Nguyên nhân và xu hướng biến đổi vai trò già làng ở tây nguyên trong bối cảnh mới hiện nay

TAP CHI'KHOA H O C - S D IB/ZOl?

|| 165

NGUYEN NHAN VA XU HUONG BIEN DOI
VAI TRO GIA LANG 6 TAY NGUYEN
TRONG BOI CANH M 6 | HIEN NAY
Nguyen Van Thang* '', Phan Quang Trung'
Truang Dgi hoc Thii do Hd Ndi
^ Vien Khoa hgc Xd hdi vimg Tdy Nguyin
Tom tdt: Bdi viel giai thieu ve thiit che gid ldng, vai trd cua gid ldng vd su bien doi cua
nd trong bdi cdnh mdi. Trong do, chiing tdi quan tdm lam rd nguyen nhdn biin ddi vd cdc
xu hudng biin ddi vai trd cua gid ldng dudi tdc ddng cua cdc yeu to xd hgi hien nay
nhdm Idm rd nhimg diem phii hap vd khong cdn phii hap trong vai trd cita gid long, qua
do, giup cdc CO quan qudn ly nhd nuac iham khao di dua ra cdc chuang trinh, ke hogch
bdo tdn vd phdt huy vai Pd ciia ihiil chi ndy gdp phdn cung cd. xdy dimg khdi dai doan
kel ddn tgc
Tie khda: Gid ldng, thiit chi gia ldng, hiin ddi vai trd gid ldng, xu hirang biin dot vai trd
gid ldng.

1. M O DAU
Trong cdng ddng xa hgi cac tdc ngudi thilu sd d Tay Nguyen' truyen thdng, chua hinh
thanh luat phap cua mgt t6 chuc xa hdi co giai cip nhu cac che tai, dinh che phong kien
Viet Nam. Tai day chi t6n tai cac thi^t chS xa hdi truyen th6ng va luat tuc khong thanh van
dugc trao truyln qua cac thi he bing hinh thirc truyen mieng. Luat tuc, quy djnh thai do
img xir giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi, vdi xa hgi. vdi mdi trudng thien nhien, cac quan he
so hihi, hdn nhan - gia dinh, tin nguong, phong tuc va le nghi... la nhimg chuan muc da
hinh thanh va phat triln trong qua trinh Ijch sir tgc ngudi. No phan anh ddi song xa hgi
tmyen thdng ciia mdi tdc ngudi va dugc toan the cdng dong mac nhien chap nhan, tu giac
tuan thu nhu mot thoi quen, mgt tap quan. Dd cung chinh la quy tac dam bao cho su phat

Nhan bai ngay 21 5.2017; chinh siia, gui phan bien va duyet dang ngay 20.6.20! 7
Lien he tac gia Ngu\ In Van Thang, Email nvthang@daihoclhudo edu vn
Tron" bai viSt na\, t.hu vuc Tay Nguyen duoc hieu theo khong gian van hoa \a hoi. Iiao gom ca 23 huven
thuoc 6 tinh thinh giap Tay Nguyen


1MJL

TRLTdNB BAI HOC T H U B O HA NDI

trien trudng tdn, vimg chac ciia timg cdng ddng, lan ddi sdng van hda tgc ngudi tren ca sa
chung song va tdn trong lan nhau.
Ve khai niem "gia Iang", thuc te trong ngdn ngir cua ddng bao cac dan tdc thieu sd d
Tay Nguyen khdng cd hai tir nay, ma chi cd khai niem ve ngudi dung dau mot bg tdc hoac
mgt vung dat. Dd la cac chu budn, bon, chu dat, theo each ggi ciia mdt sd tpc ngudi Tay
Nguyen la khac nhau, nhu: Kruanh bon, U ruanh bon (Mndng, S'Tieng), Pd pin ea, Pd elan
(Ede), Kra Pie (Se dang), Tha Plai (Jrai), Bok Kra plei (Ba Na)... Trong ngdn ngii cac dan
tdc Tay Nguyen, hp la nhimg ngudi "gdc Iang", "ngudi thieng - ciii lira", "ngudi lam ldn"
trong cdng ddng. Khai niem "gia Iang" chi mdi xuat hien tir sau nam 1954 theo ldi nghi va
each ggi ciia mgt sd can bd lam cdng tac van ddng quan chiing hoac nhimg ngudi suu tam
van hoa dan gian truyen thdng Tay Nguyen chi nhimg ngudi cao tudi dugc coi trpng trong
cgng dong. Khai niem nay dan dugc pho bien va su dung rdng rai tdi ngay nay.
Vi tri gia tang trong cdng ddng thieu sd Tay Nguyen khdng han la mgt dia vi do bau
cu hay tuyen chgn ma cd. Khdng cd so Iugng quy dinh hay cd dinh. Cting khdng nham chi
nhung ngudi da gia (ngudi cao tudi) mdi dugc ton vinh lam ngudi lanh dao cao nhat ciia
cgng ddng, ma dii cdn tre, neu cd dao due, tai gidi, cd kinh nghiem san xuat,hdi tu dii tin
nhiem ciia ddng dao cac thanh vien trong cgng ddng, trong mdt trudng hgp nao do, van cd
the dugc bau Iam lanh dao,ciing nhu mac nhien dugc chii Iang va cdng ddng tham khao y
kien, khi can thiet.
Gia Iang la sir tdng hgp y thirc cua hai khai niem: ca nhan va cgng ddng. Ca nhan d

day dugc sang Igc va lua chgn theo nhung tieu chuSn nghiem ngat, nhu: Tudi tac, kinh
nghiem,su tin nhiem...dugc tap the ciing ddng long tdn vinh. Ban than ca nhan dd cung
phai tu khang dinh va thudng xuyen Iam viec de nang cao uy tin, vi thi cua minh. Day
chinh la mdi tuong quan thich hpp chi cd trong cac sic dan thilu sd cd tinh cdng d6ng cao
trong ddi sdng sinh boat tdc ngudi. Bdi, cho dii la mdt ca nhan cu thi cd nhilu kinh
nghiem hoac kien thirc sau rgng din dau di chang nira, nlu tach rdi khdi cdng ddng thi
khdng bao gid cd the trd thanh "gia Iang" dugc. Dilu nay cung ly giai vi sao trong thdi ky
Phap thugc va suot nhimg nam dudi chinh thi nguy quan, nguy quyin Sai Gdn, cac chuc
sac do chinh quyen dat ra, khdng hi dugc cgng ddng coi la "gia Iang".
Cac "gia Iang" tren thuc chat la tap hgp nhimg ngudi dung dku cac ngdi nha (bip) Idn
trong mot cdng dong, trudng mdt ddng hp. hay chu mdt Iang do minh tu lap nen. Hp khdng
chi giir vai tro lanh dao ve tinh than, ma cdn la ngudi "cdm can nay muc" trong mgi mat
ddi song xa hdi cdng dong. Binh thudng se chi cd ngudi dau Iang quylt dinh nhimg vdn dl
thudng nhat, nhung khi cd nhirng viec he trpng lien quan den su sdng cdn cua toan thi
cdng dong, cac gia Iang se dugc tap hgp lai de ciing ban bac, day cung la dilm phat huy
cao nhat sue manh tri tue va tinh thdn cdng ding.


TAP CHl KHDA HOD - SO IB/ZDT?

^

LJ®1

Gia Iang d cac budn, bon, plei... khong tao thanh mot tang lap thdng tri, hay mdt td
chiic d tren nhiing gia dinh trong mdt tap hgp dan cu.Vi vay, hiem khi cd chuyen tranh
chdp chiic vi trong mdt cgng ddng. Nhirng ngudi cd uy tin, cd kinh nghiem sdng, am hieu
luat tuc, phong tuc, dugc xem nhu la nhiing hien than ciia truyen thdng, su khdn ngoan ciia
ca mdt tap hgp ngudi. Va, dieu hanh cgng ddng ludn tuan thii theo cac le tuc, tap quan,
kinh nghiem, than linh... ma cac gia Iang chi la ngudi thay mat de hudng dan, phat ngdn.

Do anh hudng ciia cdng cudc xay dung va phat trien kinh te, ciing nhu su nhap cu ciia
cu dan tir nhieu mien dat, den dinh cu tai Tay nguyen, ddi sdng xa hdi cao nguyen ngay
nay da cd nhieu ddi thay.Cac cgng ddng tdc ngudi thieu sd d Tay nguyen khdng cdn la
nhiing thuc the xa hdi ton tai biet lap niia ma da trd thanh cac dan vi ca sd ciia mgt he
thong xa hgi rgng ldn, thdng nhat tir Trung uong cho den dia phuong. Ca sd van hanh ciia
chinh quyen, ciia xa hdi rdng ldn dd la luat phap. Tuy nhien, nhimg quy dinh bat thanh van
cua cac tgc ngudi (luat tuc), van luon ludn dugc coi la di san van hoa, la kho tang tri thuc
dan gian phong phu, can dugc ke thira va phat huy.Mdt trong nhiing dac tnmg dd la tri
thiic ve quan ly cdng dong, quan ly xa hgi truyen thdng thdng qua vai trd, vi tri ciia gia
Iang. Do chinh la su ket hgp giiia quan ly cdng ddng va tu quan. ket hgp giiia giao due va
trimg phat, giiia cac nguyen tac cua tap quan vdi nhiing quan niem ve tin ngudng tam iinh
nham giai quyet mpi moi xung dot trong xa hgi.
2. NOl DUNG
2.1. Cac nguyen nhan tac dong Iam bien doi vai trd gia Iang
2.1J. He tbSng chinh trj moi/ chinh sach cua Nha nw&c tir sau Giai phdng
Trong xa hdi truyln thdng. do tac ddng ciia dieu kien tu nhien, dan cu va dan tgc... gia
Iang CO vai trd to Idn trong viec quan ly xa hdi. Ngay nay, khi dieu kien kinh te. xa hdi da
thay doi, ddi hoi phai cd thilt chi quan ly xa hdi phii hgp la he thong chinh tri mdi, thdng
nhat trong ca nude, bao gom: to chiic Dang, chinh quyen, mat tran va cac doan the Phu nii,
Thanh nien, Cuu chien binh va Nong dan...
Nhirng nhan td tiln bg do da dugc xac djnh rd rang vdi su ra ddi ciia cac thdng tu,
nghi dinh, quylt dinh... hudng ddn, dieu hanh ve td chiic va hoat dpng cua thdn budn vdi
nhirng nguyen tdc co ban la trien khai thuc hien nhirng ngi dung do cdng ddng dan cu ciia
thon ban va quyet dinh; tap hgp, phan anh de nghi chinh quyen xa giai quyet nhiing khuyen
nghi, nguyen vpng chinh dang cua nhdn dan... Ia canh ta> ndi dai trong quan Iy nha nude d
cap ca sd... Vdi nhung nguyen tac dd. viec quan ly xa hgi ciia he thong chinh tri luon co
vai tro quyet dinh va no da thuc hien timg budc xoa bo nhirng diem khong cdn phii hgp, tu


168 II

TRUCJNB BAI H O C T H U B D H A NIJI

phat theo xa hgi truyen thdng. Day la ca sd, nguyen tic hoan toan phii hgp vdi ddi sdng xa
hpi hien nay, va nd ciing cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi viec luu giir cac gia tri tdt dep trong
van hoa truyen thdng tdc ngudi. Ddng thdi, day cung la yeu td anh hudng den sir bien ddi
trong vai trd cua thiet che gia Iang d cac tgc ngudi thieu sd tai chd d Tay Nguyen.
Trong qua trinh phat trien cac yeu td phap li ciing timg budc dugc hoan thien, ngudi
dan ngay cang nhan thiirc dugc vai trd ciia phap luat, tuan thii phap luat, do do luat tuc ngay
md nhat dieu nay keo theo vai trd cua gia Iang trong ddi sdng xa hdi khdng cdn dugc phat
huy va ngay cang md nhat so vdi trudc kia. Ben canh do, cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh
te - xa hgi va an ninh qudc phdng nhu: dinh canh - dinh cu; di dan cd td chuc tir cac vimg
khac de lap khu kinh te mdi, xay dung tap doan san xuat, quy hoach cac du an quan ly va
bao ve rimg, tai dinh cu va xay dung thuy dien... ciing da va dang cd tac ddng ldn tdi vai
trd cua gia Iang va ngudi cd uy tin d cac tdc ngudi thieu sd tai cho d Tay Nguyen hien nay.
2.1.2. Ton giao m&i
Trong thdi ky chu nghia thuc dan cu va mdi, do su cd mat cua tdn giao mdi, liic ddu la
ciia Cdng giao do ngudi Phap dua vao tir nhung nam 1850, vl sau la Tin lanh do ngudi My
dua vao trudc nam 1975, ben canh cac budn Iang ddn tdc thilu sd tai cho theo tin ngudng
da thdn truyen th6ng da xu^t hien cac budn ldng theo Cdng giao va Tin lanh, dan din suy
giam rd ret vai trd ciia gia Iang.
Vdi ton giao mdi, due tin xudt hien khien luat tuc it cdn ch6 dung trong ddi sdng giao
dan. Dieu nay dong nghia vdi hoat ddng cua td hda giai budn Iang ma thanh vien diu la tin
do ton giao, khdng cdn dua nhilu vao ludt tuc ma dua nhilu vao giao ly. Trong bdi canh
dd, vai trd ciia gia Iang vdi tu each dai dien phong tuc thuc thi luat tuc khdng cdn dugc
phat huy va cd tieng ndi quyet dinh trong ddi sing tam linh ciia cdng ddng, cung nhu
tieng noi cua gia Iang nhu la dai dien cua luat tuc khdng cdn cd y nghTa quylt dinh trong t6
hda giai.
Do cd nhung khac biet ve nilm tin va giao ly. Tin lanh va Cdng giao da va dang tac
dgng Idn lam mai mgt dan di nhieu net van hda truyln thdng ciia cac dan tdc thilu sd tai

chd Tay Nguyen, nhu: nha rdng, cdng chieng. sir thi, le bd ma, dan ca. dan nhac, dan vu...
thay vao dd la nha thd, nha nguyen, hat thanh ca. Vdi sd it gia tri van hda cdn lai, tdn giao
mdi tuy khong bai xich nhung cung khdng khuyin khich duy tri. B6i canh dd ddn den vai
trd dpng vien dan ldng bdo ton van hda truyen thdng cua gia Iang nhu la cdu ndi van hoa
tm\en thong vdi duong dai cung mdt dan ca sd tdn tai. Mdt each tu nhien vd dl hilu, vai
tro duy tri. bao tdn van hoa truyen thdng ciia gia Iang d budn Iang theo tdn giao mdi dang
md nhat ddn di.


T A P C H I K H O A H O C - SD 1S/2D17

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169

2.1.3. Kinh te tbi trir&ng
Kinh te toan cau hda dSn tdi su lan truyen cua van hda tieu diing, lam thay doi phuang
thiic quan he, sinh hoat d khu vuc dan tdc thieu sd. Mdi quan he khdng chi d trong buon
Iang ma dugc md rdng, phat trien budn ban ra ben ngoai. Mgt sd thanh nien ddn tdc thilu
so di hgc tap va lao dpng d ben ngoai ve, chiu anh hudng sau sac ciia van hoa tieu diing,
tham chi cdn nay sinh tam ly tu ti vdi van hda truyen thdng.
Tang trudng kinh te keo theo su phan hda giau ngheo giiia cac tdc ngudi va chinh
trong ngi bd cdng ddng, tir dd lamdan thay ddi, chuyen biln tu tudng, quan niem va cac
moi quan he cdng ddng, cac gia tri van hda truyen thong bi xem nhe, khdng cdn ddng vai
tro quan trpng trong ddi sdng cac d6ng bdo dan tgc niia. Net van hda truyln thdng chi con
bao ton tren san khau, nai sdch vd hay trong suy tu ciia cac nha nghien ciiu.Cac tri thiic
dan gian khdng con thich hgp vdi ddi song kinh te thj trudng thi bi mai mdt va ddn biln
mat. Miic dd hieu biet ciia nhiing tri thiic dan gian ngay cang bi thu hep vd vai trd cua no
trong cugc sdng ddn dugc thay the bdi he thdng tri thuc khac Mgt sd nhiing tri thiic dan
gian khi budc vao ddi song thj trudng bi bien ddi theo hudng thi trudng hoa va it gan vdi

ddi song sinh hoat cdng dong.
Kinh te phdt trien, coi trpng vat chat, khdng gian truyen thdng khdng con, "tam thiic
rimg" da bien doi va thay vao do la nha cira, nuong ray dugc xdy dung va khai thac theo
each thiic mdi, phuong phap hien dai... Rimg khdng con nhieu gia trj trong the gidi tam
Iinh cung nhu ddi sdng san xudt cua ddng bdo dan tdc niia,dat dai chi con quan trpng doi
vdi ngudi ddn do nd cd gia tri trong hoat dgng kinh te. Su thay doi ca cdu cay trong theo
hudng cong nghiep thay cho nhirng cdy trong truyen thong (lua nuong. cdy rirng...) da lam
mat di khong gian dien xudng va mdi trudng truyen day nghe thudt dan gian ciia ngudi
Tay Nguyen.
2.2. Xu hirdng bien doi vai tro eua gia Iang
2.2.1. Vai tro cua gia Iang van dgng theo htrdng ngay cang da dang han ca ve
nhiem vu, ngi dung, hinh

thirc

Tgc ngudi thieu sd d nude ta noi chung. d Ta\ Nguyen noi rieng vdn dT co tinh co ket
cgng ddng rat cao do dieu kien mdi trudng sinh sdng cung vdi nhu cau sinh hoat, sinh ton
nen dat ra cho cac thanh vien phai co su lien ket de phdt trien san xuat, bdo ve ndi gidng,
xay dung cudc song ciia cdng dong.Cac gia Iang d vao giai doan each xa chiing ta nhieu
thap k>. Ia cho dua ve tinh than cho cong dong. chi dan giiip dong bao dan tgc co >' thirc
xay dung, xir 1>' nhiing van de lien quan den tap tuc. cac nghi Ie (cdu may, cdu mua, dat


170 II

T R U d N B BAI HOC T H U BO HA NDt

ten, nghi ll trudng thanh, ma chay...), ddi sdng tam linh... nhung nay trudc sir bien ddi cua
xa hgi thi vai trd ciia hg ciing cd nhung biln ddi theo de phu hgp hon vdi bdi canh mdi.
Tinh quy luat trong su van ddng, phat triln kinh tl xa hdi cua dat nude, cac viing kinh

tl ngay cang thi hien rd hong ddi sdng cdng ddng. Do nhu cau muu sinh tdn tai va phat
triln, cac cudc di dan tir phia bdc vao cimg vdi su phat triln cua luc Iugng san xuat da timg
budc lam thay ddi dien mao kinh tl - xa hdi Tay Nguyen. Chinh dieu kien kinh te, su phat
triln ciia ca sd ha tdng, khoa hoc cdng nghe da lam thay ddi nhdn thiic, tam nhin ciia cac
cdng ding dan tdc thilu sd noi day. Tac ddng ciia cdng nghiep hoa ciing vdi viec cu ddn di
cu sdng xen cu vdi ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd da cd su giao thoa van hoa, timg budc pha vd
thi khep kin ciia cdng ddng. Quan he xa hdi ngay cang md rdng, da dang hon, trao ddi san
phdm, mua ban diln ra sdi dpng tren thi trudng. Vi the, vai trd cua gia Iang ciing dang
dugc bien dgng va hudng theo su thay ddi ciia xa hpi mdi, hp khdng cdn khep kin trong
cdng dong nira ma dang timg budc cd anh hudng tdi nhung cdng ddng xen cu, can cu.
Trudc su van ddng da chieu, nang ddng phiic tap dd cung tac ddng khdng nhd lam
bien ddi nhdn thirc tu duy, Ie ldi phong each, phuang thiic hoat ddng ciia gia Iang. Hp bon
be han vdi nhiem vu, khong cdn dan thudn giai quyet cac van de trong ngi bd budn Iang
nhu xir ly cac tap tuc, bdo tdn ban sac van hod ma chiic nang vai trd cua gia Iang da cd tdm
bao quat rdng hon nhu giai quyet cdc vdn de an sinh xa hdi, xay dung ddi sdng van hoa, y
thiic phap ludt, mpi cdng ddn phai song va lam viec theo phdp luat.
Trudc day, gia Idng chii yeu van ddng ca biet timg ngudi, timg hg gia dinh, nhung nay
hinh thiic do van cdn nhung dugc ket hgp bdi nhieu hinh thiic phuang phap Iinh hoat, da
dang han. Chang han nhu td chiic hgp buon Iang, kit hgp vdi trudng thdn, trudng ban, cdc
chi hpi trudng, phu nir, ndng dan, Doan thanh nien, cim chiln binh, bp dpi bien phdng dl
thdo luan, hien ke tim chgn cac bien phap tdi uu nhdt. Hoac thdng qua cac cudc hpp giao
ban tdng ket trong ddi ngu can bd chii chdt cdc cap de tao su ddng thudn trong nhan thiic
vd each Iam...
2.2.2. Vira coi trgng bao ton gia tri van hoa cua dan toe Tay ISguyen vua chu dpng
tiep nhan gia tri van hoa tien tien dirong dai
Cdn khang dinh rang cac gia Iang Tay Nguyen cd vai tro to Idn trong viec giir gin, bao
tdn phat huy ban sac van hoa. Uu diem ndi trgi ciia cac gia Iang la hp cd uy tin cao trong
cdng ddng, guang mau trong nhan thiic va hanh dpng, am hieu sdu sac ddi sdng van hoa,
tdm linh. ban sac van hod ciia cdng dong ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd. Trong ddng chdy phat
trien ciia van hod, cac dan tdc thieu so Tdy Nguyen da de lai kiet tac van hoa cdng chieng

cho dan tgc. lam dam dd phong phu bdn sac van hoa ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Van boa cdng


TAP CHI KHDA HOC - BD TB/2D17

171

chieng - su da sic trong ngdn ngii dm thanh da lam song day tmh thsin ySu nude, y chi dau
tranh quat cudng chdng giac ngoai xam, khdng djnh ly tudng sdng, khat vpng dugc sdng
trong hoa binh, dm no, hanh phuc cua ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd Tay Nguyen.
Khi ndi den ban sac la mudn ndi dSn tinh rieng cd, ca tinh, it pha tron, it thay ddi.
Song sy giao luu md cua hdi nhap da lam cho nhiing yeu td ciia ban sac van hoa dugc
thdm thau, "cdng sinh" lam phong phii gia tn truyen thdng, ban sac van hoa cua cac dan tgc
Tay Nguyen. Ban sac van hoa cac dan tpc Tay Nguyen dugc bd sung phat triln, lam phong
phii npi ham cua nd chii khdng phai bien dang, lai cang xa rdi nhiing tieu chi ciia ban sac
van hoa. Vdi vdn sdng va kinh nghiem, cac gia Iang da cd kha nang nhan xet tham dinh
nhung yeu to tich eye, tien tien, gan due khai trong de loc bd nhiing doc td phan van hoa,
khong hgp thdi, trai vdi tap quan sinh hoat, nhu cdu chinh dang cua ddng bao dan tgc
thieu sd.
2.2.3. Tir viec giu- vai trd trong tir tirdug, giao due, hoa giai, giai quyit nhimg van
deluat tuc trong noi bg sang vai tro to chirc kinh te
Day la chiic nang mang tinh quy luat van ddng ro nhat ciia cac gia laig Tay Nguyen
trong hon hai thap ky lai day. Dieu nay dat ra cho gia Iang, can bp chii chdt co sd phai
hudng vao giai quylt vdn dl can cdt nhat cua cudc sdng. Thieu nd thi khd cd the giai quyet
cac van de khac mdt each ddng bg, hieu qua. Trong nhung nam qua d Tay Nguyen cho
thay CO nhung gia dinh ddng bao ddn tdc thi^u sd do dieu kien kinh te khd khan nen con
cai khdng cd dilu kien dl theo hpc, dm dau khdng din kham va dieu tri d benh vien ma
nhd cac thdy mo ke dan bdc thudc, rdt cudc benh chang khdi, gia dmh lai mat them mot
khoan tiln khdng cdn thilt. Qua dd, cho thdy he luy cua kmh te gia dinh thieu thdn se nay
sinh them nhiing vdn dl xa hgi phiic tap nhu nghien hiit, cd bac, bao lyc trong gia dinh.

Duong nhien hien nay, cac gia Iang cdn phai tiep tuc Iam chiic nang giao due tu tudng,
giai quylt nhung mau thuin, xung dot d mdt sd gia dmh trong budn Iang. Nhung chiic
nang kinh tl dugc coi la vdn dl ndi trdi thiic bach dat ra cho gia Iang. Ngay ca chiic nang
giao due, vdn dgng ciing tham gia tich cue vao chiic nang kinh te, gan chinh tri vdi kinh te.
Su vdn ddng biln ddi ciia chiic nang nay xudt phat tir mdy ly do sau:
- Gia Iang san xudt gidi khdng chi dn dinh cugc sdng cho gia dinh ma cdn la tam
guong cho ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd hpc tap noi theo;
- Kinh tl la vdn dl gdc, quylt dinh din chdt lugng cugc sdng, hanh phiic cua timg gia
dmh, cdng ddng;
- Khi gia Iang xir ly, giai quylt cac vdn dl vl tap tuc, mau thuan trong ndi bp ddng
bao dan tdc, xay dyng cac huong udc, quy udc khdng thi tach khdi van de kinh te cua
cfing ddng;


172 II

TRUClNB SAI H D C THLI BO HA NDI

- Cac gid ldng la nhirng ngudi thd cu ban dia hilu dugc mdi trudng dia ly, khi hau, tap
quan canh tdc, ddng thdi nam dugc dac diem tam ly, kien nghi de xuat cua ddng bao dan
tdc thilu sd dl phan anh cho tl chiic dang, chinh quyin. Do dd cac cap uy, chinh quyen
cdn to chirc cho cac gia Iang gdp y, de xuat chu truang phat trien kinh te cua dia phuang de
tham khao hoan thien. Lam dugc nhu vay vira thi hien sy cdu thi, tdn trgng cac gid Iang
vira ddng vien hp chii dpng trong viec hien ke de xuat.
Chiic nang vai trd td chiic kinh tl ciia cac gia Iang trong viec phat trien kinh te ciia dia
phuong the hien d chd;
- De xuat gdp y vao cac chii truong, nghi quyet, de an phat trien kinh te xa hpi cua dia
phuang;
- Bdm sat qua trinh to chiic thuc hien, van dgng ba con cimg thuc hien. Qua dd phat
hien, kien nghj vdi cdp uy cd tham quyen dieu chinh, bd sung nhung diem cdn so hd, thieu

sdt, khdng phii hpp vdi thyc tien;
~ Cimg cap uy, chinh quyen doan the chinh tri xa hpi tdng ket riit kinh nghiem qua
trinh to chiic thuc hien cac chii truong do, riit ra nguyen nhan, kinh nghiem;
- Ban than cac gia Idng phai ludn neu guong sang ve lam kinh te gidi, cd cudc sdng no
du, hanh phiic. Ddy la nhan td de lay ddng, lan toa ddi vdi ddng bao dan tdc thieu so trong
Iao ddng san xuat, xoa doi giam ngheo.
2.2.4. Gia Iang vdi viec van dpng chap banh y thirc luat tuc sang vai trd van dpng
chap hanh phap luat
Luat tuc thuc chdt la nhimg quy dinh, quy udc ciia timg ddn tgc thieu so de giao due.
dieu chinh cac mdi quan he giira con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong cgng ddng. Cac quy dinh
dd da dupe ba con ddn tdc thieu sd thao luan di din quylt nghi thdng nhdt trd thdnh y chi
chung ciia cdng ddng. "Dudi gdc dp phap Iy cac nha khoa hgc phap ly cho rdng luat tuc la
mot dang quy pham xa hgi, la chuan muc xa hgi, gidi han hdnh vi img xir ciia moi ca nhan
va ca cdng ddng sao cho phu hgp vdi Igi ich chung ciia cdng ddng... la cdng cu dilu chinh,
dieu hoa cac quan he xa hdi giiia ca nhan vdi cd nhdn, giua ca nhan vdi gia dinh, dong hg,
budn Idng, vdi xa hpi, vdi tu nhien vd vdi ca cac luc lugng sieu nhien... nhdm dn dinh mdt
trat ty cd Igi cho toan the cdng ddng".
Luat tiic vd ludt phdp cd diem tuang d6ng giong nhau la dieu chinh cac hanh vi ciia
con ngudi. cong ddn nham dat tdi nhiing chuan muc, hodn thien nhdn each con ngudi vi sy
hudng thien, tdn trgng le phdi va su cdng bang. Song, ludt tuc mang tinh udc le, ndi bg cua
timg cgng ddng dan tdc thieu so, cdn luat phdp Id the hien y chi chung cua toan xa hdi,
mang tinh bat bugc mgi cdng dan phai tudn theo.


TAP CHI KHDA HDD - SO 76/2017

|| 173

cdn phai thdy rdng, nlu ding bao dan tdc thieu sd cd y thiic chap hanh tot luat tuc la
CO sd de chdp hanh tdt phap luat ciia Nha nude. Hai van de nay lien quan chat che, tao tiln

de cho nhau.Nhd cac quy dinh cua luat tuc dugc luat hoa nen cac gia ldng dilu chinh xir I_\
nhiing hanh vi ciia ba con lien quan den ludt tuc, dam bao tinh giao due, ran de va dam bao
khach quan, cdng bang, kip thdi. Cdn danh gia khach quan rdng vai trd cua luat tuc da gop
phan dieu chmh cac mdi quan he xa hdi ddn su trong cac budn Iang theo hudng I n djnh, di
vao nen nep, tang tinh co ket ciia cdng ddng, giao due nhdc nhd mgi ngudi Idm viec thien,
khong lam tdn hai Igi ich cua cdng ddng. Trudc yeu cdu mdi cua xay dung Nhd nude phap
quyen xa hpi chii nghla, mpi cdng dan phdi sdng \ a lam viec theo ludt phap cang dat ra cho
gia ldng them chiic nang nhiem vu mdi tuyen truyln giao due ndng cao < thiic phap ludt,
chap hanh phap ludt cho con em, cdng ddn ngudi dan tdc thilu s6. Ddng bao dan tdc thilu
so khong chi chdp hanh tdt ludt tuc ma cdn phai cd y thirc chdp hdnh tdt luat phdp. D I thuc
Men tot chiic nang, nhiem vu nay doi hoi cac gia Iang phdi dugc cdp phat cac tai heu
hudng dan thyc hien phap luat, dugc bii dudng tap hudn kiln thirc ludt phap dk hudng ddn
cho dong bao nang cao nhan thirc, chip hanh tdt phap ludt ciia Nha nude.
3. K£T LUAN
Cac ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd d Tdy Nguyen dang trong gia doan chuyen tilp "lie mo
hinh tu qudn xd hoi cua budn ldng iheo ludt tuc chuyen sang md hinh qudn ly xd hgi ciia
thon xd theo phdp lugt", nen cac yeu td cd truyen cdn dang ton tai dan xen vdi nhiing yeu
to mdi. Ddn Iang noi ddy da hda nhap vao bdi cdnh xd hdi tong the nhung vdn bdo luu yeu
to van hoa tgc ngudi. dac biet la nhung net rieng cua Idng. Hdu het cdc ITnh vuc trong ddi
song ciia budn Iang deu chiia dimg cac yeu to: truyen thong - hien dai; chinh thiic - phi
chinh thiic; quan phucmg - phi quan phuong...
Trudng thdn, thay mat chinh quyen dia phuang chiu trach nhiem quan ly chung nhung
van cdn co sy trg giiip ciia ngudi hda giai de dan xep nhiing xich mich trong Iang. cdn ong
mai de hda gidi nhiing van de ve hon nhan, gia dinh, cdn mgt thdy ciing de doan mgng cho
dan Iang... Bdi cugc sdng vdn dang hien hiiu nhimg thiet che truyen thdng nay, \ a no vdn
ton tai do nhu cau ciia ngudi ddn vdn cdn. khoa hgc k> thuat van chua soi rgi rd rang van
de tam Iinh va vdt chdt. Ddi song kinh te ciia dan Iang da hoan todn hda nhap vao kinh te
thi trudng nhimg trong mgt so trudng hgp van chap nhan vdt doi vdt, nong nghiep dugc sdn
xudt theo hudng hang hda, nhung nhan cong trong Iang phdn Idn do van ddi cong. Do cung
la xu hudng chung va tat yeu cua bat ky ngoi Iang nao noi cac tdc ngudi thieu sd tren dat

nude Viet Nam.
Ddng bao cac ddn tdc thieu so tai cho viing Tay Nguyen mac dii trinh do to chirc, quan
ly xa hdi cdn thap. nhung cung cd nhirng kinh nghiem qui trong viec lua chgn ngudi thii


174 II

T R U a N G BAI HOC THLI S O HA NDI

linh (gia ldng, chu Iang, buon trudng...). Nghien cim tieu chudn chpn ngudi dimg dau trong
budn, plei, thdn... cua timg dan tdc tuy khac nhau, nhung van cd nhung net chung: la ngudi
cd uy tin dugc nhan dan tin nhiem, suy tdn vi tudi tac cao, cd cdng lao, dao dire tdt; cd tri
thiic, am hilu rdng, day dan kinh nghiem sdng va san xudt; cd nang lyc that sy de ddn dat,
doan kit bd may tu qudn budn Iang. Ddy la nhiing kinh nghiem quy bau cho cdng tac xay
dyng dpi ngii can bd lam cdng tac bdo tdn va phat huy gia tri van hda d vung Tay Nguyen
hien nay.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1

Ban chi dao Tay Nguyen (2010), Bdo cdo kit qua xdy dung budn ldng tu qudn vung dong bdo
ddn lgc ihieu sd Tdy Nguyen.

2.

Phan Huu Xi^t. {2QQA), Mdi so gidi phdp nhdm phdt huy vai trd ciia gid ldng, trudng bdn trong
viec thuc hien chinh sdch cua Ddng vd Nhd nude, - De tai cap Bg, Uy ban Dan tgc.

3.

D6 Hiju De (2008), Vai trd, chirc ndng vd tdc dgng cua gid ldng ddi vdi su dn djnh vd phdt

tnin bon long a linh Dak Ndng, - De tai Khoa hgc cap tinh, Sd Khoa hgc Cong nghe Dak
Nong.

4.

Nguyen The Hue (2010), "Vai tro ciia ngudi cao tuoi va gia Iang dan too thieu so trong phat
trien cua Tay Nguyen hien nay", - Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc, so 2/2010.

5

Nguyen Van Thang (2017), "Che do gia dinh mau he d Tay Nguyen va vai tro cua ngudi phu
nir trong xa hgi", - Tap chi Thdng tin Khoa hgc xd hdi, so 3.

6.

Nguyen Van Thang (2010), "Vai tro ciia thiet che ca sd trong phat trien ben vimg d Tay
Nguyen", Tap chi Khoa hgc Xd hgi Viit Nam, so 6.
CAUSES AND TENDENCY OF CHANGES OF VILLAGE
P A T R I A R C H S ' R O L E IN V I E T N A M E S E C E N T R A L H I G H L A N D S
IN N E W C O N T E X T N O W A D A Y S
Abstract: The article introduces the institution of village patriarchs, the role of village
patriarchs and the transformation of those in the new context In particular, MC are
interested in clarifying the causes and tendency of changes in the roles of village
patriarchs under the influence of current social factors in order to clarify the relevance
and irrelevance of lis roles Relying on that, the state authorUies can draw up plans to
preserve and promote the roles of this institution, contributing to strengthen and build the
great national unity bloc.
Keywords. Village patriarchs; the institution of village patriarchs; transformation of
village patriarchs' roles; tendency of changes in the role of village patriarchs.