Hoạch định chính sách dân số thích ứng với già hóa dân số ở việt nam

HOACH DjNH CHiNH SACH OAN so
THICH QNG vcfi GIA HOA DAN S 6 6 VIET NAM
THS LE HONG HANH n
Tom tat: Gia hda dan sd dang la vin de can dUdc quan tam d Viet Nam hien nay. Tde dp
gia hda din sd nhanh vi se dat ngudng dan sd gia trQdc nam 2030. Tren cd sd dinh hUdng
chinh sach din sd cua Dang vi Nhi nQdc, can cd nhQng giai phip dong bp, trong dd ho^eh
dinh chinh sach din sd thich Qng vdi gii hoa dan cQ can tap trung vao cac npi dung nhd bao
dam til chinh, sUc khoe va khuyet tat, chim sdc xa hpi, bd trf cupc sdng phu hdp, chu y tdi
ngQdi cao tuoi co ddn, bi lam dung, bao hanh eung nhQ trong tinh hudng khan eip.
TUkhoa: Chinh sach din so; gia hda; hoaeh dinh chinh sach; Viet Nam.
Abstract: Today, aging population is a matter of concern in Vietnam. Population aging rate
is fast and will reach the limit for old population by 2030. Based on the population policies and
orientations of the Party and State, there should be comprehensive solutions in which population
policies adapted to aging problem need to focus on such contents as financial security, health
and disability, social care, appropriate living conditions, attention to lonely and abused elderly
people, as well as offering support in case of emergencies.
Keywords: Population policy; aging; policy making; Vietnam.
Ngay nhan bai: 29/4/2020
Ngay bien tip: 04/5/2020
Ngay duyet ding: 25/5/2020
1. Chinh sdch dan sd va van de gia hda
dan so d Viet Nam hien nay
Theo Uy ban dan so cua Hpi dong kinh
t l - xd hpi Lien hdp quoc: chfnh sdch ddn sd
Id cdc giai phap vd cdc chUPng trinh dupc
thiet k l nham gdp phan hodn thdnh cdc muc
tieu kinh t l - xd hdi, dan so, chinh tri va cac
mye tieu khde thdng qua viec tac dgng vdo
cac bien sd ddn sd chu y l u nhu quy md va
sU gia tang dan sd, phdn bd ddn cu va cdc
ddc trUng dan so hpc khde'".

Gd the hilu, chinh sach dan sd Id djnh
hudng do Nhd nudc d l ra de dieu tiet cdc qua
trinh dan sd nham dat nhQng myc tieu nhat
dinh trong mdi thdi ky, phu hdp vdi diiu kien
kinh t l - xa hgi cua dat nudc.
Van d l dan so d Viet Nam chinh thUc
dupc d l cap trong cac van ban cua Nha nude
cdch day gan 60 ndm, the hien d Quyet dinh
sd 216/CP ngay 26/12/1961 cija Hdi dong
Chfnh phu ve viec sinh de cd hudng ddn.
Trong nhQng ndm tiep theo. Dang va Nhd
nude da cd nhQng djnh hUdng Idn cho cdng
tde ddn sd phu hpp vdi tinh hinh thpc te, dd
(*) Hgc vipn Hanh chinh Qudc gia

@

Id Phdp lenh Dan so ndm 2003; Nghj quylt
sd 21-NQ/TW ngay 25/10/2017 tai Hdi nghj
lan thQ 6 Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang
khoa Xll ve cdng tdc dan sd trong tinh hinh
mdi; Quyet dinh sd 1679/QD-TTg ngdy
22/11/2019 cua Thij tUdng Ghinh phlj phe
duyet Ghien lUpc Ddn so Viet Nam din ndm
2030... Qua gan 60 nam k l tU khi Hdi dong
Chinh phu ban hanh Quyet djnh sd 216/GP,
chinh sach ddn sd Viet Nam da dgt nhilu
ket qua ddng khfch le tren ca phUdng dien
quy md, cP cau, phan bd vd chat lUdng ddn
cU. NhQng thanh tQu cua cdng tdc ddn so k l hoach hda gia dinh da gdp phan to Idn

vao su phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi cua dat
nude, thuc hien thdng Ipi cac myc tieu phat
trien thien nien ky, tang thu nhap binh quan
dau ngudi, cai thien ddi sdng nhan ddn,
giam tlnh trgng ddi ngheo, tang cUdng binh
dang gidi, ddng gop cho su phdt trien bin
vQng cua dat nQdc. Tuy nhien, viec hoach
djnh chinh sdch ddn sd hpp ly, khd thi la mdt
qua trinh khd khan, phUc tap bdi vi dan sd Id
mdt ITnh vpc nhay cam, lien tuc thay ddi gdn
vdi eae yeu to van hda, tam ly, dgo dUc' kinh
te, xd hdi...

To chuc nha nuoc so 5/2020


Hien nay, Viet Nam dang trong giai doan
cudi CLia thdi ky cP cau dan so vang, bUdc dau
vao giai doan gid hda vd Id mpt trong 10 nudc
ed tic dp gia hda nhanh nha't tren the gidi, the
hidn d vide tang ty le ngudi cao tuoi (NCT)
(ngUdi tU 60 tuoi trd len) trong tong sd dan.

1«

h

/

\*^

103

\10.1

9,7 J ^

8.7

1979 1989 1999 2009 M M 2019 2024 2029 » M 2039

Bieu do 2.Gia hoa dan sd cao tuoi'^'

Bi4u do 1. Tl trong dan sd Viet Nam tren 60 tuoi giai
doan 2009-2019, dU bao den nSm 2049'^>

Cd the thay, ty le NCT d Viet Nam tang
trong giai doan 2009-2019, dy bdo cd the
ehilm 17,98% tong sd ddn vdo ndm 2049.
Viee thyc hien chinh sdch dan sd - k l hogch
hda gia dinh, giam nhanh mQc sinh cung vdi
nhOng thdnh tUu trong ITnh vyc chdm sdc sdc
khoe, ndng cao tuoi thp Id nhQng y l u to chinh
ddn den qud trinh gia hda dan sd d nudc ta.
Gid hda dan s i tao ra cd hdi cho NGT
phat huy kinh nghiem, nhUng dat ra nhilu
thdch thUc trong viec xdy dpng mgt xa hpi
phu hdp vdi NCT ca v l cd sd hg tang, san
xuat hdng hda, dich vy, giao thdng, y te,
chinh sdch lao ddng, viec lam va huu tri, to
chUc cac cd sd djch vu eham sdc sdc khde...

Viec xdy dyng cdc chfnh sdch d l thyc hien
nhiJng npi dung tren phai dupe ehuan bj tU ra't
sdm de cd the tan dyng tot nhat cdc y l u to
CO hpi vd hgn c h i cdc tac ddng tieu eye ciia
hien tupng nay.
Gia hda ddn so d Viet Nam dang diln ra
theo cdc xu hudng sau:
ThU nhat, ty le NCT d nhdm gid nhd't
(nhdm tQ 80 tuoi trd len) ngay edng tang.
Dieu ndy cd dUde la do sy cai thien toan dien
trong viec chdm sdc sUc khde giup cho NCT
cd cugc sdng khoe mgnh hon, sdng Idu hdn.

TU bilu dd tren cd the thay, ty le NCT gid
nha't trong dan so cao tuoi da tang tQ 7,8%
nam 1979 len 14,2% nam 2019, tuy cd xu
hudng giam vdo nhQng ndm tilp theo nhUng
se tdng trd Igi vao nam 2039 (dy kien chiem
10,8%). Khi NCT cang gid, cac van d l hp gap
phai, ddc biet Id sUc khoe va nhu cau eham
sdc sUc khoe cdng tang He qud Id tdng chi
phf y te vd cac djch vy kem theo, tgo dp Iyc
tai ehinh ddi vdi NCT.
ThU hai, nQ hda ddn so cao tuoi. Day Id xu
hudng chung d hau h i t cac quoc gia tren the
gidi. Tuoi thg cua nQ gidi cao dan tdi ty le nQ
sdng den tuoi gia cao hdn nam gidi.
Bang 1. NQ hda din sd eao tuoi^**
Nhom
tij6i

2009

2014

2(129 |

2034

60-64

54,8

55,7

1 2019 { 2024
53,6

52.5

51,9

51,7

65-69

57,1

55,8

55,8

54,5

53,4

52,8

70-74

59,0

59,0

59,8

56.9

55,7

54,6

75-79

61,3

61,4

62,4

61,5

58,6

57.4

80+

68,3

65.7

69,2

68,5

67,3

64,4

Ty le nO' trong dan so

Co t h i thay ty Id nQ gidi tren 80 tuoi chiem
ty Id cao, ddt ra yeu cau can cd sy quan tam
tdi phy nO cao tuoi, ddc biet la vdi nQ cao tudi
gda chong vd song dgc than khi v l gia.
ThU ba, gid hda ddn sd khae nhau giQa
thdnh thj, ndng thdn vd theo vung. Ty le NCT
d khu vUc ndng thdn chiem ty le cao hPn 6
thanh thj, dong thdi tap trung ddng 5 vung

dong bang (ddng bdng sdng Hong, duyen hai
mien Trung, dong bang sdng GQu Long). Sy
khde biet nay ddi hoi phai luu y d l tap trung
UU tien cho cdc vung eo ty le NCT Idn.

To chirc nha nu»c so 5/3020