Luận án quản lý phát triển đô thị gắn với tăng trưởng xanh tại tỉnh quảng ninh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Pham Van Thanh
Pham Van Thanh

URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH
GREEN GROWTH IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE

Major: Construction Management
Code: 9.58.03.02

Hanoi – 2022


Completed at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

Academic advisor 1: Assoc.Prof, Ph.D Pham Xuan Anh
Academic advisor 2: Prof, Ph.D Nguyen Dang Hac

Reviewer 1: Assoc.Prof, Ph.D Ngo Thi Thanh Van

Reviewer 2: Ph.D Tran Hong Mai

Reviewer 3: Ph.D Nguyen Anh Dung

The thesis will be defended in front of the Universitylevel doctoral thesis
grading Committee at HUCE
On … date … month … year …

The thesis can be found at the National Library and the Library of HUCE

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INTRODUCTION
1. THE URGENCY OF THE SUBJECT
The world is tending to shift the urban development model in the direction of green
growth in order to overcome unreasonable problems from urgent urban development, towards
the goal of urban growth while ensuring environmental protection , natural resources,
improving the adaptability of the city to risks.
In Vietnam, in 2012, the Government issued the National Green Growth Strategy and
then launched the Green Growth Action Program in 2014. In 2021, the National Green Growth
Strategy for 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050 once further affirms Vietnam's strategic priorities
and commitments towards green growth in the next period.
Quang Ninh is a province with the characteristics of miniature Vietnam, with a rapid and
strong urbanization rate only after central-level cities, vibrant urban development with many
development projects in the recent period. However, the urgent urban development, inefficient
use of urban land fund, the unsustainable urban development model and the lack of attention to
urban social-technical infrastructure in the direction of green growth have caused many
problems: urban quality has not kept pace with urbanization rate, affecting natural ecosystems,
marine environment and increasing risks of climate change... Therefore, the thesis "Urban
development management associated with green growth in Quang Ninh province” is very
necessary, helping the Provincial People's Committee and local urban authorities to clearly
identify important contents and task for urban development management associated with green
growth in the future in order to improve the quality of urban development management of the
province, quickly achieve the comprehensive green growth target in the area in particular,
contribute to the goal of urban development associated with green growth in Vietnam in
general.
2. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
2.1. Research purposes

The thesis aims to identify the basis and solutions to manage urban development
associated with green growth (GGUDM) for the urban system in Quang Ninh province.
2.1. Objectives of the study
Clarifying the contents of GGUDM
Clarifying the status of GGUDM in Quang Ninh province
Identifying challenges to be solved on the basis of contents of urban development
management UDM (groups of factors for orienting, implementing and evaluating urban
development associated with urban development; concretized criteria), is a topic for survey and
proposal for GGUDM in the province.
Proposing solutions for GGUDM. In which, it clarifies groups of general solutions,
specific solutions, implementation organization and implementation priorities in order to have
an effective urban development management roadmap associated with green growth, ensuring
systematicity in management and inclusivity of GG objectives.
3. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
3.1. Research subjects
- Research object: GGUDM work in Quang Ninh province, which focuses on the main
contents of GGUDM including groups of factors for orientation, implementation and
evaluation; criteria concretizing groups of urban development management factors associated
with green growth.


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- The subject of urban development management: State management agency in charge of
urban management, Provincial People's Committee and all levels of urban administration and
related agency system.
3.2. Research scope
The scope of the research is the content (focusing on the groups of factors that orient,
implement, evaluate and systemize concretized criteria) of the GGUDM work of Quang Ninh
province in the context of urban development management recent years of Vietnam, the period

from 2011 to June 2021 and orientation to 2030,vision 2045.
5. RESEARCH METHODS
Research methodology includes dialectical materialism, historical materialism. The
specific research methods are comparative-analytical-synthetic, qualitative (expert) and
quantitative (site survey, questionnaire, statistics).
6. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
- Supplementing and clarifying the theoretical system, the content about the city and the
GGUDM as the basis for the perception, assessment and identification of gaps in the current
GGUDM in general and in Quang Ninh province in particular.
- Identifying challenges and gaps of GGUDM work in Quang Ninh province in the
context of urban development management in Vietnam.
- Point out the groups of factors that have the role of orienting, implementing and
evaluating urban development management associated with green growth. Point out the system
of criteria concretizing groups of above factors; Proposing the order of priority to implement
the criteria
- Proposing implementation solutions with priority roadmap, solutions related to the
organization and implementation of urban development management contents associated with
GG in accordance with Quang Ninh province’s condition.
- State management entity applies the proposed set of criteria to urban development
management in order to enhance management efficiency, organize and manage urban
development in Quang Ninh to ensure optimal resources and state management efficiency.
7. CONCLUSION OF THESIS
The thesis is divided into 5 chapters, including:
Chapter 1: Overview of researches related to urban development management associated
with green growth
Chapter 2: Theoretical, legal and experiential basis for urban development management
associated with green growth
Chapter 3: Actual situation of urban development management in Vietnam and urban
development management associated with green growth in Quang Ninh province
Chapter 4: Criteria grouping of orientation- implementation - evaluation and ranking

specific criteria for urban development management associated with green growth in Quang
Ninh province
Chapter 5: Solutions for urban development management associated with green growth
in Quang Ninh province


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CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE THESIS THEME
Regarding urban development management: There are many domestic and foreign studies
focusing on separate, isolated and discrete fields of urban management, but there has only few
researches for the overall and comprehensive research that has not yet met the goal of
comprehensive and systematic urban development management.
Regarding urban development management associated with green growth: There are many
different ways to manage urban development according to each field. However, there are very
few in-depth studies on GGUDM that meet the goals of urban development management in a
systematic and comprehensive way and ensure the same goals of rapid urban development but
at the same time protect the environment, establish an ecological urban system, saving
resources, coping with risks... Most of them are initial studies, which are suggestive, introduce
trends, and lessons learned in management of a number of separate areas and for specific cases.
The studies have not shown specific scenarios of urban development to achieve the green
growth target, the groups of factors that play the role of orientation, implementation and
evaluation as well as have not specified a system of concretized criteria to be able to manage
urban development associated with GG in terms of the Viet Nam law and the actual context of
urban development in the coming period in general as well as for Quang Ninh province in
particular.
The content of GGUDM is only conducted from a research perspective to propose a set of
criteria for building green growth urban areas in Vietnam. Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD of the
Ministry of Construction with the goal of assessing the level of green growth of urban without
aiming to orient the task of urban development management, content for implementation

management in order to achieve green growth goals. The reports and studies directly support
the national green growth strategy, the national green growth action plan for the period 20112021 and newly issued for the period 2021-2030 are still quite new and focus on economic
transformation from brown to green (green economy) and environment rather than affirming
the role of urban areas to achieve green growth goals as well as comprehensively pointing out
tasks, issues, solutions of urban development management to achieve this goal. Therefore, there
is a big gap in policy directions for implementing GGUDM in Vietnam in general and in Quang
Ninh province in particular, in which, the groups of factors with the role of orientationimplementation-evaluation, the group of criteria for determining goals for the management of
urban development associated with green growth in Quang Ninh province have not been
pointed out..
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL, LEGAL BASIS AND EXPERIENCE ON URBAN
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIED WITH GREEN GROWTH
2.1. URBAN AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
2.1.1.1. The concept of the city, the structure of the city (urban development model)
According to Article 3 of the Law on Urban Planning 2015 (amended the Law on Urban
Planning 2009), an urban area is an area with a high density of people living and mainly
operating in the non-agricultural, is economic, political, administrative, cultural or specialized
center that plays a role in promoting socio-economic development of a country or a territory or
a locality, including inner cities and suburbs of a city; inner and outer towns of the town; town.
There are 3 basic criteria to define urban areas: Population size; Urban function;
Infrastructure space and landscape architecture (urban environment).
Basic structure of a city


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According to Alain Bertaud, a city is created on the basis of a structural framework, which
is determined by factors including: i) average density (average population density
(person/person/person/person) ha or people/km2) or built-up density; ii) spatial
distribution/organization based on population size and density; iii) daily movement patterns of
residents and productive activities in the city market.

2.1.3. The concept of urban development management
Urban development (urban development) includes many contents from planning,
construction investment, infrastructure preparation, resource use, coordination and participation
of organizations and individuals in investment implementation… In the World, there are many
different views on urban development management such as: According to Ardeshiri, urban
development management is "a set of activities that jointly shape and guide the development of
physical, economic, social, and the economics of urban areas, therefore, the main concern of
urban management will be interventions in these areas to promote economic development and
welfare ensuring the provision of essential services.” According to Amos, “Urban development
management is the responsibility of the city government and urban management is concerned
with all aspects of urban development, in both the public and private sectors.” While Davidson
writes, “Urban development management is to mobilize resources to achieve urban
development goals”. Willis believes that urban development management needs a framework
for implementation in which emphasizes management goals and criteria”.
Currently, many managers are considering planning - construction - operation as the three
sides of the problem of urban development management. Urban development management also
means managing all three stages: legislative, executive and judicial. There should be agreement
on the development goals of the sub-systems and the overall development goals of the city
itself.
In the draft Law on Vietnam Urban Development Management (2019), it was determined that
urban development management activities need to be systematic, based on planning, planning,
ensuring the quality of infrastructure, urban services, and management, manage urban
construction investment activities, urban financial resources and encourage the participation of
organizations and individuals in urban planning, investment and construction.
2.2. STEPS AND CONTENTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
2.2.1.2. The steps of urban development management

Goal
setting
Evaluation

Forming urban
development
goals
Operation

Develop
implementation
policies

Implementation
of programs and
projects

Establishment of organizations
(implementation apparatus
structure)

Building plans
and strategies

Establishment of
training programs and
projects

Figure 2.1. Steps to build a unified urban development management
(Source: Summary of Author)
There are nine basic steps to take for urban development management including: i)
Identifying problems; ii) Goal setting; iii) Policy formulation; iv) Develop and arrange
implementation organizations and apparatus; v) Development of programs/projects; vi)

Develop a plan/strategy; vii) Implementation of programs/projects; viii) Operation and
maintenance; ix) Rating/evaluation


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2.2.2. Contents of urban development management
2.2.2.1. Contents of urban management fields
Urban governments (at the central or local level) are often interested in managing five basic
and closely related urban areas: Urban land and resource use (to define urban development
modeling), technical and social infrastructure as well as urban service provision, urban
economic development, urban environmental management, and community welfare in society,
especially vulnerable populations. The diagram (Figure 2.4) shows the five basic areas and is
arranged vertically in order of appearance from foundation to superstructure). Accordingly, the
urban development model is the foundation for urban development orientation, deciding how
to organize urban functional space based on land use planning, traffic arrangement in urban
areas. On that basis, the city can provide technical infrastructure. These two platforms establish
the basis for urban economic activities, generating urban mobility and production. Next is
shaping the landscape environment and quality of life. Finally, social welfare is created and is
the result of a reasonable combination of the above management contents.
Social
welfare

Welfare for
social objects

Urban
economic
development

Urban land use
and resources
(urban
development
model)

CÁC
LĨNH
VỰC
QUẢN LÝ
ĐÔ THỊ

Urban
environmental
quality (urban
landscape and
environmental
quality, urban safety

Provide urban
infrastructure (technical
+ social) and urban
services)

Urban
environment
Urban economic
development
Provide urban infrastructure
(technical + social) and

service
Use of land and urban resources
(urban development model)

Figure 2.2. Contents of urban management fields and the vertical arrangement of these
fields in urban space
(Source: Summary of Author)
2.2.2.2. Managing dynamic relationships in the city
Management of urban mobility flows, including daily movement of people and flows in
and out of urban areas, from rural areas to urban areas and vice versa. This is related to strict
management of urban population, migration and out-migration flows
2.2.2.3 Managing security, safety, urban security and and towards to enhancing adaptability,
resilience to risks
In the current context, in addition to the requirements of social security (accessibility to basic
services for all, especially for the vulnerable, reduction of inequality in urban society...), safety
(fire prevention, fire, disaster plane crash, road accident or environmental natural disaster, fire,
seismic resistance, high tide and flood...), and defence security in urban areas, urban areas need
to be managed to ensure the adaptability and resilience of urban areas to the impacts of climate
change, shocks or possible risks.
2.3. LAW, POLICIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTENT ON URBAN
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
Countries and urban governments all need policy and institutional tools to manage urban
development, usually including:


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2.3.1. Institutions and policies for urban development management: including the
formulation of laws related to the management of urban development contents and major policy
frameworks.

2.3.2. Urban system planning and urban planning define urban development models for
urban systems and organize functional spaces for each urban area to ensure efficient land use,
protection of natural resources, optimize investment and construction resources.
2.3.3. Regulations, standards and criteria for urban development management: As a tool
to concretize and determine the required and achieved criteria of the urban fields (corresponding
to the characteristics and objectives, development vision) to achieve totality and system in
management. Helps to divide management work into small goals and orientations, organize
implementation, control, tally and evaluate performance results.
2.4. THE CONCEPT OF GREEN GROWTH AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN GROWTH
2.4.1. The concept of green growth and related issues
The concept of "Green growth"
The formal definition of GG is still being discussed in light of its suitability to the applicable
national or urban context. Some of the basic “concepts” that were initially mentioned were:
“GG is about promoting economic growth and development, while natural assets will still be
secured to continue to provide essential resources, services, environment to human life. To do
this, technology and investment are needed as catalysts to create the basis for sustainable
development and create new economic opportunities” [OECD].
In the National Green Growth Strategy for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision to 2050
(Decision 1658/QD-TTg), the strategic view is that “GG in Vietnam is a way to accelerate the
process of economic restructuring to move towards the effective use of natural resources,
reduce greenhouse gas emissions through research and application of modern technologies,
develop infrastructure systems to improve the efficiency of the economy, respond to climate
change, contribute to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, and create a driving force for
sustainable economic growth”.
Green growth and sustainable development
Green growth is said to be a part of sustainable development (the concept of green growth is
narrower than sustainable development, it focuses on the content of economic growth and the
environment, while sustainable development needs to achieve all 3 pillars, namely socioeconomic - environment). . TTX focuses on two important pillars, namely the economic pillar
and the environmental pillar, while the issue of social justice will be considered and integrated

into the above two pillars.
2.4.2. The concept of urban development management associated with green growth
There is no officially unified concept of urban development management associated with
green growth in the world. Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD of the Ministry of Construction
stipulating the criteria for GG urban construction has a number of important contents:
A GG city is a city that achieves economic growth and development through urban policies
and practices that reduce adverse impacts on the environment and natural resources. This
definition emphasizes two important pillars of green growth goals: economic development and
environmental protection.
GG urban construction is urban planning and construction activities; elaboration and
implementation of training programs; investment in urban development towards urban centers.
Thus, GG urban construction is an activity that covers the entire process from planning to


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implementation. The Circular clearly identifies the need to include a system of evaluation
criteria to guide urban development and serve as a basis for urban quality management
associated with green growth.
Green growth
Economy

Environment
Social justice is integrated into two pillars

Green economic
growth development
policy

Protecting resources

Environment and creating
sustainable ecosystems

Economic policy
Production –
Consumption

Urban input

Production
energy

Material

green material,
Clean energy
Apply
technology…
(GREEN,
CLEAN,
TREATMENT

Output

Energy
Consumptio
n

Land Use (Model)
Urban

infrastructure
Urban traffic
urban space
EFFECTIVE
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN

Waste

Solid Waste,
Air, Water
Other risks
(NO/REDUCED
POLLUTION)
(CONTROLABLE)

Urban output

Input

RESULT :
Rapid growth
Sustainable urban ecosystem, protected resource, high quality
environment
People's quality of life (just society)

Figure 2.3. Integrating the objectives of the GG into the contents of urban management
(Source: Author)
The thesis proposes the understanding of GGUDM as follows: GGUDM is through policy
tools, define management objectives to achieve the integration of Green Growth goals and

contents into goals and contents (urban development management fields) at all steps of urban
development management to achieve the goal/target of urban development in the direction of


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environmental protection, energy saving, land use and urban infrastructure investment
efficiency, provision of green, environmentally friendly urban services, improvement of life
quality , sustainable urban economic growth, improving urban adaptability and resilience to
risks and challenges, encouraging resources and urban development partners. This point of
view will be used and understood throughout the thesis.
2.4.3. Some effective urban operation models associated with green growth
a. Compact urban model; b. Smart urban model; c. Low carbon urban model; d. Green urban
model
2.5. POLICY FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED
WITH GREEN GROWTH BY GROUPS OF FACTORS OF ORIENTATION,
IMPLEMENTATION, EVALUATION AND CRETERIA
GGUDM needs to be implemented through legal bases and implementation policies and
concretized through sets of indexes to identify groups of factors to guide, implement, and
evaluate urban development process associated to reach green growth objectives as well as a
specific set of criteria. Many urban governments, research organizations called these tools as
target task groups or indicators, allowing urban authorities to orient, control, direct the
implementation and measure progress towards achieving GG goals and compare the results
with other cities in the country or in the region. The purpose of building the Green Growth
Index includes: Solving urban development problems in the locality (identifying problems that
need improvement and focus); Strengthen management orientation and evaluation; Support a
comprehensive systematic decision-making process; Resolve conflicts and create consensus in
implementation.
2.5.1. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Index (OECD)
The OECD proposes four groups of factors to orient, implement, and evaluate to

manage urban development to achieve green growth, including: i) the efficiency in (use
of) resources and impact on the environment, ii ) natural capital protection, iii) the quality
of life and living environment; iv) opportunities for economic development and
responsiveness of policies,
2.5.2. The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) Index
There are 16 main criteria that are classified into 4 groups of factors for orientation,
implementation and evaluation, including: Efficient and sustainable use of resources;
Natural capital protection; Green economic opportunities; Social integration
2.5.3. Green urban indexes
The European Green Cities Index: identifies 16 quantitative and 14 qualitative criteria,
which are classified into 8 groups of directional, implementation, and evaluation factors,
including: Housing, traffic, waste and use land use, water, air quality, environmental
management, CO2, energy.
The Asian Green Cities Index: mentions eight groups of issues that need attention to guide
implementation and control, including: energy and CO2, land use and constructions, traffic,
waste, water, and sanitation. ecology, air quality, and environmental governance. Concretizing
these 8 groups are 29 specific criteria.
2.6. EXPERIENCE ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED
WITH GREEN GROWTH
2.6.1. Experience of Shenzhen (Guangzhou – China)
2.6.2. Experience of Singapore (Singapore)
2.6.3. Experience of the city of Hamburg (Germany)


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2.6.4. Experience of the city of Stockholm (Sweden)
2.6.5. Experience of the city of Copenhagen (Denmark)
2.6.6. Experience of Da Nang city
2.6.7. Experience of Hoi An city

The above cities are all based on a system of groups of factors to orient, implement and
evaluate the process of GGUDM. Among these groups of factors, there are areas such as:
planning, green urban development investment projects, green buildings, infrastructure
(transport), energy, employment, institutions...
2.6.8. Lessons learned for urban development management associated with green growth
in Quang Ninh province
From the theoretical basis and experience of GGUDM in the world and a number of
cities in Vietnam, it is shown that in order to manage urban development associated GG,
it is necessary to clearly define the goals and vision of urban development (or the urban
development model) that play as the basis for determining groups of tasks or groups of
factors for orientation, implementation, evaluation and criteria systems to concretize the
oriented tasks.
CHAPTER 3: CURRENT SITUATION OF VIETNAM URBAN DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED
WITH GREEN GROWTH IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE
3.2. SITUATION OF LAW, POLICIES ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT AND GREEN GROWTH POLICY IN VIET NAM
3.2.1. National Green Growth Strategy and Action Plan
In 2012, Vietnam put green growth at the core of its socio-economic agenda through
the promulgation of the National Green Growth Strategy (GGS) for the period 2013-2020
with a vision to 2050 (Decision No. 1393/QD-TTg dated September 23, 2012). In 2021,
the Prime Minister issued the GGS for the period 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050
(Decision 1658/QD-TTg dated October 1, 2021). In which, for the construction industry,
in addition to focusing on building and promulgating mechanisms and policies for urban
development and urban development, developing a technical infrastructure system for
green and smart cities; developing regulations, standards and economic and technical level
in the development of green materials, green buildings, energy efficient buildings;
building a spatial database system of smart cities digitalized; programs, projects, pilot
project of smart sustainable urban development.
3.2.2. Law on urban development management associated with green growth

Regulating urban development management activities is the Law on Urban Planning,
the revised Construction Law in 2020. Although there are links to the concept of GG, it is
still at the level of general orientation. In 2018, Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD of the Ministry
of Construction was issued stipulating criteria for GG urban construction. Indicators are
divided into 4 groups (economic, environmental, social and institutional). There are a total
of 24 criteria for assessing urban green growth, serving as a reference and suggestion to
help cities assess the current status of urban green growth in their localities, thereby
orienting solutions promoting urban development in association with GG in next phases.


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3.2.3. Policy framework for implementing national urban development management
The management of urban development in Vietnam is carried out at different levels. At the
system level, it should be based on the National Urban-Rural System Plan, the National Urban
Development Program. At the urban level, it is necessary to manage the scale, dynamics and
quality of the socio-technical infrastructure of the city according to the urban classification on
the basis of the institutional basis of the urban classification according to Resolution
1210/2016/UBTVQH13 (Resolution 1210). Urban classification is an important
implementation legal framework to help localities promote their initiative in urban
development planning and investment, and improve urban quality.
3.2.5. Managing urban development according to a system of standards and criteria on
the basis of Resolution 1210/2016/UBTVQH13 on urban classification and regulations on
green growth urban construction criteria system according to Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD
Managing urban development according to a system of standards and criteria on the
basis of Resolution 1210/2016/UBTVQH13 on urban classification: The content of urban
development management by urban type is specified in Resolution 1210 on urban classification
[106]. Accordingly, urban areas are evaluated to classify urban levels (from special grade, grade
1 to grade V) based on their socio-economic development level, technical and social
infrastructure development, landscape and urban environment are specified by 5 standards and

59 criteria covering all issues of urban development. Most of these standards and criteria are
basic to guide the development process. The absence of criteria and standards to orient urban
development in association with GG has not yet created strong stimuli for urban government
leaders.
Assessment of urban development according to GG criteria in Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD:
Although the Circular has defined the green growth criteria, they are only criteria for local
encouragement to help assess the level of green growth, considered as an opportunity for the city
to find solutions in the next step. Some criteria are set out on the basis of statistical criteria, or are
still the basic criteria of urban classification, have not identified criteria for orientation,
implementation and evaluation of urban development related to GG target.
3.2.6. Challenges in urban development management associated with green growth in
Vietnam in the coming period
The ambiguity in the conceptual awareness of green growth as well as the limitation in the
awareness of the important role of cities in achieving green growth goals and target orientation
for the urban development model associated with green growth.
Major orientations from the National Green Growth Strategy and Action Plan have not been
concretized into the current policy frameworks. Meanwhile, the urban development
management tools and policies being implemented have not updated the requirements and
needs of urban development in the new context, aiming to save energy, protect resources and
respond to climate change.
The core and focus of most of the current GG activities is a system of grouping factors for
orientation, implementation, and evaluation, which is recognized as a high-performance basis,
allowing localities to set goals, identifying the contents to be implemented and evaluate the
process of urban development associated with green growth as well as the basis for urban
governments to implement and allocate budget for implementation. This system is an important
content of the roadmap towards green growth at both central and urban levels, and it is also a
systematic legal framework capable of linking and controling all related contents of urban
development managment.

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3.3. CURRENT SITUATION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN GROWTH IN QUANG NINH
3.3.1. History, location, position, natural - social conditions
Quang Ninh is a locality with an important position in politics, economy, national defense,
security and foreign affairs; is an important pillar in the development triangle of Hanoi - Hai
Phong - Quang Ninh, the development center of the Northeast and of the North of the country.
Quang Ninh has 250 km of coastline; is a midland, mountainous and coastal province with a
long and complex topography; is one of 28 provinces and cities bordering the sea with a
coastline of 250 km. Currently, Quang Ninh province has 13 administrative units, including 4
cities (the province with the largest number of cities in the country), 2 towns and 7 districts with
177 commune-level administrative units, including 72 wards, 7 towns. towns and 98
communes. Quang Ninh currently has 13 urban areas, in which coastal urban areas are
identified, including 08/13 urban centers accounting for 61.5% of the total number of urban
centers in the urban system of Quang Ninh province are coastal urban areas. Therefore, there is
a risk of being affected by climate change and sea level rise.
3.3.2. The current status of management institutions on urban development associated
with green growth in Quang Ninh province

3.3.2.1. Implementation plan of the National Green Growth Strategy in Quang Ninh
Province
The Provincial People's Committee has issued the Implementation Plan for the
implementation of the National Strategy on Green Growth in Quang Ninh Province for the
period 2016-2020. However, this action plan does not have much content emphasizing the
importance and role of cities in promoting the achievement of GG goals since cities are also the
main cause of emission activities, use of energy saving consumption and waste disposal. There
are currently no plans for the next phase.
3.3.2.3. Orientation for spatial development and urban network
According to the National Urban Classification Plan for the 2021-2030 period (Decision

241/QD-TTg dated February 24, 2021), the period 2021-2030 shows that Quang Ninh province
focuses on developing a uniform, quality urban area. urban development, development of
dynamic cities and considers the driving force of urban development to be associated with
economic development (Urban system includes: 01 city grade I; 03 cities of grade II; 02 cities of
grade III ; 01-02 cities of grade IV; 03-04 cities of grade V. In the period 2026-2030, it is expected
that 03 cities of grade I (Ha Long city, Uong Bi city, expanded Mong Cai city); 03 cities of grade
II (Cam Pha City, Quang Yen Town, Cai Rong Town); 01 grade-III (Tien Yen town); 03 gradeIV (Quang Ha town, Co To town, Dam Ha town); 03 grade V (Quang Ha town, Co To town,
Dam Ha town); including 02 new urban areas)). By the period 2026-2030, the whole province
orients to have 12 district-level administrative units with the nucleus being 13 urban areas; the
rate of diabetes in the province is 75-80%. By 2045, Quang Ninh aims to become a modern
industrial and service province, a large urban area of regional and international stature, one of the
locomotives promoting national economic development with a growth engine. are services,
tourism, innovation, with a solid economic base and high competitiveness.
3.3.3. Current status of urban economic development and urban economic restructuring
associated with green growth
Quang Ninh's urban economy has always grown at a strong speed, with a high growth rate.
Quang Ninh orients urban development in the relationship linking urban - industry - trade,
service - tourism. Mong Cai city plays the core role of Mong Cai border gate economic zone.


12

Cam Pha city is being built in the direction of industrial and service development. Uong Bi city
and Dong Trieu town are gradually becoming centers of spiritual tourism and relaxation. Ha
Long city has gradually become a civilized and friendly coastal tourist city, an international
tourism and service center associated with preserving and promoting the value of heritage - the
world natural wonder of Ha Long Bay.
The urban economy of Quang Ninh province also has a relationship with economic sectors
that emit emissions to the environment such as coal mining, economic sectors that emit
emissions in economic zones and industrial zones. However, economic zones are facing

challenges in solid waste and wastewater management so as not to affect marine tourism
resources. The speed of transition from brown to green economy is still quite slow.
3.3.4. Urbanization status and urban development model of the province
Quang Ninh province is one of the provinces with the fastest and largest urbanization rate in
the country. With a rate of about 66.56% (compared to the national average of about 39.2% in
2019 and 40% in 2020), the provincial unit has the urbanization rate second only aftero Ho Chi
Minh, Da Nang, Binh Duong, Can Tho. The province will continue to accelerate the speed and
rate of urbanization in the coming time. Urban areas in the province tend to develop quickly
with large scale, mainly distributed in coastal areas, sticking to National Highway 18 axis,
associated with areas of development of tourist, service and industrial zones. Urban areas
develop slowly and are small in size, mainly in mountainous and island districts due to
limitations in natural conditions, topography and traffic. However, there is a division in the
connection between cities in the Quang Ninh urban system at night.

Hình 3.10. Population density in the inner city and of the whole city of urban areas in
Quang Ninh province
(Source: Author synthesized on data of Urban Development Agency, 2020)
Urbanization is pervasive, tends to expand urban areas on the basis of administrative
mergers, and has not focused on investment in urban development based on quality. The
province's key urban areas have a relatively low rate of urbanization and have not brought into
full play the effective use of land resources.
Urbanization is taking place at a fast and strong pace. The center of urban development
activity is shifting to the west of Ha Long city, and the development boundary between Ha
Long and Quang Yen is gradually disappearing; The development attraction of the expressway
is huge. The population growth of Mong Cai and Hai Ha is high, showing the formation of an
independent key urban area; Urban construction and development has not kept pace with
population growth. Urban development management faces the requirement of ensuring urban
quality.

13

3.3.5. Status of urban environmental quality and greening of urban services
The urgent development of urban areas concentrated in the coastal plain, industrial parks,
services, and seaports around Ha Long Bay is not only causing negative environmental impacts
on urban spaces but also in urban areas, seriously affecting the world heritage site Ha Long
Bay. Only in the first 6 months of 2019, the amount of garbage collected was 573 tons, of which
220 tons were onshore and 354 tons in Ha Long Bay. Urban areas in economic zones such as
Van Don economic zone, Mong Cai border gate economic zone, Quang Yen coastal economic
zone also face problems of environmental pollution, solid waste management, marine
environmental protection.
Table 3.2: Population size and wastewater volume in some urban areas of Quang Ninh
province
By functional area
Amount of
Name of urban Population
(person)
No.
wastewater
areas
(person)
(m3/day)
Urban
Rural
1 City Hạ Long
322.710
281.758
40.952
60.446,8
2 City Móng Cái

108.553
66.434
42.119
14.177
3 City Cẩm Phả
190.232
182.137
8.095
28.130
4 City ng Bí
120.982
113.416
7.566
17.769
5 Town Đơng Triều
171.673
72.923
98.750
20.813
6 Town Quảng n
145.920
85.868
60.052
18.885
- There are still many unresolved consequences from urban development activities and urban
economic development: Increasing pressure of domestic wastewater and solid waste; air
pollution, especially in mining areas, transportation routes, mineral processing; Degradation of
land resources tends to increase; Key economic-urban development areas of Quang Ninh such
as Ha Long Bay, Bai Tu Long Bay, Van Don Economic Zone, Quang Yen Coastal Economic
Zone, and Border Gate Economic Zone still have not met a number of criteria on environmental

protection in the period. 2016 -2020: The rate of urban wastewater collection and treatment has
only reached 27.7% (compared to the target by 2025, with the rate of wastewater collection and
treatment in Ha Long concentrated urban areas, Cam Pha, Van Don, Quang Yen reached over
65%); 04/8 criteria have not been met, including: Rate of urban domestic solid waste collected
and treated; Percentage of districts, towns and cities having sanitary solid waste treatment
zones; Percentage of urban population using clean water; Percentage of industrial parks with
centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems before go into operation.
3.3.6. Challenges in urban development management associated with green growth in
Quang Ninh province
From the above facts, it can be seen that the challenges of urban development management
associated with green growth in Quang Ninh province are facing are:
- Challenges in the implementation framework of GGUDM at the national level: The legal
framework to promote the implementation UDM at the national level has not updated the target
contents of UDM associated with GG as legal conditions for application in Quang Ninh
province.
- Challenges from the locality: Urban areas of Quang Ninh province are facing many
problems in urban development associated with green growth, specifically in the following
issues:


14

a) The urban development model has not been defined specifically. The urban system and
key urban areas of Quang Ninh province are at risk of being affected by climate change and
sea level rise.
b) Legal institutions for UDM and UDM associated with GG in the area are still limited:
The provincial government has no plan for urban development associated with green growth
for the next period, no policy framework to manage urban problems systematically.
c) The urban economic transformation from brown to green is still limited
d) Urban environmental quality is still limited. Urban technical infrastructure standards in

urban areas are still not guaranteed. Social infrastructure and urban technical infrastructure
have not kept up with the speed of urbanization, not meeting the development requirements
towards the goal of GG.
e) Social justice is an issue when urban development is increasing.
CHAPTER 4: CRITERIA GROUPING OF ORIENTATION - IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION, ASSESSMENT AND RANKING SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR
URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN
GROWTH IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE
4.1. CRITERIA GROUPING OF ORIENTATION - IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION, ASSESSMENT FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN GROWTH
4.1.1. Identifying groups of orienting – implementation - evaluation factors and criteria for
urban development management associated with green growth goals in current policies
The thesis evaluates the criteria and standards in the current urban development management
policy, namely Resolution 1210 on urban classification and Circular 01/2018/TT-BXD on
indicators of urban green growth to identify groups of factors need to be oriented, implemented
and evaluated for urban development management to be associated with green growth. As can
be seen, the fundamental criteria that every city (depending on the type to be assessed) needs to
be oriented, implemented and evaluated can be classified into 4 groups: institutional; economy;
urban environmental quality and greening urban services; and social. These groups are
relatively consistent with the 4 groups oriented in Circular 01, however, there is a need to
rearrange the criteria concretize these groups to be more suitable with the GG objectives, in line
with the control process. the input and output of the urban development is in the GG direction.
4.2. ASSESSMENT AND RANKING SPECIFIC CRITERIA
FOR URBAN
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT CASSOCIATED WITH GREEN GROWTH IN
QUANG NINH PROVINCE ON THE BASIS OF SOCIAL SURVEY
4.2.1. Survey method and analysis
a. Survey method
In order to be able to build and test a set of criteria that concretize 4 groups of factors covering
the field of urban management and development associated with green growth in Quang Ninh
as identified above, the thesis conducts expert consultation, builds build questionnaires, conduct

practical surveys, use data analysis software to check the suitability and feasibility of the
criteria.
In order for the statistical analysis to have reliable results, the number of ballots distributed
is 350 people (ensure the sample size (question answer sheet) >= 5 times the number of


15

questions), of which 12 votes are invalid, so the results 338 usable answer sheets. With the
relevant survey of experts and senior managers, 34 votes were collected.
c. Analytical model to establish a set of sample matrices

Figure 4.3. Model of interaction between groups of factors for orientation,
implementation, evaluation and 36 criteria concretizing urban management contents
associated with green growth
The thesis has established a model of mutual influence between groups of factors for
orientation, implementation, evaluation (4 groups) and initial concretized criteria (36 criteria)
(Figure 4.3), building a data and perform analysis using commercial software SPSS and AMOS
running on SEM Model.
The analysis results show that from the initial 36 criteria, the criteria can be reduced to 26
criteria (after testing by analyzing the reliability of the observed variables (Cronbach's Alpha
analysis), analysis of exploratory factors (EFA - Exploratory Factor Analysis), SEM model
verification to eliminate similar and mutually inclusive criteria to find criteria that are closely
related to each other in order to build the best management system. The results are as follows:
Table 4.3. 26 criteria belonging to four groups of factors of orientation-implementationassessment of urban development management associated with green growth in Quang
Ninh province
No.
CRITERIA
symbol
Urban master planning integrates green growth and climate change

goals
TC1
GROUP 1:
Specific strategies, action plans and policies are issued towards the
INSTITUTI
goal of green growth and climate change response
TC2
ONS, (TC)
Rate of online public services
TC6
Build urban management data set associated with GG
TC7
GDP contribution from green economic sectors
KT1
GROUP 2:
The proportion of workers in the creative and technological sectors
URBAN
of the economy increases
KT2


16

No.
CRITERIA
ECONOMY The general income of the citizen related to the green economic
(KT)
sector (tourism, high-tech clean agriculture, .....)
Public transport usage rate increases, private transport rate
decreases

Reducing means of transport with emissions causing environmental
pollution higher than permitted regulations
Percentage of renewable energy used in urban living
Integrating urban drainage infrastructure system with green space
and public space system to achieve the goal of landscape
conservation, establishing living environment and urban ecology;
Deploying solutions to cope with sea level rise and saltwater
intrusion
Increase drainage capacity for large sections of urban areas (Reduce
flooding)
GROUP 3:
Rate of wastewater and solid waste collected and treated meets
URBAN
standards and regulations
ENVIRON
Percentage of clean water produced from municipal wastewater
MENT (MT)
(water recirculation capacity)
Reduce the number of areas heavily polluted with water and soil
environment
Reducing environmental pollution caused by coal ore mining,
thermal power and industrial plants
Reduce electricity loss rate
Increasing the number of urban areas in the direction of green,
ecological, and energy saving are built
Increase the number of recognized Green Buildings
Increase government investment in green project development in the
province/city
Encourage private investment for green development
Strict population management, especially temporary residents,

tourists
Increase the number of social housing for low-income people
GROUP 4:
New construction of projects, supply sources, clean water supply
SOCIAL
network systems
(XH)
Planning and construction to increase public space, green parks,
clear encroachment on public space, urban civilization construction
management

symbol
KT3
MT1
MT2
MT4

MT7
MT8
MT9
MT11
MT12
MT14
MT16
MT17
MT18
MT20
MT21
MT22
XH1

XH2
XH4

XH5

4.2.2.5. Evaluation and ranking of urban development management criteria associated with
green growth
To rank according to the importance and feasibility of the criteria. The thesis continues to
conduct the expert interview method (34 people) to assess and score points to rank the criteria
with 2 levels of assessment: the level of importance (very important and important) and the level
of feasibility (high and average) (calculated in % and converted to a scale of 10). The priority
score of a criterion will be the sum of the importance score and the feasibility score. Statistical


17

results evaluating the priority of the criteria to manage urban development associated with TTX
in Quang Ninh province are shown in the following table:
Table 4.4: Ranking of criteria based on survey results
total Priority
No.
CRITERIA
symbol
score rating
Specific strategies, action plans and policies are issued
1 towards the goal of green growth and climate change TC2
9.35
1
response
Planning and construction to increase public space, green

2
XH5 9.18
2
parks, clear encroachment on public space
The general income of the citizen related to the green
3
KT3 8.24
3
economic sector (tourism, high-tech clean agriculture....)
Increase drainage capacity for large sections of urban
4
MT9 8.18
4
areas (Reduce flooding)
Reduce the number of areas heavily polluted with water
5
MT14 8.06
5
and soil environment
Reducing environmental pollution caused by coal ore
6
MT16
8
6
mining, thermal power and industrial plants
New construction of projects, supply sources, clean water
7
XH4 7.88
7
supply network systems

Increase government investment in green project
8
MT21 7.76
8
development in the province/city
Encourage private investment for green development in
9
MT22 7.71
9
the province/city
The proportion of workers in the creative and
10
KT2 7.53
10
technological sectors of the economy increases
Urban master planning integrates green growth and
11
TC1
7.41
11
climate change goals
12 GDP contribution from green economic sectors
KT1 7.35
12
Rate of wastewater and solid waste collected and treated
13
MT11 7.29
13
meets standards and regulations
Integrating urban drainage infrastructure system with

green space and public space system to achieve the goal
14
MT7 7.18
14
of landscape conservation, establishing living
environment and urban ecology;
Deploying solutions to cope with sea level rise and
15
MT8 7.12
15
saltwater intrusion
Public transport usage rate increases, private transport
16
MT1 7.06
16
rate decreases
Increasing the number of urban areas in the direction of
17
MT18 6.94
17
green, ecological, and energy saving are built
18 Increase the number of recognized Green Buildings
MT20 6.82
18
19 Rate of online public services
TC6
6.76
19
20 Build urban management data set associated with GG
TC7

6.71
20
Increase the number of social housing for low-income
21
XH2
21
people


18

No.

CRITERIA

22 Percentage of renewable energy used in urban living
Reducing means of transport with emissions causing
23
environmental pollution higher than permitted regulations
Percentage of clean water produced from municipal
24
wastewater (water recirculation capacity)
Strict population management, especially temporary
25
residents, tourists
26 Reduce electricity loss rate
(Source: Author's survey)

MT4

total Priority
score rating
6.06
22

MT2

6.29

23

MT12

6.24

24

XH1

6.18

25

MT17

5.88

26

symbol

Assess the priority level of the criteria set to orient, implement and evaluate urban
development management associated with green growth in Quang Ninh:
- 1st place: 10 criteria are ranked in order from 1-10. Accordingly, the top importance in
the implementation priority is TC2- demonstrating the importance of specific main strategies and
action plans promulgated towards the goal of green growth and climate change response in the
province. Next is also a criterion emphasizing the importance of specific and immediatelyimplementable planning related to shaping the construction of public spaces and green parks in
urban areas. The following environmental criteria confirm the need to solve the hot issues and
major challenges of the current urban system in Quang Ninh province, which is the problem of
increasing drainage capacity to reduce flooding; pollution of land and water resources; clean
water protection. Then is the priority for the group of criteria related to the allocation of resources
for implementation. At the bottom of this priority group is the shift of the labor structure to the
green economy.
- 2nd place: 10 criteria are ranked in order of priority from 11-20.
If priority group 1 is related to solving a series of criteria with basic value and background
criteria in promoting green growth in the province, the next group of 10 criteria continues to
affirm the important role of solving green growth. solve environmental problems, related to the
treatment of waste sources into the environment in the province, including solid waste
treatment, wastewater, large-scale drainage, infrastructure capable of coping with climate
change. Next are the criteria on promoting public transport, limiting personal vehicles to
increase land and energy efficiency as well as reduce emissions in urban areas. Green urban
areas and green buildings play an important role together with the green transport system to
create urban utilities and services in the direction of greening.
- 3th place: The last 6 criteria are ranked from 21 to 26: This is a group of criteria with
advanced value on renewable energy, focusing on the development of renewable energy, clean
local energy and enhance the circulation of urban water resources, leading to long-term mastery
of energy and urban resources.