Báo cáo "Phát triển du lịch bền vững nhìn từ góc độ vệ sinh an toàn thực phẩm " ppt

XAY DONG
MO
HlNH
PHAT
TRI^N
KINH
T£
VI$T
NAM
TRONG
THOI
KY
O£N
2020
Bui Tat Thang*
Trong sd 34(7/2010), Tap chi da gidi
thieu cdc
plidn:
I. Bdi canh; 2. Yeu cdu
phdt trien nhanh han vd ben vdng han
nen kinh te Viet Nam. Trong sd ndy, mdi
cdc ban don xem phdn tiep theo.
3.
Phat trien vdfi
hif
u suat cao
Mud'n phat trien phai cd ngudn
Iffc.
Ngudn
Iffc
cd the tff cd (dat dai, tai

nguyen, con ngffdi, vd'n lie'ng), vay mffpn
tff ben ngoai, do ngffdi nffdc ngoai mang
den lam an d nffdc ta. Trong kinh te hpc,
ngudn
Iffc
thffdng, khan hiem, hffu ban.
Vi vay, sff dung ngudn
Iffc
de phat trien
phai dam bao sao cho cd hieu suat cao
nhat, mdi dan vi
gi*i
tri sff dung d dau ra
cua san pham can tieu ton it nhat cac
ngudn
Iffc
d dau vao de tao ra nd.
Thffc te cho thay, nhffng nen kinh te
cd sff khdi dau an tffpng (td'c dp tang
trffdng kinh te, gia tang cua san xuat
cdng nghiep cao; ddi sd'ng cua dan cff dffge
cai thien, xa hgi va chinh tri dn dinh ),
nhffng thdi gian duy tri lai khdng dffge
bao lau. Sau mdt thdi gian ngan ngui, nen
kinh te td ra "hut hoi", "mat da", tdc dp
tang trffdng cham dan, tham chi chuyen
sang suy thoai va rai vao trang thai thieu
nang. Dd la tinh trang phat trien khdng
hieu qua va khdng ben vffng. Mdt trong
nhffng diem cdt ldi cua trang hud'ng nay

la nen kinh te da tang trudng khdng phai
dffa tren tang nang suat.
Phat trien va phat trien cd hieu suat
la hai khai niem khac nhau. Neu lgi tffc
qudc dan hoac tdng san pham trong nffdc
(GDP) tinh tren dau ngffdi tang hen tuc
trong mdt thdi gian
tffOng
dd'i dai va
trong qua trinh phat trien, cd sff chuyen
dich CP cau dang ke thi cd the coi dd la
mpt nen kinh te phat trien. Trong qua
trinh nay, tff ban dffpc tich luy, dat dai,
tai nguyen dffpc khai khan dffa vao sff
dung va lao dpng dffpc ddng vien ngay
cang nhieu vao cac linh vffc san xuat.
Ngoai ra, cac yeu to' san xuat cung dffpc
di chuyen tff cac nganh cd nang suat thap
nhff ndng nghiep, sang cac nganh cd nang
suat cao hpn nhff cdng nghiep, dich vu,
tao sff chuyen dich ca cau GDP va cac mat
khac cua nen kinh te.
Hien tffpng va sff phat trien nay la qua
trinh GDP hoac san Iffgng (output) tang
len nhd dgng vien ngay cang nhieu cac yeu
to'
san xuat (input). Tuy nhien, neu ngi
dung phat trien chi cd vay thi chffa the ggi
la mot nen kinh te phat trien cd hieu suat.
Nen kinh te

dffge
xem la phat trien cd
hieu suat khi do gia tang cua nd nhieu ban
la tdng phan tang dau vao, tffc cac yeu to'
san xuat. Phan nhieu ban dd cd dffge do ap
dung ngay cang nhieu tien bp khoa hgc
cdng nghe, tri thffc quan ly kinh doanh, tff
ban va tai nguyen dung cd hieu suat han
va trinh dp lao ddng ngay cang cao ban
nhd day manh giao
due
va dao tao Trong
phffong phap tinh toan tang trffdng
(growth accounting) phan cdn lai nay dffpc
gpi la nang suat tdng hpp cua tat ca cac
yeu td san xuat (Total Factor Productivity
TFP)"
(Trdn Vdn Thg 1997).
Bui Tat Thang, Pho giao
su,
Tie'n si, Vien Chien
lifoc
Phat trien.
$635(8+9/2010)
QUAN LY KINH IE
troi
NGHIEN
CUU
-
TRAO 001

XAY DUNG MO HiNH
PHAT
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KY
OEN
2020
Van dd hieu suat khdng chi la yeu cau
mang tinh kinh te ma cdn la van de thudc
ban chat cua phat trien ben vffng (md'i
quan he giffa phat trien kinh te va con
ngffdi vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen va mdi
trffdng thien nhien). Nhin lai sff phat
trien cua the ky XX, ngffdi ta nhan thay,
ben canh nhffng thanh tffu tuyet vdi ve
tien bg khoa hgc cdng nghe, ve phat trien
sffe san xuat va cua cai, loai ngffdi da phai
ddi mat vdi mot hien thffc khac nghiet:
dan sd bung nd, ngudn tai nguyen can
kiet, mdi trffdng tdi te di nhanh chdng.
Hoat dpng con ngffdi da pha hoai nghiem
trpng CO sd sinh tdn va phat trien cua
chinh minh, tien dd tdt dep rat cd the bi
pha buy trong mpt sdm mdt chieu. Trong
sff suy xet sau sac ve nguy
cO
sd'ng cdn cua
loai ngffdi, tff tffdng chien
Iffpe

phat trien
ben vffng da ra ddi. (He Yongping , Feng
Pengzhi, 1998, tr. 10). Nhan loai neu cff
tie'n trien vdi mffc tieu hao nhff hien nay,
trong mpt thdi gian khdng lau, cac ngudn
tai nguyen tren trai dat se hoan toan can
kiet. Theo nhieu nghien cffu, trong sd cac
ngudn tai nguyen khoang vat, sat chi cd
the duy tri khoang 173 nam, than ehffng
150 nam, nhdm dffpc 55 nam, ddng dffpc
48 nam, vang 29 nam. Ddi vdi tai nguyen
sinh vat, rffng ram 170 nam nffa se bi ddn
bet. Dang quan ngai la, rffng mffa nhiet
ddi cd the se het
nhSn
sau 40 nam. Dgng
vat vdi so' Iffgng hang tram nghin loai
dang nhanh chdng bi tuyet diet. Do chiem
dung dat de lam nha d, dffdng sa, nha
xffdng, cdng them sff de doa cua sa mac
hoa, chua man hoa, xdi mdn do gid mffa,
dat canh tac dang giam di tffng nam.
Tieng chudng canh bao tai nguyen tff
nhien can kiet da ddng; day lai la mdt van
de cd tinh toan cau vd cung nghiem trgng
va gay can trong phat trien ben vffng.
4.
Phat trien vi con
ngt^dfi
Tff tffdng phat trien vi con ngffdi da trd

thanh quan niem pho bien cua the gidi
dffang dai. Dffdi nggn cd cua td chffc phat
^
QUAN LY KINH
TE
trien cua Lien Hgp Qudc (UNDP), tff nam
1990,
to chffc nay da cho xuat ban deu
dan hang nam Bdo cao phdt trien con
ngudi vdi y tffdng trung tam, lay con
ngffdi la muc tieu cua phat trien kinh te
vdi
each
nhin md rdng ban ve nhieu mat
trong ddi sd'ng xa hpi.
Phat trien con ngffdi la muc tieu cudi
cung cua phat trien kinh te. Vdi tff
each
la
muc tieu chff khdng phai la mdt phffong
tien, phat trien con ngffdi nham lam giau
cho cude sd'ng con ngffdi. Sff giau cd ve vat
chat (tao ra khdi Iffpng hang hoa va dich
vu ldn han) cd the gdp phan thffc hien dieu
nay, nhffng khdng ban la da phat trien con
ngffdi. Thffc te cho thay, khdng tdn tai mdi
lien he 1/1 giffa sff giau cd ve vat chat
(tinh bang GDP binh quan dau ngffdi) vdi
sff giau cd ve tinh than (tinh bang chi sd
phat trien con ngffdi). Do vay, quan diem

san pham qud'c gia ve phat trien con ngffdi
can dffge coi nhff la chi tieu dau tien cua
trinh dp phat trien.
Xet cho cung, van de ca ban la kha
nang cua con ngffdi de cd dffge tudi thg
ngay cang cao (do bang tudi thg ky vgng
trung binh) va mgt sffe khoe tdt (do bang
ty le tff vong), cd du dieu kien hgc tap va
hieu biet tri thffc (do bang ty le tre em
den trffdng va ty le biet dgc biet viet), cd
dii thu nhap de mua
IffOng
thffc, quan ao,
nha d va tham gia vao cac quyet dinh cd
anh hffdng trffc tiep den cude sdng cua hg
va cua cdng ddng v.v " (NXB Chinh tri
Quoc gia, Hd Ngi 1999; tr. 48-49).
Rd rang la phat trien kinh te giff vai
trd phffong tien de dat tdi muc tieu phat
trien con ngffdi; bao gdm cac mat: phuc
lgi vat chat day du ban,
sffe
khoe tdt ban,
tudi thg cao ban va
dffge
hgc hanh de
nang cao tri tue va ddi sd'ng tinh than. Di
xa ban nffa, phat trien con ngudi cdn
dffge
quan niem la qua trinh md rgng cac

Iffa
chpn, tffc la qua trinh
nane
cao nang
lire
va md rdng
cP
hpi cua ffa chpn " Sff
phat trien cd the
dffpr .i
la mdt qua
$635(8+9/2010)
XAYDl/NG
Md HlNH PHAT TRIEN KINH TE
VIET
NAM TRONG THdl KY DEN 2020
NGHIEN CQU
-
TRAO 001
[^IH
trinh
md
rdng
cac
quyen
tff do
thffc
sff ma
ngffdi
dan

dffpc hffdng. Viec
tap
trung
vao
cac quyen
tff do cua con
ngffdi tffpng phan
vdi nhffng quan diem
ban hep ban ve sff
phat trien, chang
ban
nhff dinh nghia
tang trffdng tdng
san
pham qud'c
dan
(GNP),
hoac tang
thu
nhap
ca
nhan, hoac
cdng nghiep boa, hoac tien
bp
cdng nghe,
hoac
la
hien
dai boa xa hpi. Tat
nhien,

tang trffdng
GNP
hoac
thu
nhap
ca
nhan
cd
the cd y
nghia
bet
sffe quan trpng
vdi
vai
trd la
phffPng
tien
de md
rdng
cac
quyen
tff do ma cac
thanh vien ciia
xa hpi
dffpc hffdng." (Amartya
Sen
2002;
tr. 13).
Trong dieu kien
ddi

ngheo
tdn
tai, tinh
trang ngheo
ddi
dffge
giam thieu
va
nhffng
ngffdi
vi
nhffng
ly do
khac nhau
tam
thdi
bi
ddi
ngheo, khdng
bi xa hgi bd
roi
do la
bieu hien cdng bang
xa hgi hay sff
phat
trien
ben
vffng
ve mat xa hgi. Nha
kinh

te
hgc cd
dien Adam Smith (1776)
da
tffng
ndi:
"Khdng
cd xa hgi nao cd the
chae
chan hffng thinh
va cd
hanh phuc
khi
phan
ldn
ngffdi
dan
phai sd'ng trong canh
ngheo
ddi va khd
cffc" (Michael P.Todaro
1998,
tr.l87.).
Td
chffc Oxfarm
cho
rang:
"Ndi thing
ra,
tinh trang ngheo

khd
tran
lan khdng
chi ndi len mdt nen
kinh
te vd
cung
kem
hieu
Iffc
ma cdn la mot sff vi
pham
cac
quyen
co ban".
(Oxfam
International
/1997,
tr. 16.).
Bao
cao
Phat trien
con
ngffdi
nam
1996
cua
UNDP
da
canh

bao ve cac
dang
thffc tang trffdng khdng
vi con
ngffdi,
dd
la nhffng hien tffgng tdng trUdng khong
viec
Idm,
khong luang
tdm,
khong tieng
noi, khong
gdc
r§,
khong tuang
lai.
- Tdng trudng khong viec
Idm
(Jobless
growth-where):
la
tang trffdng nhffng
ca
hgi viec
lam
khdng
dffge
md
rdng. Trong

luc kinh
te
tang trffdng, tinh trang that
nghiep
vin
lan
tran, hang tram trieu
ngffdi
cd
mffc
thu
nhap
rat
thap, nhat
la
d
cac khu
vffc ndng nghiep
va
dich
vu phi
chinh thffc.
- Tdng trudng khong luang
tdm
(Ruthless growth-where): thanh
qua
tang
trffdng kinh
te chu yeu dem lai lgi ich eho
ngffdi giau, trong

luc
hang trieu ngffdi
ngheo
vin
phai
vat ldn vdi ddi
khat.
UNDP tinh rang,
tff nam 1970 den 1985,
GNP toan
cau
tang 40%, nhffng
sd
Iffgng
ngffdi ngheo cung
da
tang them
17%.
- Tdng trudng khong tieng
noi
(Voiceless growth-where):
la
tang trffdng
khdng
di
cung
md
rgng
dan chu,
quyen

con ngffdi, binh dang gidi
va kha
nang
tiep
can vdi cac
ngudn
Iffc
va
dieu kien
phat trien.
- Tdng trudng khong
gdc ri
(Rootless
growth-which):
dd la
tang trffdng khdng
dam
bao bao
duy
tri va
phat trien tinh
da
dang
va dgc dao cua van hda. Cac nha
van
hda
ffdc tinh, trai
dat cd tdi
10.000
dang

van hda
khac nhau, nhffng nhieu
nen
van hda
trong so'
nay
dang
cd
nguy
cP
mai
mdt,
tham
chi hi van
minh cdng
nghiep quet
bd.
Sau cung tdng trUdng khong tuang
lai
(Futureless growth-where):
la
tang trffdng
kinh
te
phung
phi
nhffng ngudn
Iffc
hien
tai,

chang
de lai gi cho cac the he
tffong
lai.
Day la
tinh trang
kha phd
bien
d
nhffng
nen
kinh
te
dffa
vao
khai thac
qua
mffc
cac
ngudn
tai
nguyen,
gay d
nhiem
mdi trffdng,
cac
ddng sdng, ngudn nffdc,
buy hoai rffng
va
canh quan

Nhffng kieu phat trien tren
day
khdng
chi
lam
tram trgng them tinh trang
bat
binh dang,
ma cdn
khdng
duy tri
dffpc
tinh
ben
vffng trong phat trien.
(Xem:
UNBP: Human Bevelopment Report
1996.
New York, Oxford University Press 1996).
Tff
cac
khia canh
tff
nhien,
xa hpi va ca
che
neu ra, cd the
khai quat
lai la:
"Chien

Iffpc phat trien
ben
vffng
la sff hpi tu va
thang
hoa cua mpi tff
tffdng
td't dep
dffpc
lffu truyen
het ddi ng
sang
ddi kia
trong
nhan
the.
Chien
luge
nay,
ngoai nguyen
tac
chu dao ve
tinh
bin
vdng (sustainabil-
$635(8+9/2010)
QUAN
LY
KINH
TE

MB
NGHIEN aim
-
TRAO 001
XAY
DI/NG
MO
HiNH PHAT
TRI^N
KINH TE VIET NAM TRONG THOI KY OEN 2020
ity),
cdn bao gdm 3 nguyen tac ve tinh
cong bdng (fairness), nd vffa ddi hdi sff
cdng bang cho ngffdi the he nay, vffa ddi
hdi sff cdng bang cho cac the he sau; tinh
hdi hod (harmony), mot mat la sff hai hoa
giffa con ngffdi va gidi tff nhien, mat khac
la sff hai hoa (hoa muc) giffa ngffdi va
ngffdi; tinh cgng dong (common), nd nhan
manh tinh chinh the cua dia cau va tinh
phu thudc lan nhau cua loai ngffdi, mudn
thffc hien muc tieu chung cua sff phat
trien ben vffng, can ap dung hanh ddng
lien hgp chung toan
ciu".
(Shu Yongqin
2002
tr.6).
Tdm lai, phat trien ben vffng la sff
phat trien mang tinh tdng hgp vdi muc

tieu rd rang la vi con ngffdi, khdng chi la
sff md rdng ca hgi
Iffa
chpn cho the he
hdm nay ma cdn khdng dffpc lam tdn hai
den nhffng
cP
hdi
Iffa
chpn ciia cac the he
mai sau. Sff ben vffng cua phat trien dffpc
the hien ca d khia canh kinh te, xa hgi
va mdi trffdng. Dd la qua trinh gia tang
phuc lgi cho cac the he con ngffdi bang
each gia tang tai san, bao gdm tai san vat
chat, tai san tai chinh, tai san con ngffdi,
tai san mdi trffdng (nffdc sach, khdng khi
sach, bai ca, rffng cay, dat dai ) va tai
san xa hgi (sff tin cay lan nhau, kha nang
lien ket, sff dam bao an ninh cho ngffdi va
tai san ).
5.
Mof
cvta,
hpi nhap de phat trien
Thffc tiin lich sff chffa tffng cd vi du
nao ve phat trien bang con dffdng biet
lap vdi phan cdn lai cua the gidi.
Trffde
day, nhffng nffdc di tien phong tren con

dffdng CNH di ra the gidi bang bp mat
cua chu nghla thffc dan (xam chiem thugc
dia, va vet tai nguyen, md rgng thi
trffdng,
cffOng
vffc ). Ngay nay, nhffng
nffdc di sau khdng the (va cang khdng cd
ca hdi) lap lai con dffdng lich sff day mau
Iffa
ay. Nhffng hp cd each hpc hdi kinh
nghiem va du nhap dffpc cac ngudn
Iffc
phat trien ve vd'n, cdng nghe - ky thuat,
|]3 QUAN LY KINH
TE
tri thffc quan ly, nhan
Iffc
de rut ngan
khoang each thdi gian so vdi cac nffdc
CNH
CO
dien
trffde
day nhd
"Ipi
the cua
ngffdi di sau", do nhffng dac diem mang
tinh thdi dai la xu the tang nhanh tien
trinh toan cau boa vdi nhffng bieu hien
mdi ve chat mang lai.

Bat chap nhffng khd khan, sff ehd'ng
dd'i cua mdt so' nhdm xa hgi vdi cac loai
chinh kien va quyen lgi khac nhau; vdi tff
each
la mpt xu the tat yeu khach quan,
tien trinh toan cau hoa tie'p tuc gia tang
tren khap mgi phffdng dien va dang cd xu
hffdng chi phdi qua trinh van dpng chung
cua kinh te the gidi. Dffpc sff hd trg cua
each mang khoa hgc cdng nghe, dac biet
la sff phat trien vffgt bac trong
linh
vffc
dien tff, cdng nghe thdng tin, thang the
cua
cP
che thi trffdng mang tinh toan cau
da tao ra sff thd'ng nhat trong cP. che xff
ly cac md'i quan he kinh te, trong dd cd
hai dac diem dang lffu y, dd la:
Thff nhat, sff lien ket chdc ndng san
xuat da gan ke't nen kinh te toan cau,
khien cho bien gidi kinh te qud'c gia ngay
cang md nhat. Dieu nay lam cho cac
chinh sach kinh te qud'c gia ngay cang
phai tinh tdi sff phdi hpp vdi cac yeu to'
ben ngoai khdng cdn mang sac thai biet
lap nhff
trffde.
Nhieu doanh nghiep qud'c

gia gid day thffdng xuyen phai chiu sffe ep
canh tranh mang tinh toan cau, cugc
canh tranh vi the che da bdt ddu va the
che qud'c gia phai thich ffng nhieu ban vdi
toan cau hoa.
Hai la, trong dieu kien todn cdu hod
tdi chinh, quan he qud'c te chiu sff chi
phdi cua chinh sach tai chinh - tien te,
ma chinh sach nay lai khdng tach rdi
khdi yeu td chinh tri. Tren thffc te, toan
cau hoa ngay nay diin ra ca dffdi hinh
thffc dau tranh giffa cac nffdc vdi cac the
Iffc
tai chinh khac nhau. Chinh vi vay,
toan cau hoa tac dgng den cac nffdc khac
nhau mdt
each
khdng g nhau. Viec
tim ra phffong thffc
he :
Ac trong dau
$635(8+9/2010)
XAY DUNG MO HiNH
PHAT
TRIEN KINH
li
VIET NAM TRONG THdl KY
D^N
2020
NGHIEN CUU

-
TRAO 001 [j^'i I
\\
tranh
de sao cho
toan
cau boa dat
hieu
qua
cao
nhat
vdi mdi
qudc
gia da trd
thanh
van de
ehinh sach
chu
chd't.
Dac diem
ndi bat cua
toan
cau hoa tai
chinh
la md ra ca hdi thu hut vdn dau tff
de
day
nhanh
qua
trinh CNH-HDH

d cac
nffdc dang phat trien. Mffc
dp thu hut FDI
cua Trung Qud'c
va
thanh cdng tang
trffdng kinh
te cua hp 20 nam qua la mot
bang
ehffng
rat
thuyet phuc
ve
dieu
nay.
Tuy nhien, cuoc khung hoang kinh
te - tai
chinh chau
A
cudi thap nien
90 cua the
ky
trffde
va dac
biet
la
cude khung hoang
tai chinh
va suy
thoai kinh

te the
gidi
mdi dien
ra da
canh
bao ve
nhffng
rui ro
cd
the xay ra do
toan
cau hoa tai
chinh
mang lai.
Vi
vay, khdng
vi rui ro ma
dffng
ngoai ddng chay toan
cau boa tai
chinh
ma
can
tang cffdng
cac
bien phap phdng
ngffa
rui ro vdi hai npi
dung
chu

chd't
dffge
rut ra tff
chinh kinh nghiem
khic
phuc
hau qua
ciia khung hoang kinh
te -
tai chinh chau
A, dd la
minh bach
hoa
cac boat ddng
tai
chinh, tang cffdng hanh
ddng
tap the d khu
vffc
va the
gidi trong
viec phdi
hpp
chinh sach phat trien kinh
te.
Dieu
nay ngu y, an
toan
nam d
chinh

ngay
sff hgp tac. Khi
bien
nen
kinh
te
qud'c
gia
thanh
mot
phan
cua
kinh
te the
gidi
thi neu xay ra "sff cd", mot
hanh
dpng
tap the
chdng
lai sff bat dn
phai
trd
thanh
bat
bugc.
Ve phffPng dien
lao
dgng,
neu

nhff
trffde
day,
cac
ludng
di cff
thffdng
gin
vdi
nhffng
bien dgng
ldn ve
kinh
te the
gidi,
thi
trong toan
cau hoa
ngay
nay, cac
ddng
di
chuyen
lao
ddng qudc
te lai
diln
ra
thffdng
xuyen

vdi qui md ldn.
Theo Ngan hang
The gidi,
vao dau the ky
XXI
se cd
khoang
130 trieu ngffdi sdng
d ben
ngoai nffdc
minh sinh
ra.
So' lieu phan tich
cho
thay,
neu
nam
1975
cd 2,5
trieu ngffdi vffgt bien
gidi qud'c
gia thi den nam
1995
con sd nay
da
cd tdi 23
trieu ngffdi. Ngoai
ra, cdn cd
tren
20

trieu ngffdi
di
chuyen
den nai d
mdi trong
ngi bd cua cac
qudc
gia.
Cung nhff toan
ciu
hoa tai
chinh,
sff
gia tang td'c
dp va quy md di
chuyen ddng
nhan
Iffc
da dem lai
nhieu
cP hdi cho cac
nffdc dang cdng nghiep
hoa. Dd'i vdi
linh
vffc
thffPng
mai
hang
hoa va
dich

vu,
giai
doan toan
ciu
hoa
ngay
nay
khdng
chi
ehffng kien
sff gia
tang
han
trffde
ma cac
hinh thffc thffong
mai
gin
vdi
cdng nghe
thdng
tin
nhff
thffOng
mai
dien
tff da ra
ddi
va
phat trien

rat
nhanh chdng. Nhff
vay
la,
trong
bdi
canh toan
cau hoa tai
chinh ngay
nay,
chien Iffgc cdng nghiep
hoa phai tinh
tdi sff
boat dgng
cua
mang
Iffdi
san
xuat
da
qud'c
gia,
dffge
hd trg bdi
mang thdng
tin
Internet toan
ciu
(chudi
gia

tri
toan
ciu).
Nghia
la gid day
cin
phai tham
gia vao
chudi
gia tri
toan
ciu
de thffc hien viec chuyen dich
ca cau
kinh
te
cua mdi
qud'c
gia khi
tien hanh cdng
nghiep
hoa. Dd
chinh
la cai mdi, ed sff
khac biet dang
ke vdi
nhffng
qua
trinh
cdng nghiep

hoa
trffde
day, khi ma sff
phan cdng
lao
dgng qud'c
te
didn
ra chu
yeu
qua
viec cung
cap san
pham chff chffa
hoan toan
la sff
phan cdng
lao
ddng thdng
qua chuyen
mdn hoa
chffc nang
san
xuat
theo
he
thd'ng lien
ket
mang toan
ciu.

Viec
tim
each tham
gia vdo
mang
sdn
xuat todn
cdu vd tim
dugc
chd
ddng vdng
chdc tren
thi
trUdng
(cd
trong nUdc
ldn
the gidi)
co y
nghia quyet dinh
ddi vdi
cong nghiep
hod
trong dieu kien hien
nay.
Sff di
chuyen
nay bao gdm hai
bffdc
chu yeu:

mdt la, tff chd d ben
ngoai mang
trd thdnh
mdt
khau
cua
mgng;
va hai la
tff
mat
khau
cd gia tri gia
tang thap
chuyen
len
(ndng
cdp,
upgrading)
bg
phan
CO
gid tri gia
tdng
cao hon,
hoac
tff
nang
cap de cd gia tri gia
tang
cao ban

ngay
khi
vin
d bd
phan
sin
cd. Sff
chuyen dich
cff cau
nhff
vay
vffa
bao ham
each tiep
can
truyen thdng
ve
dich
chuyen
ca cau, lai
vffa
md
rdng
tam tff
duy
do sff ddi hdi cua
thffc tiin. Cach
hinh dung dich chuyen
ca cau
kinh

te cu
la
cd
gang
di
chuyen ngudn
Iffc
tff khu
vffc
$635(8+9/2010)
QUAN
LY
KINH TE
^
ill ii lii
NGHIEN
CIJ^
• TRAP
001
XAY
DUNG MO HlNH PHAT
TRI^N
KINH TE VIET NAM TRONG THdl KY DEN 2020
ndng nghiep truyen thdng
(cd
nang suat
thap) sang
khu
vffc cdng nghiep hien
dai

(dai dien
cho khu
vffc
cd
nang suat
cao).
Cach
nghi
nay vdn
hoan toan hien nhien
trong thdi
ky
each mang cdng nghiep,
nhffng dang
trd nen
khdng hoan toan
dung trong dieu kien
mdi
ngay
nay. Van
de
la d chd,
dffdi
tae
dgng
cua
khoa
hgc
cdng nghe hien
dai, mot mat the

gidi
dang trong thdi
ky
chuyen
ddi
sang
xa
hdi
hau
cdng nghiep,
khu
vffc nang suat
cao
bay gid
khdng
chi la
cdng nghiep
ma
bao
gdm ca khu
vffc dich
vu
dffa tren
cd
sd khoa
hgc -
cdng nghe hien
dai,
dang
chiem

ty
trgng
cao
nhat trong nhffng
nen
kinh
te thi
trffdng phat trien.
Mat
khac,
khu vffc ndng nghiep
trffde
day
mac nhien
coi
la khu
vffc nang suat thap,
do ap
dung
tien
bd
khoa
hpc -
cdng nghe hien
dai,
khdng
it
linh vffc
da cd gia tri gia
tang

rat
cao va
dieu quan trpng
la khi gan ket
vao chudi
gia tri
toan
ciu,
san
xuat ndng
nghiep khdng
chi cdn la ndi san
xuat
ra
cac
san
pham
cd gia tri gia
tang thap.
Nhff
vay la,
cung
vdi
dich chuyen
cd cau
nganh
vi
md (tff
ndng nghiep sang cdng
nghiep

va tff
ndng nghiep
va
cdng nghiep
sang dich
vu),
Viet
Nam
cung nhff nhieu
nffdc dang cdng nghiep
hoa
ngay
nay cdn
cd
CO hdi
thuc
day
chuyen dich
cP
cau
kinh
te vi md (cap
doanh nghiep) theo
hffdng
hgi
nhap qud'c
te. Qua
trinh cdng
nghiep
hoa cd cd may rut

ngin
chinh
la
nhd
vao mdt
phan quan trgng
tff
nhffng
chinh sach thuc
day
dich chuyen
cjp
cau
theo each tiep
can nay.
Nhffng nghien cffu
ve cac
cdng
ty
hien
dai
cdn cho
thay, nhffng
nam
1970
trd ve
trffde,
cac
cdng
ty

thffdng
tap
trung
nd
Iffc
nghien cffu
ddi mdi he
thong
sdn
xuat
(innovation
of
production system) nham
giam
chi phi
diu
vao,
tang khdi Iffgng
san xuat
va
khuyen khich tieu dung hang
loat. Ngudn
lgi
nhuan
thu
dffge
chu yeu
do giam
chi
phi

san
xuat
va
tang
so
ngffdi
tieu dung,
net dae
trffng
cua thi
trffdng
ngffdi ban. Nhffng tinh hinh
da ddi
khac,
tff
sau
thap
ky 70; cac
cdng
ty
hien
dai
thu
lgi
nhuan
chu yeu tff
viec
doi mdi sdn
pham (innovation
of

products) (chff khdng
phai
tff ddi mdi he
thdng
san
xuat), nham
nhan mffc tieu dung
hay gia
tang
tdc do
tieu dung,
la net dac
trffng
eua thi
trffdng
ngffdi mua.
Gia
tdng
toe
do
tieu dung
gid
day khong
con la
cdch kinh doanh
nda
md
la mot
triet
ly

kinh doanh
mai.
Bang
each
nay,
ngffdi
ta
khdng
cin
phai
md
rdng
san
xuat, tham
chi cdn thu hep quy
md
san
xuat, nhffng
lgi
nhuan
thu
dffge
van
ldn
ban.
Day la
dieu
mdi ve
chat
cua

cac TNCs hien
dai
trong dieu kien toan
cau
hoa.
Hinh thffc
td
chffc
cua
cdng
ty
gid
day da ddi
khac.
De thu lgi
nhuan,
cac cdng
ty
khdng nhat thiet phai
cd he
thd'ng
san
xuat rieng
cua
minh.
Cdc
TNCs dang chuyen giao mgnh
me he
thdng
sdn

xuat
ra ben
ngodi, sang nhdng
nUdc
kem
phdt trien
han,
trong
khi lgi
gidm
bdt quy mo d
cong
ty me.
Toan
ciu
hoa khien
cho he
thdng
san
xuat
va
phan
phdi dffge chuyen
ra ben
ngoai, trong
khi
cac TNCs
chi tap
trung
nim

giff
he
thd'ng
tai chinh
va ban
quyen, nhffng linh vffc
dem
lai
ehffng
70%
tdng
lgi
nhuan cdng
ty
tff
toan
bg chu
trinh boat ddng kinh
doanh. Day thffc
sff la mot
co
hdi ma
toan
ciu
hoa dem lai cho cac
nffdc cham phat
trien
de
tiep nhan
he

thdng
san
xuat
va
phan phd'i
tff eae
TNCs
khi
tham
gia vao
qua trinh toan
eiu
hoa. Sff bat ddi
xffng
ve phan chia
lgi
nhuan trong
he
thdng
toan
ciu
khien
mot sd hgc gia
phffdng
Tay
gpi la "sff
phan biet chung
tdc ve mat
kinh
te",

nhffng
la mot
thffc
te
hien hffu
chffa
cd he
thd'ng
td't hPn nao
thay
the.
(Xin
xem
them: Bruno Amoroso:
On
Globalization
-
Capitalism
in the 21st
Century. Roskilde, Benmark; 2001).
Tdm
lai, yeu td
qudc
te cua qua
trinh
phat trien khdng phai
den nay mdi
dffge
neu
ra

nhff
mot
trong
:' ig
nguyen
tie
CP
ban.
Kinh nghiem
1 sff eua bat ky
QUAN LY KINH
TE
$635(8+9/2010)
XAY DUNG MO HiNH
PHAT
TRIEN KINH
ji
VIET NAM TRONG THdl KY OEN 2020
NGHIEN ClJfU
-
TRAO 001
[^ii
mdt nffdc CNH mudn nao cung deu gan
vdi yeu to' qud'c te vdi tff
each
la mpt dgng
Iffc,
mdt ngudn
Iffc
phat trien, mpt cai

dich (it ra la ve mat cdng nghe, ky thuat)
cin
hffdng tdi va la mpt dieu kien quan
trgng cua CNH rut ngan. Qua trinh CNH
cua Viet Nam trong thdi ky
cP
che KHH
tap trung cung da tffng nhan rat manh
yeu td trp
giffp
tff ben ngoai. Nhffng cd le,
trong dieu kien mdi cua toan
ciu
hoa,
tinh chat khan thiet, sdng cdn cua hdi
nhap qud'c te nham nang cao nang
Iffc
canh tranh va kha nang thich nghi vdi
nhffng bien ddi mau le cua tinh hinh kinh
te qudc te lai dat ra gay
git
ban bao gid
bet. Cho du biet
trffde
nhffng thach thffc
se khdng nhd va cd the cdn gia tang,
nhffng ca hpi cho phat trien cung nhieu
va van de la khdng the khdng hdi nhap
vdi kinh te qudc te ma hy vpng cd dffpc
thanh cdng. Lich sff CNH the gidi den

nay khdng cho thay mdt vi du nao nhff
vay. Vi vay, dfft khoat phai md cffa, hpi
nhap;
trffde
het la
cin
hai hda hda cac ca
che chinh sach theo thdng le qudc te de
cung phat trien.
Nhffng quan diem phat trien neu ra
dffa tren viec danh gia mdt
each
tdng
quat "kinh te Viet Nam dang ddng
trude
mot
khde
ngogt" cua tien trinh phat trien
sau 20 nam ddi mdi va md cffa; de tiep
tuc hanh trinh chinh phuc nhffng muc
tieu phat trien cao han, "can cd cai
each
toan dien de lam tien de cho giai dpan
phat trien ben vffng. Cai each toan dien
cd nghia la xay dffng mpt he thd'ng cp che
hoan chinh hPn, quy md rdng hpn va phffc
tap nhffng vffng chae so vdi giai dpan
tang trffdng ban
diu.
Dac biet, khi kinh

te hpi nhap manh vao thi trudng the gidi,
nhieu van de phffc tap phat sinh ddi hdi
cd cp che hffu hieu de tan dung ca hpi mdi
va de ngan ngffa bat dn dinh", nhff
each
ndi cua Rodrik (2007) dd la he thdng ca
che chat Iffgng cao (high quality institu-
tions).
(Trdn Vdn Thg 2008).
$635(8+9/2010)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
• Amartya Sen (2002), Phdt trien
Id
quyen tU
do,
NXB Thdng
ke.
Ha Noi.
. Angus Maddison (2001), The World econo-
my: Amillennial Perspective, (OECD 2001).
> Bruno Amoroso (2001), On Globalization -
Capitalism in the 21st Century, Roskilde,
Denmark.
• Oxfam International (1997), Tdng trUang
vdi cong bdng,
ChuOng
trinh thao luan ve
chu de xoa doi giam ngheo thang 9/1997.
. Michael P.Todaro (1998), Kinh te hgc cho
the gidi

thii
ba, Nxb Giao
due.
Ha Noi.
. Mark Shousen (2007), The Big Three in
Economics. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, New
York. London, England 2007.
• Phdt trien con ngudi - Tic quan niem den
chien
luge
vd hanh dgng, NXB Chinh tri
Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 1999.
• Korea Nuclear Energy Foundation - KNEF,
2008.
+ Harvard University - John F. Kennedy
School Government -
+ Chuong trinh chau A:
Lua
chon Thanh
cong Bai hoc tff Dong A va Dong Nam A
cho tuong lai cua Viet Nam - Mot khuon
khd chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hoi
cho Viet Nam trong giai doan 2011 - 2020.
• Bui The Cudng, "Ky nguyen dan so' vang ii
Viet Nam: mot dai
lugng
trong bai toan
phat trien?"
• Hoi thao "Chien
luge

phat trien kinh te-xa
hoi cua Viet Nam trong bo'i canh hoi nhap
qudc te", Vien Chien
lugc
phat trien Ha
Noi,
24/6/2004.
• Shu Yongqing (2002), "Xa hoi loai ngudi di
ve dau? Hdi cd va binh luan ve the ky XX",
Vien Thong tin khoa hoc xa hoi, Sd TN
2002 -
76
& 77, Ha Noi 2002.
. Bui Tat Thang (2006), Chuyen dich ca cdu
nganh kinh te d Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban
Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi.
. Tran Van Tho (1997), "Cong nghiep hoa
Viet Nam trong thdi dai chau A - Thai Binh
Duong", Thdi bdo Kinh te Sdi Gdn, VAPEC,
1997.
. Tran Van Tho (2008), "Tff cai
each
tiem
tie'n de'n xay
dUng
eo che chat
lugng
cao",
Hoi thao Nha Trang, thang 7/2008.
QUAN LY KINH

TE
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