Kiểm soát rượu bia ở việt nam hiện nay nhìn từ góc độ thực tiễn và chính sách

Sir kien-Nhan dinh

xd hgi hgc. s6 3 (143), 201355

KIEM SOAT RLTOU BIA CJ VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NHIN TU* GOC DO THT/C TIEN VA CHINH SACH
Dji^NG NGUYEN ANH*
NGHlfeM THI T H U Y "

Tom tdt: Bai viet ddnh gid thuc trgng su dung vd kiem sodt rugu bia tren the giai
\d a Viet Nam hi^n nay. Mice do sdn xudt va tieu thu rugu bia d nu&c ta gia tdng mgnh
theo thai gian, phdn ndo cho thdy nhimg kho khan vd hgn che trong kiem sodt logi hdng
hoa dgc bi^t ndy. Co nhieu bi$n phdp kiem sodt rugu bia nhung bien phdp quan trgng va
hieu qua nhdt Id ban hdnh vd thuc hien cdc chinh sdch, phdp ludt nhdm hgn chi nguon
san xudt vd nhu cdu tieu thu rugu bia. Kinh nghiem qudc te vd cdc nuac trong khu vice
cho thdy vi^c ban hdnh cdc quy dinh phdp lugt la phuang thuc tot nhdt de kiem sodt tinh
trgng Igm dung rugu bia vd nhung h$ li/iy xd hdi a Vi$t Nam. Tdc gid bdi viet kien nghj
vi^c nhanh chong hodn thien vd thong qua Du thdo Lugt Kiem sodt rugu bia.
Tit khda: kiem soat va tieu th\i rugru bia, luat kiem soat rui^u bia, Viet Nam.
Nhdn bai:10/8/2018

Gia phdn bi^n: 17/8/2018

Duy?tddng: 08/9/2018

1. Dan nhap
Rugu bia da tra thanh do uong quen thuoc kh6ng chi cr Viet Nam ma con nhieu
nuac tren the gioi. Nghien cuu cua To chiic Y te The gioi (WHO, 2004) cho thay sir dung
nrgu bia la mot hanh vi kha pho bien, gin lien vai nhieu quoc gia tren the gioi, trong d6
CO Vi$t Nam. Tuy nhien, ngay tu nam 1984, To chiic Y t^ the giai cung dong thai chi ra
ring ruau bia, dac bi$t la rugu co tac dpng den sue khoe the chat, tam ly ciia cd nhSn, gia

dinh va cgng dong. Rugu bia la mgt trong 10 nguyen nhan gay hi vong hang dau tren The
gicri (WHO, 2014), voi 50% ca tii vong do xa gan, 30% ca tu vong do ung thu thuc quan,
dgng kinh va giet nguoi, 20% ca tii vong do tai nan giao thong. Rugu bia con la nguySn
nhan true tiep cua 7 can benh ung thu va tren 30 b?nh doi voi con ngucri (loan thSn kinh
do nrgu, viem da than kinh, b?nh ly ca tim; viem da day...) va \k nguyen nhan hang dau
gSy gdnh nSng b?nh tat 6 cac nuac dang phat trien hi?n nay. Rugu bia co quan h? true
tiep voi tai nan giao thong, bao l\rc xa hgi, hiep dam, khong lam chti va kiem soat dugc
hanh vi,... (WHO, 2014; Booth va cgng su, 2011).
C) cdc nudc tren the gidi, rugu la chat gay nghi?n pho bien voi ty le cao han ty le sii
dung ma tiiy trong dan cu (Simpura va Karlsson, 2001). Rugu la nguyen nhan hoac co
Viin Hdn lam Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi4t Nam,
" Vien Xd hgi hoc. Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam.


56

Kiim sodt ruau bia a Viet Nam hien nay.

lien quan dSn 84% trucmg hap tii vong, 70% vu tu sat, 90% vu au da, chiSm 70% cac vu
toi pham bao luc, va 60% vu tai nan oto (Rebach, 1992). Liy vi du tai Phap, hang nam co
40-50 nghin nguoi tCi vong do nguyen nhan lien quan den uong rugu bia, 5 trieu nguoi
gap kho khan sire khoe vi rugu bia, din dSn chi phi 1cm ve y te va xa hoi. Rugu bia con la
mgt trong nhiing nguyen nhan gay ra nhOng nguy hai cho silc khoe nguoi dan tren toan
cSu. Da CO nhiSu cong trinh nghien ciiu chi ra ring rugu bia co lien quan den hon 60 loai
benh tat khac nhau cho con nguoi (Room, 1996; Room va cgng su, 2005).
Di doi voi su phat triSn kinh tS-xa hgi, nganh san xuat rugu bia va do uong co con 6
nuoc ta ciing dang phat triSn nhanh chong. Viet Nam dugc coi la mgt trong so rat it qu6c
gia tren toan ciu co miic san xuit va tieu thu rugu bia Of miic cao va hau nhu khong giam
trong nhOng nam qua (WHO, 2011). Dac biet, rugu bia co lien quan vai cac truong hgp
tai nan giao thong vgi thiet hai kinh ik do tai nan giao thong lien quan toi rugu bia rat Ion.

Rugu bia co lien quan vol 36,2% cac truong hgp tai nan giao thong cr nam gioi va 0,7%
cac truang hgp a ntr giai. Thiet hai kinh te do tai nan giao thong lien quan tai rugu bia
uoc tinh gin I ty do la My vao 2010 (WHO, 2014).
Rugu bia con la nguyen nhan chii yeu nhat, dan den 30% cac vu gay roi trat tu xa
hgi va 33,7% cac vu bao luc gia dinh o Viet Nam. Dieu tra quoc gia ve bao luc gia dinh
(T6ng cue Thdng ke, 2010) cho thiy tre em Viet Nam cung dang la nan nhan trong viec
lam dung rugu bia ciia nguoi Ion nhu: bi xuc pham, nhue ma, mang chiri (11,1%), bi bo
doi hay thieu sir cham soc bao ve ciia nguoi Ion (6,5%.), phai chimg kien bao luc nghiem
trgng trong gia dinh (6,1%)), va ban than bi danh dap gay dau don ve the xac (3,8%).

Do nhiing tac dgng tieu cue ciia rugu bia doi vai sire khoe cua con nguoi nen ngay
cang CO nhieu quoc gia quan tam va dua ra cac chinh sach nham kiem soat rugu, bia tren
nhieu phuang dien nhu san xuat, kinh doanh va sir dung. Nhi^u nuac da co nhiing quy
djnh nham kiem soat rugu bia de tranh nhiing tac hai do rugu mang lai. Viec san xuat va
tieu thu rugu bia noi tren dat ra cau hoi la lam the nao de kiem soat rugu bia? Thuc trang
sir dung rugu bia, tac hai ciia viec sir dung rugu bia va viec quan ly rugu bia a tren the
giai va nuac ta hien nay nhu the nao? Cac nuac tren th^ giai da co nhirng kinh nghiem gi
trong viec kiem soat lam dung rugu bia? Nhiing ggi ma gi co th^ tham khao dugc cho
Viet Nam? Cau tra lgi khong sin co va cang kho co thS la cau tra loi dung n^u nhu khong
dua tren cac ket qua nghien cim khoa hgc. Bai viSt nay la ka qua cua nhiem vu nghien
cim Bao cao xa hgi thutmg nien 2018 do Vien Xa hgi hgc la co quan chu tri thuc hien voi
tieu ii: Sic dung vii kietn soai ruau bia: Kinit nghiem thi gi&i vit thuc liin Viet Nam.
viit sti dung tu lieu tir cac cong trinh nghien ciru hien co vh san xuit, tieu thu va kijm
soat bia, d6ng thoi co sir dung mgt sfi 56 lieu khao sat nam 2017 cita nhiem vii tren do
nhom nghien cim thuc hien.
2. Thyc trang sii- dung ruwu bia 6' Viet Nam
Sti dung rugu bia la mgt hanh vi rat ph6 biSn, gin liSn vai dac trung dan tgc ciia
nhieu nuoc tren the gioi, trong do co Viet Nam. Sir dung rugu bia dugc xem nhu la mot
hanh vi van hoa trong d&i song xa hgi nuoc ta. M6i djp le hgi, dam dinh, lien hoan ciia

Dgng Nguyen Anh, Nghiem Thi Thuy 57
nguai Viet luon gdn lien vol bia rugu (Truang Xuan Trucmg, 2015). Kit qua ciia nhilu
nghien ciiu truoc day cho h\k, ty le sii dung rugu bia cua nguai dan Viet Nam la cao. Bao
cao toan cdu ve su dung rugu bia va siic khoe (WHO, 2014) cho thdy lugng rugu bia tieu
thu binh quan ddu nguai ciia ngirofi Viet Nam giai doan 2003-2005 trung binh la 3,8 lit
con nguyen chat/nguai/ nam, dSn giai doan 2008-2010, lugng rugu bia/ddu nguoi tdng len
gdp doi la 6,6 lit con/ngudi/nam. Cung theo bdo cdo ndy, rieng doi vai nam giai, miic tieu
thu trung binh la 27,4 lit con nguyen chat/ngudi/nam, cao hon nhieu so vai cdc nuac
trong khu vuc.
Nghien ciiu ciia Vien Chien luge va Chinh sdch Y te da 1dm ro miic do sir dung
rugu trung binh cua ngudi Viet Nam khd cao vd gia tang nhanh, binh quan 6,4 dan vi
nrgu/ngdy vd 26,1 dem vi rugu/tudn; vugt khd xa nguooig an todn theo quy dinh (Vien
Chien luge vd Chinh sach Y te, 2015). K^t qua khdo sdt nam 2017 ciia nhom d^ tdi nghien
ciiu cho thdy lugng rugu bia sir dung cua ngudi Viet Nam pho bien a miic cao vc; xap xi
1/3 so ngudi trong mdu khdo sat (N=1634) su dung tren 60 gram rugu nguyen chat (quy
doi) trong mgt ldn uong - la miic do nguy co cao theo tieu "chudn quy dinh cua To chiic Y
te The gidi (Hinh 1).
Hinh 1. Lirgng riroii bia su dung/llin cua agirdi dSa trong mSu khao sat, 2017 (N=1634)

Nguon: Khdo sdt cua de tdi, 2017.

Ket qud '"Danh gia lac dgng cua viec ban hdnh Ludt phdng chong lam dung rugu
bia" do Vien Xa hgi hgc thuc hien tai 4 tinh thdnh nam 2015 cho thay 2/3 s6 ngudi tu 18
ddn 29 tudi trong mau khao sdt da tung su dung rugu bia. Trong s6 nay, 12,3% su dung
thuang xuyen hdng ngay vd tap trung chinh vdo nhom tuoi cho thdy do tudi ngudi sir
dung rugu bia d nuoc ta dang cd xu hudng tre hda vdi ty le nam chiem 78% va nu chiem
36% (Vien Xa hpi hgc, 2015). Truac dd 5 nam, ket qua Dieu tra qudc gia Vi thanh nien
vd Thanh nien Viet Nam vdng hai (SAVY2) da cho thdy khoang 60% nam vi thanh nien
va thanh nien trong mdu da timg sir dung rugu bia (Bg Ngi vu vd UNFPA, 2015; Nguyin

Thanh Liem vd cgng su, 2010). Xu huang sii dung rugu bia trong giai tre Id mdt van de
nan gidi can dugc quan tam gidi quyet.
K^t qua khdo sat cua nhom nghien ciiu (2017) dugc trinh bdy trong Hinh 2A va 23
cho thdy ddc diem xa hgi ciia ngudi sir dung rugu bia. Nhin chung nam gidi, ngudi da ket
hdn, song tai nong thdn cd ty le sir dung rugu bia cao hem han so vdi ty le nay d nhdm nu.


58

Kiim sodt rugu bia a Vi^t Nam hijn nay...

ngudi chua kit hon, sdng tai do thi. Tuang t\r, nhdm lao dOng lam thu6 vd t^ lam viec c6
ty le udng rugu bia cao hem nhilu so vdi nhom tiidt nghi?p. Nhdm ddn khong theo ton
giao nao cung cd ty le tieu dimg rugu bia cao hem so vcri nhom c6 tdn gido (Ph^t gido,
Cong gido va cdc ton giao khdc).
Hinh 2A. Dac di^m ngiroi su- dung ruflii bia trong mliu khao sdt (N= 1634)
100 90 80 70 •
60 •
% 50
40 30 20
10
0

89,0

85,0

••
••
•

••

70,5

•••

-••

•

1 1 11
29,5

15,0

4,6

6,4

Ly hdn

Chira kk
hon

K^t bon

TJianhttli

Nir

Nong th6n

Nam

Ngudn • Khdo sdt cda de tdi, 2017.
Hinh 2B. S a c dilm ngirM sir dyng rirmi bia trong man khao sat (N=1634)

Urn thue

Tii lam
viec

Tbat
nghiep

i^ac

Khong TG Ph^t giao Cong giao Ton giao
Ididc

Ngudn.Khao sdt cua de tdi, 2017.

Rieng san lugng bia nam 2016 cita Vift Nam la 3.800 ty lit, nhu vSy tinh trung binh
moi nguM Viet Nam u6ng 42 lit bia trong nam 2016, tang khoang 4 Ut so voi nam 2015
truoc d6. Viiri siic tieu thy nhanh va nhiju, nganh san xuit rucm bia trong nuoc dat myc
tieu d6n nam 2025 se san xuat tren 6 t^- lit bia va 440 trieu lit niou c6ng nghiSp mSi nam
(Bo Cong thuong, 2017). Co thS noi, luong nrou bia tieu thu o Viet Nam gia tang nhanh
theo thoi gian, vdi nhu cau tieu dimg khdng bi gioi hjn. Mirc dp tieu thu vaau bia tang til
2,8 ty lit bia nam 2012 len tren 4 ty lit nam 2016, binh quan moi nguoi dan tieu thy 42 lit

Dgng Nguyen Anh, Nghiim Thj Thuy 59
bia/nam. Cdc tinh thanh deu cd kS hoach phdt triln nhd mdy bia cung nhu sdn xudt bia dia
phucmg cho rieng minh. Den ndm 2012, cd 78 nhd mdy ddng ky san xuat 10 trieu lit
bia/nam (Hi$p hgi rugu bia vd nudc gidi khdt, 2014). Theo T6 chiic Y t€ th^ gicri, chi phi
cho tieu thu bia cua Viet Nam khoang 3,4 ty USD/ndm, gdn 3% so thu ngan sdch cua cd
nuac, khien Viet Nam trd thanh qudc gia cd siic tieu th\i rugu bia cao nhdt Ddng Nam A,
diing thir 10 chau A va diing thii 29 todn thS gidi (WHO, 2016).
Co nhieu yhx to ly giai cho viec sir dung rugu bia a nuac ta, trong dd chii yeu la do
viec tiep can nrgu bia a nudc ta qud de ddng cho mgi ddi tugng, cimg vdi gid nrgu bia
qud re do nguon cung trong nuac va nhap khau deu ddi dao, de tiep can. Ben canh nhung
loai rugu bia dang dugc sdn xudt 6 trong nuoc thi d nudc ta cdn mdt lugng Ion rugu bia
nhdp ngoai theo ca duong chinh thiic va nh|tp lau, kho cd thi kilm sodt. Cd thi thdy bia
rugu nhdp khau va sdn xudt trong nudc dugc bay bdn cong khai va tran ngap trSn thi
trudng hien nay, khdng chi d cdc thanh phd Idm md khdp cac tinh thanh, dia phuong, thdm
chi d cd ndng thdn vimg sdu, vimg xa. Cdc vu ngO dgc do sir dung phdi rugu gid, rugu pha
che tit cdn cong nghiep da khien nhilu ngu6i mdt mang. Nhilu vu budn bdn trdi phep,
kinh doanh rugu lau cung dugc ca quan chiic ndng tich cue phanh phui nhung chua dii
siic ran de do lgi nhu^n qua ldn.
Theo bdo cao Bg Cong thuang (2014), Vi?t Nam chi binh qudn tiSu thu bia hem 3 ty
USD/ndm (khoang 1,8% GDP) tucmg duang vcri 3% thu ngdn sdch cd nu6c va cao g^p 4
lan mirc ddng gdp ngdn sdch cua nganh sdn xudt rugu bia, nudc gidi khat hang ndm (800
trieu USD/nam). Nhung con so tren cho thay sdn lugng rugu bia a Vi?t Nam ngay cang
gia tang, vdi xu huong nam sau ludn tang vd cao hem nam trudc. Theo xu hudng dd,
lugng rugu bia tieu th\i toan qudc se tdng gap nhieu lan trong nhung ndm tdi.
Khdng the khdng de c$p khdi lugng rugu thii cong do ngucri dan sdn xuat, vdi
khoang vcri 32 trieu lit de kinh doanh dugc cap phep va 300 tri?u lit trdi ndi ngodi thj
trudng hien khong dugc qudn ly. Vdi su phdt triSn nhanh chong nhu tren, ngdnh cong
nghiep bia rugu nudc ta trong quy hoach da ddt muc tieu den ndm 2025 se san xudt 6 ty lit

bia va 440 trieu lit rugu cdng nghiep moi ndm (Bg Cong thuemg, 2009). Dong thai vai
lugng rugu, bia dugc sdn xudt a trong nuac thi a Viet Nam cdn mgt lugng ldn rugu bia
dugc nhap khau ve theo cd dudng chinh thiic vd nhdp idu rat khd kiem sodt.
Rugu bia id mgt trong ba nguyen nhdn hang dau lam gia tdng ty le tai nan giao
thdng tai Viet Nam ddi vai nam giai dg tudi 15-49 (Institute of Health Metrics and
Evaluation, 2013; Bg Cdng an, 2014). Sd vy tai nan giao thdng do ngudi tham gia
giao thdng cd sii dung rugu bia dang ngdy cdng gia tdng vd tro thdnh mgt vdn dl biic
xiic cua nhieu dia phucmg hien nay. Trong s6 18.412 nan nhan tai nan giao thdng nhap
vien thi 36% nguai di xe mdy cd ndng dg cdn trong mdu cao han miic cho ph^p,
66,8% ngucri ldi xe d td co nong dg cdn trong mdu cao han miic cho phep (WHO,
2014). Theo sd li€u thong ke gan ddy, trung binh moi ndm Viet Nam cd 12.000 ngudi
chit vi tai nan giao thong, trong dd 4.800 truong hgp cd lien quan din rugu bia (Bd
Cdng an, 2014).


60

Kiim sodt ruyu bia cr Viet Nam hien nay...

Sit dung ruou bia co the gay ra ganh nang kinh te doi voi cd nhdn, gia dinh va t o ^
xa hoi do lien quan din cac phi ton v6 chSm s6c sire kh6e, giam ho^c mit nang suat lao
dong va giai quylt cac hau qua xa hOi khdc. Theo bao cao cua To chiic Y te The gidi
(WHO, 2014), trung binh moi nam co khodng 3,3 tri^u ca hi vong do sii dvmg raiTu/bia
{chiSm 5,9% cac tnrcmg hop tir vong). Bao cao cua Vi$n Chiln luge va Chinh sdch Y te
(2005) uoc tinh co tdi 4,4% nguM dtn Viet Nam phai gdnh chiu benh t jt do hau qua cua
ru(?u bia. Ru(?u bia ldy di mot ngudn tai chinh rdt quan trong 6 nguoi ngheo, gia dinh, ca
cgng ddng noi nguoi do sinh s6ng va la nguyen nhan lam khien cho tinh trang ngheo d6i
thSm trim trong. Ngoai tdc dong tieu cue vl site khoe, tinh mang thi mqa bia con c6 tdc
dpng tieu cue din xa hoi. Theo s6 lieu cua co quan chile ndng, khoang 30% so vu gay rli
trat tu xa hpi va 33,7% cdc vy bao luc gia dinh co nguyen nhan xuat phdt tir viec sii dyng

rupu bia (T6ng cyc Thing kd, 2010). Tre em Viet Nam ciing dang la nan nhan trong cdc
vu viec lam dung rupu bia cua nguoi ldn nhu bi xiic pham, nhye ma, mang chiri (11,1%),
bi bd mac, thieu su cham sdc bdo ve cua ngudi ldn (6,5%), phai chiing kien bgo hanh
nghiem trpng trong gia dinh (6,1%), bi ddnh ddp gdy dau ddn ve the xdc (3,8%) (xem
WHO, 2014). Sir dyng ruou bia cdn la tdc nhdn gdy bao luc, nhdt la bao lire gia dinh, tdi
pham, mat an ninh trat ty.
M^c dii do udng cd con dupc ban va sir dyng hpp phdp d nhieu nuoc chau Au,
nhung lupng tieu thy rupu bia, dd udng va van hda udng rupu bia khac nhau gitta cdc
nudc (Simpura va Karlsson, 2001; World Drink Trends, 2002; Hibell va cdng sy, 2000).
Tji Ai-len va Na Uy - hai nudc Bdc Au cd khi hau Ijnh vdi thdi quen thich sir dyng rupu
mauih, lupng tieu thy trung binh mdi nSm khodng 6 lit rupu/nguW ndm, trong khi mpt s6
nuoc thudc chau lyc nay nhu Phdp va Bd Dao Nha, Sec, Diic vd Ai Len 1^ san xuit va sii
dyng nhilu rupu vang vdi miic tieu thu trung binh khoang 11 lit rupu/nguoi/nam (World
Drink Trends, 2002; Osterberg va Karlsson, 2002; Hope, 2014). Theo To ehiic Y tl Thi
gidi, ngudi su dung rupu bia cua m0t sd nude tren thi gidi ngay cang cd xu hudng tre
hda, va vi$c tiSu thu rupu bia trong nhdm ddi tupng nay gia tang cd tin suit va miic dg
(WHO, 2011).
3. Kiim soat rygii bia tren the gidi va Vi|t Nam
3.1. Kinh ngkifm th\rc tiin tren thi gi&i
Tnrdc thyc trang tieu dimg rupu bia cung vdi nhiing tdc ddng tieu cue cho xa hdi,
nhieu qudc gia tren thi gidi da cd nhitag bi$n phdp nhdm kilm sodt rupu bia vd nhiing tdc
h?i md rupu bia mang 1^ cho con nguoi. Cd nhilu bi?n phap kilm sodt nrpu bia nhung
bidn phdp quan trpng vd cd tac ddng manh la ban hanh cac chinh sdch, phdp luat nhdm
him chi sdn xuit vd tieu thy rupu bia. Ben c?nh nhimg dao lu?it, quy dinh chinh sdch thi
cdn cd quy dinh khdng chinh thiic cd anh hudng din kilm sodt rupu bia nhu chuin muc
xa hdi, phong tyc tjp quan, truyin thdng van hda, tuyen truyin nang cao nhan thirc, va
tham chi rupu dupc qudn ly bdi mpt sd dinh ehl khdng chinh thiic lam cho viec kilm soat
rupu bia de dang hon (Osterberg vd Karlsson, 2002). Cd thi kl din nhitag chinh sach
phap luat cua mdt sd quoc gia tren thi gidi nhu sau.

Dgng Nguyen Anh, Nghiem Thj Thuy
Hoa Ky da ban hdnh Dao ludt kilm sodt nrgu bia tir rdt sam. Ngay 17/7/1984, Qudc
hgi Hoa Ky da ban hanh Dao luat Qudc gia quy dinh do tudi tdi thilu dugc phep sii dung
rugu bia. Du ludt nay bdt budc chinh quyin tdt cd cdc tiiu bang phai ndng do tudi dugc
phep udng bia din 18-19 tudi hodc 20-21 tudi. Vl quy dinh do tudi dugc mua nrgu, ngay
tir nam 1988 tdt cd 50 bang vd Thu do Washington DC thuc hi?n quy dinh ngudi mua
rugu phdi tir 21 tudi trd 16n (New York Times, 1996^. Hdu hit cdc tieu bang deu cho
ngudi dudi 21 tudi dugc udng rugu trong mdt sd trudng hgp ddc biet nhu su kien tdn
gido, sinh hoat van hda dia phucmg, ky nghi ll d gia dinh. Ve viec sdn xudt rugu bia, cac
tieu bang deu cd chinh sdch chat che vai nhung quy dinh nghiem cdm sdn xuat tai nha cdc
loai bia, rugu vang mat ong, rugu tdo, rugu vang va han che cdc dd udng cd cdn khdc.
Dao ludt ve kinh doanh vd cimg cap rugu bia ciia New Zealand ndm 2012 quy dinh
cdm ban rugu bia cho vi thdnh nien, vd dp dung mdt sd hinh phat nghiem khdc cho cac ldi
xe khi sir dung rugu bia, va nghiem cam qudng cdo rugu bia dudi mgi hinh thiic. Vdo
ndm 1988, Chinh phu Uc ban hanh dao ludt kiem soat rugu bia vdi nhihig quy dinh nhu
khdng bdn rugu bia cho thieu nien vd vi thdnh nien. Cac ddi tugng nay deu cd mdt ma sd
cd nhan khi hg den cdc cdu lac bg hoac khu vui choi gidi tri. Neu vi pham thi nguai bdn
cd thi bi phat tir $200-$2.000 Uc. Cdc ca sd bdn rugu bia 6 Uc deu phai cd giay ph^p,
quy dinh noi ndo dugc phep udng rugu bia. Tdt cd mgi ngudi deu khdng dugc udng rugu
bia tai cdc ncri cdng cdng nhu ngodi dudng phd, trdn tdu xe, cdng vien, bai bien, hay
khdng gian cdng cdng (Western Australia Police Force, 1988).
Tai Phap, ludt kiem sodt rugu bia va thudc la dugc ban hdnh ddng thdi tir ndm 1991,
trong ludt ndy quy dinh: tdt ca dd udng cd cdn tren 1,2% deu dugc xem nhu rugu vd
nghiem cdm qudng cdo rugu vdi muc dich nham vdo ngudi tre tudi. Khdng dugc qudng
cdo rugu tren tivi va rap chieu phim ducri mgi hinh thiic. Cdc cdng ty sdn xudt vd kinh
doanh rugu khdng dugc phep tdi trg cho cdc su kien van hda vd the thao, va rugu bia chi
dugc qudng cdo tren cdc dn phdm ddnh cho ngucri lan hoac tren bang ddn thdng bao (vdi
nhung dilu ki|n rat nghiem ngat), va trong mgt sd su kien ddc biet nhu hdi chg rugu, hay
bdo tang vl rugu. Phap cdn tien hdnh nhirng chien djch toan qudc van dgng nguoi dan

han chi sit dung nrgu, danh thue cao rugu mgnh va sii dung dgi ngu nhdn vien cong tdc
xa hdi dl hd trg, giai quyet hdu qua cho nhung ngudi chiu dnh hudng cua rugu bia hogc la
nan nhan ciia rugu bia (Craplet, 2014).
Ci chdu A, Sri Lanka Id nuac co nhung quy dinh nghiem tiic ve sir dung rugu bia vd
dd udng cd cdn. Luiit cua Sri Lanka ban hdnh ndm 2006 quy dinh cdm ban rugu cho
nguoi dudi 21 tuoi; cdm ban nrgu bang mdy ban hdng tu ddng; cdm qudng cdo rugu tren
mgi phuang tien truyin thdng dai chiing (NATA, 2006). Nhd vdy, qudc gia Nam A nay
da tilt kiem dugc rdt nhilu chi phi xd hdi va ngan chdn dugc thdi quen sir dung nrgu vd
tinh trang nghien rugu trong nam gioi vd thanh thieu nien.
Thdi Lan Id qudc gia tai khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd nhieu quy dinh lien quan den dd
udng cd cdn vd do mgt Uy ban qudc gia thgc hien gidm sat dgc lap. Ludt Kiem soat do
udng cd cdn cua Thdi Lan ban hanh nam 2008 quy dinh nhd sdn xuat dd uong cd con hodc
nha nhdp khau thuc hien cung cap cdc nguyen lieu ddng goi, nhan va thdng diep cdnh bao


62

Kiim sodt ruau bia a Viet Nam hien nay...

cho tit cd cac loai dd udng cd cdn sdn xudt trong nudc va nhap Idiiu (Office of the
Council of State, 2009). Bd luat dua ra cac quy dinh rat cu thi vl dia dilm cim ban rupu
bia, thdi gian bdn quy dinh tir 11 gio trua din 2 gid chilu va tir 5 gid chilu din nua dem.
Luat quy dinh khdng dupc ban rupu bia cho ngudi dudi 20 tudi va ngudi dang say rupu;
khdng sir dung may ban ruou bia tu dpng hay hang rong, qudn xa via he, khdng dupc
giam gia dl khuyin mai rupu bia vd mdt sd chinh sdch idiac niia lien quan den kiem soat
rupu bia. Cd nhan, td chiic vi pham cd thi bi truy ciiu trdch nhiem hinh su va tham chi
ngdi til. Ben canh bp Ludt ndi tren, nhieu chinh sdch kiem sodt rupu bia dupc thuc hien
tich cue trong nhitag nam qua tai Thdi Lan, gdp phin han ehl nhitag h$u qua cua lam
dyng rupu bia vd dupc ddnh gid la thanh cdng.
Cd nhilu bien phap kilm soat rupu bia nhung bien phdp quan trpng va cd tac dpng

manh la ban hanh thuc hien cdc chinh sdch, phdp luat nhim ban che ngudn san xuat va
nhu cdu tieu thu rupu bia. Mdt sd qudc gia vdi quyet tdm chinh tri cao va h? thdng luat
phdp da ban hanh va thuc Men thanh cdng chinh sdch kiem sodt rupu bia. Tuy nhien,
khdng it cdc qudc gia that b^i bdi qud trpng lpi nhuan do san xuat va kinh doanh rupu bia
mang lai hon la bdo ve tinh mang con ngudi. Hon nira, song hanh vdi nhGng dao luat, quy
dinh chinh sach thi cdn cd nhieu quy dinh ngoai lu^t cd dnh hudng den hi?u qud kiem soat
rupu bia nhu phong tuc tap qudn, ldi sdng, mirc do nhan thirc, lpi ich nhdm, thdm chi mot
sd dinh che khdng chinh thiic can trd khien cho phdp ludt, chinh sdch khd cd thd phat huy
dupc anh hudng de dang (Osterberg va Karlsson, 2002).
3.2. Kiem sodt rteffu bia d Viet Nam
CJ Viet Nam, cac vdn ban chinh sdch lien quan din quan ly vd kilm sodt rupu bia da
dupc ban hanh tir nhimg nam diu tien Nhd nudc Viet Nam ra ddi. Sic lenh sd 57/1945
ciia Chinh phu lam thdi nudc Viet Nam Dan chit Cpng hda voi ndi dung cim triet dl viec
san xudt, tang trii, tieu thu vd kl ca sit dung ruou. Trong giai doan 1955-1975, Nha nudc
quan ly chat che viec san xuat va kinh doanh ruou, cho nen da han ehl dupe tinh trang
lam dyng rupu bia. Tuy nhien, tir sau khi cd chinh sach ddi mdi vd nhit la trong giai doan
20 nam qua, nganh cdng nghiep sdn xuit rupu da phdt triln nhanh voi su tham gia cua
nhilu thanh phdn kinh te. San xudt, kinh doanh va nhit la tieu thu rupu bia d Viet Nam
khdng dupc han chi. Ludt Kilm sodt rupu bia van chua dupc ban hanh tuy hi?n cd kha
nhieu Ludt, Nghi dinh. Thong tu khac lien quan din rupu bia nhu: Ludt Quang cdo, Ludt
Thui tieu thu dac biet, Luat Phdng chdng bao lyc gia dinh, Luat An toan giao thdng
dudng bd,...
Cho den nay vin chua cd cac hudng dan cy the vl viee han ehl s6 lupng vd ddi
tupng kinh doanh rupu bia; chua cd quy dinh vl cim quang cao, tilp thi; chua cd chinh
sach kiem sodt sdn xudt va luu thdng rupu tu niu; chua cd chinh sdch truyin thdng van
ddng nang cao nhdn thirc xa hdi phdng chdng lam dung rupu bia. Viec tudn thu chinh
sdch, phap luat cua ngudi sdn xuit, kinh doanh, ngudi sir dung rupu bia cdn rit thip, tham
chi khdng gdp phdn ngan ch^, han chi lam dyng rupu bia trong xa hdi (Vien Xa hdi hoc,
2015). Dudi sy vail ddng ciia mdt sd doanh nghiep sdn xudt nrpu bia, nhilu quy djnh
chinh sach nham kilm sodt rupu bia bi dilu chinh, sai lech muc tieu, thdm chi bi vd hieu

Dgng Nguyen Anh, Nghiem Thi Thuy 63
hda. Cdc doanh nghiep ndy dugc su hd trg, bdo ke, chdng lung cua mdt so quan chiic nen
tim mgi cdch xin giam thui, va tham chi cdn tron thui vd tilp tuc ddy manh sdn xuat vd
kinh doanh nrgu bia. Ddy Id khd khan thdch thiic rdt khd vugt qua neu chi sir dyng bien
phap hanh chinh hay keu ggi chung chung.
Khi dugc hdi vl su cdn thiet cd mgt bg ludt phdng, chdng tdc hai ciia lam dyng rugu
bia, cd den 85,8% ngudi dan ddng tinh cho rdng vi?c ban hanh Ludt la can thiet (Vien Xd
hdi hgc, 2015). Tuy nhien, nhung ddng thdi tren dien dan phdp ludt hien nay cho thdy viec
ban hanh lu^t phdng, chdng tac hai rugu bia (chua phdi Id ki6m soat nrgu bia) da vdp phdi
su phdn ling gay gat tir nhieu ben, trong dd chii yeu la cdc doanh nghiep sdn xudt rugu
bia, Hiep hgi cdc doanh nghiep rugu bia, nuac gidi khdt dang tim mgi ly do de phdn bdc,
chdng lai viSc ban hdnh LuEit phong, chdng tdc hai rugu bia. Thuc te da cho thdy, sdn xudt
rugu bia cdng tdng trudmg thi gid tri siic khde vd cudc sdng cdng ddng cdng gidm siit, chi
phi xa hdi cdng tdng vd hau qud cang khd ludng. Rdt can cd mgt du ludt todn diSn cd du
siic bao phu vd kiem sodt tdc hai cua nd den ddi sdng xa hdi, vdi cdc che tdi quy dinh
ngudn san xuat cung cap rugu bia, cdc hoat dgng kinh doanh rugu bia vd gidm miic tieu
thu rugu bia, tir dd gidm tdc hai ciia nrgu bia. Du luat dd trudc het phdi vi siic khde cgng
ddng, gidm gdnh nang benh tat, tit vong do sir dung rugu bia gay ra. Lgi ich xa hdi va con
nguai cdn dugc ddt len tren chii khdng phdi vi lgi ich cua mdt nhdm hay ciia mdt bd
nganh nao.
4. Ket luan
Muc do va tin sudt sii dung rugu bia a Viet Nam Id cao so vcri qudc te, mirc do tieu
thu rugu bia van a miic cao vd mang lai nhieu he luy tieu cue cho siic khde ngudi sit dung
cung nhu nhilu tdc dgng khac ddi vai cgng ddng xa hdi. Nhiing v\i ngg ddc do udng phdi
rugu gia, rugu pha che tir cdn cdng nghiep da khien nhieu ngucri mdt mang. Nhieu vu
budn bdn trdi phep, kinh doanh rugu lau cung dugc cac ca quan chiic nang phanh phui.
Tuy nhien, tinh hinh chung cho thay quyet tdm kiem sodt rugu bia d nudc ta chua di vdo
thuc chat vd cdc hdnh dgng (nlu cd) nhdm cdi thien tinh hinh hien nay nhin chung con

ySu kem.
Khi doi sdng ngudi ddn dugc ndng cao, rugu bia ngdy cdng sdn cd thi cdc nhu cau
sii dung vd miic do sir dung rugu bia cung tdng len. Trong khi do, cdc quy dinh chinh
sach lien quan din kilm sodt rugu bia d Viet Nam tiep tuc bgc Id nhung han che, bat cap,
ddi hdi phai dilu chinh kip thcri nhdm ddp ling yeu cau ngay cang cao cua doi sdng kinh
te-xa hdi ciia ddt nuac. Mgt trong nhirng cdng cu qudn ly nhd nudc cd hi|u qua d Viet
Nam Id cdc chi tdi hinh sir, hdnh chinh. Ngi dung xu phat vi pham hanh chinh, xii ly hinh
sir lien quan den rugu bia can dugc lam rd trong cdc ITnh v\rc va hanh vi lien quan nhu
quang cdo, khuyen mai rugu, bia, sdn xudt, kinh doanh rugu, giao thdng vd trat ty an toan
xa hdi, v.v... Nhd nudc rat cdn ban hanh LuEtt Kidm sodt rugu bia de cd co sd phap ly vd
dilu kien kinh doanh rugu bia, gidm miic do sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd tieu thu rugu bia, ciing
nhu han che linh trang san xudt vd sit dung nrgu bia khdng ddm bdo tieu chuan. Diit khoat
khdng vi chi tieu tang tnrdng hay lgi nhudn do nganh sdn xudt, kinh doanh rugu bia mang lai
ma chdn chir, thoai lui viec ban hdnh Luat Kiem sodt rugu bia. Kinh nghi?m cua mgt sd nuoc


64

Kiim sodt rugu bia a Viet Nam hijn nay ..

trong khu vuc nhu Thdi Lan, Sri Lanka da cho thdy day Id phuang thirc hieu qud nhdt de kilm
sodt sdn xudt, kinh doanh va sii dung nrgu bia.
Tai lifu tham khao
Booth, A., Meier. P., Shapland. J., Wong. R., Paisley. S. 2011. Alcohol pricing and criminal harm, a rapid
evidence assessment of the published research literature. Sheffield University, School of Health
and Related Research.
BQ C6ng thircmg. 2017. Bdo cdo quy hogch phdt triin sdn xudt Bia - Rugu vd Nttac gidi khdt a Vi4t Nam
din ndm 2030, tdm nhin din 2040. Bo Cong thucmg, H i Npi.
Bo C6ng thuong. 2014. Bdo cdo nghien ciru linh hinh sdn xudt vd sir dung ruau bia a Vi^t Nam. 89 Cong
thuang, Ha Noi.

BO Cong thucmg. 2009. Bdo cdo ddnh gid phuc vu xdy dipig quy hogch phdt trien ngdnh Bia - Rugv - Nudc
gidl khdt Vi?t Nam din ndm 2015, tdm nhin din ndm 2025 Bp Cong thucmg, HA N0i.
BQ Noi vy va UNFPA. 2015. Bdo cdo Qudc gia ve thanh niin Viit Nam. Quy DSn s6 Lifin Hgp qu6c, Hi
Noi.
Bo C6ng an. 2014. Ba nguyen nhdn hdng ddu gdy tai ngn giao thdng Id chgy qud toe dg, ldn ldn vd su dung
ruau, bia tham gia giao thong. Cyc Canh sat Giao thong, Ha Npi.
Craplet, Micheal.2006. Alcohol Policy in France: Between Traditions and Paradoxes, Paris.
Hibell, B, Anderson, B, Bjamanson, T v^ cpng su. 2004. The European School Survey Project on Alcohol
and Other Drugs report. The Swedish Council for Information of Alcohol and Other Drugs,
Stochholm.
Hi?p hpi Bia-Rupu-Nudc giai khat Vi^t Nam. 2014. Bdo cdo di dn ddnh gid tdc dgng kinh te-xd hgi cUa
ngdnh bia tgi Vi^f Nam nam 2014.
Hope, Ann. 2014. Alcohol's Harm to others in Ireland, Department of Public Health and Primary Care,
Trinity College, Dublin.
Institute

of Health Metrics and Evaluation.
( />
2013.

Global

burden

of

diseases

study

N ATA (National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol). 2016. Sn Lanka National Policy on Alcohol Act. No.
1770-27, NATA, Sri Lanka.
New

York Times. 1996. Ban hdnh Lugt quy d/nh vi tudi tdi thiiu dw?c siJt dvng
Wi7(https://w^w.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/us/louisiana-court-upholds-drinking-age.html).

nrgu

Nguyen Thanh Liem v i cic tic gia. 2010. Sii dyng mga bia vk thu6c l i trong thanh IhiSu nien Vift Nam.
Kit qud phdn tich Dieu tra Qudc gia vi Vf thdnh nien vd Thanh nien Vi?t Nam 2003 & 2009
(SAVY) Bao cSo chuyen de.
Office ofthe Council of State. 2009. Alcohol Beverage Act of Thailand. No. 1770-15. Government Gazette,
Vol. 125, Part 33, dated Februray 13, 2008.
Osterberg E, Karlsson T, eds. 2002. Alcohol policies in EU Member States and Norway. A collection of
country reports. Helsinki, STAKES.
Rebach, H. 1992. Alcohol and Drug Use among American Minorities. P 23-57. In Trimble, J.E,. Boiek, C.
Niemcryk, S.J., Eds. Ethnic and Muticultural Drug Use: Perpective on Current Research.
Binghamton. NY. The Haworth Press.
Room, R. 1996. Gender Roles and interactions in Drinking and Drug Use. Journal ofSubtance
227-39.
Room, R va c^ng sir. 2005. Alcohol and Public Health. Lancet 365, 519-30.

AbuseS,


Dgng Nguyen Anh. Nghiem Thj Thiiy

65

Simpura J, Karlsson T. 2001. Trends in drinking patterns in fifteen European countries, 1950 to 2000. A
collection of country reports. Helsinki, STAKES.
Tdng cue Th6ng ke. 2010. DiSu tra qu6c gia va bao lire gia dinh 2010, Hi Npi.

T6 chiic Y ti Thfigiori. 2011. Bdo cdo todn cdu vi thuc trang sir dung rugv, bia vd sue khoe nam 2011. To
chiic Y t6 The gioi.
Truong Xuan Tnr£mg. 2015. Vdn hoa su dung rugu bia a Vi4t Nam Bio cio dl tii nghiSn ciiu cap Bp,
Vi^n xahoi hpc. Hi Npi.
Uy ban vl Cic vin dl xS hpi ciia Qu6c hpi. 2015. Ky ylu Hpi thao Vdn di him sodt rugu bia tgi VietNam,
thing 11/2015.
Vi?n Chien luoc va Chinh sich Y te. 2015. Bdo cdo tinh hinh Igm dung rugu bia& Vi4t Nam. Bp Y te. Ha
Npi.

Vien Xa h^i hpc. 2015. Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc dong cua viec ban hdnh Lugt phong chong Igm di^ng rugu
bia. Vi?n Xa h6i hpc. Hi Npi.
WHO. 2014. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Geneva. World Health Organization,
Geneva.

WHO. 2005. Public health problems caused by harmfiil use of alcohol. Report by the Secretariat of fift
eighth World Health Assembly A58/18 Provisional agenda item 13-14 World Health Organization
Geneva.

WHO. 2004, Global Status Report: Alcohol Policy, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abus
World Health Organisation, Geneva
Western Australia Police Force. 1988. TVieZ./q'aor Co«rro/.4c(. The Government of Australia, Canberra.

World Drink Trends. 2002. Produclschap voor Gedistilleerde Dranken and World Advertising. Research
Centre Ltd, Henley-on-Luton, United Kingdom.