Tri thức địa phương về giáo dục cộng đồng của người thái ở khu vực biên giới tỉnh thanh hóa

\j Tri thufc dja phu'dng ve giao due
cpng dong cua ngiidi Thai d khu vufc
bien gidi tinh Thanh Hda
MAI V A N TUNG*

N

gffffi Thai d Thanh Hofi lfi mft bf
phgn d a ngffdi Thdi \^fit Nam. Hp
suih sing tfip trung ehu yfi'u 6 cfic huyen
khu vUc mien nui Ba ThUdc, Lang Chanh,
Thudng iXuan, Quan Hda, Quan Scfn,
Mudng Lfit.. O ngffffi Thfii ndi ehung vfi
ngfldi Thfii d cfic dia phffdi^ khu vffc bifin
giffi Thanh Hofi ndi rieng rat quan tfim
dl'n giao due cpng dong vd trd thfinh tfip
quan. iNhOng kinh ngMfim trong gifio due
cfng dong nMlu kM dffdc due k i t thfinh
nhiitig cau thfinh ngfl, tuc ngfl, cham
ngfin... cd gia tri nhan vfin sau sic. Tao
ffieu kifin thuan ldi can ban trong to chflc
vfi quan ly xfi hSi truyin thing, trong viec
I n dinh quS'c phdng - an mnh vfi gifl vOng
chu quyen lanh t h i quS'c gia. iNhtfng kinh
ngMem gifio due ^y v l n cbn ^ tri nhait
dinh va ed y ngMa quan trpng trong dffi
sd'ng kinh te' - xa hfi, van hofi - giao due
d a nguM Thai Men nay.

vUc rmin nffi Bfi ThUdc, Lang Chdnh,
Thudng Xufin, Quan Hda, Quan Sdn,

Mudng Lfit.. (Xem bang 1).
NgUdi Thfii d Thanh Hoa tU danh lfi
Cfin Tay (ngUM Tay) hay Phu Tay. Cac
cfing trinh ngMfin cQu tnfdc day ehffa gifii
tiiich ro rang thdi ffiim cliia tdch thanh
nhdm ngffdi Tdy va ngQdi Thfii, cung nhff
giOa nguffi Lao va i ^ M Thai Thanh Hod.
Day lfi v l h de d n tiep tuc r^iifin caiu.

Nguffi Thffi Thanh Hod cd tifi'ng ndi,
vfin hpc dan gian, dac biet Ifi t h i n thoai,
ro tich gan gui vffi ngudi Tfiy d Viet Bic.
NgUffi Thai d Thanh Hofi tM f thQc rang,
phfa duffi cd nguffi Kinh, phia tren cd ngUffi
Lfio, nguffi Xa; ngUffi Lfio lfi anh (gpi lfi Ai
Lfio), ngucri Kinh lfi em Qt (gpi Id La Lfla).
O Thanh Hofi khong cbn khai mem ve
Thai den. Thai trang. CM phan biet hai
nhdm ehinh lfi nhdm it hdn sinh so'ng dpc
sfing Chu gpi lfi Tay Dp vfi nhdm IffU vUc
sSng Ma gpi la Tfiy Muffi. ThUc tfi' dfiy lfi
1. Khai quat v e ngrfcfi Thai & k h u vrfc cac nhdm dia phffdng, ten Tay Dp vfi Tfiy
bi&n gidri tinh T h a n h Hoa
Muffi khSng phai tu danh mfi do nhdm kia
dat cho. Hai nhdm nfiy cd mpt vfii dfic
Ngffffi Thfii d Thanh Hod lfi mft bf
ffiim khfic nhau v l tifi'ng ndi, y phue va
phan d a ngUffi Thai Viet Nam. Hp sinh
sinh hogt van hoa. Nhdm Tdy Dp sfing
song tap trung chu yeu d cfic huyen khu

* TS. Mai Van Tung, Trudng Dai hoc Hong Bffc.


68

Nghien citu Bong Nam A, s61112015
B&ng 1: Dfin s o ngi^cfi Tliai d c a c h u y ^ n m i l n n i i i T h a n h H o a

TT
1

Mimg Lat

DansS
18226

2

Quan Hoa

28935

3

Quan Son

4

Ba Thifdc

29059
38552

5

Lang Chanh

23405

Huy^n

Ngoc Lac

Dan scf
1052

7

ThiijngXuto

48142

8

Nhu Xuan

23970

9

Nhu Thanh

16629

10

Thach Thanh

TT
6

Huv&n

45
228,015

TSng:

Nguon; Bern Ddn tdc Hnh Tlianh Hod (so' Ueu ffiiu tra nfim 2009)
Chu gin vdi bf phdn d Tffdng DUdng (Nghfi
An), cd nMlu net gifing ngffdi Thffi Trang
d tanh Son La vfi Lai Chfiu. Cbn nhdm
sfing Ma, cd so Iffdng dong, dia bfin cU tru
rpng hdn, cung chung nhdm nay cd d d
Mai Chfiu (Hofi Binh), S i m Nffa (Lfio) vfi
Nghe An (nhdm Tfiy Thanh). Ngffdi Lfio
gpi nhdm nfiy Ifi Tfiy Deng (thffc te' ngUffi
ta n h i m Mudng Deng thupc Lang Chdnh
vdi nhdm ngffdi Thfii Thanh Hoa)*".
Cac ke't qua ngMfin cffU vl ngfldi Thai d

Thanh Hod eho dfi'n thdi ffiim Men nay eho
tbay, xdt vl mfit lich sQ, ngUdi Thai Thanh
Hofi dffdc Mnh thfinh vfi phat triln tO mot
nhdm Tfiy cl b i n dia, trai qua nMeu biln
d Uch sff, dffdc 1)0 sung them mpt bS ptifin
tff nMlu dia phffdng phia Bac vfio, dong
thdi tilp can vffi ngffffi Modi^, ngoffi Kinh,
ngjffi Khd Mfl d cflng dia ban cQ tru vd giQ
mii Uen hf thudng xuyen mat tMfi't vffi
khii dong tfc Tfiy Bac, Thffdng Lfio, Nghe
An. Do vdy, vl huyet thS'ng va vfin hoa cd
sff hofi ding d a nMeu yfi'u to', tff do tao nen
ban sic rifing vOa mang dac trung Thanh
Hoa, vffa phan finh tinh chit chung d a
cpng ding Thai Vifit Nam, vfi sQ tie'p nhfin,
^ a o luu vffi cff dfin Vift - Modng.
Ngffffi Thfii d khu VQC bien gidi trfin dia
bfin tinb Thanh Hofi cd Uch sQ cu tru ldu

ddi, phdn bo' d khap 16 xa biln giffi (gim
cfic xfi Tam Chung, Ten Tan, Quang CMeu,
Mffdng Chanh, Pfl NM, NM Sdn, Trung Ly
thufic huyln Modng Lat; xa Hien iKiet
thufc h i ^ e n Quan Hda; xa Sdn Thuy, Na
MIo, Mffdng Min, Sdn Difin, Tam Thanh,
Tam Lff thupc huyen Quan Sdn; xa Yen
Khffdng thupc huyen Lang Chanh; xa Bdt
Mot thufc huyfn Thffdng Xufin).
Lfi mfit trong 6 dan tfc anh em*^', ngffdi
Thdi cff trfl tren dia bfin 16 xa (147 ban)

khu vQc bifin giffi tinh Thanh Hofi, vffi ddn
s l 10.391 hp, 53.554 khiu; cbn lgi dan tfc
Mffdng cM cd 535 hd, 2.567 ngffdi, dfin tfc
MSng cd 1.738 hp, 10.497 ngffdi, dan tfie
Khdmu cd 152 hf, 775 ngffffi, ddn tfc Dao
cd 83 hp, 349 ngUffi vfi dfin tfc Kinh cd 83
hS, 349 nguffi*^*. Nhin chung, ngUffi Thai
sinh sS'ng d cac xa dia bfin gifip bifin cMlm
ty l l 72,5% dan so', ddng n h l t so vffi tofin
vOng, tUdng flng vffi 4,86% dfin s l miln nfli
d a tinh Thanh Hoa.
6 nMlu xfi giap bien, dan cU Ttifii cMlm
da s l nhu xa Mudng Chanh, Quang CMlu,
Tam Cbung, Trung Ly, Ten T i n d a huyfin
Mffdng Lat; xa Sdn Thuy, Na Mbo, Mffdng
Min, Son Dien, Tam Lff, Tam Thanh d a
huyfin Quan Sdn; xa Hien Kifit, huyen
Quan Hoa; xa Yfin Khffdng huyfin Lang


69

Mai Vdn TUng - Tri thdc dja phucmg ve gido dixc cgng dong...
Ctifinh; xfi Bfit Mpt huyfin Thffdng Xudn.
Cd nMlu ban bien giffi ddn s l ngOffi
Ttifii d u e m g i n 100%. Tifiu bieu lfi ban
Cang, Na Hm, Chai, Lach, Tfio d a cac xa
thufc huyfin Modng Lfit. Trong dd ban Tdo,
xa Trung Ly cd 146 hp gan 1000 ngffffi,
cMlm ty lfi 100% lfi ngffffi Thfii). B i n Yin,

xa Mffdng Rfin, huyfn Quan Sdn cd 110 hf
vffi 562 nhdn khau dan tfc Thai, cMfi'm ty
16 94%. Ban Ngam, ban Pa, Cha Lung,
Kham thufc xfi Tam Thanh dfin tdc Thffi
cung chifi'm g i n 100%. Ban Sgi xa Tam Lff
cd 135 hp vffi gan 800 khau ngffffi Thfii,
cMlm ty le 95%. Cfic bfin Ho, Chao thuSc
xa Hiln Kifit, huyfin Quan Hofi ngffffi Thfii
cMlm trfin 96%. Bdn Xing Hlng, xa Yen
KhQdng, huyen Lang C h l n h dan s l ngOdi
Thdi cMlm 90%. Ban Vin, Kheo, Luc thufc
xfi Bfit Mpt, huyfn Thffdng Xuan dfin s l
Thdi cMlm t r i n 95%**>... TQ qufi trtnh dinh
cO Ifiu dfii nfin ngffdi Thai d dfiy tich luy
dUdc hfi thS'ng tri thQc dia phUdng r i t
phong phu vfi da dang, trong dd cd tri thQc
gifio due d n g dong, gdp phan quan trpng
trong to chQc vfi quan ly xfi hfi truyen
thS'ng. Nhffng ldnh ngMfim gifio due l y v l n
cbn gia tri n h l t dinh vfi cd y nghia quan
trpng trong ddi so'ng kinh te - xfi hfi, vdn
hofi - gido due d a ngffdi Thffi Mfin nay.
2. Tri thrfc d i a phrfcAig vS giao d u e
cfng dong
Tri tbffc dia phffdng v l gido due cSng
ding lfi nhong ldnh nghiem giao due
truyen thd'ng cd npi dung phong phu vfi da
dang, dQdc the Men trfin nMlu phffdng
ffien n h i m duy tri sff I n dinh xa hfii vd giff
gin thuan p h o i ^ my tuc trong m i i efing

ding dan tpc. O ngffdi Thai ndi chung vfi
ngffdi Thfii d cfic dia phffdng khu vffc bifin
giffi Thanh Hoa ndi rifing r i t quan tdm

dfi'n gifio due eong dong vfi trd thaiih tap
qudn. NhOtig kinh ngMfim trong giao due
cfng d i n g nhieu kM dffdc dflc ke't thfinh
nhiJng cdu thfinh ngO, tuc ngO, chfim
ngSn... cd gifi tri nhdn vfin sfiu sic vd van
d n nguyfin gia tri trong ddi sing Men dai,
gdp p h i n g i n k i t ben chat cac md'i quan
bf gia ffinh, dbng hp ndi rifing vfi cung d
cfic m i i quan he cpng ding lfing ban ndi
chung; tgo ffiiu Mfn thugn ldi cfin ban
trong vific I n dinh qufi'e phbng - an ninh vfi
giff vflng chu quyln Ifinh t h i qufic gia.
2.1. Doi vdi cpng dSng bdn

ldng

Trong xa hfi truyin tbdng cung nhff
Men dai, dong bfio Thfii d khu vffc bifin giffi
Thanh Hofi rat quan t i m de'n mii quan he
tinh d m xdm lfing. D i n g bfio quan mfim
"Xip ngng pi bau pdn xi chi hidm" {Mudi
anh em khdng btng 4 gdc nhd). Y nghia
d a cfiu ndi nay lfi du cd dong anh em de'n
m i y cung khSng bang sQc mgnh vfi tinh
d m hfing xdm ling gieng m i i kM tS'i Iffa
t i t din cd nhau. Hay cau tuc ngfl "Ngng pi

cdy bau pdn tdng hu6m bdn" (Anh em xa
khong bang ngudi cung ldng) cflng y ndi
ring, anh em rufit thit, hp hfing thfin tMch
cd dong dfi'n may nhffng d cfich xa nhau tM
cung khdng b i n g ngffffi cOng lfing cung ban
sdm toi cd nhau. Quan mem nay cung cd y
to tffcfng tff nhff quan nifm cua ngffffi Kinh
qua mft s l cau tuc ngQ "Ban anh em xa
mua ldng gilng gin", hay "Nffdc xa khfing
cflu dUdc Iffa gin".v.v...
Ngofii ra, trong moi quan bfi cfing ding
nguffi Thai cdn cd tinh than tUdng thfin
tUdng fii r i t cao, tinh t h i n ay cdn dUdc the
hifn trong d ca dao, tuc ngff, nhift "Anh
em bdn dUdi midmg trin, ddng thugn mgi
diiu tdt xdu"
Hay "Nhin phai nhin trdi, nhin
nhin dudi".v.v.'.

trin


70

Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015

Qua mft sS' cfiu tue ngO tren cho thaiy
truyin tbS'ng gifio due cua ngOffi Thfii r i t
de cao tinh cpng dong, cfng cam, cfng sinh
va tham chi d cpng mfinh nffa. Dilu nfiy

bat nguin tff dffi sfi'ng thffc tiln kM md
trffdc day mpi ffiiu kien sinh hoat cbn r i t
khd khfin, mpi ngffffi r i t can ptiai nffdng
tffa Ifin nhau. Trong cufc s i n g Mfn dai, dffi
sing ldnh t l - xa bpi bdt p h i n khd khfin,
song tinh than ay vfin dffdc ngffdi Thdi d
day gin giO vfi khSng ngOhg dOdc phat huy.
Dd cMnh la sffc manh tinh t h i n tSc ngffdi,
tao nen sffc mgnh cfing dong dan tpc quo'c
gia "S^fit Nam. Va dd chflng cbinh lfi mft
phin npi Iffc, dfng Iffe kich tMch cho sff
phat trien dat nffdc Mfin nay.
2.2. Bdi vdi tdng liJCa tuoi
- Bdi vdi ngudi gid
Cflng nhff cac tpc ngffdi khac cs nffdc ta,
ngffdi Thai cd truyen thong trpng lao,
trpng ngffffi gifi. Dong bfio Thfii d vflng
bien gidi huyen Quan Sdn thffdng n6i:"Phu
thdu sd it cpt lau sdu hio hd bdn hd hUdn"
(Ngffffi gifi lam cot try cho ban, cho nhfi).
Thfi' hfi ngffffi gifi dffdc ton kinh bffi vi hp
la nhflng ngffffi mau mffc, cd nMeu kinh
ngMem trong san xuat, trong to chffe va
quan ly cpng dong. Do dd, t h i hfi ngjdi cao
tuli trd thfinh cbl dffa cho gia dinh, ddng
hp vfi cfng ding ve mat tinh than. Lffi ndi
d a ngffdi cao tuli dffdc ran chau ton trpng
tuan theo. Bffi vay, ngffdi Thdi thUdng
n6i:"Khodm phu thdu pdn pdu ngdn,
kham" (Lffi ngudi gifi quy nhU ddng bgc,

ding vfing). V\ the', trong gia dinh, ddng
hp, ban lang moi kM cd cSng to viec ldn
deu mdi cfic cu tham gia y kie'n.
Cflng xul't phat tff long kinh trpng,
ngudi cao tuli dUdc ran chau va cfng ding
chfim sdc chu dao. KM cd d ban thudng xfip
mam cho ngffffi gifi tnfdc, vi trong flhg xff

truyin thing d a ngffdi Ttifii, ngUdi gifi phai
dffpc ou tifin an trffdc, ngoi tren "Hd phu
thdu kin con, ndng ndcC. Sau dd mffi dfi'n
cfic mdm dgi tra d a con chdu. Trong mdm,
cac cu thudng dUdc UU tifin nhflng thQc dn
ngon nliat. Ngoai ra, ngUbi gia cbn dOtfc con
chau nhudng chan, se fio, kifi'm ciii tot de
dot sffdi & i vfio mOa dSng gia lanh.v.v,,.
Nhin chung, i ^ f f i gifi trong xa hpi Thai
la chS doa tinh than, dUdc chau vfi cfing
dong tdn kinh. Dfiy cflng la dac ffiim
chung d a hau h i t eac dan tpc d Viet Nam.
Dd cMnh la tinh than "trpng lao", "kinh
lao die thp", la truyen thong td't dep, thi
Men tinh nhfin van sfiu sic d n dffdc phdt
huy hem nOa trong n i n giao due Mfin dgi.
- Ddi vdi thanh niin, trung niin
Theo phong tyc truyin thS'ng cua ngUM
Thai d Quan Sdn, con trai, ran gfii sap dfi'n
tuli tnfdng thanh (khoang 13 - 1 5 tuli), bo
me t l chQc Ifim lfi d t day noi, dfiy vong.
Tieng Thai gpi lfi "sin tdt xdi u, xdi Id hd

liic". L l vat gom cd cdm, rffdu, lpn, gfi. Gia
ffinh mdi thay cflng din nhfi Ifim II, thffdng
mpt buli mdi lam xong lfi. Y ngbia d a le
nfiy lfi cSng nhan (x>n minh da ldn khSn,
khSng cbn nam nfii, nam vong nhff tre nho
nfla. Ding thffi d u mong eho con dUdc k h d
mgnh, xinh dep, cffdng trang nhff bao trai
tai gai gidi khac. Theo quan mem ding bdo
Thfii, nhflng ngUdi d tuli tlianh men, trung
mfin lfi nhufi kM cua gia ffinh va Iang ban,
la sffe mgnh tinh than vfi v$t chit cua xd
hpi. Bdi vfiy ngQdi Thai cd cfiu:
Thu khd khdnh fidnh lit. Viic hgi pin
viic di pd mi phu num"
Dich: Ngffdi khde chan cffdng trfing.
Viec xlll thanh viec td't bdi cd ldp tre
Ngffffi Thai nhdn thQc sdu sfie ve tam
quan trpng d a thfi' hfi tre, vi hp lfi ldp ngUdi


Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thdc dia phUcmg ve gido due cpng dong...
tifin phong cd sQc khoe, cd t h i Ifim dUdc mpi
vific, cd t h i bien vific xlii thfinh vile tot.
Day cung lfi tuli xdng pha trfin mac danh
giac, duli thfl dO bdo vfi ban lfing.
- Bdi vdi tre em

71

dOng roi vpt). Phai chfing, dfiy cung lfi

ffiim khfic vffi nguffi \ ^ e t truyin t h i n g
trong gifio due "Thuong cho roi cho vpt,
ghet cho ngpt cho bui"?
2.3. Gido d^c ve gidi

tinh

Nguffi Thfii rat quy tre em, eoi tre em Ifi
m i m sing tUdng Iai. Nen gia ffinh vfi cfng
dong thudng dfinh sU uu fii, tinh d m tot
dep n h l t eho con tre. Bffi vfiy, trong tuc
ngff Thfii cd cfiu: " Linh ngi oi hdc", nghia
Id: Tre em lfi v l n quy

Nguffi Thai coi dfin dng lfi phai manh,
lfi tru d t trong gia ffinh. Do vgy mpi vific
nang nhpc trong gia ffinh, lfing b i n p h i n
ldn do dfin Sng d i m nMfm.

Hay; "Pdnh Idc tay mdpum mdn. Pdnh
ldn tay chd hieng cdt"

Dich: Dfin Sng lay vifc nfing, vifc ldn.
Anh thuong em eho vific nhe nhfing.

Dich; Yfiu ran tff kM mffi ehffa. Yfiu chfiu
to lflc mffi nd, mffi sinh.

Nhu vfiy, dan Sng Thfii (ngUffi chong,
nguffi cha) trong gia dinh thudng dam

nhfin Ifim nhiMg vific nfing nhpc. De dfinh
cho vd, con nhflhg vife nhe nhang trong
nhfi, ngofii dong. Tuy nMfin, trong cupc
sing khong It phu nfl v l n phai Ifim nhflng
vific nfing nhpc vi trong nhd tMfi'u dfin Sng.

Ding bfio ylu ran tre tQ Iuc cdn thd vfi
nhudng cdm se ao, p h i n ehfin lidng dfim l i n
cho tre. Ddy Ifi mpt thdi quen, mft tfip qufin
t i t dep, rat nhan van trong suy ngM vfi
hfinh dpng d a d i n g bfio Thfii Quan Sdn ndi
rieng vfi ngudi Thfii d khu vUc Men giffi
Thanh Hofi ndi chung. Trong vifc lam iiang
ngfiy, tre em chua phai lam vific nfing.
Ngudi Idn cM sai ran chfiu nhijng vifc nhe
nhfing phfl hdp vffi IQa tuli, sQc vdc.
"Linh ngi lilc on, con ddng. Et viic ngc
viic nd nhd ldn phoi chg"
Dich: T r i em xUdng non, minh ylu.
bong vifc nfing nhpc xin dflng cd sai.

"Po chdi sd du viic ndc, viic nd. A\ hdc
ngng sd xu viec vdu"

Trong cufc sing gia dinh ngUffi Thfii,
nam, nff diu cd vi tri quan trpng nhff nhau,
ton trpng nliau. Tuc ngfl Thai cd cau:
"Hidm bau mi me nhlnh hUdn hgi.
Hidm bau mi pd di hudn mon^
Dich: iNhfi khdng d phu nff nhfi xau.

Nhfi khdng cd dfin dng nha vIng.

Tbeo quan mfm d a ngffdi Thai, khSng
cd phu nff tM k h d i ^ cd ngffcri ctiam sdc nhfi
Mft ffiim khfic nQa, trong truyin thong cQa, khdng cd ngffffi ndi trd nha se ban,
giao due con tre ngUdi Thfii ft kM, hay ndi khach khffa, ban be, hang xdm se che
cdch khac lfi khong day tre b i n g roi vpt, "hudn hgi" (nhfi xaii). Nha xau theo hai
quat thao hay m i n g chffi mfi hinh thffc nghia den vfi nghia bdng. Nghia den lfi
day bfio p h i bifi'n nhfi't lfi thuyfi't ly, giang nhfi khSng cd ngffdi chfim sdc, quet don tM
giai, vffa day vffa do, c^va tay cM vific. Dfiy xlil. Nghia bdng la tMeu ban tay nfi trd
Ifi bifin phfip chfl ylu. Ngofii ra, vdi ngUdi cua ngffdi phu nfl mfii kM khfich khffa, ban
Thai, doi m i t cua clia me cbn cd chQc be, hfing xdm d i n nhfi khdng cd nguffi lo
nfing rfin day ran edi khi mac lli. Tuc ngfl com nudc vfi tifi'p ddn chu dfio ciing bi coi
.Thdi d cau; "Toy luc du td, tgy md du lfi xlil. Cdn vang dfin Sr^ tM khSng cd
khgn" (Day con nMn b i n g m i t , day chd ngffdi sffa sang, nhfi cffa rfich nfit, hff hong,


72

Nghiin edu Bong Nam A, sd 11/2015

ft ngffffi qua lai tham hdi. Nhff vgy, d nam
vfi nfl diu cd vi tri hfi't sffc quan trpng trong
dffi sing gia dinh va cbng d i n g Thfii.
ket

2.4. Bdi vdi ngddi sdp M't hdn vd dd
hdn
- Bd'i vdi ngudi sdp kit hdn

Theo phong tuc truyin thong cua ngUffi
Thfii ndi chung va ngffffi Thfii d Quan Sdn
ndi rifing, cd gai da ed nha trai sang an hoi
ifi ngffdi con gai ay sap cd ching. Dffdc ben
nha trai, nha gfii thSng bfio cho hp hfing,
lfing xdm bilt. Vi the', ngffdi khfic khSng
dffdc de'n dgm hoi vfi tfin tinh nfla. Cung
nhu vfiy, chang trai da ffi hdi vd tM cflng
khfing dffdc yeu cS gai khac, khong dffdc
hdi cfi gfii khac, khfing lay co gai khac khi
ma cfi gai minh da an hdi choa tra lgi qufi
an hdi, ehffa dfi'n ndi lffi cMa tay.
Tnfdc dfiy, phu nfl Thfii Den (Tfiy Mffdi)
kM ffi lay ching phai nhupm rang den, bfli
tdc ngffdc len ffinh dau. Tie'ng Thai gpi lfi
"Om kheo, tdng cdu". Trong kM dd, ngUffi
Thdi Trang (Tfiy Khao hay Tay Dp) khfing
nhupm rang, tang ca'u, nhfftig bui tdc vl
pMa sau gay. De'n nay, ngUffi Thai Den d
vung bien gidi Thanh Hoa kM ffi lay chong
khSng cbn nhupm rang, bui tdc ngUdc nfla.
iNhffng cac bfi, cfic chi van bui tdc gpn gang
ve pMa sau gay d l tifin cho sinh hogt va
san x u i t
- Bd'i vdi hdn nhdn
Theo phong tuc d a ngUffi Thai, trong lfi
cffffi d a nguffi Thai cd mpt ngM thffc quan
trpng de cfing nhan hSn nhdn cho dSi vp
ching tre. Dd la cfic ngM le ma ngffdi Thai
gpi la "Lay po, Igy mi, Igy phi hUdn", tffc

lfi Igy bo' me vd, lay bfi' me ching, Igy t l
tien bfin vd, t l tifin ben chong, ufi'ng rffdu
can cheo "ldu puc pdnh" d l gia dinh, dbng
hp, cfing dong lang ban cong nhan cho dfii

trai gdi thfinh vp thfinh ching.
CMnh vi thfi', du cd yfiu nhau tham tMet,
ffi lgi vdi nhau cd con mfi ehffa lam cfic ngM
li tren tM v l n ehffa dffdc mpi ngffdi cdng
idian lfi vd chong. DQa tre sinh ra van cM
la ron hoang ma thdi, ngoffi Thfii gpi nhOng
dQa tre sinh ra trong hofin d n h ay la "luc
phd lgnh mdn tdng" (con ehffa hoang ngodi
dodng). Bffi v$,y, nlu chfing trai gap hofin
eanh khd khfin nhO khSng du ffiiu kifin to
chffc coffi vd, hay do bo me, hp hang ben vp
can ngan, nhffng hai dffa van mSt mffc yfiu
nhau tM chfing trai thffdng trSm d i n cS gai
vl nhfi minh r l i t l chffc Ifim cdm mdi hp
hang, lfing xdm cua minh din chflng kie'n
cho hai dffa tbffc Mfin d e ngM lfi lay b i m e ,
lay t l tifin. Mdm com l l cd kM la con ldn
con, ne'u khfing ed ldn tin cM c i n con ga
tring choai lam thit, lufc cMn, chat mieng
bfiy len dia cung vffi xSi, rUdu, trlu cau
dfing Ifin t l tifin roi mffi thay cflng din cflng
lfi dffdc. Cung xong hai dffa Igy b l me, fing
ba, to tien the' la thfinh vd thanh ching. Bl
me, hp hang nha gai cflng khong cd quyln
Ily lgi con gdi minh nffa.

Cd the ndi, qua tap quan tren cho thay
y nghia giao due ca nhan cflng nhff cfng
dong r i t sfiu sic, n h i m hffdng cac thfinh
vien cpng dong vfio nhflng chuin mffc van
hofi dl dam bao sff I n dinh vfi phat trien
xa hfi. Tuy vfiy, long chung thuy d a tinh
yfiu Iffa doi van dffdc cpng dong dl cao va
cd t h i giam nhe phan nfio mft so' tap qudn
Uen quan. Dd chfnh lfi gifi tri nhdn van sdu
sac trong gido due cung nhff trong t l chffc
va quan ly cpng dong.
2.5. Biin phdp gido ditc ddi vdi
ngddi vi pham ludt tuc cda cgng dong
Trong xa hfii truyen tbong, bfin canh
tMit chl xa hpi quan phffcfng (phfip vua) tM
hiu h i t cac tdc ngUbi d Viet Nam deu quan


Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thde dja phucfng ve gido due epng dong...
ly d n g dong h l n g lufit tuc (11 lfing, le ban).
Dfiy chinh lfi tMfi't c h l xa hfi pM quan
phUdng trong t l ehQc vfi quan ly cpng ding.
Trong luat tuc d a h i u het cfic tfc ngUdi d
Vift Nam ndi chung, thudng cd hai p h i n
dffdc quy Udc rat cu t h i , dd lfi phan trich
nMfm va p h i n hinh phat, trong dd trfich
nMfm Id nfi dung cMnh, cbn hinh phat
gdp phan ciing eo them trach nMfm. Vfi
cung d mdi dan tfc, eu till d ddy lfi ngUffi
Thdi, ngffffi vi pham luat tue thffdng bi phgt

va. Tuy theo v ^ de d a lufit tuc va mffe df
vi pham mfi cfic quy dinh xff phat khac
nhau. Chang hgn nhu phgt va trong tuc
uIng rffdu d n ehij ylu Ifim cho vui cufc
rUdu. iRupu d n thUdng uong trong dip d d i ^
ngUdi nhu l l tang, l l hfi, l l cQffi, mOtig nhfi
mdi, miftig ccftn mffi, mimg con chau mffi
sinh diy thfing, d i y nfim... Trong dd, ngQdi
Thfii d Quan Son quy dinh, ufi'ng rffdu trong
dfim tang lfi ufi'ng khoan Idiong phat vg.
Mii Mfip quy dinh 1 sOUg hay 2 sCmg trdu'^*
tM mpi nguffi cflng ufi'ng hfi't. Vifc dffa ra s l
lUdng khoan nfiy do dng tram '®Vfi mpi
ngffdi t r o i ^ Mep rffdu cOng t h i n g nhat. Sau
dfi nhflng i^Odi t i l p theo cd the lam theo.
Cbn uoi^ rOdu trong cac tnfdi^ hdp khfic
diu cd mffc phat rd rfing, ngMlm khac.
Trong xff phat nam nff quan he bat
cMnh, ngay xUa cd quy dinh: Nfi'u ngffffi
phu nff khai la ngffdi dfin dng Mfi'p nunh
kM ffi dffdng d bfin toa Iy fim cua dffdng
hay tren dffdng tM ngUdi dfin Sng phai
chiu tpi. Nlu ngUffi dfin fing dd cM cd mft
minh mfi hifi'p ngUffi phu nfl d trfin toa ly
dUdng (trfin dli, phai leo trfio len khd
khfin) tM ngodi dfin fing khfing bi xff phat
mfi coi lfi thfing dam.
V l Mnh thffc xff phat rat phong phu va
da dang. Co kM b i n g tien, bang cfla cai, cd
kM phai dimg sQc lao dSng d a minh phuc

73

dich, phai t r i lai nhffng do vgt minh da
nblin, da Ifiy, cd kM bi dbn roi d a quan
ban, tgo mQdng. Tfi ndng chuyln d p trfin
xff ly. Song thUc te cho thfiy, tifinh vi vi
phgm d c quy Udc, luat tuc rd't MI'm kM xdy
ra trong d ^ g dong Thfii. SQc mgnh cua cfic
quy Udc lfi d chd, nd d i p Qng dUdc dflng muc
ffich vfi hdp vffi Ibng dan nfin dUdc ngflffi
Thfii Mfin thu mft cfich tU nguySn. Hifn
nay, he thong luat p h i p iNhfi nffdc da t h i m
vfio cfic ban lfing ngudi Thfii, song cfic quy
Udc trong gifio due vfi quan ly c^ng ding
vdn khdng m i t ffi gifi tri cua nd. SQe manh
eua quy ffdc, luat tuc se ding hanh vfi hS trd
cho luat phfip, dfic bifit lfi trong vific gido
due cpng dong thfin ban. Hinh thQc xff phat
theo lufit tuc v l n cbn nhffng cM dp dung vffi
nhiJihg vi pham mfi chUa cd quy dinh trong
lu$t phdp. Cbn nhOng vi pham da cd lufit
dinh tM do chinh quyln vd phdp lu^t xdt
xff. Hinh thffc xff phat bang dbn roi nay
khong cbn nOa.
2.6. Nhdng nkt dpp vdn hod
thdng khdc

truyin

Phong tuc "Ldng td it khodn", tffc ben
ngoai Ifim via cho chfiu ngoai, lfi net van
hofi dac sic trong dffi sing tin ngUdng - tfin
giao d a ngffdi Thffi d vimg bifin giffi Thanh
Hofi. Nguffi Thai d Quan Son cung nhu khu
vQc bifin giffi quan mfm "Khodn ldng td"
rat quan trpng. Nlu khSng cd ldng td Ifim
khodn tM nMlu cfln bfinh lg d a ran chau
khSi^ chfla dOdc, chi d n ffi fin vfa (bfla cdm
goi via) cua ldng td xong lfi khoi. Bfinh
thudng xuat Mfn nhU dau mit, bi hie lao,
buin sau, chdn an, m i t ngu,. (ilhfla thuS'c
thang khdng khdi tM dem con gfi den nhd
d u rupt, bac rupt (la em trai bofie anh trai
d a me) Ifim via cho la se khdi. Dfiy la ndt
van hoa tdm Unh, nhffng ciuig cd hfim y
nhic con chfiu tfin trpng b i n ngogi.


74
Nguffi Thfii thudng ndi"Lun,^ tdpha nhd
ngi", nghia Ifi Bin ngogi nhU dng vua nfid.
Cau tuc ngfl nfiy cung mang ham y nhac
con chfiu phai kinh trpng suy ton bfin
ngogi, vi ngffffi Thfii quan mfim cd ngogi,
cd nfii, cd bl, cd me mffi cd ban thfin minh.
Hofic mii khi cffdi vd, ga chong cho con tM
vai trb cua ong ngogi, bfi ngoai, cau md
dUdc till Mfn rat quan trpng. Thiun chi,
bfin ngogi thffdng cd y kie'n quyfi't dinh

trong cfing vific nfiy, vi the dOdc con chfiu
vfi mpi ngodi b i n hp ndi tdn ldnh, dUdc UU
tifin fin tnfdc, ngii trfin. Dfiy ciing la net
vfin hofi dflc trUtig d a ngUdi Thfii d Quan
Sdn ndi rifing va d a nguffi Ttifii d ^^fit
Nam ndi chung. Net vfin hoa nfiy dUdc
dong bfio gio gin, lUU t m y l n tO dffi nfiy qua
ddi khfic vfi nd vfin cbn nguyen gia tri tot
dep trong xa hfi Mfin dai. Qua day cung
cho thfi'y tfin dU ciia che' dp mau he van cdn
d ^ ndt trong van hoa ffiig xQ cua ngUffi
Thfii, gdp p h i n cOng vdi n i n gifio due hifin
dgi khdi dfiy truyin t h i n g "trpng mlu",
kinh trpng ca bfin d i n g me - ho ngogi, chff
khfing chi dl cao bfin d i n g cha - hp nfi,
vln bilt r i n g "hudng nfi" lfi dac ffiem d a
c h l df xa hSi phu hfi/phu quyln.
Ngofii ra, gifio due cfng ding cbn dffdc
ngffdi Thdi t b i Mfn sdu sic d nMlu gdc dp
trong dffi sing xa bfi. Tifiu bilu trong vfin
bod bao dam dffi sfi'ng, eu t h i trong van
hod d, ngSi nhfi sfin ngffdi Thai lfi mft dgc
trffng vfin hoa*''. Hudn hgn, vdn sdu (nhfi
sfin, lfing cpt) y ndi dfiy lfi net dflc trUhg
cua dan tfc minh. iNhin vfio each fln d dd
ngudi ngoai se nhan bifi't dffdc ngffdi Thai.
Hay vfin hod mfic truyen thS'ng t h i Men ro
nfit n h l t d giffi nfl, mac dfl Mfin nay t h i hfi
tre da fiu hofi, tifi'p nhgn p h i biln trang
phuc Mfn dgi, nhung trong smh hogt binh

thffdng d nhfi, trong l l hfii, ll cffdi, dfim
tang thi phu nff Thai vdn mac trang phuc

Nghien cihi Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015
truyin thfi'ng the Mfin net van hoa rieng.
Dflc bift trong ll tuc cffffi xin, miRig nha
mffi, dfim tang d a ngffdi Thai v i n giQ dffdc
nhflng gifi tri mang tinh dfic trffUg tfc
ngffffi. NMn vfio dd ngffffi ta cd the nhan
bilt Id t4p qufin cua Thai Trang hay Id
Thfii Den. Th^m cbi la d a dbng ho Lb hay
ddng hp Hfi, Vi, LUdng,,, N h l t lfi chQ vilt
vfi ngon ngQ tfc ngffffi dffdc ding bfio gin
giff vfi tran trpng.
Nhin chung, bieu Men vfin hofi tfc ngUdi
sfiu sic nha't trong thdi ky Men nay vdn
chu yfi'u d trong dffi song vfln hod tinh
thIn/pM vfit t h i . So vdi van hod vfit
chat/vat the, dfiy lfi linh vffc vfin hoa it bi
biln dli hdn, d dd bilu Men y thffc va tinh
t h i n tfc ngffdi ro net nhait, manh Uet nhat
vfi sfiu sic nhat, trong dd cd tri thffc v l giao
due cfng ding. Vai trb va chffc n a i ^ d a
gido due cfng dong d a ngffffi Thffi ciing
nhff b i t k^ mft tfc nguffi nao la gdp phan
t l chffe vd qudn ly xa hpi, dong thffi bao ton
vfi phdt huy thuan phong my tuc, dinh
hffdng xa hfi phat trien ben vffng toan ffien
vfi dgt dfi'n gid tri chan - tMfin - my. Bdi
vfiy, mSt n i n gifio due du cd Mfin dai din

dfiu tM vific hudng dfi'n nhijftig gia tri nhan
vfin, hudng dgo con ngffdi bilt chung sing
nhfin fii vffi d u g ding lfi vS cung d n tMet.
Hon nfla, giQa lufit tuc cua ngudi Thai vfli
phfip lufit cua nhfi nude cd mil tffdng quan
n h l t dinh. Vi vfiy ngMfin cQu tfip quan gifio
due d n g d i n g ciaa ngudi Thdi se gdp phin
xdy dutig vfi hofin thifin hfi thS'ng luat phdp
da dffdc Dfing Cfng san Viet Nam chu
trpng. Tai Nghi quylt 48/NQ cua BS chmh
tri khofi DC, cd doan neu rd: "Nghiin cdu
khd n&ng khai thdc, sik dung dn li, tap
qudn (ki cd tdp qudn, thdng li qudc ti) va
guy tdc cda cdc hi^p hpi nghi nghiip, gdp
phdn bd sung vd hodn thiin phdp ludt (Ban
Chip hfinh TW, 2005). Lu$t tuc ndi chung,


Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thdc dia phucmg vi gido due cgng dong...

75

cua ngudi Thdi d miin ndi Thanh Hda,
Ludn dn Tig'n sy Lich sfl, chuygn ngfinh
Dfin tfc hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hfi va
Nhan vfln, Hd Nfi.
3. Mai Hlng Hdi (2012), Kiin trdc nhd co
truyin cda ngUdi Thdi d Thanh Hod trong
sU so sdnh vdi ngiM Tfidi d Tdy Bdc, Tap
chl Dan tfc hpc, s l 1, tr.4-13.

4. Mai Hoi^ Hai (2014), Bdo cdo tSng hgp kit
qua khoa hoc cdng nghe di tdi: Vai trb cua
CHU THICH
tri thilc bdn dia trong phdt triin kinh ti • xd
hpi, giu vi2ng qudc pfidng an ninh d cdng
dong ddn tpc cdc xd biin gidi dnh Thanh
1. R. Robert (1941), Notes sur les Tdy deng de
Hda,
Sd Khoa hpc va Cfing ngh^ Thanh Hoa.
Lang Chdnh (Thanh Hda - An nam), Hanoi
imprimerie d' Extreme - Orient
5. Khong Muih Hlng (2001). Tim kiiu tri thih
vi bdo vi mdi trudng cua ngUdi Tfidi d xd
2. Cf Thanh Hod co 7 tpc ngudi (Thdi, Mudng,
Xudn Le, huyin Thudng Xudn, tinh Thanh
Moi^, Dao, Khd Mfl, Kinh, Thi) cfng sinh,
Hda, Ludn vSn Cfl nhan Sff hpc, Chuyen
trong do & khu vUc bien giffi Thanh Hod c6
ngfinh Ddn tfie hoc, Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa
din 6 ddn sinh sing, trff ddn tfc Thi.
hpi vfi Nhdn van. Hfi Nfii.
3. Theo s l lifiu thing kfi cfla Ban Dan tfc tinh
6. Hofing Ngpc Hflng (2012), Kiin thdc bdn
Thanh Hoa, nam 2009.
dia vi quan /jf vd kfiai thdc ngudn tdi
4. S l lifu do cdc Tnfdng ban cung cd'p nfim
nguyin rUng cua ngUdi Thdi d huyin Quan
2012. Nhan day, tdc gid bfii vilt xin cdm
San, tinh Thanii Hod, Tap cM Dfin toe hpc,
cfn hao y cfla 2 ong Pham Xuan Cff vfi

ti-.65-72.
Pham Quang Thim (2 dng diu la Hfi vign
Hoi Dan tfc hoc vd Nhfin hpc Thanh Hoa) 7. Vu Phuong Nga (2001), Cdc phong tuc tap
qudn vi sinh de vd nudi con cdi cua ngUdi
da cung d p tU lieu vl ngUdi Thai d khu vffc
Thai d xa Xudn Le, huyin ThUdng Xudn,
bien gidi tinh Thanh Hod.
tinli Thanii Hoa, Ludn van Cff nhan Sff
5. Simg trdu dtfpc ngUdi Thfii sfl dung de dong
hpc, Chuygn ngfinh Dan tfc hpc, Dai hoe
ntfdc trong kM rUtfu can, ngUbi Thai d Quan
Khoa hoc Xa hfi va Nhdn vfln. Ha Nfii.
Stfn, Quan Hod gpi Id cbi nfpu, coi nudc.
6. Trdm Id ngUdi qufin xuyen va dieu hdnh cdc 8. Hoang Anh Nhdn (chfl bign) (1985), Vdn
hoa truyin thd'ng mUdng Ca Da, Sd Vdn
hiep rUtfu d n . NgUdi ldm trdm thudng Id
hfia thfing ttn Thanh Hoa.
ngudi kheo mieng, flng xff linh hoat ngn
9. R. Robert (1941), Notes sur les Tdy deng de
mdi ai ngUdi ay cung kho tff choi.
Lcmg Chdnh (Thanh Hda - An nam), Hanoi
7. Mai Hong Hai (2012), ffien triic nim co
imprimerie d Extrfime - Orient.
truyen cua ngUdi Thdi d Thanh Hod trong
su so sdnh vdi ngUdi Thdi d Tdy Bdc, Tgp 10. Charles Robequain (2012), Tinh Thanh
chi Dfin toe hpc, s l 1, tr.4-13.
Hod, Nxb Thanh Hod.
11. Ngfi Xuan Sao (2012), Tri tfiiic bdn dia
trong canh tdc liia nUang truyen thd'ng cda
ngudl Thdi cua ngUdi Tfidi d cdc xd miin

T A I L D E U THAM KHAO
nui phia Tdy Thanh Hod, Tap chi Ddn tfie
hpc, s l 1, tr.39-47.
1. Vuong Anh (2001), Tiip can vdn hoa bdn 12. Cao van Thanh (chu bien) (2005), Bdo ton
Thdi xU Thanh, Sd Vfin hfia thong tin
vd phdt trien vdn hda truyen tfiong cda
Thanh Hoa xuit ban, Thanh Hoa.
ngudi Thdi vdng nui Bdc Trung bp hiin
nay, Nxb CMnh tri quic gia. Ha Nfii.
2. Vu TrUdng Giang (2009), Tri thUc bdn dia

lufit tye d a ngUffi Thffi ndi rilng trfin thUc
t l da h i trd phfip ludt de quan ly xa hfii tfc
ngffdi tot hon theo hffdng phO hdp vffi vfin
hofi, tam ly tdc ngUffi vfi dUdc tfc ngUdi
ngMen tuc thUc Men./.