do chdt lugng
phdt triln cua cac thanh pho. Tinh din 2018,
Mercer danh gia CLCS do thj tai ban 231 thanh
phd dugc khdo sat tren toan the gidi. CLCS
dugc phdn tich theo 39 chi sd thanh phdn va
chia thdnh 10 nhdm: (I) Mdi trudng chinh trj vd
xd hpi; (2) Mdi trudng kinh te; (3) Mdi trudng
vdn hda xd hdi; (4) Y ti va sire khde; (5) Trudng
hge vd gido due; (6) Dich vu cdng epng vd giao
thdng; (7) Gidi tri; (8) Hdng lieu diing; (9) Nhd
a; (10) Mdi trudng tu nhiin^. Do vay, dya vao
bg chi so Mercer cd the thye thi mpt each hieu

qua viec danh gid CLCS Hd Ndi vd Bangkok.
Tuy nhien, do khudn khd cd ban, trong bdi
viet ndy, tac gid chi sii dung ket qud xep hang
CLCS ciia Mercer da cong bd gdn ddy ket hgp
vdi ket qud dieu tra khdo sat do tdc gid thuc hien
hien bang phuang phap chgn mdu ngau nhien
phdn tdng tai 2 thanh pho Bangkok vd Hd Ngi,
vdi moi thanh pho la 200 mau phieu nham so
sanh, lam ro2/10 nhdm chi s6 vl moi trudng ty
nhien va nhd d, gdm 5 chi sd trong Bp chi sd
ctia Mercer: (1) Khi hau thdi tiet; (2) Thien tai;
(3) Dd dac va dung cu gia dung; (4) Bdo tri va
siia chiia nhd d; (5) So lugng va quy mo nha d.
2. So sanh nhung diem giong, khac nhau
giira Bangkok va Ha Noi

(1) Khi hgu thai Hit: Bangkok va Ha Npi
Cling nam d trong viing khi hau nhiet ddi gid
miia, ndng dm vd mua nhieu. Tuy nhien,
Bangkok thi co 3 miia con Hd Npi Id cd 4 mua
xudn, ha, thu, ddng. Trudc su bien ddi khi hau
va do thj hda nhanh, nhiet dp cua hai thdnh pho
deu da tdng len ro ret.
(2) Thiin tai: Bangkok vd Hd Npi dlu dang
phdi trdi nhiing bien ddi ve khi hau, thdi tilt.
Ddy chinh la sy trd gid cho su phat trien bua bai
va thieu y thiic ciia con ngudi ddi vdi ty nhien.
(3) Dd dgc va do gia dung: Nhin chung, so
vdi nhung nam trudc day, do dac vd dung cu gia
dung cua ngudi ddn sdng d cac do thi nhu

Bangkok vd Hd Npi da day du ban nhieu. Khdng
cbi la cac tien nghi sinh boat dupe sdn xuat d
trong nude, ma nhieu mat hang cdn dugc nhap
khdu tir nude ngoai tiiy theo thi hieu vd dieu kien
cua timg ngudi, timg gia dinh. Tuy nhien, cung
van cdn mgt bg phan ngudi dan ngheo dd thi, co
ddi song gap nhilu kho khdn nen tien nghi sinh
boat con nhieu thieu thon, dan so.
(4) Bdo tri vd sira chira nhd d: Cd hai thanh
phd Bangkok va Ha Ngi deu co nhting khu nhd
tap the dugc xdy tir each day vai chuc nam. Vi
vay, den nay cac khu nhd tap thi nay dlu da
xudng cdp, qud han sir dung, can dugc siia chiia
va dugc su quan tdm ciia cdc cdp chinh quyen
dia phuang va cac nha qudn ly ban niia.
(5) Sd lugng vd quy md nhd a. Cac khu nha
cao tang da nhanh chdng mpc len de ddp ling nhu
cdu ngay cdng cao ciia ngudi dan vl nhd is. Dieu
do da khien bp mat do thj cua Bangkok va Ha
Npi trd nen khang trang, hien dai han. Tuy
nhien, gid nha ddt d hai thanh phd van dang bj
day len qua cao so vdi gid tri thye va so vdi gid
nha cua nhieu thanh pho tren the gidi.

2.1. Nhimg diem giong nhau
* UN - Habitat & ACVN (2010).
^Mercer (2015).
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chdu A. So 5 - 2019, tr.49-56

Dd Thi Lien Van. So sdnh ehdt lugng cudc sdng ..
2.2. Nhirng diim khac nhau
(1) Khi hgu thdi tiit: Bangkok cd khi hau
nhiet ddi hoang da vd cbju dnh hudng ciia he thong
gio miia Nam A. Bangkok trai qua ba miia: nong,
mua va mat me, mac dii nhiet dp kha nong quanh
nam, tii muc thap, frnng binh 22,0°C (71,6°F)
frong thdng 12 den miic cao, tmng binb 35,4 °C
(95,7 °F) vdo thdng 4. Hien nay, ngay ca khi frong
miia mdt tiii nhiet dp cdn cdm thdy oi biic hon
miia he bdi hieu iing cua cdc tda nhd cao 6c^. Nam
2018, Bangkok da phai trai qua 276 ngay vdi miic
nhiet do tren 32°C.
Ndm trong vitng nhiet ddi gid miia, khi hgu Hd
Npi cd dgc trung ndi bdt Id gio mita dm, ndng va
mua nhieu ve miia he, lanh va it mua ve mua ddng;
dupe chia thdnh bon miia ro ret frong nam: Xuan,
Ha, Thu, Dong. Tuy nhien, din nay, ranh gidi
phan chia bon miia chi mang tinh chdt tuang doi.
Ha Ngi da nhilu lan trdi qua cac bien doi bat
thudng cda khi hau - thdi tilt. Ha Ngi da timg
chiu cai gia lanh xudng den 2,7°C '.
(2) Thien tai: Dy bao tdi day, tdc dgng ciia
biln ddi khi hau tai Bangkok cbti yeu se la sy
gia tang tdn suat va cudng dp ciia cdc su kien
cue doan^ Tir ndm 1982 den nam 2010, nhiet
dp tmng binh hang ndm d Bangkok da tang len
d miic 0,06°C mot nam^. Trong khi cdc su kien
mua ldn da tdng ca vl tan suat va cudng dp,
Bangkok cdn bi dnh hudng bdi ban ban ngay

mpt nghiem trpng han. Ngodi ra, theo mgt bdo
edo mdi nhat cua Uy ban Cdi each Qudc gia
Thai Lan (NRC) tuyen bd rdng, Bangkok cd the
chim dudi nude trong vong hai thdp ky tdi'".
Cdn a Hd Npi, mot s6 tmdng hgp diln hinh
ve thien tai gay nen frong giai doan tir 1986 den
2017 CO thi ke den nhu: Tran lij ldn ndm 1986;
Trdn lu Ion ndm 1996; Mua ldn nam 2002; Ung
«ThaiutsaB,etal(2008).
' Divya Leducq & Helga - Jane Scarwell (2017).
* Bangkok Metropolitan Adminstration (BMA) (2018).
'KlongvessaP(2012).
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56

ngap nam 2008 do co mua rat to tren dja ban
Thanh pho. Ngap iing da lam mat dien bode phdi
cat dien de ddm bdo an toan d nhieu tuyen pho va
khu ddn cu, anh hudng den sdn xudt, kinh doanh
ciia cac td chirc kinh te, hg gia dinh vd boat dpng
binh thudng ciia ca quan, tmdng hpc...".
(3) Dd dgc vd dung cu gia dung: Co the thay
cdc tien nghi sinh boat cua cdc hp ddn d viing do
thi Bangkok da dugc cdi thien dang ke. Ngoai
nhtrng tien nghi sinh boat trong gia dinh nhu: ti
vi, hi lanh, may gidt, dilu hoa, dien thoai, mdy vi
tinh, xemay....thi tyle cdc phuong tien cd nhan
nhu xe hai cung lien tuc tang cao trong nhiing
nam gan day.
Qua so lilu dilu tra ddn so va nhd d ciia
Tong cue thdng kl nam 2009 vd nam 2014 cho

thay, so vdi 5 nam trudc, tien nghi sinh boat ciia
ngudi dan Hd Ndi bien nay da dugc cdi thien rat
nhieu. Nhu vay sd lieu thong k& ve ty le hg sir
dung xe gdn may nam 2014 cho thay sd lugng xe
ca gidi, ddc biet Id md to/xe may tham gia giao
thong d Hd Npi tang manh trong nhung nam gan
ddy. Ben canh do, ty le sir dung xe d to ciing
chilm 5,7% d khu vyc thanh thj'^.
(4) Bdo tri vd sira ehira nha a: Tic nhOng
nam 1980, phdn ldn cdc tda nha dugc xdy dyng
dlu khdng bj gidi han do cao nen da sam biln
Bangkok trd thanh mgt khu rung do thj vdi
nhung toa nha choc trdi the hien phong each
tuong phan vd xung dot. Do sy chenh lech kinh
tl nen cung vdi do Id nhieu khu o chupt mpc len
trong thanh phd. Mgt so lugng ldn khu 6 chudt
tap trung gdn cdng Bangkok d'qudn Khlong
Toei. Tren thuc tl, su chenh lech rdt cao, vd
khoang 20% ddn s6 dugc uoc tinh sdng trong
khu djnh cu khu 6 chupt, dugc xac djnh bdi Ca
quan qudn ly do thj Bangkok'^
'" Limjirakan S, Limsakul A, Sriburi T (2010b),
"Ban can sir Dang UBND TP Ha Npi (2018).
'^ Nxb. Thong tan (2016).
'^ National Housing Authority of Thailand (2013).


Dd Thj Li6n Van. So sdnh ehdt liegng eude sdng ...
Chinh quyen Bangkok da bd tri cac to chirc
cong thupc Bg Phiic Igi xa hgi va Phdt trien con

ngudi (CODl) de hd trg, tao dieu kien cho
chuang trinh ndng cap khu 6 chupt qudc gia Baan Mankong ("nhd d an toan"), dugc khdi
xudng vdo nam 2003 vol ngudn tai trg cua
chinh phu'"^. Ben canh do, chuang trinh Baan
Ua-Arthom ('"cham sdc nha d") dugc dua ra
ciing mpt liic, vdi phuang phdp tiep can cung
cdp cho chinh phu cac ngdi nha va can hp gia cd
phdi chang, nham vao cac nhdm thu nhap trung
binh thap nhu cdng nhan Chinh phii'^.
O Ha Npi, vao nhting ndm 1960 va 1970,
hang loat cdc khu nha tap thi theo kilu Idp ghep
xuat hien d nhung khu phd hien rai vdo tinh
trang xudng cap nghiem trpng. Hon 10 ndm
trudc, chinh quyen Thanh pho da dua ra chuong
trinh cdi tao, nang cdp, xdy mai cdc chung cu
cu xudng cdp tren dja ban Thdnh phd. Tuy
nhi6n, cd rat nhieu vudng mdc sau hon 10 nam
trien khai tren todn thdnh phd, chuang trinh gan
nhu van diing yen khi mdi chi cd 14 chung cu
cii dugc xdy dyng mdi dua vdo sir dung, chilm
chua tdi 1%'^.
(5) Sd lugng va quy md nhd d: Hien nay, cd
581 tda nhd chgc trdi cao tren 90 met (300 feet)
trong thanh pho. Bangkok dugc xep hang Id
thanh pho cao thii 8 thi gidi nam 2016. Vdi s6
lugng ngdy cdng tang cao vd toa nhd chgc trdi
dugc xay dyng trong mpt sd khu vyc thuong
mai. Viec md rpng ra dien tich ra cac viing
ngoai 6 dugc cua khu vyc Bangkok da khien gid
ddt xay dung vd nha d bdt ddt do hon nhung ty

le hg gia dinh cd xe ca gidi (6 to va xe may) lai
tdng cao''.
Tai Hd Ngi, tiep tuc trien khai cdc du an xay
dyng nha d xa hdi, nha tai djnh cu. Kit qud 3

ndm 2016 - 2018 tong dien tich nhd d xdy mdi
dat 31,87 trieu m^; trong do: Nha d xa hpi:
496.665 m^; Nha d tdi djnh cu: 460.314 m^; Nha
6 thuang mai: 8.014.872 m^; Nhd d cho ddn ty
xay dyng - da dugc cap phep: 22.898.564 m^.
Dien tich binh quan nam 2018 dat 25,86
m^/ngudi (muc tieu den nam 2020 Id 26,3
m-/ngudi)'^. Tinh den giiia nam 2017, cdnh sdt
phdng chdy va chtra chdy thanh pho Ha Npi
thong ke dugc 994 tda nha cao tang. Nhieu dy
dn xdy dyng cdc toa nhd choc frdi (cao tren 100
mnhuKeangnam vaLotte... mpc Ign trong thdi
gian qua da dua Hd Npi Igt vdo danh sach nhiing
thdnh phd todn cau (world city).
3. Thanh tuu, han che, nguyen nhan va
bai hpc kinh nghiem
3.1. Thdnh ttxu
Cd the ndi dilu kien tu nhien da tao dieu
kien dl Bangkok vd Ha Ngi phdt triln kinh tl xa hpi trong mgt thdi gian ddi. Ciing vdi do,
viec do thi hda da mang den su tang tmdng va
thjnh vugng cho nin kinh tl, doanh nghiep va
cac ca nhdn cua hai thdnh phd. Bp mat dd thj
ngdy cang khang trang, dieu kien song cua
ngudi dan cung ngay mgt ndng len.
Hai thdnh phd ciing thuc hien nhilu

Chuang trinh de khac phuc va han ehl viec 6
nhiem khong khi, nguon nude, nude thai vd rdc
thai sinh boat... cac boat dgng trong cay nham
tang dp phii xanh do thj dong thdi cai thien moi
trudng, giam bui, giam tilng 6n cho Thanh pho.
Trat ty vd vdn minh do thj dugc hai thdnh
phd quan tdm todn dien ban. Cong tac qudn ly
trat ty xdy dung, ddt dai co chuyin biln tich
cyc. Hai thanh phd da thye hien nhilu gidi phai
de cai tao, nang cap, phat triln nhilu cdng trinh

'* N.Usavagovitwong, A et al (2013).
Provincial local govemment (DOLA) (2013).
'^ Bangkok Urban Government (2014).
'^ UBND thanh pho Ha Noi (2018).
'^ Nhir chij thich s6 12.
Nghien Ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. Sd 5-2019, tr.49-56


Do Thj Lien Van. So sdnh ehdt luang eude sdng ...
ha tang ky thuat, ha tdng xa hpi de phuc vu nhdn
ddn ngay mpt tot ban. Chinh quyln hai thanh
pho cung thuc hien nhieu gidi phdp de khac
phuc tinh trang thilu nhd 6, ddc biet Id nha d
cho cdc doi tugng thu nhap thap, ngudi di cu,
lao dpng trong cac khu cong nghiep... Ngodi ra,
Luat phap Thai Lan con cho phep ngudi nude
ngoai sd hiiu nha chung cu, mac du vdn con mpt
so trd ngai nhd.

thong minh (ASCN) nham tao ra siic manh tdng
hgp ldn giiip dua khu vuc c6 nhiing budc tien
xa ban. Sy hinh thdnh cua ASCN va xu hudng
phat friln cdc thanh pho tbong minh tai
Bangkok vd Hd Ngi ra ddi nhdm dap iing nhu
cau do thj boa ngay cang tang trong khu vuc,
vdn tao dp luc Idn len co sd ha tdng, cac bien
phap qudn ly va doi phd vdi bien doi khi bdu
cua thanh pho cung nhu he thdng xir ly rac thai
va ve sinh co ban cbo ngudi ddn thdnh pho''-

Ben canh do, viec cac quoc gia ASEAN
dang hinh thanh mang ludi thdnh pho ben viing
Bang 3.1. Mirc dp hai Idng ve CLCS ciia ngirdi dan Bangkok va Ha Npi
ve nhdm chi so mdi trirdug tir nhien, nha or

TT
1
2
3
4
5

Chi so
Do dac va dung cu gia dung
Bao tri va sua chiia nha cr
S6 luong v^ quy m6 nh^ of
Khi hau thai tiet
Thien tai

Nguon: Dieu tra khdo sat de tai ludn dn, ndm
Ddi chilu vdo Bdng 3.1 d tren, co the nhan
thay, kit qud dilu tra khao sat dya tren thang
dilm so tir 1,00 din 5,00 (1,00 dilm la mirc
dilm thap nhat, 5,00 la miic dilm cao nhat, tu
3,00 dilm trd len dugc tinh la mirc diem cao.
Dong bdi dam la dong co so diem thap dudi
2,50; dudi miic tmng binh do la chi so So lugng
vd quy md nha d. Dieu do cho thdy, miic dp
chua hai long ciia ngudi dan tai 2 thanh phd ve
sd lugng vd quy mo nha d tai day. Cdc chi so
cdn lai dlu co miic dilm tren 2,50 diem, dieu
dd cho thay ngudi dan 2 thanh pho deu cam thay
tuang ddi hai long vl cdc chi so nay, mac dii sd
diem dat dugc chua phdi la nhiing miic diem
cao nhat, g6m cd: Do dac va dung cy gia dung;
Bao tri vd siia chira nha d; Khi hau thdi tiet;
Thien tai.

''Nhu chu thich so 13.
Nghien cim An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56

Bangkok ~;
2.90
2.84
1.37
3.58

HiNOi
3.36

2.88
2.32
2.92

2.57
2.70
2018, Do Thi Lien Van (2019)
Nhung chi so ma ngudi dan Bangkok cam
thay hai long han so vdi ngudi dan Ha Npi gdm:
Khi bdu tiidi tilt (3,58-2,92); Thien tai (2,702,57); Mgt so cbi so ngudi dan Ha Ngi cdm thay
hdi long han so vdi ngudi dan Bangkok gdm:
Do dac va dung cu gia dung (3,36-2,90); Bao tri
va siia chGa nha d (2,88-2,84); So lugng vd quy
md nhd d (2,32-1,37). Cd the thay cac so diem
cua 2 thanh pho deu d mirc tuong duong nhau,
khong cd khodng each qua ldn.
3.2. Han che
Ben canh su phat triln vugt bdc ve kinh te
cua cd Bangkok va Hd Ngi la nhiing thdch thuc
di kem nhu: su qua tdi co sd ba tdng, tgi pham,
d nhiem, gid nhd tang cao va cd viec xuong cap
nghiem trgng cua cdc dieu kien ty nhien, ha
tang ky thuat nhu:


Dd Thj Lien Van. So sdnh chdt lugng eupe sdng ..
Thu nhdt, vdn nan 6 nhiem khdng khi, mat
nude, chat thdi ngdy cang tang ddi vdi cd hai
thanh phd; Su can kiet vd khan hiem ciia mgt
sd nguon tdi nguyen vd ndng lugng; Sy mat

can bang ve mdi trudng sinh thai... da vd dang
gay ra nhilu hau qud nghiem trpng va tac
dpng trye tiep din CLCS tai hai thdnh phd.
Thu hai, sy qua tdi ve co sd ha tang do tap
trung qud ddng dan cu d cac khu vuc ngi dd.
Thieu khdng gian xanh, khdng gian vui choi
gidi tri thanh thieu nien.

theo kjp su phdt trien cua cong nghiep 4.0. Te
tham nhung vdt; thii tuc hanh chinh; thai dd,
hdnh vi iing xu ciia mgt bp phan can bg cdng
chiic, vien chiic vdi nhan dan con chua diing
mye, gdy khd khdn cho doanh nghiep.
3.4. Bdi hgc kinh nghiem
Mpt la, phat trien kinh te di ddi vdi phdt
triln vdn hda, xa hpi, bdo ve moi trudng va
ndng cao CLCS ngudi dan. Trdi qua mpt thdi
gian dai phdt trien, cd Bangkok vd Ha Npi dlu
chi chii y phat trien kinh te v l so lugng ma
khdng chii trpng den phdt trien theo chieu sau
(chat lugng). Do do, den nay, cdc thdnh pho
dang phdi trd gid cho viec 6 nhiem khdng khi,
tieng dn, mat nude, nude ngam, dat dai... vdi
nhiing van nan dang de dga cuoc song ngudi
ddn nhu: thay doi v l thdi tiet, khi hau, han
hdn, lii lut, iing ngap, thieu nude sinh hoat,
djeh benh, qua tdi co sd ha tdng.

Thu ba, viec thieu nha d, dac biet la nha
d ddnh cbo ngudi thu nhap thap va ngudi dan

nhap cu tir ndng thdn tdi. Nhieu tda nha chung
cu qud cu khdng cdn ddm bdo an todn, de dga
den tinh mang cua ngudi dan.
Thu tu, nhtrng bat cap trong gidi quyet cac
van de birc xiic trong do tbi cdn chdm dugc
gidi quyet.
3.3. Nguyen nhdn
Thie nhdt, qud trinh do thj hod ludn phat
trien trudc vd manh hon tdc do phat trien ciia
ca sd ha tdng ky thuat, ha tang xa bpi tai cdc
thanh pho.
Thu hai, bien doi khi bdu ldm cho nhiet
dp cua cdc thdnh phd ngdy cang tang cao,
thien tai lii lut, ban hdn ngdy cdng nhieu hon.
Thie ba, cdc chinh sach ve nha d cho ngudi
thu nhap thap chua hieu qud. Sd lugng cac
chung cu cu tien do cdi tao, siia chiia cdn
cham.
Thii- tu, gia nha ddt d cac thanh phd luon
bi dpi len qua cao so vdi gid trj thye ciia nd.
Thie ndm, chdt lugng quy hoach do thj da
khong ddm bdo ndi theo kjp sy phdt trien qua
nhanh, qua ndng ciia cac do thi. Cac dy an
cung cap nude sach cdn chdm. Con nhilu du
an quy hoach treo, cham triln khai.

Ba la, tang cudng kilm soat va 6n dinh thi
trudng bat dgng sdn nhdm ha nhiet gid nha
dat. Timg budc dam bdo de da sd ngudi ddn
cd the dii dieu kien mua nha sinh song. HaNpi

can tham khdo kinh nghiem ciia Bangkok
trong viec phdt triln nhd d va ha tang ky thuat
dong bp ra cac do thi ve tinh nhdm thu hut dan
cu den sinh song; kinh nghiem vl quan ly, dau
tu xay dyng nhieu khu nha d xd hpi cho ngudi
dan nhap di cu tir nong thon tdi.

Thtf sdu, bg may chinh quyen vdn con
cong kenh, hoat dgng chua hieu qua, chua

Bdn la, nang cao y thiic bao ve mdi trudng
ciia ngudi dan. Ha Ngi cd thi tham khdo kinh

Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. S6 5 - 2019, fr.49-56

Hai la, biln ddi kbi bdu, thiSn tai, han
han, bao lu, thdi tiet cue doan tilp tuc dien
bien phiic tap. Bai hpc dat gia ve chdng ngap
lut d dd thi Bangkok Id bdi hpc cdn thilt cho
Ha Ngi hien nay. Cdn to chiic nghien ciiu
nghiem tuc, nguon goe, dien bien va tdc ddng
ciia cdc tran lut da dien ra de chii dpng xay
dyng cdc kjch bdn phdng ngira, ddi phd hieu
qud, phii hgp vdi dieu kien ciia Hd Npi.

54


Do Thj Lien Van. So sdnh chdt luang eude sdng ..
nghiem cua Bangkok ve ndng cao nhan thiic,

y thiic ciia ngudi ddn vd td cbiic ve thye hien
giii gin ve sinh moi trudng. Tang cudng tuyen
truyen, kiem tra, gidm sdt vd cd che tai xir phat
nghiem khac doi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham.
Ndm la, nang cao trinh dp ciia dgi ngii can
bp lam cong tac xdy dyng vd quan ly do thi,
tir cdng tdc quy hoach, ke hoach va td chirc
thuc hien. Chi phe duyet xdy dyng cdc khu do
thj cd day du co sd ha tang, dich vu xa hpi,
khdng gian xanh, vui choi giai tri. Han che tdi
miic thdp nhat viec xdy dyng cdc cao dc trong
npi do. Khan truang thuc hien mo hinh chinh
quyen do thi va thanh pho thdng minh de gidi
quyet cdc vdn de do thj d Hd Ndi hien nay.
Ket luan
Qua nghien ciru, phdn tich, so sanh thye
trang CLCS cua Bangkok va Ha Npi thdng
qua nhom chi so moi trudng ty nhien va nha
d cua Mercer, cd the dua ra mpt so kit ludn
sau: thir nhdt, mat do ddn sd d khu vyc ndi do
cua Bangkok vd Ha Ngi cang tang cao tbi
CLCS thanh phd cang gidm tire la mat dp dan
so qud dong se ty le nghjch chieu doi vdi
CLCS. Viec gia tang dan so ca hgc qua cao
ciing la nguyen nhan chinh gdy dp lye ddi vdi
cac vdn dl vl ha tang do thj, xa hpi, qudc
phong, an ninh va phong chdng chay no...;
thie hai. bien doi khi hau Id nhan to tdc dpng
gian tilp nhung sdu rpng va dnh hudng Idn
din CLCS do thi. Day la vdn d l mang tinh khu

vyc va todn cau can phai co ke hoach vira
trudc mat vira lau dai; thie ba, cac chi sd moi
trudng tu nhien, nha d la nhting van de cd tac
dpng ldn vd lau dai tdi CLCS do thi; thir tu,
CLCS thdnh phd co tac dgng trdi chieu vdi cac
van de ndng, biic xiic ciia thdnh phd; thvr ndm,
ndng luc quan ly cua chinh quyen do tbj cung

Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 5 - 2019, tr.49-56

nhu y thiic ciia ngudi ddn cang cao (ty le
thudn chieu) thi CLCS thanh pho cdng cao.
Tai lieu tham khdo
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Dd Thi Lien Vdn. So sdnh chdt lugng cupc sdng ..
NQ/TUngdy 31/5/2017 Thanh uy vi "Tdng cudng
eong tdc bdo vi mdi trudng tren dja bdn thdnh phd
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report, 2006; Housing Situations in Thailand.
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