Đánh giá của thanh niên về khả năng thích ứng trong hội nhập nghề nghiệp hiện nay

100

Xahdi hgc, so 4 (136), 2016

D A N H G I A C U A THANH MEN VE KHA NANG
THICH LTNG T R O N G H O I NHAP NGHE NGHIEP HIEN NAY
NQUYSNPHANLAM'

T6THIHTdm tdt: Vile ldm vd nghi nghiip Id mgt trong nhiing mdi quan tdm hdng ddu cua
thanh niin hiin nay. Nhitng ddi hdi ngdy cdng cao ciia cdc chudn muc nghi nghiip ddng
thdch thiic sic nd luc cua thanh niin di c6 viec ldm vd nghi nghiip phu hop. Mong mudn
vd khdt vgng cua hg di liin vdi nhiing lo ldng bdn khodn vi hanh trang vdo ddi Irong bai
canh thi trudng hiin nay. VI vgy, ddnh gid cud thanh niin vi khd ndng thich Ong trong
hgl nhgp nghi nghiip cho thdy nhu cdu cdp thiit cua hg duac trang bi kiin thuc, dugc sd
hiiu vin liing vd diiu kiin di hg dit tu tin lira chgn cho minh mdt vi tri viic ldm thich
hgp, md tit do viia hdi long vi thu nhgp vita dem lgi niim vui vd hanh phdc trong nghi
nghiip cua hg. Vdn di ndy dang Id trdch nhiim ciia he thdng qudn ly, ddng thdi thu hOi
sv Ihdm gia cita nhiing ngu&i nghiin cieu hiin nay.
Tic khoa: thanfa nifn, vife ldm, nghi nghifp, thichttng,hfi nhap.
l.Datvdndl
Hfii nhap the gidd va khu vyc dang dem lai nhifiu co hfii ci!mg kfafing it nfaihig thdch
thttc dfii vdi ngudi lao dfing nude ta. Dgc biet vdi vife gia nhap to chttc Thuong mgi the
gidi WTO va vife tham gia cdc Hifp dinh cia khu vyc va qufic te, bfi mgt kinh tl cda dat
nude ed nhifu thay dfii, tao ra nhiiu vife lam eho ngudi lao dfng nhung cimg ddi hdi
ngudi lao dpng phdi chu dpng vd tich cuefaonttongvifc tim kiim vife ldm vd thich ihig
vdi nhiing vife ldm mdi, nghi nghifp mdi.
Theo "Chiin luge tfing thf hfi nhdp quic tl din ndm 2020, tim nhin din ndm 2030",
hpi nhdp dugc nhan thttc id sy "hudng tdi tiip thu nfaiing nguyfin tdc vd chudn mye", nhdm
myctieu"xdy dyng con ngudi Vift Nam phi hgp vdi yfu cau cia qua trinh cong nghifp hda,
hifn dai hda", ding thdi "nang eao ngufin nhan lue vd ndng luc khoa hpc - cfing nghf; tgo

cdng dn vifc ldm, bao dam quyin cda ngudi lao dfing..." (Chinh phi, 2016).
Nhu vdy, dfing hdnh vdi nhiiu Imh vyc kfade cia nfn kinh tl, hpi nhdp nghi nghifp
ehinh la sy hdi ldng cua ngudi lao dfing khi dap dng dupe nfaiing ddi hdi vl chuin myc
nghe nghifp df dugc tiip nhgn va dugctedcfing thda ddngteentintrudng Iao dgng. Dii
^^ Vifn XS hdi hgc, Vifn Hin ldm Khoa hfc xd hfi Vift Nam.
" Truing Bai hoc Lao dfng - Xa hfi.


Nguyin Phan Ldm, Td Thj Hong 101
vdi thanh nien,fapinhgp ngfai nghiep ciing dang ngay cang trd thdnh mpt vdn dl thdi sy
buc xuc, thu hut sy quan tam kfafing cfai dii vdi vifc hogeh dinh cfainfa sdcfa cda cdc cap
chmh quyin md cdn thu hdt sy chu y cda cac nhd nghifin cuu.
2. Mft so khai nifm nghien clhi
Thanh niin
Tfaeo ea eau Ida tufii ciia dan so cac nude tren the gjdi cd nhOng quy ^hnh khac nhau
ve dp tuii thanh nifin, thdng thudng td 15 din 24,25,29 ho|c 34 tuoi tC^' tfaeo m§i nude.
Trong khi d nhifiu nude qi:^ dinh thanh nien la ngudi tiong dp tufii 15-24 tiii Vift Nam
qiQf dinh d dp tufii 15-29, tufii cdn sinh hogt tiong th chuc dodn Thanh nien.
Viecldm
Theo dieu 9 Bfi ludt Lao dpng thi "Vific lam la hogt dpng lao dpng tgo ra thu nhap
md khfing hi pfaap lugt edm" (Quicfapi,2012). Tfi chdc Lao dfing qufic tl (ILO) ciing dd
xdc dinh ngudi cd vifc ldm Id ngudi ldm tiong cdc Imh vye, ngdnh nghe, dgng hogt dpng
cd ich, kfafing bi phdp ludt ngdn cam, dem lai tfau nfaap dfi nudi song ban than vd gia dinh,
dfing thdi doi^ gdp mpt phdn cho xahpi.
^ k Nghi nghiep
^
Theo Td dien Xa hpi hpc, nghfi nghifp Id mpt vifc ldm dupe mpt ngudi chuyen lam
trong mfit thdi gian ddi, dupe ngudi dd thyc hifn mpt cdch thdnh tligo, cd cfadt lupng va
hifu qud (Nguyen Khde Vifn, 1994).
Hgi nh4p

Hpi nhgp Id khdi nifm nen tang eua ly thuylt chuc ndng, nfi mfi td phuong thdc
quan faf eua nhiing don vi trong mpt he tfafing md vi he thing do, mft mdt cfaiing faanh
dfng mpt each tap tfae de trdnh phd vQf no vd ldm cho nd khfing thi duy tri dupe tinh In
d^nh cua rifing minh vd mdt khde chiing "hpp tdc" dfi tfauc day sufaogtdfng ciia no nfau
mpt thi tfaing nhdt (Parsons, 1951).
Hgi nhdp nghi nghiip
Hpi nh|p nghfi nghifip khong cfai Id tim duoc vifc ldm, do cdn Id tim dupe mfit vifc
lam pfaufapp,tuong iing vd ddp dng duoc nhiing gj md ngudi lao dfing ky vpng, biiu thi
bang nfafing myc tieu ro ret dupe ddt ra vd can pfadi dgt dupe.
Bifiu do khong ehi la tim mpt viec lam dfi cd nguon tfau nfadp cfao cupc song, md con
Id mft vific lam cfao phep hudng tdi mpt tuong lai ngfae ngfaifp xdc dinh, dupe hiiu la bao
gom khfing ehi nhiing d|c trung ehung, ed tinh vT mfi, md ca nhiing ddc trung rifing cda ed
nhdn mang tinh chu the xa hpi.
Thanh nien vdi hdi nhdp nghi nghiip
Bfii vdi thanfa nienfaifnnay, dang cd nfaung bien doi mgnh me trong suy ngfai vl su
fapi nhgp nghfi nghifp. Hp cfi nfau cdu rifing cua bdn thdn ciing nhu nhiing mong mufin,
udc mo dfii vdi nghe nghifip eho cupc ddi ciia minfa. Nghe nghiep tiong xa hpi r^dy cdng
da dgng hon cd vetifinluong tfau nfadp lan su falp dan ve van hoa do thi, nen di theo sy
tiiu h?p ddt nfing nghifp do qud trinh cfir^ nghifpfadavd do thi hoa, cfing vifc ldm nfing
vd ngudi tham gia lao dpng sdn xudt nfing nghifip dang ngdy cdng gidm di.
Noi cfaung, sy hpi nhgp nghe nghifp hifn nay eua thanh nien co nfailu diim tuong
dfing vdi xufaudngpfadt trien chung cua xdfafi.Su pfadt tiiln nfaanfa cfadng vd manfa me vl


102 Ddnh gid cda Ihanh niin vi khd ndng thich ling trong hgi nhgp..
nhu ciu vifc ldm la mfit xu hudngti'chcyc, tgo dfng lue cho tiianh nifn ed nhiiu eo hfi
lao dfng hon. Tuy nhien vifc phdi khde phyc dupe nhttng hgn chf eua hp, ciing nhu gidi
phdng dupe nhthig edn ttd ttt phia hf thong qudn I;^, sfi giip cho sy lya chgn vdfafinh^p
nghi nghifp cda thanh nifn duge edi thifn va phdt trien hon.
Hfi nhdp nghi nghifp khfing ehi la thn tiiiy vi duytiddugc mfit ehS ldm hay mft vi

till nhit dinh ttong hf tiling phdn cfing lao dfng xd hfi, gim hf thing kfip doanfa nghifp
vd xd hfi, md hon ntta, cdn cfi duge nhttng eo hfi tiidng tiin xdt tiieo nghia rpng, hlc la
cho phep ed nhdn ty hodn fliifn vd phat triin ttong cfing vifc, ttong nghe nghifp, ttong
cufc sing rifng vd trong xdfafindi chung.
D I tim hiiu su ddnh gid edaflianhnifn vl khd ndng tfaicfa ttng eda hp ti^ng hpi nh?p
nghi nghifp hifn nay, bai vilt dya vdn sl lifu kfado sdt xd hpi hpc cia Vifn Nghien cttu
Thanh nien (tiiufc TrUng uong Dcdn TNCS Hfi Cfai Minh) trong nhttng ndm gin ddy,
nhit la sl lifu khdo sat cia hf dl tdi ma Vifn da triin khai thyc hifn vdo ndm 2015 tgi 7
tinh/thdnh dgi difn eho 3 ving milnteongcd nude, cung nfau phantiefacde sl Ufu cda ede
khdo sdt khde cing vin dl nghifn cttu da nfu.
3. Bdnh gia cda thanh nien ve kha ning thich iimg trong h$i nh§p nghe nghifp
3.1. Khd khan Irong vin di vipc lim - nghi nghipp
Lao dfing - vifc ldm - ngfaf ngfaifp lufin la van de ndng fall thu fait sy quan tdm cia
todn xd hfi. Hifn nay, Viet Nam dupe danfa gia la mfit quic gia cd eo ciu ddn sl "vdng",
lyc lupng lao dpng mil nam tdng tnmg binh 1,1%, sfi lap dfng mdi gia nhgp khodng
900.000 ngudi/nam (UNFPA, 2010), Ben cgnh tilm ndng to Idn till nguin lao dfing doi
dao nhu vgy dang ngdy cang tgo ra nhieu thdch thttc, khd khan cfao sy phat triin kinh te xd hpi. Chinh vi vgy, cin phdi ed nhihig chinh sdch kip thdi, cd nfailu nghifn cttu pfai hgp
dl gidi quyet vin dfi Iao dpng - vifc ldm - nghf nghifp hifn nay.
Dit nude ta la mfit nude ndng nghifp, sl lupng lap dfing hien nay d nfing thfin
ehilm din 70,3%, nen tinh ttgng lao dfing nhdn rSi da ldm nay smh nfau eiu btte Unit vl
lao dfing, vife lam. Ddy id mft mfii quan tam hdng ddu cda ngudi ddn kfau vyc nfing thfin.
Hon nfia, bii cdnh Vift Nam dang ttong qud ttmh fliyc hifn ttfing nghifp hda - hifn dai
hda vd di liln vdi nd Id qud trinh dfi thi hda dd din din vifc xuit faifn mpt sdc dp ngdy
cang Idn cho eu dan nfing thfin vl sy lya chpn cfing vifc vd nganh nghi thichfagp,nhit Id
dpi vdi thanh nifn.
TJ If thilu vife lam d kfau vyc nfing tfafin tdp ttung d dp tufii thanh nien ehilm din
66,1% (Ting eye Thong kfi, 2012). Ddc bift xu hudngflianfanifn fliam gia ngdnh ndng
nghifp gidm manh tu 62,2% (ndm 2000) xuing edn 48,4% (ndm 2011),ttongkfai do ngdnh
cdng nghifp lgi tdng tit 13% (2000) Ifn 21,3% (2011) vd djch vy tdng ttt 24,8% (2000) len
30,3% (2011) (Ting cyc Thing ke, 2012). Vd ty If ndy dlu tang lien tyc qua eac ndm eho

den nay. Dieu dd khdng dinfa xu hudng tiianh nien ehuyin tk ede Iao dpng ngdnh nfing
nghifp sang cde ngdnh nghi tiiufc cfing nghifp va djch vy dang dien ra mgnfa mfi.
Theo ket qud cufc dilu tia ndm 2012 eda Vifn Nghifn cttu Thanh nifn, tiianh nien
hifn nay ed xu hudng "lya chpn nhdm nghe kinh doanh,tiiuongmgi, dich vu (efailm tj If
67,9% sd ngudi dupe hdi). Dilu ndy biiu hifn rS net nhit d nhdm flianh nifn hpc sinh
(80,5%) vd sinh vifn (71,7%). Nghi ldm cdn bfi, cfing chttc (48%) va cfing nhdn (42,8%)


Ngi^n

Phan Ldm. To Thj Hdng

103

cung Id xufaudnglya chpn tiip theo" ^dng Cdnh BCfaanfa va Phgm Bdng, 2012). Kit qua
dd ndi lenfaiennay nhu cdu vifc lam cda thanfa nien dd cd nfailu su thay doi. B§c bift dfii
vdi tfaanfa nifin nong thon hifin nay cfi nhifiu lua cfapn hon ngodi nhiing cfing vifc Hen
quan din trong trpt, chan nufii. Hp cd thfi tid thdnh nhiing ngudi cfing nhdn eua cdc khu
cfing nghifip, nhiing ngudi buon bdn, tiiu thuong tifin nhiing tuyin dudng giao thong...
Ngodi ra hp cd till trd thdnh nhiing lao dfng d thdnh phi, lao dfing phfi thfing hodc lao
dpng cd tay nghfi khi cd bdng cip. Ca hpifapctap cd nfaieufacmcung kfaifin cfaofapcd khd
iwng duac tiip cdn vdi nhieu ngfae ngfaifp,faon. Nfaiing difiu do dan den biin doi nfau cdu
lao dfing vd lya chpn nghfi nghifip cua thanfa nientoongbfii canfa hpi nhgp hien nay.
Bdi vifit cua Vii Mgnh Loi (2006) dd neu len nhu cau vd nguyfn vpng cua thanh
nifin hifn nay. Phdn Idn tuoi tham gia Iao dfing cd xu hudng tdng len, nhieu thanh nifin
^ c bifit Id thanh nifin viing nong thfin cd xu hudng di cu din cac thanh phi, khu cfing
nghifp dl tim vifc ldm. Trong khi dd, vdn de dao tgo nghi cdn g|p nfailu kho khdn, thanh
nien di cu sfi cdng khiin cho nhu cau vifc ldm tdng cao, vin dl gidi quyit ddo'tao nghfi
cdng trd nen khd khdn hon. Ndi chung nhu cdu vific ldmfaifnnay ciia tfaanfa nifin dang gia
tdng vd ngdy cang ed nhifiu sy bifin dii.

Nguyin Thi Bicfa Nga (2003) dd dfi cgp din vin dl lao dfng nfing thfin tiong tfidi
gian nfing nhan dd phdi vdo thanh pho tim Idem vife ldm. Dfii vdi ngufii dan nfing flifin,
ngodi thdi gian cay cay, chdn nufii gia sdc gia elm,... tfai thdi gian nfing nfaan cuafapId rdt
nhifiu, cho nen hp phdi ra thdnh phi tim thfim cdc cfing vife mdi. Phdn Idn lupng di cu
nay Id tfaanfa nien ed nam vd nii, tuy nfaien fap pfadi dfii mdt vdi nhiiu Hid kfadn khi ra
tiianh phi. Khong cfai cd vdy, Nguyen Bue Quynfa (2012) cdn dl cgp din tinfa trgng bdc
xuc vl lao dpng - vifc ldm - nghe nghifip noi chung d khu vyc ngogi thdnh cda dfi tfai. Bdi
viet eiia Nguyin Hiiu Minh vd dfing nghifp (2005) cung nfiu Ifin khia egnfa dgc trung Uen
quan den khu vyc ngoai thdnh ven dfi cda thdnh phd Ha Npi, neu Ifin thuc trgng tfaanfa
nifin ngogi tfadnh ngay nay dd cd su thay dfii rfi rft dii vdi van dfi vifc lam - nghe ngfaifp.
Hp bdt ddu td bd din nfaiing cong vifc sdn xudt nong nghifp thu nhgp thdp, sdn sdng din
voi cdc cong viec khde dfi cd thfi kiim dupe nhieu tfau nfadpfaon,dupe len thanfa pfal Id
noi cfi nfailu cafapinghfi nghifp faon, tfaoat cdnfa chdn lim tay biin noi rufng dong, lai
dupe tiip e$n cdc sinh hogt vdn hoa vd thufaudngnhihig gid tri vdn hda dfi tiii.
Tiin Thi Hfing vd Nguy^ Hiiu Minfa (2011) ^ gidi thifu khai qudt chung vl tiiai df
cda thanh nifin Viet Nam dii vdi vdn de viec lam vd ddi sing vgt chittix)ngbii cdnfa biin dfii
xdfafihien nay, cafafivific lam kha md vd da dgng cho ngudi lao dpng noi chung vd tfaanh
nien ndi rieng. Vdn de tim kifim vifc lam cd mfii quan hf eh|it cfae vdi trinh df hpc van vd
gioi tinfa cua tfaanfa nien. Tfaanh nifin Vift Nam m§e du ^ tfadc dupe nfafing kho khdn phm
trudc trong vifc tim kiem vifc ldm - nghi nghifp, nhung vin hy vpng ve Wid nang cd dupe
cong vifc nunh yfiu thlcfa trong tuong lai. Tuy dd cd nhifiu chinh saeh ^ ho tip eho thanfa
nien, nfaung dfapvan co sytiiiianhdn "ed kho khan trong tun kiim vifc ldm".
Hon thfi nfi^ cac cufic dilu tra khdo sat cho tfady, thanh nien khfing cfai khfi khdn
tiong tim kiem viec lam, ma con co din 51,2% thanfa nifin duoc hdi cfao biitfaplo ldng
nfaifiu vfi nguy co mdt vifc lam va cdt gidm lao dfing tiong nam 2015. T;^ If ndy d nam
tiianh nifin Id 54,3% vd d niitiianhnien 45,7% (Vifn Nghifin cdu Thanfa nien, 2015).


104 Bdnh gid ciia Ihanh nien vi khd ndng thich img trong hgi nhgp...
Kit qua dilu tra vl tinh hinh tfaanh nien ndm 2014 cda Vien Nghien cttu Thanfa

nifn, cung che thiy cac bdn khoan, lo Idng cua thanh nien hifn nay lifn quan chu yiu tdi
vifc ldm - nghi nghifp, tiip cgn vfin vay, thu nhap, ngodi ra cdn mfii trudng sing, tuong
lai, nilm vui ttong cfing vifc,... Da sl thanh nifn dupe khae sat (89,6%) cho ring hp dang
gap pfadi it nfadt mot vin de kfad khdn ttong cufc sing. Mfit sl van dl khd khdn, thdch
thuc cia bdn than &Mqkifn, moi trudng sfing mdi (35,2% j kien ddnh gid cia thanh nifin), teong nam qua cd sy
diu tu phdt trifin san xuit nhung bj thua lo (32,2%), trinh dpfapcvin thip nfin khfing xin
dugc vife ldm (32,0%), thu nhgp khfing In dinh (30,8%), bdn than khfing xde djnh dupe
tucmg lai (30,8%), khfing vay dugc vin dl dau tu sdn xuit, kinh doanh (30,2%) (Vifn
Nghifin cttu Thanh nifin, 2014).
Nfailu dfi tdi nghifin cttu khac nhau dfii vdd thanfa nifn nong tfafin ndirifingvd thanh
nifin Vift Nam ndi ehung cho thiy hp dang dttng trudc nhiing eo hpi mdi dl cd till dugc
tiip cgn vdd nhieu ngdnfa nghi lifn quan tdi lihh vyc cfing nghiep, dicfa vyfaon.Hp dupe
tiip can nhiiu hon din cdc ngufin thfing tin vfi vifc ldm lao dfng, giip cho hg cd till phdt
trifin vd ty tim den nhieu vife lam mdi hon. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh ndi chung hifn nay cia
thanh nifn nfing thfin Vift Nam cdn gdp nfaieu khd khdn, hp con chua thf nhanh chdng
tiep can ngay vdi cdc eo hpi cd dugc nhu vgy.
3.2. Nhiing thiiu hfit khd ndng thich Ung trong hpi nhpp nghi nghipp
Khd ndng thich ung bao gfim ting hgp eua nfailu ky ndng khde nhau, nhung vife
van dyng ky nang ndo de dua Igi hifu qua edn tiy thufic vao tttngfaodncdnh cy thi vd cd
tinh, sy linhfaogtcda tttng nguod.
Thanh nifin hifn nay rit ban khodn, lo ldng trude nhiing co hfi vi thdchtiittetrong
Imh vye nghi nghifp, vifc ldm khi Vift Nam dang tieh cyc gia nhdp cdc cfng dfing kinh
tfi. Cing vdi sy cgnhttanfavdi ngufin nfadn luc eua ede quoc gia ttong kfau vuc,tiianfanifn
lo lang vfitiiycteangddo tgo ngufin nfadn lye eda Vift Nam khi cdc tifiu ehi eua nha hiyin
dung sfi khd khdn hon vd ddifadiefauyen mfin cao hon. Cung vdi dd, cde vin dl trd nggi
cia lyc lugng lao dpng Vift Nam, ttong dd ed thanh nifn, I8u Vift Nam tiiam gia cdc
cfing dong kinh te la vdn dl ndng suit lao dpng tiiip, tiiilu lao dfing ed tay nghi ky fliugt
bgc cao, ky ndng va trinh dp ngogi ngtt yiu, flulu ede kiln tiiuc phdp ludt vl lao dfng, ddc
bift la tde phong cfing nghifp, ky ndng giao tiip cfing vifc cdn nhiiu hgn chi.

Trude nhttng khd kfadn tten cia tfaanh nien, Nhd nuorc cung da ed nhiiu chu truong,
chmh sdch hStepchotiianhnifinteongvin dl giai quyit vifc ldm - nghi nghifp, ttong dd
cd ehinh sdch h§ teg cho flianh nifn cd nhu eiu vay von dlfagcnghi va gidi quyft vife
ldm. Tuy nhifn, nfattng bit cap ttong ttdin khai chmh sdch eung nhu nhttng khd khdn, iao
can tir phia flianh nien da gdy ttd nggi eho hp frong tifp cfn cdc chinh sach nhu y kiln
ddnh gid euatiianhnifn vfi tiid tue vay vfin cdn phtte tgp, rudm ra (52,2%),tiianhnifin it
dupe tifip efntiifingtin vl cdc ngufin vin vay (46,8%), ngufin vfin vay efaotiianhnien cdn
it (43,8%), dieu kifn eho vay vlu tit phia ngdn hdng edn hgn hep (42,4%) vd tiianh nifn
khfing biet each Idp du dn, kl hogch vay vfin (35,2%). Cd mft fliyc tl Id hifn ehi 43,9%
flianh nien cd biet den cdc efainh sdeh ho ttp vl vifc ldm,fapcnghi cua cdc tl chttc doan
tiie vd chinh quyfn (Vien Nghien cttu Thanh nifn, 2014).


Ngiiyin Phan Ldm, Td Thi Hdng

105

Kfado sat vl sy danfa gid cuatiianfanien dii vdi nfating ky nang dl hpi nh|p ntghl
ngfaifp nhu giao tiip, thuylt trinh, ldm vific nfadm... cho thdy, ddy Id nhting ky ndng co
bdn, rdt gin gui, eIn phdi sd dyng thudng xuyen vd phfi bien trong qud trinh ldm vifc. Kfai
dupefadidanfa gid vl trinh do vd ky ndng eiiatiianhnifin hi&i nay vdi nhflng ky ndng eo
bdn Id trinh df tiing Anh, trinh dp tinfapc,ky ndng gijio tiep, ky ndng thuylt trinh, ky
ndng lam vifc nhdm, tfai ehilm ty If Idn thanh nifin eho rdng nfafing ky ndng ndy cda hp
chi dgt dupe d mdc trung binh. Tuy nhifin mfii trinfa df, ky ndng ed nfaiing danh gia d mdc
df kfade nhau. Trong dd, trinh dp tinfapc,ky ndng giaotifip,ldm vifc nfadm cda tfaanh nifin
dupe ddnfa gia cd phdn kha quan han. Trinh dp tin hpc thi 56,5% cfao rdng cfai d mdc
tiimg bhih, 29% ddnfa gid Id kfad tit. Ky ndng giao tiip thi 45,5% cho rdng kha tit va 46%
cho ring ky ndng ndy cua tfaanh nien d mdc trung bhih. Lam vifc nfadm Id 54,5% cho
rdngtirungbhih vd 27% cho ring ky ndng ndy khd tfit Nhung trinh dp tiing Anh vd ky
nang thuylttiinfacua thanfa nien dupe ddnh gia tii^ hem vod 52% cho rdng trung bmh vd

28% cho rdng tfaanh nien d mdc yiu vl trinfa dp tiing Anh so voi yfiu cdu cua cdc nhd
tuyin dyng, Cd 50% cho rdng tfaanh nifin chi dgt d mdc df trung binh vd 26% cfao rdng d
mdc yfiu vl ky nang tfauylt trinh.
Thyc trgng nay ciing dd dupe ddnh gid tiong Bao cao Quic gia vfi Thanh nifin Vift
Nam ^ p Nfii vy va UNFPA, 2015) eho thdy nhieu nguyfin nhdn dan din sy tiiilu hyt khd
ndng thich dng trong fafi nfagp nghe nghifp ciia thanh nien. Cfing tac quy hogch cda cdc
CO sd dgy nghe cdn chua sdt vdi nhu ciu xa hfii. Cfing tdc pfadn ludng,faudngnghifp cho
hpc sinfa sau kfai tfit ngfaifp trung hpc phd tfafing, saufapcnghe edn nhieu bat cgp, hgn che.
Bao tgo nghfi, gidi thifiu vifc' ldm, vfin vay cho thanfa nifin, nhdt Id trong thanh nifin nfing
thfin chua ddp dng yfiu cdu. Mft sfi npi dung cua B I dn "Ho trp thanh nifin hpc nghi vd
tgo vifc ldm giai dogn 2008 - 2015" cdn cham dupe triin kfaai, chua ddm bdo tiin df, vific
bfi tri kmh phi tir ngan sach dia pfauong dam bdo thuc hifin B I an cdn ch^m, cfing tdc
gidm sat, phdn bien vd tham muu efainh sach vl hpc nghi, lap nghifp eho thanh nifin chu^
thuong xuyfin. Vifcfafitipdao tao de cfauyin dii nghi doi vdi dfing bdo ddn tfe thifiu sl,
hfi ngfaeo d cdc vung khd khdn, gidi quyit vifc ldm cho ngudi dan bi thu hii ddt cdn han
cfai, da dnh hudng It nhifiu din thanh nien thufic dien trfin. Thfim vdo do, suy tfaodi kinfa tl
trong nhiing ndm gdn day dan din nhu cau Iao dpng cua doanfa nghifp gidm, nfailu thanh
nien cong nfaan khfing cd vifc lam, ddi sl:^ rdt khd khdn. Viee nghien cuu, xuc tiin md
rfng thi trudng xuit khiu Iao dpng eon cfadm so vdi yeu cau cdafafinfadp hifn nay,
Vfi trinfa df chuyfin mfin ky thugt, thanfa nifin dang vudng pfadi mft su tfaieufaytIon
&k ddp dng dupe nhu ciu tfaeo cdc chudn myc nghi nghifp cua noi tuyin dyng. Cd dfin
91,85% sfi tfaanh nien td 16 din 24 tuii ehua dupe ddo tao vfi df chuyen mfin ky thugt khi
gia nhgp tfai trudng lao dfng - vifc ldm - nghi ngfaifp (Bfi Nfii vy vd UNFPA, 2015).
4. Ket lugn vd khuyen nghj
Kit ludn
Co tfal tfaay, ndi chung tinh hinfa phdt tiiln kmh tl xa fafi (K ngdy mft phat triin
hon. Tfaanfa nien ngay cdng cfi nhdn thuc rfi rdngfaonvl tfayc tigng vifc ldm - ngfai nghifp
hifn nay, tiiay dupe nhflng yfiu edu vd doi hoi cda cfing vife ciing nhu su canhti-anhti-fin

106

Ddnh gid ciia thanh nien ve khd ndng thich ung trong hoi nhgp...

thi trufimg lao dpng tiong qud trinh hpi nhdp. Dfii difn voi hifn tiiuc cfing nghifp hda, do
thi hda manh me va sdu rfing, tfaanh nien cam nfadn duac nhung khfi khan cda minfa tiong
vifc thilufaythdnh trang vdo ddi.
Ba sl thanh nifin deu co nhu cdu vd su lua chpn eiiarifingminh, nhung hp lya cfapn
ngdnfa dich vy la nfailu nfadt. Biiu nay tuong ding vdi thye trgng phdt triin chung cda tinfa
hinh kinh tk dit nude. Ddng trudc boi cdnh cfing nghifp fada mgnh me, hp mong muln
dupe trdi i ^ f m v6i nhiiu nganh nghfi mdi hon trong sdn xuat cdng nghifp hay bufin
bdn, dich vu thuong mai,fapmong cfad cde nghe co luong cao faan, dfing thdi nhdn tfadc
cda gioi tre eiing ngdy cdngfaiendgi hon. Tfaanh nien hifn nay nfailu ngudi Idifing muon
lam nghfi nfing kfai nghfi ndy cd thu nhgp khdng eao, ma cfai mong muln dupe lya cfapn
nfaiing ngdnfa nghfi ndo cd thu nfagp tot faon.
Thanh nien hifn nay da cd nfaifiu quyfin ty quyetfaoncho cufc song cua mmh. Ba
sl thanh nifin lya chpn nghi nghifp theo sd thich Id ehinh va chiu anh hudng boi nhfim
bgn be do mgng ludi xa fafi va kfafing gian xa hpi dupe md rpng hon tu qud trinh dfi thi
hoa,fapdupe ty do lya chpn cdng vifc hp ua thich md ft nghe Idi khuyfin td gia dkih, nfaa
trudng. Bae bift hp lya chpn vife lam co muc luong cao, cd trinfa df cfauyfin mfin va eho
rdng sy lya chpn ngfafi dd la do hp co cdc mfii quan hf, sy quen biit gidi tbieu cho nhau
nen tin tudng va edmtiidythodi mdi.
Trong nhieu ndm, nganh dich vy phdt triin hhanh da ldm eho ddi sing nguoi dan
ngdy cdng dupe cdi thifn hon. Chinh vi vgy nhgn thuc vfi vifc ldm ciia tfaanfa nien da thay
dii nfailu. Hp da cfi thfi lya chpn dupe nfailu ngfae moi, vific ldm mdi han dl phu hpp vdi
tinh lunh pfadt trifin kinh te - xd hpi nfaanfa cfaongfaiennay.
Tuy nhifin dfii vdifap,yiu tl tfau nfadp, tien luong, Igi Id mfit yiu tl quan tipng nhat
tiong vifc lya chpn nghfi nghifp hifn nay. Ba so tiianh nifin dlu chi mong cd nghi ndo
luong eao md it quan tam cdc ngfai ndo luong binfa ihufing hodc nhiing nghi tfaeo udc ma.
Hp nhdn tfady sy tiiilu fayt hdnh trang vd ngudn lyc dl tiiyc hifn ngay mong mufin eda

mmh. Bin lua tufii truong tfadnh thi nhu eiu do Igi cdng dupe tang Ifin, do cufc sing ngdy
mft khfi khan vd phdi duang diu voi mii lo vl cufic sing hang ngdy.
Khuyin nghf
Cfi tfafi noi, thyc trgng vd qud trinhfafinhlip nghe ng^fp cua thanh nien dang ngdy
cdng tid thdnh mft van de thdi su hue xdc, thu hut sy quan tdm khdng cfai cua bdn thdn
nhom tfaanh nifin, cua viee hogcfa dinh chinh sach dfii VOT cdc cip chinh quyin md cdn thu
hiit sy chd y cua cac nhd nghifin cuu.
Can cd ede chinh sdeh hifiu qud hon giup diy manh chuyin dicfa ca cdu kinfa tfi de
cfi tfae tao ra nfaieu cofafivife ldm In dinfafaancho thanfa nifin, nfait Id d nfing tfafin, eung
nhu ndng eao hifu qua hoat dpng cua tfai tiudng lao dfng. Nfin xem xet cd giai phdp hifu
chinfa CO cfai, efainh xdc nfadm tao mfii tiirdng timdn Ipi dl kfauyin kfaich cdctiianfaphin
kmh tfi dau tu phdt triin san xuit, tgo vifc ldm mdi vd tdng thu nhdp cho thanh nien, gidm
ty If thit ngfaifptoongtfaanh nifin.
Phai CO cac gidi pfaap hiru hifu cua Chinh phu Ak giai quyit tinh trgng mit cdn dii
trong ddo tao cua nude ta hifn nay. Dfing thdi can cfi gidi phap kit nil cung - ciu giOa faf


Nguyin Phan Ldm, Td TTijHShg

107

tiifing gido dye - dao tgo va ngudi sd dyng lao dpng nhdm daa^ dng nhu ciu vl sl lupng va
chdt lupng eua Ifai trudng lao dpngtiianhnien.
Ticfa cyc triin khai "Chiin lupc phat triin thanh nifin giai dogn 2011-2020", troi^
do nhin manh cdc giai p h ^ vl dao tao ngfai cho tiianh nifin gom: 1) Tgo birde dft pfad ve
chit lupng ddo tao n^fi dh nang eao trinh dp chuyen mdn, ky ndng ngbi nghifp, tac
pfaong cong nghifip, ky lugt lao dfing cho thanh nifin tdi^ birorc binh thdnh nguin nhdn lye
tre ed cfait lirpng cao, uu tien day ng^l vd tao vifc ldm cho tiianh nifin nfing thfin, thanh
nien vung dfi thi hda va 2) Tfi chdc hudng nghiep cho thanh nien thong qua he tiling
tiudng hpc, cdc trung tam gido dye thudng xuyen, trung tam gjao due cfing dfing pup

tiianh nifin cd nhgn tiidc, dinh hudi^ dung ddn vl Iao dfing, nghfi nghifp, vifc ldm, th}
trudng lao dpng va ca hfii tim ki&n vifc lam, ndng cao thu nhap. EHIU do sfi trang bi dio
thanh nien sdc mgnh dfi hp doi d i ^ voi qua trinfa hpi hhsp n^fi nghifp hifn nay.
Tdi lieu tham khao
Bf mfin PhSp hiat 2008. Phap lugt dgi cuang. Nxb Hfing Ehic. H4 Nfi.
Bf Nfi vpvi UNFPA, 2015. Bdo cdo ^aocgjflvi/AiBiA ni&n FigrMwi. HaNOi.
CSiInh phii. 2016. QuySt djnh so 40/QE)-TTg v^ v i ^ phfi duyft "Chifo lirgc tfingfliehfi n h ^ qufic ^ den
nam 2020, tim nhm d ^ nam 2030".
D|Dg Canh Khanh vk Pham BSng. 2012. Mgi so vdn de vi lao dgng va vi^c lam cua thanh nien hi^n nay.
Tntycaptii htlp'y/www.molistgov.vn.
NgiQ'ln Dtrc Quynh. 2012. Vi4c lam a ihu vifc nong thon Thdnh phd Ha Ngi trong qua trinh cong n^i?p
hod - Men dgi hod.
Nguyen Hftu Minh vk d6ng ng^lp. 200S. B i ^ dfii Idnh te - J^ hfii £r vung ven dfi Hk Nfi trong qui trinh dfi
fli| hod. Tgp chiXa hgi hgc, s6 1.
Nguyen Khic Vien. 1994. Tir diin Xa Hgi Hgc. Nxb Thi gidi. HaNfi.
Nguyen Ihi Bich Nga. 2003. V i ^ l^m v^ Aid sSng cua nguoi Iao dfing theo thdi vy txt nfing thfinraHi Nfi
- NghlSo Clhi tniimg hpp t?i Wk Npi v^ xS Xuan Thuang, hi^fn Xuan Tnrdng, tinh Nam Djnh.
Tgp chi XS hgi f^c, s62.
Parsons, Talcott 1951. The Social System. New Yoric: Free Press.
Qu6c hfi. 2012. Bf hiat Lao dfng. Qufic hfi nude Cfng hda Xa hfi Chu nghTa Vi^t Nam Khda Xm.
Tfing cyc Thing k6.2012. Ni6n gjam thong ke 2011. Nxb Thmig ke. Ha Nfi.
TrSn Hii Hdng vh Kgfxyhi HQu Minh. 2011. S\f Amy doi thai d$ vk vifc lam vk cufc song v$t ch^ cda
tiianhmen Viet Nam. r^jpcWJiToApi Ape: T. Parsons. 1951. Hf tfafing xS hfi: "NhOng tieu lu^n v^ ly
fliuyStxahOi".
UNFPA. 2010. Tan dyng co hfii dan so "^^g" d Vi?t Nam - Ca hfi, IhSch th&c vi cic gpi J chinh sdch.
Viea Ngjiiea cdu Thanh nien. 2014. K€t (pia khao s&ttinhhinh Tiianh nien. 2014.
Vifn Nghien cdu Thanh niSn. 2015. Bao c&o k€t qua di6u tra Y kiln cua Thanh nien ve tinb hinh d^ nude
hifn nay. Hi Nfi, fting 11/2015.
Vfi Manh Lgi. 2006. Mot so xu hudng vkfliaidp cua thanh nien Vift Nam vdi v ^ 6k vi§c lam. Tfp chiXa
hgi hgc, sfi 3.