Vấn đề lạm dụng rượu bia và giải pháp kiểm soát rượu bia ở việt nam hiện nay

26 Xa hoi hoc thye nghiem

VAN D E LAM DUNG RUOU BIA VA GlAl PHAP
KIEM s o AT RLTOU B I A 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGHIEM THI THUY*

Tom tdt: Bdi viet la mgt phan kit qud nghien cieu Bdo cdo Xd hpi thu&ng nien do
Vien Xd hgi hgc duac giao nhiim vu thuc hien trong ndm 2018. Tdc hgi eda lam dung
rugru bia dd a muc bdo ddng, khdng chi tdc dpng tnrc tiip doi v&i nguai udng md con gdy
ra nhirng hgu qud nghiim trgng ddi vol gia dinh, cpng ddng vd xd hpi. Mice dp sdn xudt
vd tiiu thu ruau bia ngdy cdng gia tang & nu&c ta cho thdy logi hdng hda dac biit ndy
chua duac qudn ly hiiu qud vd kiem sodt nghiem tuc bdng phdp lugt. Sic dting sd lipu
khdo sdt xd hpi hgc tgi 4 tinh thdnh vd dH lieu nghiin cicu vi lam dung ruau bia, cdc tdc
gid ddnh gid thuc trgng lam dung rugtu bia, ddng th&i phdn tich cdc nhdn td hien cdn tr&
viec kiem sodt hieu qud lam dting ruau bia & Viet Nam hien nay. Trong phdn kit lugn, tdc
gid de xudt viec khdn truang ban hdnh lugt kiem sodt ruau bia nhdm kip thai ngdn chgn
vd kiim sodt hiiu qud vdn de lam dung rugu bia & nu&c ta.
Tie khda: san xuat, tieu thy rugu bia, lam dyng rugu bia, phdng chdng tac hai cua
rugu bia, luat kiem scat rugu bia.
Nhgn bdi: 08/1/2019

Gui phdn bi?n: 22/1/2019

Duyet dang: 28/2/2019

1. Dan nhap
Cling vdi su tang trudng cua ndn kinh te, cac doanh nghiep san xuit rugu bia va dd
udng cd cdn d nudc ta ciing gia tang nhanh chdng. Viet Nam dugc coi la mdt trong sd it
qudc gia cd lugng san xuat va tieu thy rugu bia d miic cao va lien tye gia tang trong nhiiu
nam (WHO, 2014). Day la mdi quan ngai ddi vdi su phat triin b i n viing ciia dit nudc, bdi
lam dung rugu bia khdng chi tac ddng true tiep ddi vdi ngudi udng ma cdn gay ra nhiing

hau qua nghiem trgng ddi vdi ngudi than, gia dinh, cdng ddng va xa hgi. Rugu bia cd hen
quan tdi 70% cac vu tai nan giao thdng d nudc ta vdi thiet hai kmh te Ien din tren 1 ty dd
la (WHO, 2014). Rugu bia cdn la nguyen nhan gay ra cac vu gay rdi, bao hanh gia dinh,
tgi phEim, giet ngudi, gay mat trat ty, an toan xa hgi. Tmh trang udng rugu bia rdi diiu
khien xe gay tai nan giao thdng rat phd bien, trd thanh mgt vin nan kinh hoang de doa
tinh mang ciia ngudi dan.
Nhieu nghien ciiu tren the gidi cho thay rugu bia la loai hang hda dac biet, mdt loai
san pham gay nghien cd anh hudng tieu cue den cac chieu eanh kinh t i , xa hdi mdi
Vi4n Xa hpi hgc, Vi4n Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hpi Vi^t Nar,


Nghiem Thi Thiiy 27
trudng va siic khde (Room, 2005; Rehn va cdng sy, 2004; WHO, 2005; Bloomberg va
cdng su, 2002). 0 Vigt Nam, cac nghien ciiu da chi ra miic dg l^m dung rugu bia trong
cdng ddng, dac biet trong nhdm nguai tre tudi (Dam Viit Cuong va Vu Minh Hanh,
2006; Luu Bich Nggc va Nguyin Thi Thiing, 2018). Cugc hdi thao do Uy ban ve Cac van
di xa hdi ciia Qudc hdi td chiic (2015) da dua ra mdt con sd dang lo ngai khi co din
43,8% hgc sinh tu ldp 8 din Idp 12 da timg udng rugu bia. Do ngudn cung ddi dao, Iai dl
dang tiep can nen viec tieu thu rugu bia d nudc ta kha phd biin. Ty Ie ngudi uong rugu
bia d miic nguy hai chiim tdi 44,2% d nam gidi sii dung rugu bia (Bd Y ti, 2017). Hau
qua cua van nan say rugu nai cong cgng va lai xe udng rugu bia gay tai nan giao thdng
ngay cang phd bien. Hanh vi udng tap the, ep udng hay budc ngudi khac udng nrgu bia
trd nen phd bien.
Trudc thye te lam dyng rugu bia, nhieu qudc gia da ban hanh va thye hien hieu qua
cac chinh sach, phap luat ve kiem scat rugu bia, thuc hien nghiem tiic cac quy dinh tren
thuc te. 6 khu vyc ASEAN, Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan, Indonesia, Philippines diu
cd bien phap ngan ngira gidi tre tiep xiic vdi rugu bia, han che sy sin cd ciia loai dd udng
dac biet nay. Ngay ca cac quoc gia phat trien cd muc tieu thu rugu bia cao nhu Nhat Ban,
Han Qudc deu ap dung cac quy dinh quan ly chat che viec quang cao nham han che su
lam dung rugu bia va cac dd udng cd cdn (WHO, 2014). Trong khi dd, d Viet Nam van

dang dien ra nhiing tranh cai ve viec cd nen han che rugu bia hay khdng. Viec xay dung
va ban hanh Luat kiem scat rugu bia la cap thiet. Ket qua nghien ciiu se gdp phan xac
dinh cac rao can hien nay va gdp phan cung cap luan cii khoa hgc cho viec xay dyng va
sdm ban hanh Luat kiem scat rugu bia d nudc ta.
2. So lieu va phuong phap
Bai viit su dung bd sd heu khao sat nrgu bia tai 4 tinh thudc khu vuc Bac - Trung Nam CLia Vien Xa hdi hgc (nam 2015), gdm: Ha Ndi, Da Nang, Lao Cai va Long An. Day
la nhung dia phuang cd trinh do phat trien khac nhau, dia hinh va van hda kha da dang.
Tai mdi tinh thanh, tiin hanh chgn mlu 2 xa/phudmg; d mdi xa/phudng chgn 200 hd gia
dinh, nhu vay quy md mlu khao sat la 1.600 hd dua tren danh sach do dia phuong cung
cap sau khi dugc ra scat, cap nhat ciing vdi cgng tac vien tren dia ban.
Lam dung rugu bia dugc xac dinh la tinh trang su dung rugu bia qua miic cho phep.
Miic dp Iam dyng rugu bia dugc tmh theo don vi rugu, theo dd viec udng nhieu hon 6
dan vi rugu (tuong duong vdi 60gr rugu quy cdn nguyen chat) la cd hai va la miic do lam
dung theo tieu chuin cua Td chiic Y ti thi gidi. Ngudi tir 60 tuoi trd len udng hon 14 dan
vi rugu/tuin hoac ban 2 dan vi rugu/ngay la lam dung; Tuong tu, ngudi dudi 60 tudi
udng tren 21 don vi rugu/tuin, hay hom 3 dom vi rugu/ngay; Lam dung cdn la hanh vi sii
dung rugu bia va dd udng cd con khac trong trucmg hgp phap luat nghiem cam.
Kiem soat rugu bia la no luc nhim han chi viec san xuit, kinh doanh, tieu thy va su
dung rugu bia trong cdng dong. Day la thudc do trinh do phat trien xa hdi. Kiem soat
nrgu bia cd ndi ham rong han la phdng chdng Iam dung rugu bia theo nghia: Iam dung


28

Vdn de lam dung rugu bia vd gidi phdp...

rugu bia chi lien quan din khau su dung chii khdng phai toan bd qua trinh san xuat, kinh
doanh, tieu thy rugu bia ciing rit cin dugc kiim soat, giam sat trong ddi sdng xa hgi.
3. Van ai lam dung nxqfu bia ff Vift Nam
Kit qua thu dugc tu nhiiu cudc khao sat d Viet Nam cho thiy lugng rugu bia tieu

thu binh quan diu ngudi giai doan 2003-2005 la 3,8 lit cdn nguyen chit/ngudi/ nam. Den
giai doan 2008-2010 con sd nay da tang len gap ddi d miic 6,6 lit cdn nguyen
chit/nguoi/nam (WHO, 2014) va nam 2015 la 8,3 lit cdn nguyen ehit/ngudi/nam (Bd Y
ti, 2017). Miic do lam dung rugu bia ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam cao nhit so vdi mgt sd
qudc gia trong khu vuc (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1. Mirc do tieu thy ru-gii bia if Vift Nam va mdt so quoc gia

(Dan vi; lit con nguyen chdt/ndm/ngu&i

Viet Nam ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • • • ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • • i ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^
Mailed • ^ ^ • • • • ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • • H B H ^ I 7*4

Canqwdua ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ | 7,0

Singapo
5j0
Nguon: WHO (2014).

Xem xet lam dung rugu thi khdng the khdng nhac tdi miic dg san xuit va tieu thy
bia vi ca hai deu la dd udng cd cdn va thudng dugc sii dung ciing nhau. Ndu nhu giai
doan 1990-2003, ca nudc mdi cd khoang 500 co sd san xuit bia, thi din nay con sd nay
da tang len gap ddi vdi su md rdng ca ve quy md va khdng gian. Cae tinh thanh diu cd ki
hoach phat trien nha may bia cung nhu san xuat loai bia dia phuang va rugu bia la mdt
trong nhiing ngudn thu ngan sach quan trgng nhat ciia nhieu dia phuomg. Diu nam 2012
Viet Nam mdi cd 78 nha may dang ky san xuit 10 trieu lit bia/nam, nhung din 2016 san
lugmg bia da dat tren 4 ty lit bia. Myc tieu ciia nganh bia la san xuat tren 6 ty lit bia vao
nam 2025 (Hiep hdi Bia-Rugu-Nudc giai khat, 2014). Vdi toe dp dd, moi nam san luone
bia nudc ta tang them 250 trieu lit.

Nghiem Thi Thuy 29
Luang ru(ra bia tieu thu a Viet Nam gia tang nhanh cung voi nhu cau tieu thu
khong bi gioi han. Neu quy d6i thanh c6n nguyen chit thi mile tieu thu binh quan dto
ngircti 6 Viet Nam (tren 15 tu6i) nam 2014 la 4,4 Ut; nam 2016 la 8,3 lit, trong khi miic
tieu thy tren toan cSu Ichong tang dang kS trong nhiju nam (tir 6,1 lit nam 2005 len 8,3 lit
nam 2016). Viet Nam hien tro thanh quoc gia c6 miie dp tieu thu nrgu bia cao nhit Dong
Nam A va diing thii 4 o Chau A sau Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Tnmg Quoc. N6u tmh rieng
cho mgu thi ty 1? tieu thu nrgu tang hon 7,5% moi nam (BO Cong Thugng, 2014). Con s6
nay chua bao g6m san lugng rugu thii cong do ngucri dan tu san xuit (khoang 32 tri§u lit
CO phep va 300 trieu lit troi noi ngoai thi trucmg khong dugc quan ly).
Thiet hai kmh te do rugu bia dem lai gan 60.000 ty dong, cao gap 1,5 lan muc dong
gop cua nganh rugu bia cho ngan sach nha nuoc. Miic do thiet hai ve mat xa hgi do sir
dung rugu, bia g Viet Nam ugc tinh khoang 1,3-3,3% GDP (WHO, 2014). Trong do, ehi
phi gian tiep de giai quyet hau qua do rugu bia thuong cao hon so voi chi phi true tiep.
iToc tinh chua diy du cho thay ganh nang true tiep cua 6 benh ung thu ma rugu bia la mot
trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh (ung thu vii, dai true trang, gan, khoang mieng, da day,
CO tu cung) da phai chi khoang 25.789 ty dong (nam 2012). Chi phi y te nay la chi true
ti6p chua kk din vin de nuoi duong va cham soc de dieu tri cac roi nhieu tam ly do rugu
nhu: hoang tuong, ao giae, roi loan nhan thiic, roi loan hanh vi cao (l.OOO.OOOd/ngay) la
ganh nang rat 1cm cho xa hgi.
4. Rao can dii vert phong chong lam dung riroru bia or Vift Nam
4.1. Han che trong van hoa uong ruffu bia
6ng cha ta co can "Chen tac, chen thii". Chu chuc khach ggi la "tac", khaeh ehiic
dap le ggi la "thu". Day la van hoa chile rugu ciia nguoi Viet c6 truySn. Tuy nhien, hien
nay van hoa u6ng rugu bj biSn tuong theo huomg tieu cue. Cac hanh vi uong nrgu thieu
van hoa trong xa hgi tro nen phS bi8n, da din tdi nhiSu he luy anh hugng din siic khoe va
hinh anh ciia nguoi Viet noi cong cgng. Theo nhan dinh cua Chii tich Quoc hgi Nguyin
Thi Kim Ngan thi viec "u6ng bia, rugu ep nhau bJng dugc la thii van hoa khac la chi thay
0 Viet Nam" (Bao Dan tri, 2019). Do do cin thay dii van hoa nguoi tieu dung niu muon
phong, chSng tac hai cua lam dung rugu bia.

Khong gidng nhu van hoa u6ng rugu cua nguM phuang Tay, mot bo phan nguoi
dan Viet Nam hiiu sai vi van hoa uing rugu. Net dep van hoa udng rugu nham nhi, hoa
my gia duge thay thi bing uing theo mgt tCt "Dzooo!" hoac 1-2-3 "Dzooo" rat x6 bo va
phan cam do thiiu kiim soat, uing khong giai han vai hau qua kho luong. Do la chua ke
nhiing quy djnh "phat" bing uing rugu bia bcii nhiing ly do khae nhau nhu din dam nhau
mupn, khong dap li voi ngudi tren trong mam, khong uing het rugu bia mdi lan nang
cie... Day la nhiing hanh vi phan cam, thiiu van hda cin phai len an, ngan ehan va
nghiem cam bang cac quy dinh phap luat.
(5 nudc ta, rugu bia luon san cd va di dang tiip can. Saiig, tiiia, chieu, hay tdi cac
nha hang, quan xa ddng nghit. Tren cac ban nhau, ban tiec d hiu het mgi vung dat nudc.


30

Vdn de Igm dgng rugu bia vd gidi phdp...

rugu bia ludn cd mat. Canh tugng mdi mge, nai ep, tham chi khich bac nhau udng het ca,
udng bing dugc den say xin kha pho biin. Nguy hiim hom, idiiing ngudi sau khi uong
rugu bia vin tham gia giao thdng, dieu khiin xe, gay tai nan chit ngudi, vi pham Iuat ya
coi thudmg mang sdng ciia ngudi khac. Tir khia canh dao diic, day la hanh vi lech chuan
rit cin len an va ngan ehan kip thdi. Giii gm dugc net dep van hda udng nrgu trudc het la
viec khdng thiic ep uong di cd thi han chi dugc nghien rugu bia, ng nin chdng chat, bao
luc, bao hanh, hoac nhirng ngudi vg mit chong, con mit me do lam dung bia rugu gay
ra... Dit nudc tiit kiem dugc hang tram nghin ty ddng di diu tu cho phat trien, giam
ngheo bin vung, va giii dugc ban sac van hda cua dan tgc.
4.2. Rdo cdn tie cdc doanh nghipp sdn xudt, kinh doanh ruffu bia
Nganh cdng nghigp rugu bia d Viet Nam dang tang trudng rit nhanh trong nhiing
nam gin day do ca chi khuyin khich phat trien nganh rugu bia va tac dgng ciia viec
quang ba san phim rugu bia din ngudi dan. Co che quan ly hien nay chu trgng den khia
canh phat trien thuang mai nganh rugu bia, gdp phSn tang thu ngan sach d cac dia

phuang va Trung uong ma khdng de cap den nhiing hau qua kinh te-xa hdi cua lam dung
rugu bia.
Ca nudc hien cd khoang 100 co sd san xuat bia vdi quy md cdng nghiep. Nam
2016, san lugmg bia la 3,8 ty lit, tang 10% so vdi nam 2015 va tang 52% so vai nam 2010.
Nam 2017, san lugng bia da cham mdc 4 ty lit, tang 10,5% so vdi san lugng tieu thy bia
nam 2016 va binh quan mdi ngudi dan da tieu thy 42 lit/nam, tang them 4 lit so vdi nam
2016 (Bd Cdng thuang, 2017). Trong thye te, san lugmg rugu cdng nghiep tang nhanh tir
80 trieu lit (nam 2010) din 188 trieu lit (nam 2016). Tinh din thang 2 nam 2018 ca nudc
hien cd hon 320 co sd san xuat rugu vdi quy md Ion, san xuit khoang 360 trieu lit
rugu/nam; Theo quy hoach hien hanh, muc tieu ciia nganh rugu din 2025 la khoang 440
trieu lit rugu cdng nghiep/nam (Hiep hgi Bia-Rugu-Nudc giai khat, 2014). Ngoai ra cdn
chua ke den cac co sd san xuat quy md nhd cd san lugng dudi 1 trieu lit/nam va cac hg
gia dmh ca the tu san xuat udc tinh khoang 250 trieu lit/nam.
Rd rang la vigc quan Iy san xuSt rugu bia d nudc ta chua dugc nghiem rainh. Cac
quyet dinh cap phep san xuat rugu bia dudmg nhu di ngugc lai vai mong mudn kiem soat
mat hang dac biet nay. Hoat dgng quan Iy kinh doanh rugu bia bj budng Idng, tham chi bi
tha ndi, nhat la trong budn ban. Bit cii dia diem, co sd nao ciing sRn cd rugu, bia di ban
cho ngudi dan, tu cac quan rugu, sieu thi, ciia hang tap hoa, khach san, nha hang an udng,
ciia hang giai khat, kinh doanh an udng, quan nudc via he..., tham chi tai cang tm, nha an
cua cac ca quan, cdng sd, doanh nghiep... cung c6 ban rugu bia. Cae boat ddng giai tri
nhu ngay hdi udng rugu bia dugc td chiic vdi miln phi udng bia cho thanh nien va nguoi
tham dy. Thuc trang nay da gdp phan tich cyc cho viec quang ba va thiic diy su duns
rugu bia ngay cang gia tang khien cho ty le sii dung rugu bia ngay eang cao. Ruau bia d
Viet Nam ludn ludn san cd va de tiep can nhat the gidi.


Nghiem Thi Thuy 31
4.3. Rdo cdn trong quy dinh chinh sdch, phdp ludt vd chi tdi qudn ly
6 Viet Nam, phap Iuat va chmh sach quan Iy san phim rugu bia da dugc ban hanh
kha sdm nhung chu yeu tap trung vao cac quy dinh kiem soat cac khau san xuat, kinh

doanh ma chua cd cac quy dinh cd tinh phdng ngua (vi du Nghi dinh sd 105/2017/ND-CP
vi kinh doanh rugu). Chi khi viec su dung nrgu, bia dan den cac hau qua xiu trong cac
quan he xa hdi nhu tham gia giao thdng khi sir dung nrgu bia, cd hanh vi vi pham phap
Iuat hanh chinh, hinh sy do su dung rugu bia hoac vi pham cac dieu kien san xuat, kinh
doanh thi mdi bi xu ly.
Mac dii Thii tudng Chinh phu da ban hanh Quyet djnh 244/QD-TTg ve phdng,
chdng tac hai cua dd udng cd cdn nhung day mdi la dinh hudng chinh sach chung va can
dugc the che thanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat cd gia tri bat budc ap dyng, cdn chua
cd nhiing hoat dgng tuyen truyen, giao due; cac quy dinh ve tinh san cd cua rugu bia va
kiem soat kha nang tiep can ddi vdi loai hang hda dac biet nay. Hien nay khdng cd sy ban
che nao ve do tudi mua hay sir dyng rugu bia, gid ban, dia diem ban, kiem soat quang
cao, khuyen mai, tai trg rugu bia, in canh bao siic khde tren bao bi. Cang khdng thay cd
cac bien phap nham giam nhu cau sir dung rugu bia, han che ngudn cung cap rugu bia.
Dieu dd cho thay, cac quy dinh phap Iuat ve phdng, chdng tac hai cua rugu bia d Viet
Nam chua cd tinh ngan ngiia tac hai ciia rugu bia. Viec thuc hien cac chinh sach, phap
luat tren thuc td cdn nhieu bat cap, xir ly cac vu viec vi pham chua nghiem, dan den quy
dinh phap luat khdng dugc tuan thii va tinh trang "nhdn luat" ciia ngudi vi pham ngay
cang tang, nhat la trong hanh vi udng rugu lai xe.
Viec can thiep bing phap luat nham dieu chinh cac yeu td nguy co do Iam dung
nrgu bia la mdt yeu ciu cip thiit, giiip tiit kiem chi phi tdn kem khac phyc hau qua do tac
hai cua Iam dung rugu bia. Kiim soat rugu bia bang phap luat la rat cin thiet va hoan toan
kha thi. Tuy nhien, cd the nhan thiy nhiing bit cap han chd hien nay:
Thii nhit, cac quy djnh vi han chi tinh sEn cd va nhu cau sii dung rugu bia cdn han
che nhu viec trung bay rugu, bia va in canh bao siic khde tren nhan san pham rugu bia.
cin kiim soat hoat ddng tai trg nhim tiip thj rugu bia; ban che tinh trang udng nhieu va
say xin; quy dinh ve ngay, gid, mat do diim ban Ie rugu bia; quy djnh ve viec cam ban
mgu, bia cho mdt sd ddi tugng nhu ngudi say rugu, phu nir cd thai, tre em va ngudi dudi
18 tudi... Hien cdn rit thiiu cac quy dinh nhim huy ddng siic manh cdng dong tham gia
vao can thiep giam tac hai ddi vdi sii dyng rugu, bia nhu viec quy djnh cu the ddi vdi Imh
vyc xay dyng ddi sdng van hoa co sd khdng rugu bia hoac sii dung ban che rugu bia.

Thii hai, hien nganh y ti van chua cd quy dinh vi hd trg dieu trj ddi vdi ngudi
nghien rugu, cai rugu tai co sd y ti va trong cdng ddng; thieu cac hd trg xa hdi de dy
phdng hanh vi uong nrgu bia d miic cd hai; giai quyit cac vin de gia dinh va xa hdi lien
quan din rugu bia do ngudi udng d muc do Iam dung la thanh vien gay ra (bao lyc gia
dinh). Cac can bd cong tac xa hgi cung chua dugc trang bi nhung ky nang de giai quyet
va hd trg cac nan nhan ciia lam dung rugu bia.


32

Vdn de lam dung rugu bia vd gidi phdp...

Thii ba, cac chi tai xu ly vi pham phap luat hinh su, hanh chinh lien quan den rugu
bia, phdng chdng rugu bia nhap lau chua dii m^nh, chua cd hieu qua ran de, giao due ddi
vdi mpt sd vi pham lien quan d i n su dung rugu bia mang tinh nguy hiem cho xa hgi, xam
hai true tiip din tinh mang, tai san hgp phap ciia cdng dan (nhu vi pham ve ndng do con
khi tham gia giao thdng...). Hien chi cd quy djnh tuyen truyen ve tai nan giao thdng do sir
dyng rugu bia va cac chi tai xii phat khdng dugc thye thi nghiem minh, gap nhieu trd
ngai trong trien khai thye hign.
Nham han chi nhiing vin d i tren, each day gan 4 nam Thii tuong Chinh phii da
quyet dinh thanh lap Ban chi dao Quoc gia ve phdng chdng tac hai cua lam dyng rugu bia
va dd udng cd cdn (thang 7/2015) do Bd trudng Bg Y t i lam Tnrdng ban. Bg Y te ciing
dugc giao la don vi chii tri xay dyng dy an Luat phdng chdng tac hai cua rugu bia. Den
nay, cac tinh thanh tren ca nudc da bugc dau ap dung nhiing bign phap kiem soat nhu:
cam can bd cdng chiic sii dung rugu bia va dd udng cd cdn trong gid lam vigc, trong biia
an tnra; xii phat cac vi pham lam dung rugu bia ddi vdi cdng chiic vien chiic, ngudi dieu
khien phuang tien khi tham gia giao thdng; kiem soat ngudn rugu bia san xuat trong nudc
va nhap khau... Nhung bien phap do buoc dau cd y nghia nhac nha y thiic cua can bp va
nhan dan trong su dung rugu bia, tuy chua du siic ran de, han chi va kiim soat, nhit la
chua ddng cham den nguyen nhan sau xa ciia hanh vi lam dung rugu bia.

Diiu dang mung la nguoi dan hien nay kha ddng tinh v i viec ban hanh mdt bd luat
hoan chinh nham kiim soat rugu bia. Cd din 80% nguoi dan trong miu khao sat tai 4 tinh
thanh ddng y va cho rang viec ban hanh Dy luat la can thiit nhim phdng chdng tac hfii va tiin
tdi ngan ehan dugc tmh trang lara dyng rugu bia trong xa hdi hien nay. Kit qua cdn cho thiy
cd 60% ddng tinh va 26% rat ddng tinh vdi sy cin thiet phai ban hanh Luat (Hinh 2).
Hinb 2. Thdi d^ cua ngirM dan vl vi^c ban hilnh Lu|t kiem soat rirQii bia
_^_^_

i

Rat dong tinh

._._.

Dong tinh

Nguon: So lieu khdo sdt ctia de tdi.

___^_

Khong biet

Khong ddng tinh

£)oK vj: %

Rk khong d6ne
tinh

Nghiem Thi Thiiy 33
5. XSy dijmg v^ ban hanh Lu$t ki^m sodt nroii bia
Ki tir nam 2015, Qudc hdi da giao cho Eg Y ti xay dyng, soan thao Luat Phdng
chdng tac hai cua lam dyng rugu bia. Trai qua nhiiu ky hgp sudt 3 nam qua, du luat van
chua dugc thdng qua vdi nhiing nguyen nhan khach quan va chii quan. Dy Luat phdng
chdng tac hai rugu bia vdi 34 diiu quy dinh, dugc chia thanh 4 chuong (Thu vien phap
luat, 2018) vdfi mong mudn cd quy dinh kiem soat chat che viec quang cao, khuyin mai
va tai trg rugu bia de ban che kha nang tiep cSn va tinh sin cd cua rugu bia d nudc ta.
Tuy nhien, hien cd nhieu tranh luan ve viec han chi hay khdng ban chi rugu bia d
Viet Nam, ciing nhu viec cam quang cao rugu bia tren mtemet. Cac y kiin phan ddi cho
rang ban che rugu bia se anh hudmg manh den ngudn thu ngan sach dja phuong va trung
uong. Do e ngai vi sy suy giam tang trudng va anh hudng din thu ngan sach nen san
xuat, kinh doanh va tieu thy rugu bia vin dugc khuyen khich. Mac du chii truong xay
dung va ban hanh Luat dugc ngudi dan iing hd, song quy md lgi nhuan thu dugc nen cac
doanh nghiep san xuat, kinh doanh rugu bia tun nhieu each van ddng nhim gay khd khan,
trd ngai trong viec thdng qua dy Luat.
Trong khi dd, y thiic phap luat va tuan thu phap luat ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam nhm
chung kha thap so vdi cac qudc gia khac tren the gidi. Sy tuy tien trong ldi sdng, each
nghl va hanh dgng theo kieu "phep vua thua le lang", "mdt tram cai ly khdng bang mdt ti
cai tinh" van cdn phd bien, quy djnh sy hanh xii hang ngay ciia ca nhan va cdng ddng.
Thdi quen bat tuan phap luat, tim each ddi phd va lach luat la phd bien khien cho viec
tuan thii phap luat ngay cang yeu kem trong xa hdi.
6. Ket luan va khuyin nghi
Trudc thuc trang lam dung rugu bia d Viet Nam da din nguomg bao ddng, viec
giam sat va kiim soat rugu bia la mgt yeu cau cap thiet phai dugc quan tam, giai quyet
bang cac bien phap ddng bd. Qudc hgi can sdm ban hanh Luat Kiem soat rugu bia de cd
CO sd phap ly vi diiu kien kinh doanh rugu bia, giam miic do san xuit, kinh doanh va tieu
thu rugu bia, cilng nhu han chi tinh trang san xuit va sir dyng rugu bia khdng dam bao tieu
chuin. Khdng vi chi tieu tang trudng hay lgi nhuan do nganh san xuat, kinh doanh rugu bia
dem lai ma chin chu, thoai lui vice ban hanh Luat Kiim soat rugu bia. Kinh nghiem cua mdt

sd nudc trong khu vuc (nhu Thai Lan, Sri Lanka) da cho thiy day la phuang thtic hieu qua
nhit di kiim soat san xuit, kinb doanh va sir dyng rugu bia. Mdt sd giai phap dudi day cd
the uutien xem xet:
Mpt Id, khin truang hoan thien va ban hanh Luat Phdng chdng tac hai rugu bia, tren
ca sd Igi ich lau dai cua toan xa hdi chii khdng chi vi lgi nhuan tnrdc mat cua cac doanh
nghiep san xuit, kinh doanh rugu bia. Ndi dung luat cin cd chi tai tang thue ddi vdi rugu
bia di ban chi ciu vi day la mat hang hai siic khde, khdng nen khuyin khich (khdng nhu
gao, thit, dien, xang cin duy tri gia thip dk bao ve ngudi tieu dung, dn dinh chinh trj).
Cin cd quy djnh han chi quang cao di ngudi tieu diing, dac biet gidi tre it cd thdng tm va
eg hpi tiip can loai hang hda nhay cam nay. Han chi diim ban, gid ban de giam kha nang


34

Vdn de lam dung rugu bia va gidi phdp...

tiip can rugu bia. Luat ciing cin quy djnh ro can bd, cdng chiic va Dang vien, ngucri dung
diu guong miu khdng lara dung rugu bia, khdng diing tiin ngan sach de mua rugu, hen
hoan, an udng,...
Hai la, xem xet ddi ten Luat Phdng chdng tac hai ciia rugu bia (hay Luat Phdng
chdng tac hai cua lam dung rugu bia) thanh Luat Kiim soat rugu bia, theo dd khdng chi
kiim soat tieu dung hay su dung rugu bia ma cdn ca khau san xuit, kinh doanh, phan phdi
loai hang hda dac biet nay. Nghiem cira quang cao rugu bia dudi mgi hmh thiic, tai nai
cdng cdng va nhit la tren cac phuomg tien thdng tin dai chiing (tivi, bao, dai, internet...).
Tang cudng thuc hien cac chiin djeh truyin thdng phdng chdng lam dyng rugu bia. Chpn
mdt ngay trong nam la ngay ca nudc khdng udng rugu bia, cd the bat dau ngay tii nam
nay, khdng dgi d i n khi Luat dugc ban hanh.
Ba la, nghien ciiu danh gia tac ddng ciia viec ban chi tieu dung rugu bia trong xa
hdi, nhit la ddi vdi gidi tre hien nay (la nhdm dang cd xu hudmg sir dung nhiiu rugu bia
va cac loai dd udng cd cdn khac). Ddng thdi, tap trung bao ve mgt sd ddi tugng yeu the la

nan nhan cua lara dung rugu nhu tre em, vj thanh nien, phy nu..., trudc nguy ca quy rad
san xuit va tieu thy rugu bia ngay cang tang d Viet Nam. Nhiem vy trgng tam la dau
tranh, thuyit phuc quan diem de cao lgi ich tai chinh, ddng gdp ngan sach va tang trudng
kmh t i bing san xuit rugu bia va cac dd udng cd cdn, san sang danh ddi lgi nhuan cho su
phat triin bin viing cua dat nudc.
Bdn la, xera xet hmh thanh mgt ca quan ddc lap giam sat va quan ly rugu bia v^ dd
udng cd cdn (cd thi dudi hinh thiic td chiic cua mdt Uy ban Qudc gia nhu Thai Lan da
lam) de thdng nhat mdt mdi viec nghiem tiic giam sat ngudn cung va kiem soat lam dung
rugu bia. Ddng thdi, can quan ly nang cao chat lugng rugu bia de tranh rugu kem chat
lugng, rugu khdng ngudn gdc, rugu nhap lau va rugu ban gay hai eho siic khde ngudi dan
va cdng ddng.
Tki li^u tham khao
Bloomberg, R.D., Peck, R.C, Moskowitz, H., Burns, M. and Fiorentino, D. 2002. Crash Risk of Alcohol
Involved Driving. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.
Bao Dan tri. 2019. ,vn/xa-hoi/chu-tich-quoc-hoi-ep-uong-ruou-bia-la-thu-van-hoa-khacla-20190412115546085.htm
Bo Cong thuong. 2017. Bdo cdo quy hoach phdt trien sdn xudt Bia - Rugu vd Nuoc gidi khdt a Viet Nam
den ndm 2030, ldm nhin din 2040. Ha Noi.
Bp Y t^. 2Q\1. Du thdo td trinh Quoc hgi vi Ludi Phdng chong tdc hgi nc0i bia. Ha Ngi.
Dam Vi6t Cuong va Vu Minh Hanh. 2006. Bdnh gid tinh hinh Igm dtmg rugu bia tai Viet Nam. Bao cao
nghien cuu khoa hpc. Vien Chien luac va Chinh sach Y te.
Dang Nguyen Anh va Nghiera Thi Thuy. 2018. Kilm soat rugu bia a Viet Nam hien nay nhin tii goc do
thuc tien va chinh sach. Tgp chiXa hoi hgc, so 3.

Hiep hpi Bia-Rupu-Nuoc giai khat. 2014. Bdo cdo de dn ddnh gid tdc dgng kinh te-xa hgi cita ngdnh bia ta
Viet Nam ndm 2014.


Nghiem Thi Thiiy 35

Lini Bich Ngpc va Nguydn Thi Thieng. 2018. Tieu diing rugu bia a VietNam - mgt so kit qud diiu tra qudc

gia. Tnrcmg Dai hgc Kinh te Quoc dan, Vien Dan s6 va cac Vin di xa hpi. Ha Npi.
NATA (National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol). 2016. Sri Lanka National Policy on Alcohol Act. No.
1770-27, NATA, Sri Lanka.
Rehn, Nina, Maristela Monteiro, yiadimir Poznyak, Kelvin Chuan Heng Khow and Andrea Zumbnnm.
Gerhard Gmel. 2004. Global Status Report: Alcohol Policy, Department of Mental Health and
Substance Abuse, Geneva, World Health Organisation.
Room, Richard 2005. Alcohol and Public Health. Lancet 365, 519-30.
Thir vien phap luJit, 2018. Luat phong, chong tac hai ciia ruou, bia. Dir thao: 7
Uy ban vg Cac vin di xahpi - Qu6c hpi khoa IX. 2015. Ky yeu Hoi thao Chinh sach phong chong lam dung
ruou bia. Ha Npi.
Vien ChiSn luoc va Chinh sach Y le. 2015. Bao cao tinh hinh lam dung niffu bia a Viet Nam. Bp Y te,
HaNpi.
Vien Xa hpi hpc. 2015. Nghien ciiu thuc trang lam dung rupu bia 6 mpt so tinh thanh. Vien Xa hoi
hpc, Ha Noi.
WHO. 2005. Public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol. Report by the Secretariat of fiftyeighth World Health Assembly A58/18 Provisional agenda item 13-14, Worid Health
Organization, Geneva.
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