Vai trò chiến lược của đường hồ chí minh qua đánh giá báo chí và các nhà nghiên cứu phương tây

DIIN BAN TRAO odi

VAI TRO CHIEN Ll/OfC CUA Dl/dNG HO CHf MINH
QUA DANH GIA CUA BAO CHf
VA CAC NHA NGHIEN CUU PHUONG TAY
ThS L E DINH HUNG
Hpc vien Chinh tri Cong an nhdn ddn
Dudng 559 • dddng mon Ho Chi Minh la dinh cao cua sdc sang tao chien tranh nhan dan Viet
Nam trong khang diien chong My, cdu mrdc, con dUdng gop phan quyet djnh vao thang Itfi ciia
cuoc diien. Nghien cdu ve Dudng 559 gop phan qiiki ma sdc manh diien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam,
qua do gi^i thidi them ve sU that bai cda mot dao quan hung manh bac nhat the gidi.

K

hdng {diai din hdm nay nhu cau tim
hieu con dudng huyCT flioai nay mdi
bit diu, ciing khdng phai din hdm
nay mdi dupc ddi phuong dat diing vai trd ciia nd.
Chinh nhflng ngudi biet nhieu, sdm ve con dudng
Trudng Son - Aidng Hd Chi Minh nay la cae ehien
binh ciia Hoa Ky - nhiing ngudi tiing dung 60 vdi
luc lupng " V ^ Cdn^' canh gju con dudng mdu
Ilia. Bdi vi the ciia con dudng do trong chien tranh,
nfin hang trieu binh si Hoa Ky fliam chi&i d E)dng
Duong, cd nhieu ngudi chua hanh quan chien diu
tren con dudng nay nhung hp ciing bilt, ciing hinh
dung ve con dudng. Nhan dan My, tit Tong thdng
den ngudi dan binh fliudng, bit Cli ai quan tam din
cupc chien ma con em hp dang tien hanh d Vet
Nam, deu biet con dudng Hfi Chi Minh. Chinh cac
phdng vien chien ttanh cua phuong Tay la rfliung

ngudi sdm mieu tive con dirdng nay.
Hdu h ^ cac hangfliraigtin nditiengcua phuong
Tay, dai t n q ^ thanh, t n ^ ^ Iflnh ^ cd phdng vim
ciia minh d Ddng Duong va nhiing nha bao xuit sic
cua|diuongTay dki quan tam din "dudng mdn Hd
Chi Minh". Hang Roita (Rafloirs), AFP, cdc phdng

58

vien chien tranh ciia Hoa Ky... dd viet ve con Aicmg
nay tli nita diufli%)IQ'60 the ky XX.
Dua tin nhanh va nhieu rfliit van la cdc hang
tiidng tin, bao ehi phuong Tdy noi tieng nhu cdc
hdng Roita, bdo La Phigatd (Le Figaro), Thdi bdo
Niuode (New York Times)... Cdc bai bao dua tin
ve chien trudng Ddng Duong ndi chung va duong
mdn Hfi Chi Minh ndi rieng ngdy cang ifliieu, ty
le tiiuan vdi muc dp Hoa Ky tdng cudng leo fliang
chi§n tranh d Vet Nam.
Neu nhu cae phdng vifin phuang Tay dua tin
thdi sy nhieu va nhanh ve "dirdng mdn Hd Chi
Minh", thi cae nha nghien ciiu viet ve de tai nay tii
gdc dp lich su n ^ e thuat quan sy, tap tnmg xem
xet vi tiie eua nd trong cufic ehien.
Trong nhflng cdng tiinh ngjiien oiu ve Dudng
Hfi Chi Minh dupc joiit ban cd npi dung klia sau sic:
Cudn Con Arang num: Du&ng mon Ho Chi
Minh vd cuoc chiin tranh a Viet Nem (The Blood
Road: The Ho Chi \Snh Trail and the Vietnam
War) eua t ^ gia Gidn Pra ddt (John Prados), xuit

ban nam 1998 lai Niu Ode. Tde gia da khing dinh
(SrtJT^ mon la tity&i dudng h i ^ mach thuc sy eua


TAPCHfUCH SdOANG 12-2015
chien thing cua "cdng san" trong cufic chien tranh
VetNam.
Cufin Hogt dpng cda Idiong qudn a vitng "cdn
xoong" Neon Ldo (RLG Operations and Activities
in the Laotian Panhandle) do Xfitchay Vfingsavanh
(Soutchay \tmgsaranh), mpt quan nhan vilt
(Washington DC: US Army Center of Mflitaiy
History, xuit ban nam 1980). Tdc phim nay tap
tnmg phan tieh cdc cudc hanh quan va bin phd cua
^ i phuong ddi vdi phin dudng mdn "vimg can
xoon^'tten dit Lao.
CobtiCwc chien ciia Idior^lwchof^xe van tdi a
Nam Ldo 1968-1972 (TheWtjrAgmistTndts, Aerial
Intadttion in Souffwrn Lcx}s, 1968 -1972) do Becna
C. Nanty (Bernard C. Nahy) vk (Wadiington DC: US
Air Force Histoiy and Musoims Program, 2005), md
ta nhiing cd ^ n g ciia luc hipng Idifing quan Ididng luc
Hoang gja Lao va Ididng quan My didng lai hic hipng
lien quan Pafliet Ldo \ t Quan ^ i Mian dan Vet Nam,
|iidhoa dbw^mdn d i ^ T a y djfyTradng Son.
Cudn Mua lua, chiin tranh trin khong 1969197S(RmnofFire. Air War 1969-1973)cmUomco
Gidn (Morocco John) (Boston PubUshing Con^iany,
1985), vilt vl chilnttianhkhdng quan cua Hoa Ky
dDfing Duong tai chien ttudng Lao va Campuchia.
Cay Nfilan (Keifli Nolan) vilt vl cude hanh quan

Lam Son W\9 (Tnto Lcm: The Story of Dewey
CmyonTI/LcmSon719, Vietnam 1971)cdn^idmg
chiln dich bjt dudng mdn d Dudng 9 - Nam Lao
(Novato CA: Presidio Press, 1986).
Phrank Snep (Frank Snepp) vdi cudn Khodng
each hgp ly (Decent Interval). (New Yoric Random
House, 1977), da nhin lai cufic chiln khi nd da kit
fliuc va ttxmg bdi canh dd tdc gja noi vai ttd cua
t u y ^ "dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh" tttmg cudc chien
tianh kfe dai hai fligpky.
Cd till neu mpt sfi npi dung nghim ciiu chinh
ma ttuyln flifing vd cdc hpc gid phuang Tay vilt vl
"dudng mdn Hfi Chi Minh" nhu sau:

1.LJdisdoondU£(ng
Bao ehi va cdc cdngttinhnghien ciai cua phuong
Tay neu sa lupc sy phat trien cua dudng Hfi CM
Minh nhu sau: E)udng mdn Hfi Chi Minhraddi vao
ngay 19-5-1959 lich sir. Nhungtiiycradudngmdn
cd tir cufic chien tt:anh Dfing Duang lin fliii nhit
(cufic khang chien chdng thyc dan P h ^ ) (1945 1954); cd mdt cung doan d miln Trung Qihin fliupc
Nam Khu 5) tiing dupc dat ^ la dudng Hd Chi
Minh. Sau nay, trong thdi gjan thyc hien 300 ngdy
chuyen quan tap kit, lyc lupng vu trang Vet Minh
da men theo ehan nui phia Ddng Tnrdng Son ra
mien Bac. May nam sau, mfit sd ngudi da quay ve
mien Nam bing cdch di lan ngupc lai con dudng
hp tiing ti^ k i t Dd la doan dudng diu ti^ ciia
dudng mdn HdChi Minh trong nhiing ndm tii 1959
den vdi ndm ddu thap ky 60. 'Trong nhiing ndm

diu ciia chien tranh Ddng Duong, V ^ Minh da
sir dung he thdng dudng mdn ndy lam dudng nfii
Uen Bac - Nam, mfit ttxmg eac tuyen dudng dua
can bO di chuyen gjiia hai mien de ttianh sy tiny
quet cua quan P h ^ . Thang 5-1958, cac lyc lupng
tiiufic Quan dpi Nhan ddn V?t Nam (QDNDVN)
va Pafliet Lao da ehilm gifl cac nut giaoflifingtai
Sepdn {Tchepone), tren dudng 9 fliupc dia phan
Lao"'. Trong thdi gian diu, nd tiiyc sy la con dudng
mdn ndi tii dia ban phia Nam ciia mien Bac din
deo My Gia. Khoang tti \ma 1961 ttd di, "Doan
559 3a ehuyin cac tuyln giaoflidngeua minh sang
sudn Tdy cua day Tnidng Son"^. Tic "vimg can
xoong" din nga ba Atdpa, sau do xudng phia Ddr^
Can^uchia rdi vao Vet Nam. Tir nam 1961 din
nam 1967, hetiifingdudng phdt ttiln d vimg Nghe
An din sdt bien gidi Canqiuchia Ndm 1967, mfit
nhanh khac ndi tii cdng Xihanucvin tien len phia
Bic Canpuchia. Day la nhanh duofng Hd Chi Minh
tt:en dit Canpuchia va hiyen nay ndi vdi tuyen phia
Bdc xudng, tao nen he flidng dudng Hd Chi Minh
kha hoan ehinh d Ddng Duang.

59


DIINSAN TRAO BOI

Sau Slt ld?ii dao chinh a Campuchia nam 1970, hai he thfing chinh la Arong 6 to va dirong bO. Theo
he thfing dutmg H6 Chi Minh toe noironga vimg tu lieu ting kit cua Hoa Ky, duong 6 to nfii tir phia

Tay BSc va Dong Canpuchia. D&i nam 1973, he Tay Nghe An din lan vung Mo Vet (Tay Ninh).
M n g duong H6 Chi Minh da co nhieu lan du6ng Duong fi to bam phia Tay Tmong Son va cfi iihieu
n6i til miin Bac vao kh^p cac chien Irucmg mi6n nhanh re tir true chinh xufing cac linh mien Nam.
Nam "bao g6m mot con Aiong (iai soi va da voi) Song song voi duong van chuyin bSng phuong tien
rgng hai lan xe, chay tu cac ciia khiu a BSc Trung CO gioi, la he thfing duong di bfi va gui mang vac.
Bo 161 day Chu Pong o miSn Nam. >Bm 1974, da So voi h^ Ihong van chuyin CO gifii, duong di bg CO
CO 4 lan hoan chinh tir Tay Nguyen dSn tan tinh Tay phin bo sat vao phia Tay day Tniong Son va tham
nhEip sau vao ngi dia mien
Ninh 6 phia Tay B5c Sai
Gon. Duong ong din d3u
Nam. He thfing duong di
duy nhit ffi timg kit thlic tai
bg xuySn Tniong Son co
Sir that bai cua cu6c cKien chong
thung liing A S&i bao gom
nhieu nhanh noi ngang vao
'xam nhap" noi chung va cuoc chien
4 tuyin duong ong (duong
chia cong ldn nhit CO duong kinh
Nam den dia phan Nam
Minh ia bieu hien sinh dong nhat cho
200 mm) keo ve phia Nam
Tay Ninh.
that bai cia My tai Viet Nam. Dong
toi tan Lgc Ninh". Theo
bao va chien sy i mien Nam iihong bi
tinh toan cua co quan linh
CO iap, do duy tri tuyen hau can huyet 2. Nhan dien con difimg
bao Hoa Ky, t ^ g dO dai

mach nay. OUcmg mon Ho Chi Minh la chien liTdc
cua he thing dirong H6 Chi
chuyen t i i ci site manh than ky tia
Ttong mgt sfi cufin tar
Minh vao cuoi cugc chien
hau phuong mien Bac XHCN va cua ci dien quan su ciia mfit sfi
tranh la 5.645km (con so nay
siirc manh each mang the giii trong
quoc gia da neu dinh nghia
gan bang 1/3 so lieu ciia Ha
cuoc lihang chi^n chong My, culu nUdc ve dutmg mon Hfi Chi
Ngi - khoang 20.000kmy.
cda dan toe.
Minh. Hp khai quat cac
'Trong nSm 1961, s6 quan
thfing tin cu ttii: E)6 la mpt
vao Nam theo duong
he thfing duong d^ 1.200
Tni6ng Son la 5.843, nam 1%2: 12.675 (con si dam bao gflm duong van tai xuyen ritng va duong
thuc la 5.300); nam 1963:7.693 (thuc ti 4.700); va mon ch^y stmg stmg vfii vimg tung niii mien Ttung
nam 1964:12.424 (Ihuc ti la 9.000). » n 1964, kha Viet Nam, Aigc mifei B5c Viet Nam su dung mpt
ngng cung irng cua duong Tniong Son da dat din tir tuyin dufing huyit mach lam giao lien, van chuy&i
20 din 30 tSn moi ngay. Nam 1965, nho CO cac tuyen phuong tien va qu3n dpi foi mien Nam trong thdi
dirong moi mo (trong do CO cac tuyen di qua Lao va gian chien ttanh.
Campuchia), lugng quan nhu dugc chuyen vao Nam
Hanh lang van tai chiin lugc phat triin ttieo
ttong nSm nay gSn bSng tfing ciia 5 nam truoc"'.
chiiu dai ciia 21 nam khang chien chfing My, citu
"Nam 1966, My uoc tinh tfing sfi quan vao Nam qua
nuoc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam. Theo mfi ta ciia bao

duong Tniong Son la tit 58.000 din 90.000 nguoi,
chi va cac nha quan sat phuong TSy, tren con dufing
tnmg do CO it nhat 5 tnmg doan hoan chinh"*.
dai hang ngan dam hion lach tiirfii tan la timg nhiet
Dua vao day mii Truong Son, duong H6 Chi
doi xum xue do, CO hang tram diem dugc chpn lam
Minh keo dai tit Bic xufing Nam Dfing Duong voi

60

cac vi tri dfin tni, dong quan, ehan hang.. (Quan dpi


TAPCHfUCH SOfDAttG 12-2015
Nhan dan Viet Nam gpi la binhtt:am)dd bao ve he
flidng dudng trpng ydu n ^ . "Dktt:anhbom, eac don
vi van tdi fliudng ehi ehgiy khi ttdi tdi, cao diem la
hoc gdn sdng. Khi may bay My tdi, giao flidng se
dimg 1^ eho den khi ttdi gdn sang, khi cac may bay
nem bom va bin phd ban dem ttd ve can cu. Rdi
xe lgi chay, cao dian tiepflieola khoang 6 gjd sang
khi cac lai xe cd gang dua xe vd diSm tap kk ttudc
khi mat ttdi mpc va cdc dpt may bay budi sang hk
diu"^. Mpt trong nhirng diem chien iupc cua dudng
Trudng Son - Hd Chi Minh la deo Mu Gia, didm
xuat phdt cua eon Aidi^ mdnttJbudi diu lich su. Dii
sau nay cdt mdc sd "0" dupc dat d flii ttin Lat tiiudc
midn Tay Ngh^ An, nhung diem xuat phat aia ttiyen
Aidi^ tu dinh deo Mu Gia van dupc bao chi phuong
Tay ghi nhdn la vi tri quan trpng nhit ttong qud trinh

ti^en dudng vuon dai vdo phia Nam.
Ehidng mdn Hd Chi Minh dupe bao gjdi nudc
ngoai mieu la Id dli rpng cho 2 xe CO gjdittdiflinhau,
flianh mpt he tiidng phiic hpp bao gdm dudng giao
lien, cac can cir ddn ttii ddng quan, tram sOra chiSa,
bMi vien, Idio hau cdrL.. Cac diem nay cd khoang
each chdng mpt ngdy dudng di bp, khoang ttdn dudi
20 dam. Hang tt^ eii diem nay da keo ndi h^ tiidng
dudng td ^ u Trudng Son (ca phia Ddng va phia
Tay) rdi vupt qua bien gidi Viet Nam sang ca dit Lio
va vimg Ddng Bdc Campuchia. Cd 5 khu cdn cu ldn
trong "vung can xoong" oia Ldo. Cdn cu 604 la trung
tam hau cin chinh;tii^ , qudn hic vd quan ifliu dupc
didu phdi vdo Viing 1 chidntiiuatciia Vi^ Nam Cpng
hda va cac can Cli khac xa hon d phia Nam. Can cu
61! hd tta van tdi tti can Cli 604 tdi can Cli 609; cung
c ^ xang diu va dan dupc cho cdn cii 607 va tdi tan
tiiung King A Siu d Thua Thien. Cdn eii 612 dupc
danh dd hdttipMat ttan B3 tai Tay Nguyen, can Cli
614 nim giiia Chavane (Lao) va Khdm Diic (Nam
Vi?t Nam) van chuyen quan va hdng hda vao Vimg
2 chidnfliuatva Mat ttan B3. Can cii 609 gjii vai ttd
quantttpng,do mang ludi dudng dday cd tiid dimg

de van chi^ai quan nhu trong mua mua*. Vao nua
diu tii^ 1^ 60, cac cudc chuyen quan tti phia Bac
vao Nam phai mit niia nam. Vdi viec xay dyng
nhanhttJongnhiing ram 1965-1967, cac chuydn xe
tti 6 tiiang xudng 1tiidng.Nhung ngi^ hiem ve sdt
ret nii^ va fliu rdng till vin ife dpa fliudng xuym

khdngtiiaydin. Dd tuydn dudng nay phatttidnflieo
cupc khang chien ciia nhan dan Ddng Duong, nghm
la hidn hudng vuon ve Idtu do hoi nhung ndi chung
nd ehii yeu chay qua dja ban dupc mp td la vung xa
xoi, biit l^ chuaphk trien.
Dil liy 10i, mua mua n g ^ chimttxmgnudc, sat
Id vi mua xdi va bom dan, cdkhi chi di chuygn dupc
Idwdng vai d?im mdt ngay, nhung h? fli&ig dudng
Hd Chi Minh phat ttidn rit nhanh vd ttd flidnh he
tiidng Aidng lien hpp, kdt hpp nhieu nhdnh dan,
]!sp... cho \ ^ tai dudng bp (mang, vdc, xe d ^ , voi),
CO gjdi, fln^dn be... dupc vi nhu "tiiin dd bdt qudi
xi^'en rung ram".
Trong con mit cua cdc nha quan sat, gjdi khoa hpc
phuong Tdy, dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh la mOt "cau
ehuyen hjyki flioai" va ban flian nd da dnia d^mg
hang ttam ngdn sir kien chdng xdp lm nhau, keo dai
sudt 16 nam ciia cudc chidn ttanh Nd dupc quan tam
nhu la mdt ttong nhitng su k i ^ hang ^ cua cude
chiaattanhciia Hoa Kytienhanh d VietNam
Ndu nhu hiu hdt cdc su kien quanttxmglien quan
din lich sir cua cupc chidn ttdn chidn ttudng Ddng
Duong duac ddnh gid rat Idiac nhau,flflSr&ngmon
Ho Chi Minh dupc tno-en thdng va gidi nghien cuu
phuang Tay danh gia kha flidng nhic Do la ttiyen
AidnghiQ'dtniach cd tinh chit quyet djnh chien luoc
trong cudc chiSn. Ngay trong liic cudc diiai dang
no la cung nhu sau nay khi chien tranh da qua ^
cac bai bdo, cac cdng trirfli nghien ciiu nudc ngoai
da xan con dudng mdn la hiQ'entiioai,la bieu tupi^

cua Idiat v«ig dpc ^p, la nhan td sdng edn ddi vdi
cudc diien diu ciia nhan ddn mign Nam.

61


E

D I I N D A N TRAO Ddl

3.Vai trd cua diTomg mon Ho Chi Minh trong chien tuydn 17. Dii ring d vdo flidi didm iy, d Sdi Gdn
- Nam Bp, cd rat nhi&i mdi nguy tidm tang khdc
tranh giai phong
Cach md diu cho cudc chiSn ttanh giai phdng dang rinh rdp va sdn sang nhin chun van menh
ciia VietNam tting gay bit ngd chidn hrpc cho Hoa ehinh tii ciia Ngd Dinh Diem.
Nhung Hoa Ky va ca Sdi Gdn khdng tinh dupc
Ky, diem md diu do dua vao su lpi hai chidn lupc
ciia dudng Hd Chi Minh lich sir. Cdc tu lieu (K cdng bdi todn la hudng dot kich cua lire lupng each
bd d Hoa Ky cho tiiiy, ngay tii nam 1954, Hoa Ky mang nhdm giai phdng midn Nam se bit diu tti vj
da hudng su chii y vd Khu phi qudn su Nam - Bac tri ndo. Nhiing y dd chidn luoc cua Ha Ndi da vuot
Vl ti^en 17. HptiJmgtinh todn rang cupc chien do ra ngoai su tmh tt^an cua Oasinhton va ciia Sdi
midn Bac khdi su se t ^ diu tti phia ben kia chien Gdn. Cudc chidn lai xuit phdt tti mot con dudng
tuyen vdi mdt kich ban ciia chien tt'anh xdy ra se mdn ma it ai d Hoa Ky hinh dung dupc. Chinh cac
gjdng nhu d Trieu Tidn - noi nhung quan doan chu dodn qudn tu mien Bac, ngdy cdng ddng dao, dd
lyc mien Bae vdi xe tang Lien Xd do at vuot qua vi vupt rimg niii, tat sudn quan dpi Sai Gdn va Hoa
ti^en 38 sang dit E)ai Haa Hinh dung nhu vay, nen Ky tti phia Tdy Nguydn - Tnrdng San.
hp cho rang c h i ^ ttanh dMet Nam se bit diu tu viec
"\^?t C^ngf' danh ttan qua vi tt^en 17 xudng phia
Nam Vl tiie, Oasinhton da quan sdt mpi ddng tmh
ciia ddi phuang d Khu phi quan su. Ddng tiiai nay

thd hidn qua tam hang ciia ttidng Samuen Uyliam
(Sammuel \Wlliams), trudng phdi dodn quan su Hoa
Ky tai Viet Nam vao tiiang 12-1955: 'Tdi da nghi
hd d ngoai Viet Nam. Tudng Wflliams d lai chd ^ i .
Ong ta ndi vdi tdi dng ta da vui Noel va nam mdi
vdi quan dpi Nam Vet Nam ttong khu phi quan sir
giira Bic Vet Nam va Nam Viet Nam va chua bao
gidttpng^ dng, dng cam fliiy cd dan d8n thd! Ong
da nh|in duac iflfldu bdo cao vd cupe chuydn quan
Bac Viet Nam co xe tang Xd viet va phdo binh ydm
ttv d6n vung birai gjdi nay. Ongtiiudngxuydn ttidng
ttipng den mpt cudc xdm lang quy md cua cac luc
hipng cdng sdn... Ong ta da chidn ^ d Tridu Tida
T?i day nhiing ngudi cpng san dattmghic lupng cua
hp khdng che day vupt qua bien gidi. Va dng ia nhd
bdi hpc ay"*.
Lp sp quan dpi midn Bdc, ndn ngaytt-ongflidi
gjan dau vua vd nudc c h ^ chinh, dii trong tay
mdi chi cd 3 su dodn quan chien ddu, nhung Ngd
Dirfli Diem vin phai "cdm" phia Nam Bdn Hai
1 su doan, dd phdng bd dpi miSn Bic tran qua vi

62

Khi phat hien dupe con dudng "fliam iflidp"
cua bd dpi mien Bdc qua rung fliim Trudng Son,
Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn da ddi phd quydt het Hoa Ky
quan niem rang, ngudn gdc ndi day va sutiidnhbai
cda Sdi Gdn trong viec cd thd dd bep "ndi logn"
cua nhan dan mien Nam hay khdng hoan toan phy

thupc vdo vide cd cdt diit dupc con dudng "tiiam
rfli$p" ciia mien Bac vao Nam hay khdng. Hoa Ky
cho rang, edi ngudn siic manh cua cdc eudc "ndi
loan" d midn Nam phu thupc vdo mien Bdc, vao
su chi vidn eua con dudng huydt mach, dudng
mdn Hd Chi Minh.
Bdi vay, cudc diu ttmh gifta luc lupng md
rpng dudng chidn lupc vdi lyc lupng "bit kin" cpn
dudng dd trdfliardimdt npi dung quan trpng nhit,
can ban nhit trong todn bp cudc chidn eiia hai ben
d ehidn ttirdng midn Nam ndi rieng vd didu dd
diing cho cd chim tnrdng Ddng Duong ndi chung.
Ciing vi thl, bao gidi va cdc nhd nghidn eiiu nudc
ngoai tap ttimg tim hidu ve ttiyin dudng Hd Chi
Mirfli; tap trung mieu ta vd cupc ehidn quydt li?t
giua hai luc lupng "flidm nhap" (Infiltrator) va
chdng fliam n h ^ didn ra ngay cang sdi ddng d
hai ben day Tnidng Son hiiog vT - xuong sdng ciia
tuyin dudng Hd Chi Minh.


TAPCHrLICHSi)rMNG12-2015 I
Nhiing ta bao thao tin da ddng tdi kha sdm ve lieu ehieu tranh moi ngay va dieu nay mien Bic cd
cdc cuQc hanh quan do tham, quay pha cua quan the dap ung dupc, vi tinh ra nhu vay chi cin dua
dpi Sai Gdn trdn tryc dudng van tai 559tt-ongthdi khoang 12 den 15 xe tdi vao chidn trudng la d ^
gjan Hoa Ky thyc hidn ehidn lupc "chidn tranh dac ling duoc ydu ciu chidn ttanh. Hoa Ky tinh todn
bipf'. Tuy rfliien, hdu hdt cdc toan tham bdo, ttinh rang, trung binh hang ndm Ha Npi huy dpng ddn
sat oia quan doi Sdi Gdn khi limg sue khu vyc 25.000 xe tai van chuySn hang cho midn Nam. Du
dudng 559 da khmig the hoan thanh nhidm vy ma mpt sd luong xe kha ldn da bi daidi chdy, rfliung
cdn hi tidu diet. Theo du l u ^ phuang Tdy, trong Trung Qudc va Xd vidt da ehi vien du bii sd thiet

flidi gian ndy, dudng ifliu chi cd cdc toan bidt kich hai dd va hang ngay van cd flie cd hang tram xe
ciia tudng Vang Pao mdi gay dupc mpt sd tdn thit tti mien Bdc vao den cdc chien trudng phia Nam
cho lyc lupng bp dpi 559 d phia Tdy Trudng Son. (rieng ttxing 6 thdng ddu nam 1965, Hoa Ky tinh
Theo ddnh gia cua mdt sd quan chiic Hoa Ky dupc cd it nhit 2.294 xe tdi miin Bdc vupt qua
flfl tai Lao, lyc luong ciia Vang Pao dupc CIA deo Mu Gia vap Nam)''.
hgu thuan da qudy rdi, pha hoai cdc lyc luong
Trong chien lupc "chidn tranh cue bp", Hoa Ky
Bic \^?t va Pathet Lao trdn tuyen dudng Hd Chi da su dung tdi da luc lupng khdng quan danh pha
Minh cd hidu qud han lyc lupng Sai Gdn danh pha hiiy di?t tuyen dudng Hd Chi Minh. Chat dde ttyi
E)udng 559 tren phin dit Viet Nam. Mdt sd bdo la, bom phdt quang, bom napan, B.52 danh pha de
chi midu ta cac bp tpc ngudi Meo (ngudi H'mdng) het mpi tuyen tren dudng Hd Chi Minh. Cdc Ihanh
td ra khdng fliien cdm ddi vdi rdiOng "traditional ttiu khoa hpc mdi nhat nhu sir dung mua rflian tao,
enemies" (dieh fliu truydn flidng) la ngudi Trung eay nhidt ddi... va ca hang rao didn tir ndi tidng
(Judc vd Vet Nam. Nhdm ngudi nay theo Vdng dupc Hoa Ky sii dung nhdm phdt hidn va huy diet
Pao, dupc nhan vi&i cua CIA hudn luydn vd ttang liK lupng va phuang tidn chidn ttanh dang dupc
bj iheo kidu du Ideh phdi hpp cung cac lyc lupng ddi phuang van chuydn ttdn dudng. Nhung mpi
"mii ndi xanh" boat dpng manh d phia Ddng CO gang cua Hoa Ky va Sdi Gdn du gdy cho mien
Lao, g i ^ Viet Nam. Lyc lupng ndy tin cdng Bie nhidu khd khdn, fliidt hai trong qua ttinh chi
cac don vi \^dt Nam va Pathet Lao trdn dudng vidn eho mien Nam qua mpi ngd Dudng 559, vdn
hanh qudn; phat hidn cac tuy&i dudng mdn, kho khdng ngan can dupc ngudi vd phuong tiai tti
hang va phuong tidn van chuyoi. Hieu qua ciia midn Bdc vdn tudn chdy vao chien trudng.
chuang trinh nay, nhu Giam dde CIA Uyham
Dudi thdi Tdng flidng R.Nichxon, eudc chidn
Cdnbi (William Colby) da vidt ring, nd khae vdi tranh tren bp da md rdng ra toan c6i Ddng Duong.
nhiing gj CIA thu dupc d Viet Nam: "CJ Lao, sy Trong cac dpt hdnh quan ciia Hoa Ky va Sdi
trai nguac vdi cde tran chidn diu d Viet Nam that Gdn d thdi gian diu eua chien luoc '*Vidt Nam
rit in tuang. Lyc lupng H'mdng ddnh du kich: hp hoa chien ttanh", quan dpi Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn
ttdn hanh phuc kich, tap kieh quan dpi Bdc Met t|^ ttimg lyc lirpng danh pha tnic dudng van tai
Khac vdi cdc trdn chidn diu d Nam Viet Nam, vai chidn lupc 559. Nudc cd cua ddi phuong tinh toan
ttd ciia hai bdn d day da ddo ngupc"'".

trong giai dogn nay cd khdc ttirdc. Bdi trudc kia
Tu nam 1965, Liu Ndm Gde danh gid ring,
trong cupc ehidn d midn Nam, lyc lupng ddi
phuang chi sii dyng ttung binh khoang 60 tin vat

Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn sir dung bidt kieh, mdy bay...
khdng chgn dupe con dudng mdn, thi nay dimg
lyc lupng quan dpi ra chang kin dudng tiep td ciia

63


DIENDAN TRAO edi

"Viet Cdn^'! Trong tinh toan mdi nay, cudc haifli
quan Lam Son 719 (nam 1971) flid hidn y dd ro
nhit cua Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn la dua lyc Iupng
bd bilfli ra %> kin, cdt ngang va tii do ehan dung
dirdng Hd Chi Minh doan tii E)udng 9 - Nam Lao
dkn Sd P d a
Cudc haifli binh Lam Son 719 la dinh cao
trong qudttiiflilich sii xuydn sudt cudc chien tranh
vd y dd cua Hoa Ky va Sdi Gdn nhdm cd ging
ddnh phd, cdt diit tuyen van tai chien lupc Dudng
559 cua ddi phuang. Vi flid, cdc phdng sy va bai
vidt cita cdc nha bao, nghidn ciiu phuang Tay tap
trung rit nhieu vdo chu dd cudc hanh quan Lam
Son 719. Cac nha biifli ludn phuang Tay (S ehi ra
thit bai tham hai ttdn ca ba myc tidu va y do chidn
lupc cua Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn khi xua quan len

hdng chiem ddng toan ttiydn EXrdng 9 - N a n Lao.
Cdc bai bdo phuang Tay flidi gian nay da midu ta
cupc hdnh qudn ciia Sai Gdn that bgiflimnhai, dge
biet hp dua tm mdy bay tryc fliang eua Hoa Ky
"hi rung nhu sung" d Nam Lao. Cdc phdng vidn
nhan dirfli ring, trong chien tranh Ddng Duong,
ehua bao gid tn^c thang Hoa Ky bj bin ha d "muc
dp kinh hoang" ifliu d Ehrdng 9 - Nam Lao. Theo
Keitii Nolan ed "108 tryc thdng bi ban roi (chidm
10% sd mdy bay My bi bin rai ttxmg cd Chiin
tranh Viet Nam) va 618 chiic khdc bj bin hdng"'l
Vi^c Bd Tu ldnh tidn phuang cua quan lyc Sdi
Gdn hi bit sdng dupc bdo chi phuong Tdy dang tit
dam tF^n trang nhit.
Sy fliit bai cua cupc hanh quan Lam San 719
bdo hidu sy phd san ciia chidn lupc "Vet Nam hod
chien tranh" va ddng thdi nd cung chim diit qud
trinh cd ging danh pha ciia Hoa Ky va Sai Gdn
nhdm ngan ehan con dudng huyet mach - tuydn
v ^ tai chidn lupc dudng Hd Chi Minh ttdn bd.
'Tiong nam 1971, Quan dpi Nhan dan Viet Nam
chidm Paksong va tien tdi Pakse tai ttnng tam cao
nguyen Bolovens. Nam sau, Quan ddi Nhan dan

64

Viet Nam chiim dupc Khong Sedone ... Ciing
ndm 1971, "dudng kin" dudi tdn rung bdt dau
dupc xay dung. Din nam 1973, xe tai cd flie chay
sudt dpc dudng ma kiidng ra khdi mai ngyy trang,

ngogi ttir khi di qua sudi cgn hay vupt sudi qua cdc
ngam (lo£ii cdu dupc xay ngay dudi mat nudc).
Trong nam dd, cac cii diem eiia cac Lyc Iupng
D ^ bi|t cua My tai Khe Sanh va Kham Diic (ca
hai ddu do SOG sir dung lam cdc cdn eii tiin
phuong cho cac hoat ddng biet kich chdng pha
dudng Trudng San) ddu bi bd hp^c ddnh bgi"'l
Thep tinh toan ciia phia My "lupng bom nem
xudng Trudng Son dat dirfli ndm 1969, vdi khoang
433.000 tdn nem xudng Lao. Tir ndm 1965 den
nam 1975, Hoa Ky da h i ^ dpng 733.000 lupl/
chuydn mdy bay ddnh phd 122.000 tr$n, nem
gan 4 ttidu tan bom dgn xudng dudng mdn .. ."'*Nhung, hieu qud khdng dat nhu hp mong mudn,
khdng ngdn dupc ehi vidn eua mien Bic chp mien
Nam. Mpt quan chiic My lam vide d Sdi Gdn liic
dd dd ndi: "Chiing ta lam hp bj chdm lai, chiing ta
lam hp phai tta gia cao, nhung chac chin Id chiing
ta khdng ngdn chdn dupe hp"'^
Ngay ea 'Tuyen Maginot phuong Ddng"
(tdn gpi khdc cua hang rao didn tti Mac Namara
- Tdn m^t chidn hiy ndi tidng vd su kien ed tren
bien gidi Phdp - Dire duac xay dyng ndm 19301932)'*, sdng kien ciia mdt nhdm cdc nhd khoa
hpc Tmdng Dai hpc Havdt ciing bdt lyc. Qua tiiyc
t i ehidn ddu, bd dpi Trudng Son da phdt hi?n ra
hdng loat nhuoc didm cua hang rdo d i ^ tti Mdc
Namara. Chinh Mic Namara cting thiy r5 sy bit
lyc cua he thdng hang rdo didn tti, bj ddi phuong
phd banh tt'ong ndm 1968 va tti ehiic. '*Hang rdo
hi ehpc thung v\ todn thyc te nd ehi la mpt tuydn
cd djnh, chiia diy tinh fliu ddng. Cdn ddi phuang

flfl diy t ^ ngh? tixmg viec "ddnh Ida" nhiing tai
mit d i ^ tii aia ta... Dd ddn liic phdi bd khdi n i ^
"ttiydn" xa ciing, khdng phii hpp vdi tinh Unh


TAPCHfUCH SOTDANG 12-2015

hogt ciia Iq? thuat eao". Vdi tiiit bgi trong nd lyc
cao nhit (cudc hanh qudn Lam San 719), Hoa Ky
va Vet Nam C0ng hda da phai nhan ldy thit bai
chidn lupc ttdn mat ttan ehidn luac - dudng mdn
Hd Chi Minh, vd sy kidn ndy da diy chd dd Sai
Gdn vdo giai doan cao chimg.
Cyc didn "cudc chidn Ddng Duong lin thii
2" phu thupc vdp cudc chidn gianh vd giii - chia
cdt va phd hogi tuydn hanh lang van tai chidn luoc
- dudng Hd Chi Minh. Nhdn fliiic dupc y chi va
quyet tam giai phdng va thdng nhit dit nudc eua
nhan dan Vi?t Nam, Hoa Ky da canh giac, dd
phdng cao dO, sdn sang ddi phd. Tuy nhidn, bit
ngd vd didm xuat phat ciia cupc chidn, eiing tue
la Hoa Ky bit ngd vd tuydn dudng chi vien chidn
lupc dpc theo ddy Trudng Son cua Ddng Ehiang.
Sau ddn thit bgi chidn lupc ve diem xuit phat eua
cupc chidn. My va che dp Sai Gdn y thiie dupc vai
ttx) ciia tuydn van tdi chidn Iupc nay, da nd luc vd
huy dpng tdi da ngudn lyc chien tianh cua minh
dd chia cat va phd hoai nhimg khdng flianh cdng.
Mpt con dudng chidn luoc ma bdo chi va cac iflia
nghidn ciiu phuang Tdy dd sdm nam b i t canh

bdo vai trd cua nd ttxing cu^c chien. Con dudng
md "trong 16 ndm da chuydn dupe hon mpt ttidu
tin hang, vii khf td midn Bdc vao cho cdc ehidn
ttirdng, bdo dam chi huy hanh quan cho hon hai
ttieu lupt ngudi vdo chidn trudng hoac tu chidn
ttirdng ra Bic; van chuydn ca dpng 10 lupt su
doan, 3 quan doan, hp tdng 90 dpn vi binh chimg
kyfliuatvao chidn ttirdng miin Nam chiin diu"'l
Nhiing bp dc "tinh hoa" bac nhit cua Hoa Ky va
phuang Tdy da vao cupc fliam mxm, hidn kd cho
bO mdy chiin tt-anh cua M5* d Ddng Duong, tuy
nhidn vdn khdng thyc hi?n dupc muc tidu ciia hp.
Hoa Ky vd "ddng minh" da fliua cudc trong cudc
chiin chia cit phd hogi tuyin dudng ndy
Cd tiid ndi, duyttri,radrpng va phat triin tuyin
(Judng nidn Hd Chi Minh la mdt trong nhiing

ngitydn nhan ttirc tidp, la dieu kien sdng cdn dd
quan vd dan ta chidn diu va chien thdng trong
eupc khang chidn chdng dd qudc My xam Iupc.

1, U.BenmdC.'i^aity:

Ihe

WarAgainstTivcks,Aerial

Inteniiction in Southern Laos, 1968 - 1972. Washingtrai
DC: US Air Force History and Museums Program, 2005,
p. 218,295

2. Brig. GoL Soutchay \bngsavanh: RLG Operations
and Actives

in the Laotian Panhandle. Washington DC:

US Array Center ofMilitaiy Histoiy, 1980, tr. 12
3.5,6,7,8,14. John Prados: TTjefi/ba/ftMctNew lYoric
John Wiley and Sons, 1998, p. 24,15,371,45,182,303
4.Ngi^€nTheKy,Ngi^^SrCu:Tni6ngSon-Duxing
khatvgng,NxbCTQG,H,2009,tr. 176
9. Edward Geary Lansdale: In the midst (^wars. New
York, Harper emd Row Publishers, 1972, tt-337 {Dan flieo
Nguyen Phli Dlk: Ted sao A^ thua &Vi&Nam,'i>ii(b Godeftpy de Bouillon, Pari, 1996, tr.45)
10. Willam Colby: AiS/ chien thdng bf bo la, Nxb Cong
an nhan dan, H, 2007, tr.248-255. Xem them Jane Hamilton
MoritC 7 « ^ Mnmtmis. the Hmong the Ameriam, and
/te secra wtB^for Laos, 1942 -1992, Indiana Umveisity
Peress, 1999, tr. 69-89
11 Tai lieu n^t Eiu Nam G o c - T f e i'enft^nPapera
(dn bdn a i a Thugng ngM sy Gravel), Nxb Beacon ftess,
Boston, TJI, p. 289
12. Nolan, Keith W. Into Laos: The Story of Dewey
Canyon U/Lam Son 719, Vietnam 1971, Novato CA: Presidio Press, 1986. p. 358
15. Frank S n ^ , Decent lnten>al. New Yoric Random
House, 1977, p.l09

16,17,

IZ.i^DgVixjagiS^/dngmdnHdOiiMinh,

Nxb Tri thirc, H, 2008, tt.35,35,50.

65