Nguồn gốc và ý nghĩa các tộc danh ở việt nam

.

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-- .-, ; Sir PHAM T P H O CHi MINH

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

« r ^ n . rxnOA HOC

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

ISSN
KHOA HOC XA HQl VA NHAN VAN
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
1859-3100 T^p 16, 56 5(2019): 173-185
Vol 16, No 5 (2019): 173-185
Email: vn; Website- http-/Ackh.hcmue.edu.vn

NGUON GOC VA Y NGHIA CAC TOG DANH d VIET NAM
Ly Tiing

Hiiu

Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd Nlidn vdn - DHQG TPHCM
Tdc gid lien hi: Ly Tung Hieu - Email:

Ngay nh$n bii: 19-02-2019; ngay nhan bai su-a: 20-3-2019; ngay duyet dang: 20-4-2019
T O M TAT

Ciing vdi ngdn ngu tgc ngudi, tdc danh la ddu chi trudc tien giup mgt tdc ngudi tu phdn

biit vdi nhicng tgc ngudi khdc, vd phdn biet nhirng tgc ngudi khdc vdi tgc ngudi md minh sd thudc.
Ngudn gdc cua cdc tdc danh cd thi la nhung danh xicng tu ggi, nhung thuang xudt phdt tu cdch ggi
de phdn biet cua cdc cdng ddng lan can. Cdc cdng ddng ngudi thudng dua vdo nai cu trd hodc mdt
diim ddc trung, ddc thit ve vdn hda cua cdc cdng ddng lang giing di ddt tin cho hg. Do do, cdc tgc
danh a Viet Nam thudng phdn dnh xudt xu vd phdn dnh cdi nhin ciia cdc cdng ddng ngudi ddi
vdi nhau.
Tif khda: tgc danh, qudc danh, dia danh, Viet Nam.
1.

Dat van fle
Tgc danh (ethnic name) la tgn ggi mdt tde ngudi. Cimg vdi ngdn ngu tgc ngudi, tdc

danh la dau chi tmdc tign giiip cho radt tdc ngudi tu phan biet vdi nhirng tdc ngudi khac,
va phan biet nhiing tgc ngudi khac vdi tde ngudi ma minh sd thudc. Ngudn gdc true tigp
ciia tgc danh cd thg la mdt danh xung ty ggi, nhung thudng la xuat phat tir each ggi dg
phan biet ciia cac tdc ngudi lan can. Cac tdc ngudi thudng dya vao noi cu tni hoae mdt
digm dae tnmg, dac thii ve van hda ciia cac tgc ngudi lang gieng de dat ten cho hg.
Do dd, cac tgc danh deu ham chiia nhiing y nghTa van hda - lich su nhat dinh. 0 Viet
Nam, nhirng tdc danh cd thg nhan dien dugc y nghia cd thg dugc chia thanh bdn loai: tdc
danh bigu thi tu each con ngudi; tde danh bieu thi dia vyc cir tni hoac xuat xii ciia tgc
ngudi; tgc danh bigu thi dac trung van hda eiia tgc ngudi; tdc danh mang sac thai ki thi.
Ben canh dd, cd nhiing tdc danh do cd ngudn gdc qua xa xua, nay khdng cdn rd nghTa,
chang ban tdc danh Tay ciia ngudi Tay, Tay ngudi Thai, Yay ciia ngudi Giay, Tau, Ba Tau
cua ngudi Hoa'... Nhin chung, cac tdc danh thudng phan anh xuat xir va phan anh cai nhin
cita cac tdc ngudi ddi vdi nhau.
Tdc danh la ddi tugng nghign ciiu cita dan tdc hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, dan tdc-ngdn ngir
hgc. Van dg tgc danh ciia eac tdc ngudi Viet Nam da dugc ban ddn trong cac nghien ciiu
Co y kien giai thich rang Thai. Tay. Tay, Yay co nghTa la "tu do", Tau. Ra Tan la each dpc trai "Tao quan" la quan lai
ngiroi Han, hoac von diing d6 chi "Tau" la phirong tien van chuyin duimg thiiy ina ngiroi Han da diing lihi den Vict Nam.
Tuy nhien, chiing toi khong cho rang nhiing giai thich ky co can cur chic chSn, nen chi ghi nhan chcr ki£n giai

TAP CHi KHOA HOC •- Trirdng DHSP TPHCM

ciia Dang Nghigm Van (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1984, tr.l9; 1986), A. Ju. Efimov (1985, b-.8081), Nguyen Van Lgi (1993b, tr.35-44), Mac Dudng (1997)... Tuy nhign, ngudn gdc va
ngi dung van hda trong cac tdc danh d Viet Nara vin cSn dugc nghien ciiu sau ban. Trong
bai, van dyng cae phuong phap khao sat dien da va phuang phap phan tich - tdng hop tu
lieu, chiing tdi se cd gSng lara sang td ndi hara van hda - lich su trong cac tdc danh o
Viet Nam.
2.
Van hda trong tgc danh ngu'di Viet
Trade tign, chung ta hay xem xet ngudn gdc va ngi dung van hda trong tdc danh
ngudi Viet. La mdt tgc ngudi da sd va la chii thg ehinh cua van hda Viet Nara, nhung
ngudi Viet hau nhu khdng cd tdc danh tu ggi. Tdc danh Vigt ( ^ ) nghTa den la "vugt qua ,
bat ngudn tir each ngudi Han ggi cac nhdm cu dan tic luu vyc sdng Duong Tu dd vd nam
vao thdi cd dai: Duang Viet, Ngd Viet, Mdn Viet, Diin Viet, Au Viet, Lac Viet, v.v., ggi
chung la Bach Viet. Cach ggi nay tdn tai xuyen sudt trong lieh sii Trang Hoa. Va Vigt da
trd thanh qudc danh tir rat sdra trong lich su Trang Hoa. Tir thdi Ha, Thuang, Chu, da tdn
tai mdt nude Viet trgn dia ban Trigt Giang va Thugng Hai ngay nay. Dgn thdi Viet vuong
Cau Tign thi nude Viet tigu diet nude Ngd va lam ba ehii ehu hau tir nam 473 trade Cdng
nguygn. DSn nam 334 trade Cdng nguygn, nude Viet bi nude Sd thdn hnh. Cimg trong
nara iy, vuong qudc Mdn Viet da ra ddi trdn dia ban tinh Phiic Kign ngay nay, tdn tai den
nam 110 tm'dc Cdng nguyen thi bi sap nhap vao dat Han, Nam 204 trude Cdng nguygn,
sau khi thong nhit cac bd lac va nha nude cita ngudi Au Viet va Lac Viet d phia nam Bach
Viet, Trieu Da, mdt ngudi gdc Han, da dat tgn eho vuong quoc cua minh la Nam Viet (^
M). Den nam 111 tmdc Cdng nguyen. Nam Viet cdng bi sap nhap vao dat Han. Ddn thdi
Ngii Dai Thap Qude, nude Ngo Viet (907-978) da ra ddi hgn dia ban Trigt Giang, Thugng
Hai va mgt phan Giang Td, Phuc Kign ngay nay. Nam 917, tudng nha Dudng la Luu
Nghigm ciing nhan liic Trung Nguyen loan lac, da chigm cir vimg LTnh Nam lap ra nude
Dai Viet, sang nam 918 radi ddi thanh Dai Han, sir ggi la Nam Han. Hien nay, tinh Quang

Ddng cdn dugc ggi la dat Viet, vdi mdt tu dang khac (•^). Sdng Tay Giang chay qua tinh
Quang Ddng cdn dugc ggi la Viet Giang. Tigng Quang Ddng (Cantonese) cdn dugc ggi la
Viet ngif, va la mgt trong "bat dai phuang ngdn" cita tigng Han ngay nay.
Bdi canh lich sii ay ro rang cd lien quan dgn sy hinh thanh tdc danh va qudc danh cua
ngudi Viet sau khi hg tach khdi khdi Viet - Mudng va gianh dgc lap tir tay ngirdi Han nam
939. Nam 968, sau khi dep loan thap nhi sir quan, Dinh Tien Hoang da dat tgn cho vuong
qudc eiia minh la Dai Cd Viit (i\ H M). Dd la lan thir hai tren lanh thd Viet Nam kg tir
thdi nha Trieu, tdc danh Vigt trd thanh qudc danh, chirng minh sau ban 1000 nara Bac
thugc, ngudi Viet da nhan tgc danh ay vg rainh, va mudn khang dinh quyen lam chu cua
minh trgn vuong qudc mdi. Den nam 1054, vua Ly Thanh Tdng ddi qudc hieu thanh Bai


Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tiing Hiiu

Viet 0K. M). Nam 1802, sau khi thdng nhit dit nude, vua Gia Long muon ddi lai qudc
danh Nam Viet, nhung theo y nha Thanh mdi ggi la Viet Nam (M 1^) tir nam 1804.
Kg tir thdi B5c thudc vg sau, qudc danh Viet chi bi bd qua trong mgt vai thdi doan
ngan, vdi qudc hieu Van Xuan (544-602) ciia nha Tign Ly, qudc hieu Dai Ngu (1400-1407)
ciia nha Hd, qudc hieu Dai Nam (1839-1945) cua riha Nguygn. Tir nam 1945 den nay, Viet
Nam lai trd thanh qudc danh chinh thiic ciia dat nude Viet Nam. Ngay nay, ngudi Viet ty
ggi minh la Viet, vi danh xung do tuy bat ngudn tir each ggi ciia td tign ngudi Han, nhung
da trd thanh tdc danh cita ngudi Viet va qudc danh cita Viet Nam tir lau, va no giiip ngudi
Viet ty phan biet minh vdi Han tdc, vdi ngudi Hoa^.
Trong khi do, cac •vuong trieu Tmng Hoa lan lugt ggi lanh thd Viet Nam la Giao Chi
Bg, Giao Chau, An Nam Dd Hg Phu, TTnh Hai Quan, Giao Chi Quan, An Nam Qudc, Viet
Nam Qudc. Trong do. An Nam ( ^ |%) la each ggi lau dai nhat cita cac trieu dai Tmng Hoa.
Tgn ggi nay xuat hien lan dau tign dudi thdi nha Ngd (sii ggi la Ddng Ngd, 220-280), trd
thanh dia danh ngoai sinh chi dat nude Viet Nam dudi thdi nha Dudng (618-907), va trd

thanh mdt qudc danh ngoai sinh keo dai tir thdi nha Tdng (960-1279) ddn thdi nha Thanh
(I644-I9I2).
Nam 248, trudc su tan ac cua quan lai nha Ngd, Ba Trieu (Trieu Thi Trinh, 225-248)
eung anh la Trieu Qudc Dat khdi nghia d Ciiu Chan, giet Thii' sii nha Ngd d Giao Chau.
Hay tin, vua Ngd la Tdn Quyen lien sai Luc Dan lam Thu sir Giao Chau, An Nam Hiiu uy,
dan 8000 quan sang dan ap. Sau nam sau thang duong cy, Ba Trieu thua tran, tuan tiet trgn
niii Timg (xa Trieu Lgc, huyen Hau Lgc, Thanh Hda), liic 23 tuoi. Sau khi tan sat quan
khdi nghTa, nha Ngd cho Tdn Tu lam Thai thit Giao Chi. Tdn Tu ciing la mdt ke khet tigng
tham lam, bao ngugc. Nam 263, mdt vign lai d quan Giao Chi la La Hung gigt Tdn
Tu, dem Giao Chi theo vg nha Nguy. Nha Ngyy cho La Hung lam An Nam Tudng qudn,
sai Hoac Giac lam Thii sic Giao Chau, Thoan Cdc lam Thai thii Giao Chi. Nam 264, La
Hung va Thoan Cdc bi thu ha sat hai. Nam 265, nha Tan thay nha Nguy, cir Ma Dung rdi
Duong Tac lam Thai thii Giao Chi. Sau hai lan Nam xam bat thanh (268, 269), vao nam
271 nha Ngd sai Dao Hoang di theo dudng bidn, tien vao Giao Chau, pha dugc thanh va
bat Duong Tac. Nha Ngd lay lai Giao Chau va tigp tuc cai trj cho den khi bi nha Tan thay
the vao nam 280.
Sau khi thdng nhat Trung Hoa, vao nam 622, nha Dudng (618-907) thanh lap Giao
ChSu do hg phii dg cai quan vimg dat phia Nam. Sau dd, nha Dudng lien tiep dua quan
xam luge cac vuong qudc va bd lac xung quanh, lan lugt thanh lap cac co quan quan li cac
khu vuc chigm ddng: An Ddng do hg phit. An Bac dd hd phu. Nam 679, nha
Co gia thuyet cho rang toe danh Viet co nguon goc la chij tugng hinh ciia ngircri Han mo phong InOi riu ciia nguoi Bach
Viet [Binh Nguyen Loc, 1971, p 154-157, 784-787; Tran Ngpc Them, 2004, p.57-58], Xin ghi nhan de chd cao kien cua
cac nha nghien ciru.

175


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tnrdng DHSP TPHCM

Dudng ddi Giao Chau dd hg phu thanh ^o Nam do ho phii. Tir dd. An Nam trd thanh dia

danh chi dit nude Viet Nam, cho ddn nam 866 radi dugc nha Dudng thay the bing danh
xung mdi la TTnh Hai Quan. Nam 939, nhan thdi ca Trang Hoa dai loan dudi thdi Ngu Dai
Thap Qudc, ngudi Viet cung vdi cac tgc ngudi anh em da gianh lai ddc lap thanh cong.
Nhung cac vuong tridu Trung Hoa van chua thira nhan thyc tg do ngay. Nam 973, sii nha
Tdng da sang phong cho Dinh Tign Hoang lara Giao Chi Quan Vuong, phong cho Dinh
Lign lam Kigm hieu Thai su TTnh Hai Quan Tigt do sii An Nam dd hd. Nam 986, su nha
Tdng lai sang phong eho Lg Hoan lam Kim tir Quang lgc Dai phu, Kigm hieu Thai iiy. An
Nam dd bd TTnh Hai Quan Tigt do su, Kinh trieu Khai Quoc Hiu. Danh xung An Nam do
ho, rdi Giao Chi Qudn Vuang da dugc cac ddi vua Tdng sir dyng. Cho dgn nam 1164, vua
Tdng Hign Tdng mdi sai sir sang phong eho vua Ly Anh Tdng lam An Nam Qudc Vuang,
ddi Giao Chi Quan thanh An Nam Qudc, cdng nhan nude ta la mdt vuong qudc rieng biet
(Dd Diic Himg & Nguygn Dire Nhue..., 2001, tr.24-27, 38, 46, 53, 56, 115).
Tir do, ten ggi An Nam Qudc da dugc cac trigu dai Tmng Hoa sii dung lien tuc cho
dgn nam 1804, khi hoang de nha Thanh chap nhan Viet Nam Qudc la qudc danh mdi cua
nude ta. Do do, ngudi Tnmg Hoa va ngudi Hoa di cu sang Viet Nam thudng ggi ngudi
Viet la ngudi An Nam. Theo dd, tir tlie ki XIX den dau thd ki XX, thyc dan Phap cung ggi
Viet Nam la Annum, va ggi ngudi Viet bang mdt danh xung khinh miet la Annamite.
Nhiing each ggi nay thg hien cai nhin kl thi ciia ngoai nhan qua ro nen khdng dugc ngudi
Viet chuong dimg. Tuy nhien, no van cd anh hudng, khign cho mgt sd ngudi Viet trudc
day ciing ty ggi minh la ngudi An Nam.
Cdn cac tgc danh khac ciia ngudi Viet, xuat phat tic cac tgc ngudi cdng cu tren dat
nude Viet Nam, lai phan anh nhiing cai nhin khac ban. Trade hgt la each ggi ciia ngudi
Mudng, mdt cdng ddng cu tni d vimg nui Phii Thg, Hda Binh, San La, Thanh Hda..., chia
tach khdi khdi Viet - Mudng tir khoang thg ki VIII dgn thg ki X. Chiing ta dgu bigt sd
tradng van hda cua ngudi Viet trgn ddng bing Bic Bg - Bic Trang Bd trong sudt thdi tu
chu la lam ndng nghiep Ida nude va thu cdng nghiep. Dd la nhung tign dg dg ngudi Viet
phat trien thuong nghiep va chg hua, va noi chg biia phat trign nhit la dit Kinh Ky Ke Chg
(tmng tam Ha Ngi ngay nay). Tir noi day, hang hoa tap kgt tir cae lang que va tir nude
ngoai dugc thuong nhan phan phdi dgn khap ndng thdn va dua len mign niii dd ddi liy go
rimg, gia siic... Chinh vi vay, khi hgp xiic vdi ngudi Viet tir mign xudi den, ngudi Mudng

chi toan thay cac thirong nhan va cac dac trang van hda cua ehdn Kinh Ky Kg Chg. Trong
con mit ngudi Mudng, thucmg nhan va cac dac tmng van hda Kinh Ky Ke Chg da trd
thanh sii gia cua tgc Viet, dai dien cho tdc Viet. Tir dd, Chd "ngirdi Kinh", con Chd "ngudi
Kinh", con Ke Chd "ngudi Ke Chg", radi Kinh "ngudi Kinh", Kinh Kv Ke Chd "Kinh Ky
Ke Chg" da trd thanh nhung tdc danh ma ngudi Mudng dimg dd ggi ngudi Viet d mien
xudi (Nguyen Van Khang cb, 2002).

176


Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tung Hieu

Nhan dien va dat tdn cho tgc Viet qua tang Idp thuong nhan Viet cung la each cua
ngudi Ngudn, mdt cdng ddng cu tni d viing niii Quang Binh, chia tach khdi tgc Viet tir
khoang thg ki X den thg ki XIV. Ngudi Ngudn ggi ngudi Viet la ngai Pudn. nghia la
"ngudi di budn" (Vo Xuan Trang cb, 2008). Tuang tu, ngudi Tay, ngudi Nimg, ngudi Han
ggi ngudi Viet la Kinh, am chi ngudn gdc va dac trung van hda Kinh Ky cua hg. Cdng
ddng ngu'di Viet cu tni d tinh Quang Tay, cung dugc ngudi Trang Qudc d do ggi la ngudi
Kinh. Cdn ngudi Thai ggi Viet la Keg. Do ca ngudi Mudng, ngudi Tay, ngudi Niing,
ngudi Han deu ggi Viet la Kinh, tdc danh nay ciing da trd thanh mdt tdc danh ma ngudi
Viet dimg dg ty ggi minh.
Trong khi do, cac tdc ngudi ndi tigng Nam A va Nam Dao d phia nam ggi ngudi Viet
bang mdt danh xung hoan toan khac. Ngudi Brii trade day ggi ngudi Viet la Yuan. Cac tdc
ngudi khae d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen, va ngudi Cham, ngudi Khmer ggi Viet la Yuon.
Yuan hay Yudn deu cd sac thai miet thi, the hien cai nhin phan biet ddi vdi mdt cdng ddng
cu tni can ke nhung lai cd nhimg dac trung van hda khac xa vdi eac tdc ngudi ban dia^.
Ngay nay, mdt bd phan cu dan cac tgc ngudi nay da chuygn sang diing danh xung Viet
hoac Kinh. vdi sac thai trung hda, dg ggi ngudi Viet.

3.
Van hda trong tgc danh cac toe ngirdi thieu so
Ngirdi Mwdng quan cu thanh don vi td chiic cdng ddng co sd ggi la xdm (con ggi la
chdm, qugl, qugn) hoac lang (d Thanh Hda). Cac don vi quan cu nay tap hgp cac gia dinh
theo quan he lang gigng. Chiu anh hudng van hda Thai, ngudi Mudng da tap hgp cac xdm
lai va lap ra td chiic mudng. Mdi mudng cd khoang trgn dudi mgt chuc xdm. Tmdc day,
trgn dia ban cita ngudi Mudng cd 4 mudng Idn nhat la Pi, Vang, Thang, Ddgng va mgt so
mudng khac. Nhiing mudng Idn nhu mudng Pi, mudng Vang d Hda Binh cd trdn 20 xdm.
Va dd chinh la xuat phat digm cita tdc danh Mudng ma ngudi Thai, ngudi Viet diing dg ggi
ngudi Mudng; trong khi ngudi Mudng van cd tdc danh ty ggi la Mgi, Muan cd nghTa la
"ngudi" (Nguygn Van Khang eb, 2002).
Ngudi Bru ed tdc danh ty ggi chung la Bra. Tgn ggi nay phan anh tinh cdng ddng
cita ngudi Bru trong hien tai va dugc khoa hgc cdng nhan (Khdng Dign, 1978, tr.l27;
Vuong Him hi, 1993, tr.5; Vuong Hun Ll, 1997, tr.I3; Mac Dudng, 1997, tr.96; Ly Tiing
Higu, 2007). Theo Gerard Diffloth (1980-1981, tr.65), tdc danh Bru ddi vdi cac nhdm Kuy,
Souei va Ngeq deu cd nghTa la "ngudi viing mii" (montagne). Theo kidm ha cua chung tdi,
trong nhan thirc cua ngudi Bru, Brii nguygn nghTa ciing la "ngirdi d viing cao", nen ngoai
viec diing lam ten ty ggi, ddng bao cung dimg nd dg chi cac tgc ngudi viing cao khac nhu
Brii Edg, Brii Jrai, Brii Sedang... Tdc danh nay dugc ghi lai dudi nhigu dang khac nhau:
^C6 y kiin giai thich rang toe danh Yuan hay Yuon co lien he vdi "Yueh" la each doc lpc danh Viet dieo licng Han. Tuy
nhien, chiing toi khong cho rang giai thich ay co can ci> chac chan, nen chi xin ghi nhan ngoai le de chi/ cao kien ciia cac
nha nghien ciiii.


TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM

_

Bra, Brouou. Bum. Baro. Bro, Brou, Brau. Bin, Bara, Bra..., nhung Bru (td hgp phu am
br di vdi nguygn am u cang) la each ghi chinh xac nhit va hgp li nhit vi dd chinh la each

ghi bang chir vidt Bru dugc xay dyng nam 1967 va cai tien nam 1986. Ci Lao, ngudi Bru
dugc ngu'di Lao ggi la ngudi So, nghTa la "ngudi d nui" (Mac Dudng, 1997, tr.96). O Viet
Nam, ngudi Brii con cd tdc danh khac la Van Kigu hoac Bm - Van Kieu. Ngudn gdc dau
tien Ciia danh xung Van Kidu cd le la ten budn "vii Sakieu", mdt budn hinh thanh tir rat lau
ddi va nam d trang tam dia ban cu tni ciia ngudi Brii d Viet Nara, tii'c la xa Hudng Hiep,
huyen Da Krdng, tinh Quang Tri. Do vi thg do, tgn budn "vii Sakieu" da dugc diing dg ggi
ddng sdng va hai mil lan can va dugc ghi lai bang chii Han la ngudn "Vien Kieu , nui
"Vign Kieu". Tren ea sd ten ngudn sdng va tgn niii, tir dau ddi Gia Long (I802-I819),
"Vien Kieu" da trd thanh tgn mgt nguyen sach nop thue cho nha Nguyen, va dgn nam 1827
tht dugc nang Ign thanh tdng "Vign Kieu", thudc chau Hudng Hda, dao Cam Lg, tran
Quang Tri. Va cudi ciing la sy hinh thanh tdc danh "Van Kigu" ma luc ban dau diing dg ehi
dan cu cita tdng Vign Kieu. Con vg ngudn gdc ciia danh xung Bra - Van Kigu, theo Tran
Tri Doi (1999, tr.86), "hi nam 1979, ten ggi Bra - Van Kidu dugc sii dung dg thay the ten
ggi Bra, do nhdm Van Kigu khdng mudn ggi minh la Bru va cac nhdm cdn lai ciing khdng
mudn minh hi coi la Van Kigu". Nhung theo Luong Vii (1993, tr.l57), danh xung Bm Van Kigu theo danh muc eiia Nha nude dg chi chung cac nhdm Brii d Viet Nam trgn thyc
te chua dn, ddng bao thudc dan tdc nay chua ddng y, Phan Hiru Dat (1994, tr.l8) ndi ro:
"Ddng bao Bm - Van Kidu mudn dugc ggi la Van Kigu". Con cac danh tir Kalg, Ca La.
Caller, Kalg, Calg, Kaleu duge Vien Ngdn ngii hgc (1984, tr.35). Dang Nghiem Van
(2003, tr.211) va Barbara F. Grimes (1988, tr.543-547, 611-613) nhic ddn nhu mdt "tgn
ggi khac" ciia ngudi Brii thi chi la mgt su hieu lam, do d ngudi Brii cd tuc ket ban ggi la ka
lo; nhigu ngudi khi nghe hg ggi nhau nhu vay da tudng lam rang ka lo la tgn ty ggi ciia
ddng bao. Ngoai nhdm Van Kieu den Viet Nam sdm nhat, ngudi Brii cdn ed ba nhdm dia
phuong khac: Tri (hay Tri, Tn, Tia Ri. Cha Ly. Trui); Ma Coong (hay Mang Coong. Mong
Khong, Mudng Kong. Mang Cong): Khiia. Theo Mac Dudng (1997, y.96-97), Khiia la tdn
ggi tir Kha, cd nghia la ngudi d rimg, cdn TrT ciing nhu Mang Coong dgu la tgn cae dia
phuong nam trong vimg Nhom-ma-rat va Ba-na-phiu d Lao.
Ngiroi Cham cd tgc danh ty ggi chung la Cham, bit ngudn hi qudc danh Champa.
Cdn ngudi Viet thudng ggi ngirdi Cham la ngudi Hdi, ngirdi Loi, ngudi Chigm Tbanb,
ngudi Cham. Cach ggi ngudi Hdi va ngudi Ldi cd xua hon, cd the bit ngudn tir tdc danh
Hroi cita ngudi Cham trade khi tdc danh Chara ra ddi. Cach ggi ngudi Chigm Tharih trudc

day thi bit ngudn tir qudc danh Chigm Thanh, phien dich tir qudc danh Champa. Cdn each
ggi ngudi Cham cd thg bat ngudn tir each dgc trai qudc danh Charapa. Qude danh Champa
ciia ngudi Cham tmdc day cd thg bat ngudn tir dia danh Charapa, mgt thanh bang ra ddi d
Bic An Do vao thdi cd dai. Dya theo dia ban cu trii, cac nha nghign ciiu thudng chia ngudi
Cham thanh ba nhdm vdi ba tgn ggi khac nhau. Tgn ggi cua nhdm Cham_Pangdurangga d
178


Tncdng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tiing Hiiu

Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan bit ngudn tir dia danh Pangdurangga la ten mgt hgu qude
Cham hinh thanh trgn dia ban Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan vao the ki thir I. Nhiing ngudi
Cham Pangdurangga theo Hdi giao ban dia hda dugc ggi bing tigng A Rap la Cham Awal
"phan dau" (dgc la Cham Aval, chi nhung ngudi Cham theo dao Ba Ni), hoac bang tigng
Cham la Cham Bani hay Cham Bini. Nhiing ngudi Cham Pangdurangga theo An Do giao
ban dia hda dugc ggi bang tigng A Rap la Chara Abler "phan sau" (dgc la Chara Ahign. chi
nhirng ngudi Cham khdng theo dao Ba Ni), hoac bang heng Cham la Ba Cham "Chara
theo Ba La Mdn giao", hay Cham Cub "Cham thigu" (vi ngudi Cham Ahier theo tuc boa
tang), hay Cham J at "Cham gdc". Tgn ggi cita nhdm thii hai la Cham Hroi hay Haroi dugc
cho la bat ngudn tir tieng Cham ia harei "mat trdi", chi xuat xii ciia hg la hi ddng bang ven
bien phia ddng di tni dgn Tay Nguygn. Sau nhieu the ki cdng cu vdi ngudi Bahnar d viing
nui Phil Ygn, Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, nhdm Cham Hroi da chiu anh hudng cua van hda Bahnar
sau sac, ngn cdn dugc ggi la ngudi Bahnar Cham. Nhdra thu ba dugc ggi la Cham Nam Bd
vi cu tni trgn dia ban Nam Bg. Ngoai ra con cd each ggi theo tdn giao la nhdm Cham
Islam, chi nhirng ngudi Cham d Nam Bg va Ninh Thuan theo dao Hdi Islam.
Ngiroi M'nong thi chi cd mdt tgc danh chung, nhung lai dugc gidi nghien ciiu viet
bang nhieu each khac nhau: M'ndng. Mnong, Mondng, Mo Ndng. Pa Ndng (tieng Viet),
Mnong, Pnong. Budong (tieng Anh). Nhung theo mdt sd tri thiic M'ndng ma chiing tdi tigp

xiic tai thi xa Gia NghTa (thang 7/2004), toe danh ciia hg phai vigt la Bu Nong (bing chu'
M'ndng) hoac Bu Noong (bang ehii' Qudc ngii) mdi diing, va phai dgc vdi nguygn am d dai
(Bu Nddng). Tu dien M'ndng - Viet do Bin Khanh Thg va Dinh Le Thu chu bien (1994,
h.I36) cung ghi nhan Bu Ndng la tgc danh ciia ngudi M'ndng. Tuy vay, ban than ngudi
M'ndng lai khdng giai thich dugc ngudn gdc va y nghTa ciia tdc danh nay. Trong tigng
M'ndng, bu cd nghTa la "ngudi", eon nong cd nghTa la "(trai) bau" - mdt y nghTa khd diing
dg giai thich tgc danh Bu Nong. Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng. Cdn ngu ghep hai ygu td dd lara
mdt thi Bu Nong. Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng deu khdng cd y nghTa gi trong tieng M'Ndng.
Ngudi Cham ggi ngudi M'ndng la Binaung, ngudi Viet ggi la Mo Ndng; nhung trong tieng
Cham va tieng Viet, nhirng danh xung nay cung khdng cd nghTa. Trong eac tdc ngudi lang
gigng cua ngudi M'ndng, danh tir Bu Nong. Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng chi cd ngii am tuong
ty vdi khai niem vonom "niii" trong tieng Koho va phnum hoac phnom "nui" trong tigng
Khmer. Vay ngudn gdc cita Bu Nong, Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng phai chang co lign quan
dgn cac tgc ngudi lang gieng nay? Theo nha sii hgc Luong Ninh (1984, tr.68), "thdi tien
sir, mdt bd phan eu dan cd Ddng Nam A da sinh sdng trgn dat nude Campuchia ngay nay
va theo dau vet van hda, cdn lan rdng trdn ca cao nguyen Co-rat va trang luu sdng
Mekong. Hau due cua bd phan nay la ragt tdc it ngudi con sinh sdng d mien niii
Campuchia va ca d Tracmg Son (Viet Nam) - ngudi Pnong. Hien nay, ngudi Khmer chigm
sd ddng tuyet ddi trong dan cu, nhung ngudi Khmer rat gan gui ngudi Pnong vg mat nhan
hgc, ndi theo nghia rgng. Cho ngn tac gia cho rang dan cu tign sir la ngudi Pnong, con


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - TriHdng DHSP TPHCM

ngudi Khmer hinh thanh raudn, trong qua trinh xuit bien nha nude, va ggi ngudi Khmer la
'ngudi Pnong An Do hda"\ Dya theo gia thuygt nay cua Luong Ninh, chiing tdi phdng
doan M'ndng. Mnong, Mondng. Mo Ndng, Po Ndng. Mnong. Pnong. Budong, BuJ^Jong,
Bu Noong. Bu Ndng ddu la tdc danh bit ngudn tii' danh hi Phnom "mii" la each ggi ciia
ngu'di Khmer de chi cae tdc ngudi cu tni d vimg mii, trong dd cd ngudi M'ndng, phan biet
vdi ngudi Khmer cu tni d bdn dia Bign Hd Tonle Sap. Digu dd giai thich tai sao mac dii la

tdc danh phd bign nhung tat ca cac each ggi tgc danh ciia ngudi M'ndng dgu khdng phai la
tir ngir M'ndng, khien cho ngudi M'ndng hoan toan khdng higu y nghia eua chung va dan
tdi nhigu each dgc trai khac nhau.
Ngn-di Hoa d Viet Nam tren thuc tg cd rat nhigu ten ggi. Xua kia, ngudi Viet ggi
ngudi Hoa la ngudi Ngd, mgt danh xung ac cam hinh thanh tir thdi trigu dai nha Ngd xam
luge va dan ap eu dan Giao Chau - Quang Chau (210-280), va dugc sir dung den tan the kl
XIX, vdi chiing tich la ban tuyen ngdn "Binh Ngd dai cao" do Nguygn Trai phyng menh
Lg Lgi soan thao sau khi danh dudi giac Minh (1428), va cac muc tir Ngd. nude Ngd. thang
Ngd trong cac tir dien cita Alexandre de Rhodes (1991, tr.I64), Pierre Pigneaux de Behaine
(1999, tr.33, 324), Huinh Tinh Paulus Ciia (1998, h.5I, 710). Nhimg ngudi Hoa "phan
Thanh phuc Minh" den Nam Bg vao thd ki XVII-XVIII thi duge ggi la ngudi Minh
Huong, tiic "huong hda nha Minh". Ngay nay, con chau cita hg phan nhigu da trd thanh
ngudi Viet. Cdn nhiing ngu'di Hoa ma thdi nha Nguygn ggi la Dudng nhan "ngudi Dudng"
va hien nay van cdn giii nguyen ngdn ngii, van hda, y thirc tdc ngudi, thi cbii yeu la con
chau ciia di dan ngudi Hoa den Nam Bg vao the ki XIX-XX. Hg khdng tu ggi minh la
ngudi Trang Qudc, ngudi Han, ngudi Hoa, ma la Thoong Danh (tieng Quang Ddng) hoac
Timg Nan (tieng Trieu Chau), tiic la "Dudng nhan", "ngudi Dudng". Ngudn goc cua danh
xung ay la do vao thdi nha Dudng (618-907), ngudi Han da lan tran khap LTnh Nara, ddng
hda cu dan d dd, rdi tir dd hg mdi di dan dgn Viet Nam, mang theo y thiic tdc ngudi va tgn
ggi "Dudng nhan". Khdng chi vay, do qug quan khae nhau va nhap cu vao nhiing thdi
diem khac nhau, ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam rat khdng thuan nhat vg van hda va ngdn ngir. Tir
dd, hg eon cd nhiing danh xung ty ggi can cir vao xuat xii la cac dia phuang d duyen hai
Giang Nam, Trang Qudc: Quang/ Ouang Ddng. Tieu/ Trieu Chau. Phudc Kign/ Phuc Kign.
Hai Nam, He. Ngudi Viet thi ggi nhihig ngudi Hoa egng cu la ngudi Tau, CJc Chii "Khach
Tni", Quang "Quang Ddng", Tigu "Trigu Chau", He "Hakka, Khach Gia"... Hien nay, nha
nude va gidi khoa hgc Viet Nam ggi chung tat ca ngudi Han dinh cu d Viet Nam la ngirdi
Hoa, phan biet vdi Hoa kigu la nhiing ngudi Trang Qudc ed mat d Viet Nam nhung khdng
nhap tich Viet Nara.
Ngu'di Khmer co tdc danh ty ggi la Khemara, Khmer, dugc cho la bat ngudn tir ten
ggi cua ngudi lap qudc. Theo truygn thuygt dia phuang, mgt an sT An Dd tgn la Kambu da

dgn Chan Lap kit hdn vdi nir than Mera, ngn con chau cua hg dugc ggi la Kambuja nghTa
la "con chau cua Kambu", va tgn ghep cita hai vg chdng trd thanh ten ggi tdc ngudi la


Trudng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tung Hieu

Kambu-Mera, Khgmara, Khmer. Ngudi Khmer d Nam Bd cdng dugc ggi la Khemara
Krdm, Khmer Krdm. nghTa la "Khmer Dudi", bidu thi vimg cu tni ciia hg la vimg dat thip
d ha luu sdng Bassac (Cim Long). Ngudi Cham va cac tgc ngudi ban dia Ddng Nam Bg thi
ggi ngudi Khmer la Kur, cd thg bat ngudn tu tdc danh Khgmara, Khmer. Ngudi Viet Nam
Bd thi ggi nhiing ngudi Khmer cdng cu la ngudi Thd. ngudi Mien. Cach ggi ngudi Thd
"thd dan" bat ngudn tir each ggi chung cita ngudi Viet ddi vdi nhiing cu dan ban dia hgn
nhiing dia ban ma ngudi Viet den muu sinh. Do dd, ngudi Tay d vimg niii Viet Bac - Ddng
Bac, ngudi Thd d vung mii Thanh Hda - Nghe An, ngudi Stieng d Binh Phudc, ngudi
Khmer d Nam Bg... dgu dugc ngu'di Viet ggi la ngudi Thd. Cdn tde danh ngudi Mign bit
ngudn tir qudc danh Cao Mien ma nha Nguygn dung de ggi Chan Lap, bit ngudn tir tdc
danh br ggi Khemara, Khmer cua ngudi Khmer. Qudc danh Cao Mien vg sau do ki buy vua
Thieu Tri (Nguygn Phitc Mign Tdng), ngn ddi ggi la Cao Man hoac Cao Mgn. Trade dd,
ngudi Viet ggi dat nude cita ngudi Khmer la Chan Lap, bat ngudn tir qudc danh Cbdn-la;
hoac Gian Phd Trai, Ddng Phd, la nhiing hinh thiic phidn am sang Han Viet ciia qudc danh
Kambuja.
Ngoai nhiing tdc danh khdng ro nghia, cac tdc danh cdn lai cua eae tdc ngudi thigu
sd Viet Nam cd the ehia thanh bdn loai:
(1) NhuTig toe danh bieu thi tir each con ngudi: Monui "ngudi" - tgn hi ggi ciia
ngudi Kam (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1984, tr.I53); Kdn cau "con-ngudi" - tdc danh ty xung ciia
ngudi Koho, ngudi Ma (Ta Van Thdng, 1993, tr.23, 24)... Thdng diep van hda cua nhung
tgc danh loai nay la sy khang dinh tu each con ngudi ciia tdc ngudi ay, phan biet vdi gidi
ty nhien, vdi cae loai ddng vat. Dieu do cung tuong ty tdc danh ty ggi Moi, Muan cua

ngudi Mudng.
(2) Nh&ng toe danh bleu thj dia virc cir tru hoac xuat xu- ciia tgc ngirdi: Xinh
Mun "ngudi d mii" (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1978, tr.ll8); Chirt "mii da" (Nguyen Van Lgi,
1993a, tr.IO); Ngudn "ngudn Ca Sa, ngudn Kim Linh" (Vd Xuan Trang cb, 2008); Pa koh
"phia mii" (Vien Dan tdc hgc, 1984, h.I63); Lac "rirng thua" (Ta Van Thdng, 1993, tr.23,
24)... Tdc danh cua ngudi Jrai (hoac Jarai) dugc eho la bat ngudn tir danh tir drai "thac"
trong tieng Jrai, bigu thi dia hinh dia vat dac tnmg cila viing cu tni ciia ngirdi Jrai. Tdc
danh cua ngudi Hroi (hoac Haroi) dugc cho la bat ngudn tir danh tir ia harei "mat trdi",
bigu thi xuat xii tir phia Ddng va vimg cu tni d phia Ddng cua ngirdi Hroi. Ta'ioh la tdc
danh ggi ngudi Ta'ioh, Pakdh, Pahi, bidu thi xuat xii cua hg la cao nguyen Ta'ioh d Lao.
Ciing cd thg xgp vao loai nay la tdc danh ngudi Thd "thd dan" ma ngudi Viet dimg de chi
nhirng eu dan ban dia trgn nhirng dia ban ma ngudi Viet dgn mim sinh: ngudi Tay d viing
mii Viet Bac - Ddng Bac, ngudi Thd d vimg nui Thanh Hda - Nghe An, ngudi Stieng d
Binh Phudc, ngudi Kbraer d Nam Bd... Thdng diep van hda ciia nhiing tdc danh loai nay
la su khang dinh dia vyc cu tni hoac xuat xii cua tgc ngudi iy, phan biet vdi dia vuc cu trii
hoae xuit xii cua cac tdc ngudi can cu. Digu dd ciing tuong tu cac tde danh Bru. So, Khiia,
181


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM

Van Kigu. Tn, Mang Coong cua ngudi Bra; cac tgc danh Cham, Chigm Thanli. Cham cua
ngudi Cham; cac tdc danh Minh Huang. Thoong Danh. Timg Nan. Quang, Quang^oQg'
lieu, Trigu Chau. Phudc Kidn. Phiic Kidn. Hai Nam. He, Hakka, Khach Gia... ciia ngudi
Hoa; cae tdc danh Khemara. Khmer cua ngudi Khmer...
(3) Nhung toe danh bilu thi dac trimg van hda cua toe ngudi: Tgc danh Sre
"radng nude" dg ggi nhdm Kaho bigt lara mdng nude la ngudi Koho Sre (Ta Van Thdng,
1993, tr.23, 24); tdc danh Pu Na "ngudi lam mdng" (Nguygn Van Lgi, 1993a, tr.IO)...
Thdng diep van hda cita nhiing tgc danh loai nay la sy khing dinh dac trang van hda khac
biet cua tdc ngudi ay, phan biet vdi van hda cua cac tdc ngudi can cu. Dieu dd ciing tuong

tu cac tdc danh Chd, con Chd. con Ke Chd. moi Kinh. Kinh Kv Ke Chd ma ngudi Mudng
ggi ngudi Viet; tdc danh ngai Pudn ma ngudi Ngudn ggi ngudi Viet; tdc danh Kinh ma
ngudi Tay, ngudi Niing, ngudi Han ggi ngudi Viet; tgc danh Mudng ma ngudi Thai, ngudi
Viet ggi ngudi Mudng; tgc danh Bahnar Cham cita nhdm Cham Hroi...
(4) Nhirng tgc danh mang sic thai ki thi: Tdc danh Xa cua ngudi Thai d viing Tay
Bac - Bac Trang Bg ggi cac tgc ngudi Mon-Khmer lam liia ray va san cau lugm hai; tdc
danh Kha Toong Lugng "Xa la vang" cua ngudi Thai d Lao ggi ngudi Rye san cau lugm
hai trong rirng; tdc danh Moi ciia ngudi Viet ggi cac tdc ngudi Mon-Khmer va MalayoPolynesian d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen... Day thudng la nhiing tde danh phidm chi,
khdng nham vao mgt tgc ngudi cu the nao, nhung bieu thi nhiing cai nhin ki thi, khinh miet
ddi vdi nhiing tdc ngudi bi xem la lac hau, ban khai. Dieu do cUng tuong ty cac tdc danh
Yuan, Yudn ma cac tdc ngudi Trudng Son - Tay Nguygn va Cham, Khmer trade day diing
dg ggi ngudi Viet can cu. Nguyen nhan hinh thanh nhung cai nhin ky thi ay la do sy tuong
phan vg ddi sdng van hda vat chat, sy di biet vg ddi sdng van hda tinh than, va anh hudng
cua cac ngn van minh ngoai lai: ngudi Viet chiu anh hudng ciia van minh Tmng Hoa;
ngudi Thai, ngudi Chara va ngudi Khmer chiu anh hudng ciia van minh An Do. Ngay nay,
eac tdc danh phigm chi cd sac thai khinh miet ay khdng eon dugc diing phd bign, va dugc
thay the dan bang nhiing danh xung true chi va trang tinh ban.
4.

Ket luan
Ciing vdi ngdn ngir tdc ngudi, tdc danh la dau chi trade tien giup cho mdt tdc ngudi
tu phan biet vdi nhiing tdc ngudi khac va phan biet nhiing tdc ngudi khae vdi toe ngudi ma
minh sd thugc. Ngudn gdc tnrc tiep cua tgc danh cd thd la mgt danh xung ty ggi, nhung
thudng la xuit phat tir each ggi dg phan biet ciia cac tdc ngudi lan can. Cae tgc ngudi
thudng dya vao nai cu tru hoac mdt digm dac trung, dac thii yg van hda ciia cac tgc ngudi
lang gigng de dat tgn cho hg. Do dd, tgc danh thudng phan anh xuit xir va phan anh cai
nhin cua cac tgc ngudi ddi vdi nhau.
Viet Nam la mgt qudc gia da tdc ngudi, va dong vai trd trang tam trong suot tign
trinh lich sii Viet Nam ehinh la tdc Viet. Tir nhiing nhdm td tidn cu tni tren miln niii Bic
Bg va Bic Trung Bd, tgc Viet da md rdng dia ban tir mign nui xudng ddng bing, hai dao

182


Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tiing Hiiu

va md rdng lanh thd tdc ngudi xudng phuong Nara, cdng cu va tigp bign van hda vdi cac
tdc ngudi thigu so anh em dg lam giau ndi luc van hda cita minh va ciia qudc gia dan tgc
Viet Nam raa minh la radng cgt. Trong qua trinh dd, su hda hgp vdi cac tdc ngudi cdng cu
thudng xen ke vdi nhiing va cham ve khdng gian sinh tdn va van hda, dan tdi sy hinh thanh
nhung tgc danh mang nghTa xau ca tir hai phia. Nhung ngay nay, tgc Viet da trd thanh lyc
lugng doan kgt eac tdc ngudi Viet Nam trong sy nghiep dung nude va giii nude. Chinh
nhd vai trd do ciia tdc Viet, qudc gia dan tgc Viet Nara mdi cd thg duong diu vdi bigt bao
thien tai dich hga ma van tra'dng tdn va phat trign. Va trong bdi canh ddi mdi, hdi nhap,
cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hdm nay, tdc Viet vdi vai trd chii thg van hda chinh cita van
hda Viet Nam dang phat huy anh hudng den tat ca cac vimg mign tu ddng bang den midn
mii, cao nguyen. Anh hudng ngay cang sau rgng cita van hda Viet dang thu hep nhiing
khae biet va md rdng sy ddng nhat vg van hda giiia cac viing mign, dan den sy hinh thanh
va phd bign cua nhung tdc danh trang tinh, tdn trgng lan nhau giiia cac tgc ngudi dang
chung sdng tren lanh thd Viet Nam.

Tuyen b6 vi quyin Igi: T^c gia xdc nh$n hodn todn khdng c6 xung ddt vi quyin Iqfi.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Behaine, Pierre Pigneaux de. (1999). Dictionarium Anamitico Latinum (Tu vi Annum Latinh),
1772-1773, Hong Nhue Nguygn Khic Xuygn dich va giai thieu. TPHCM: NXB Tre.
Huinh Tinh Paulus Ciia. (1998). Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vi, Sai Gon: Imprimerie Rey, Curiol & Cie,
1895-1896. NXB Tre in lai.
Khong Dien. (1978). Dan tgc Bra. Trong Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viit Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc). Ha

Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
Phan Hiru Dat. (1994). Tro lai ten ggi mgt sd dan tgc nude ta hien nay. Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, I.
Tran Tri Doi. (1999). Nghiin cicu ngdn ngU cdc ddn tgc thieu sd Viet Nam. Ha Ngi: NXB Dai hgc
Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
Diffloth, Gerard. (1980-1981). Registres, Devoisement, Timbres Vocahques: leur histoire en
Katouique. Mon-Khmer Studies IX-X. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii.
Mac Dudng. (1997). Ddn tgc hgc vd vdn de xdc dinh thdnh phdn ddn tgc. Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc
xa hgi.
Efimov, A. Ju. (1985). Xung quanh van de ve tir nguyen ten ggi ciia mgt sd dan tgc d Dong Nam
A. Tgp chi Ngdn ngu; 4.
Grimes, Barbara F., editor (1988). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, U"^ edition. Dallas.
Summer Instimte of Liiiguisdcs, Inc., Dallas, Texas, 748 p,
Ly Tiing Hieu. (2007). Dgc diim ve cdu tgo tu vd vi vdn hda Bru vd Viet qua su so sdnh tic vung
cua hai ngon ngu ndy. Luan an tign sT ngir van chuyen nganh ngon ngir hgc so sanh - ddi
chigu. TP H6 Chi Minh: Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi vimg Nam Bg, 6/10/2007.

183


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM
Do Diic Hiing, Nguygn Dire Nhuc, Trin Thi Vinh, Tnrong Thi Ygn. (2001). Viet Nam nhimg sir
kiin lich sir (Tic khdi thiiy den 1858). NXB Giao due.
Nguyen Van Khang (chu bien). (2002). Tir diin Mudng - Viet. Ha Ngi: NXB Van hda Dan tgc.
Vuang Hiru Le. (1993). Ngu- dm vd tu vung tieng Bru. Dc tai nghien cim khoa hgc cap Bo, Tru'dng
Dai hgc Tong hgp Huc.Hue.
Vuang Hu-u Ll (1997). TUdiin Bru - Viet-Anh. Hue: NXB Thuan Hoa,
Nguyin Van Lgi. (1993a). Tiing Rue. Ha Ndi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
Nguyen Van Lgi. (1993b). Tgc danh ciia mgt s6 dan tgc 6 Nam Trung Quoc va Dong Nam A. Van
de ten ggi Giao Chi. Trong Viet Nam — nhung vdn de ngdn ngic vd van hda. Ha Ngi:
Hgi Ngon ngir hgc Vict Nam va Tmdng Dai hgc Ngoai ngir Ha Ngi.

Luang Ninh. (1984). Ljch su trung dgi thi gidi, Phdn phuang Dong, quyin II. Ha Ngi: NXB Dai
hgc va Trung hgc Chuyen nghiep.
Rhodes, Alexandre de. (1991). Dictionarium Annamiticum - Lusitanum - Latinum (Tic diin Annum
- Lusitan - Latinh), 1651, Thanh Lang, Hoang Xuan Viet, Dd Quang Chinh phien dich. Ha
Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi.
Ta Van Thong. (1993). Ten rieng trong tigng Koho. Tgp chi Ngdn ngu, 1.
Tran Nggc Them. (2004). Tim vi bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam. Cdi nhin he thdng - logi hinh, in lan
thit 4. TPHCM NXB Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh.
Bill Khanh Thg, Dinh Lg Thu (ddng chii bien). (1994). Tic dim M'ndng - Viet. Dik Lik: UBND
tinh Dak Lak, Sd Giao due va Dao tao tinh Dak Lak va Trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Thanh
phd Ho Chi Minh.
Vo Xuan Trang (Chu bien), Dinh Thanh Du, va Ly Tiing Hieu. (2008). Vdn hda ddn gian cua
ngudi Ngudn d Viet Nam. Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
Luang Vu. (1993). Mgt so van de xung quanh viec day hgc va pho bien bg chir cac dan tgc thieu so
d mgt sd tinh mien Trung. Trong Gido due ngdn ngu vd su phdt triin vdn hda cdc ddn tgc
thiiu sd phia Nam. Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi.
Vien Dan tgc hgc. (1978). Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc). Ha Ngi: NXB
Khoa hgc xa hgi.
Vien Dan tgc hgc. (1984). Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viit Nam (cdc tinh phia Nam). Ha Ngi: NXB
Khoa hoc xa hgi.
Vien Ngon ngii hgc. (1984). Ngdn ngic cdc ddn tgc thiiu so a Viet Nam vd chinh sdch ngdn ngU.
Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi.
Dang Nghiem Van. (1986). Ten ggi cac tgc ngudi d Viet Nam - mpt phan anh xa hgi. Trong
Nhimg vdn de ngon ngu ligc ve cdc ngon ngir phuong Dong. Ha Ngi: Vien Ngon ngir hoc.
Dang Nghiem Van. (2003). Cong dong quoc gia ddn loc Viet Nam. TPHCM: NXB Dai hgc Qudc
gia TPHCM.


• TriPdng DHSP TPHCM

Ly Tiing Hieu

ORIGINS AND MEANINGS OF ETHNIC NAMES IN VIETNAM
Ly Tung Hieu
University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National Umversily Ho Chi Mmh City
Corresponding author: Ly Tung Hieu - Email: lylunghieii@gmail com
Received: 19/02/2019, Revised: 20/3/2019; Accepted- 20/4/2019

ABSTRACT
Along with ethnic language, the name of ethnic group is the first sign to help an ethnic group
distinguish themselves from others, and distinguish other ethnic groups from the one they belong
to. The origins of the name of ethnic groups can be self-designations, hut often comes from the
differentiated callings of the neighboring communities. The communities often base on the
habitator a cultural characteristic of their neighbors to name them. Therefore, the the name of
ethnic groups in Vietnam often reflect the origin and the perspective of the ethnic groups towards
each other.
Keywords: name of ethnic group, nation name, place name, Vietnam.

185